Journal articles: 'Fungal adhesion'

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Jones, E. B. Gareth. "Fungal adhesion." Mycological Research 98, no. 9 (September 1994): 961–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80421-8.

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Essen, Lars-Oliver, Marian Samuel Vogt, and Hans-Ulrich Mösch. "Diversity of GPI-anchored fungal adhesins." Biological Chemistry 401, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2020-0199.

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AbstractSelective adhesion of fungal cells to one another and to foreign surfaces is fundamental for the development of multicellular growth forms and the successful colonization of substrates and host organisms. Accordingly, fungi possess diverse cell wall-associated adhesins, mostly large glycoproteins, which present N-terminal adhesion domains at the cell surface for ligand recognition and binding. In order to function as robust adhesins, these glycoproteins must be covalently linkedto the cell wall via C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors by transglycosylation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structural and functional diversity of so far characterized protein families of adhesion domains and set it into a broad context by an in-depth bioinformatics analysis using sequence similarity networks. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms for the membrane-to-cell wall transfer of fungal adhesins by membrane-anchored Dfg5 transglycosidases.

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Lipke, Peter N., Caleen Ramsook, Melissa C. Garcia-Sherman, Desmond N. Jackson, Cho X. J. Chan, Michael Bois, and Stephen A. Klotz. "Between Amyloids and Aggregation Lies a Connection with Strength and Adhesion." New Journal of Science 2014 (February 2, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815102.

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We tell of a journey that led to discovery of amyloids formed by yeast cell adhesins and their importance in biofilms and host immunity. We begin with the identification of the adhesin functional amyloid-forming sequences that mediate fiber formation in vitro. Atomic force microscopy and confocal microscopy show 2-dimensional amyloid “nanodomains” on the surface of cells that are activated for adhesion. These nanodomains are arrays of adhesin molecules that bind multivalent ligands with high avidity. Nanodomains form when adhesin molecules are stretched in the AFM or under laminar flow. Treatment with anti-amyloid perturbants or mutation of the amyloid sequence prevents adhesion nanodomain formation and activation. We are now discovering biological consequences. Adhesin nanodomains promote formation and maintenance of biofilms, which are microbial communities. Also, in abscesses within candidiasis patients, we find adhesin amyloids on the surface of the fungi. In both human infection and a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, the presence of fungal surface amyloids elicits anti-inflammatory responses. Thus, this is a story of how fungal adhesins respond to extension forces through formation of cell surface amyloid nanodomains, with key consequences for biofilm formation and host responses.

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Douglas, L. Julia. "Adhesin - receptor interactions in the attachment ofCandida albicansto host epithelial cells." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-371.

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The ability of Candida albicans to adhere to a variety of host surfaces is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of candidosis. Adhesion of the yeast form of the fungus to epithelial cells can involve several kinds of adhesion – receptor interaction. Yeast adhesins are typically mannoproteins associated with fibrils or fimbriae on the fungal surface. Lectinlike interactions have been identified between the protein portion of two mannoprotein adhesins and glycosides containing L-fucose or N-acetylglucosamine. The fucoside-binding adhesin has been purified and shown to have an affinity for glycosphingolipid receptors carrying the H blood-group antigen. A fimbrial adhesin has also been described that binds to gangliosides containing a βGalNAc(1–4)βGal disaccharide sequence. Other mannoprotein adhesins proposed recently include the factor 6 epitope present on serotype A strains of C. albicans and an integrin analogue. Adhesin expression appears to be regulated by a number of environmental signals, including osmolarity and the availability of iron and sugars. Additional adhesion-dependent signals might trigger further responses such as the initiation of morphogenesis. Key words: Candida albicans, yeast adhesion, epithelial cell adhesion.

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Upadhyay, Santosh Kumar, Lakshna Mahajan, Sandhya Ramjee, Yogendra Singh, Seemi Farhat Basir, and Taruna Madan. "Identification and characterization of a laminin-binding protein of Aspergillus fumigatus: extracellular thaumatin domain protein (AfCalAp)." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.005991-0.

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Aspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, infects the human host via inhalation of airborne conidia. Adhesion of fungal conidia, to host cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components associated with host tissue surfaces, is thought to be the primary step in the pathogenesis and dissemination of infection. To identify novel adhesion proteins (adhesins) of A. fumigatus, we screened its proteome in silico using spaan (software program for prediction of adhesins and adhesin-like proteins using neural networks). One of the predicted adhesin-encoding genes with a P ad (probability of being adhesin) value >0.9, the gene encoding extracellular thaumatin domain protein (AfCalA), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant AfCalAp showed significant binding with laminin and murine lung cells. Anti-AfCalAp antibodies inhibited the binding of AfCalAp to laminin in a dose-dependent manner. Significant binding of anti-AfCalAp antibodies to 2 h swollen conidia suggests the presence of AfCalAp on the conidial surface. AfCalA transcript was not detectable in resting conidia but was detected in conidia incubated with RPMI 1640 medium in the presence and absence of lung epithelial cell line (A539)-derived ECM. Elevated levels of IgE antibodies specific to AfCalAp were observed in the sera of two out of seven patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The study confirms the relevance of the bioinformatic approach for predicting fungal adhesins and establishes AfCalAp as a novel laminin-binding protein of A. fumigatus.

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Harrison, S. J., S. T. Moss, and E. B. G. Jones. "Fungal adhesion in aquatic hyphomycetes." International Biodeterioration 24, no. 4-5 (January 1988): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-3036(88)90011-5.

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Gerin, P., M. N. Bellon-Fontaine, M. Asther, and P. G. Rouxhet. "Immobilization of fungal spores by adhesion." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 47, no. 6 (September 20, 1995): 677–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260470608.

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Reinmets, Kristina, Amin Dehkharghani, Jeffrey S. Guasto, and Stephen M. Fuchs. "Microfluidic quantification and separation of yeast based on surface adhesion." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 20 (2019): 3481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00275h.

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Fungal adhesion is fundamental to processes ranging from infections to food production. We developed a microfluidic assay for rapid screening and fractionation of genetically-related yeast based on adhesive properties.

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Filonow, Alexander B. "Germination and adhesion of fungal conidia on polycarbonate membranes and on apple fruit exposed to mycoactive acetate esters." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-019.

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The adhesion and germination of conidia of nine fungal species were assessed on polycarbonate membranes or on the skin of apple fruit in sealed glass bottles injected or not injected with acetate esters. Adhesion was determined after dislodging conidia from surfaces using a sonication probe. Adhesion and germination of conidia of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium claviforme, or Trichoderma sp. on membranes after 48 h were not increased in a 1.84 μg mL1headspace of butyl acetate (BA), ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, pentyl acetate, or propyl acetate. Adhesion and germination of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Penicillium roquefortii conidia were stimulated by all esters. Only conidia of B. cinerea and P. expansum exhibited increased adhesion and germination on the skin of apple fruit in bottles exposed to 0.92 μg mL1of BA. Only conidia of B. cinerea and P. expansum produced decay in inoculated puncture wounds on fruit. Freshly made puncture wounds or 24-h-old puncture wounds in fruit were more adhesive than the unpunctured skin of fruit to conidia of B. cinerea or P. expansum. Fresh wounds were more adhesive to both fungi than 24-h-old puncture wounds. The skin and wounds of fruit were as adhesive to B. cinerea conidia as they were to P. expansum conidia. A 4-h exposure to 1.43 μg mL1of BA increased adhesion of B. cinerea and P. expansum conidia in 24-h-old wounds. Results suggest that acetateester stimulation most likely is not a rare phenomenon in the fungi. For nutrient-dependent decay pathogens of apple fruit, acetate esters may be an alternative chemical cue used to maintain adhesion of conidia to wound surfaces.Key words: spore adhesion, spore germination, mycoactive compounds.

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Chan, Cho X. J., and Peter N. Lipke. "Role of Force-Sensitive Amyloid-Like Interactions in Fungal Catch Bonding and Biofilms." Eukaryotic Cell 13, no. 9 (March 28, 2014): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00068-14.

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ABSTRACTTheCandida albicansAls adhesin Als5p has an amyloid-forming sequence that is required for aggregation and formation of model biofilms on polystyrene. Because amyloid formation can be triggered by force, we investigated whether laminar flow could activate amyloid formation and increase binding to surfaces. ShearingSaccharomyces cerevisiaecells expressing Als5p orC. albicansat 0.8 dyne/cm2increased the quantity and strength of cell-to-surface and cell-to-cell binding compared to that at 0.02 dyne/cm2. Thioflavin T fluorescence showed that the laminar flow also induced adhesin aggregation into surface amyloid nanodomains in Als5p-expressing cells. Inhibitory concentrations of the amyloid dyes thioflavin S and Congo red or a sequence-specific anti-amyloid peptide decreased binding and biofilm formation under flow. Shear-induced binding also led to formation of robust biofilms. There was less shear-activated increase in adhesion, thioflavin fluorescence, and biofilm formation in cells expressing the amyloid-impaired V326N-substituted Als5p. Similarly,S. cerevisiaecells expressing Flo1p or Flo11p flocculins also showed shear-dependent binding, amyloid formation, biofilm formation, and inhibition by anti-amyloid compounds. Together, these results show that laminar flow activated amyloid formation and led to enhanced adhesion of yeast cells to surfaces and to biofilm formation.

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Alsteens, David, Audrey Beaussart, Sylvie Derclaye, Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel, Hye Rim Park, Peter N. Lipke, and Yves F. Dufrêne. "Single-cell force spectroscopy of Als-mediated fungal adhesion." Analytical Methods 5, no. 15 (2013): 3657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ay40473k.

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Lipke, Peter N., Marion Mathelié-Guinlet, Albertus Viljoen, and Yves F. Dufrêne. "A New Function for Amyloid-Like Interactions: Cross-Beta Aggregates of Adhesins form Cell-to-Cell Bonds." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10081013.

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Amyloid structures assemble through a repeating type of bonding called “cross-β”, in which identical sequences in many protein molecules form β-sheets that interdigitate through side chain interactions. We review the structural characteristics of such bonds. Single cell force microscopy (SCFM) shows that yeast expressing Als5 adhesin from Candida albicans demonstrate the empirical characteristics of cross-β interactions. These properties include affinity for amyloid-binding dyes, birefringence, critical concentration dependence, repeating structure, and inhibition by anti-amyloid agents. We present a model for how cross-β bonds form in trans between two adhering cells. These characteristics also apply to other fungal adhesins, so the mechanism appears to be an example of a new type of cell–cell adhesion.

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Chow, Jacky, Izzy Starr, Sheida Jamalzadeh, Omar Muniz, Anuj Kumar, Omer Gokcumen, Denise M. Ferkey, and Paul J. Cullen. "Filamentation Regulatory Pathways Control Adhesion-Dependent Surface Responses in Yeast." Genetics 212, no. 3 (May 3, 2019): 667–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302004.

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Signaling pathways can regulate biological responses by the transcriptional regulation of target genes. In yeast, multiple signaling pathways control filamentous growth, a morphogenetic response that occurs in many species including fungal pathogens. Here, we examine the role of signaling pathways that control filamentous growth in regulating adhesion-dependent surface responses, including mat formation and colony patterning. Expression profiling and mutant phenotype analysis showed that the major pathways that regulate filamentous growth [filamentous growth MAPK (fMAPK), RAS, retrograde (RTG), RIM101, RPD3, ELP, SNF1, and PHO85] also regulated mat formation and colony patterning. The chromatin remodeling complex, SAGA, also regulated these responses. We also show that the RAS and RTG pathways coregulated a common set of target genes, and that SAGA regulated target genes known to be controlled by the fMAPK, RAS, and RTG pathways. Analysis of surface growth-specific targets identified genes that respond to low oxygen, high temperature, and desiccation stresses. We also explore the question of why cells make adhesive contacts in colonies. Cell adhesion contacts mediated by the coregulated target and adhesion molecule, Flo11p, deterred entry into colonies by macroscopic predators and impacted colony temperature regulation. The identification of new regulators (e.g., SAGA), and targets of surface growth in yeast may provide insights into fungal pathogenesis in settings where surface growth and adhesion contributes to virulence.

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Potor, László, Katalin Éva Sikura, Hajnalka Hegedűs, Dávid Pethő, Zsuzsa Szabó, Zsuzsa M. Szigeti, István Pócsi, et al. "The Fungal Iron Chelator Desferricoprogen Inhibits Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 4746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134746.

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Hemoglobin, heme and iron are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, we investigated whether the hydrophobic fungal iron chelator siderophore, desferricoprogen (DFC) inhibits atherosclerosis. DFC reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE−/− mice on an atherogenic diet. It lowered the plasma level of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and inhibited lipid peroxidation in aortic roots. The elevated collagen/elastin content and enhanced expression of adhesion molecule VCAM-1 were decreased. DFC diminished oxidation of Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) and plaque lipids catalyzed by heme or hemoglobin. Formation of foam cells, uptake of oxLDL by macrophages, upregulation of CD36 and increased expression of TNF-α were reduced by DFC in macrophages. TNF-triggered endothelial cell activation (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), E-selectin) and increased adhesion of monocytes to endothelium were attenuated. The increased endothelial permeability and intracellular gap formation provoked by TNF-α was also prevented by DFC. DFC acted as a cytoprotectant in endothelial cells and macrophages challenged with a lethal dose of oxLDL and lowered the expression of stress-responsive heme oxygenase-1 as sublethal dose was employed. Saturation of desferrisiderophore with iron led to the loss of the beneficial effects. We demonstrated that DFC accumulated within the atheromas of the aorta in ApoE−/− mice. DFC represents a novel therapeutic approach to control the progression of atherosclerosis.

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Camacho, Emma, and Arturo Casadevall. "Cryptococcal Traits Mediating Adherence to Biotic and Abiotic Surfaces." Journal of Fungi 4, no. 3 (July 29, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4030088.

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Several species in the genus Cryptococcus are facultative intracellular pathogens capable of causing disease associated with high mortality and morbidity in humans. These fungi interact with other organisms in the soil, and these interactions may contribute to the development of adaptation mechanisms that function in virulence by promoting fungal survival in animal hosts. Fungal adhesion molecules, also known as adhesins, have been classically considered as cell-surface or secreted proteins that play critical roles in microbial pathogenesis or in biofilm formation as structural components. Pathogenic Cryptococcus spp. differ from other pathogenic yeasts in having a polysaccharide capsule that covers the cell wall surface and precludes interactions of those structures with host cell receptors. Hence, pathogenic Cryptococcus spp. use unconventional tools for surface attachment. In this essay, we review the unique traits and mechanisms favoring adhesion of Cryptococcus spp. to biotic and abiotic surfaces. Knowledge of the traits that mediate adherence could be exploited in the development of therapeutic, biomedical, and/or industrial products.

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Huang, Guohong, Mingliang Zhang, and Scott E. Erdman. "Posttranslational Modifications Required for Cell Surface Localization and Function of the Fungal Adhesin Aga1p." Eukaryotic Cell 2, no. 5 (October 2003): 1099–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.2.5.1099-1114.2003.

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ABSTRACT Adherence of fungal cells to host substrates and each other affects their access to nutrients, sexual conjugation, and survival in hosts. Adhesins are cell surface proteins that mediate these different cell adhesion interactions. In this study, we examine the in vivo functional requirements for specific posttranslational modifications to these proteins, including glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor addition and O-linked glycosylation. The processing of some fungal GPI anchors, creating links to cell wall β-1,6 glucans, is postulated to facilitate postsecretory traffic of proteins to cell wall domains conducive to their functions. By studying the yeast sexual adhesin subunit Aga1p, we found that deletion of its signal sequence for GPI addition eliminated its activity, while deletions of different internal domains had various effects on function. Substitution of the Aga1p GPI signal domain with those of other GPI-anchored proteins, a single transmembrane domain, or a cysteine capable of forming a disulfide all produced functional adhesins. A portion of the cellular pool of Aga1p was determined to be cell wall resident. Aga1p and the α-agglutinin Agα1p were shown to be under glycosylated in cells lacking the protein mannosyltransferase genes PMT1 and PMT2, with phenotypes manifested only in MATα cells for single mutants but in both cell types when both genes are absent. We conclude that posttranslational modifications to Aga1p are necessary for its biogenesis and activity. Our studies also suggest that in addition to GPI-glucan linkages, other cell surface anchorage mechanisms, such as transmembrane domains or disulfides, may be employed by fungal species to localize adhesins.

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Feng, Jie, Feng Wang, Guosheng Liu, David Greenshields, Wenyun Shen, Susan Kaminskyj, Geoff R. Hughes, et al. "Analysis of a Blumeria graminis-Secreted Lipase Reveals the Importance of Host Epicuticular Wax Components for Fungal Adhesion and Development." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 12 (December 2009): 1601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-12-1601.

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The biotrophic powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis releases extracellular materials to the surface of fungal infection structures that facilitate anchoring them to hydrophobic plant surfaces prior to infection; however, the chemistry of fungal adhesives and the mechanism of adhesion remain largely unclear. Expressed sequence tag analysis led to identification of a secreted lipase, Lip1, from B. graminis. Expression of LIP1 is dramatically upregulated during the early stages of fungal development. Lip1, secreted to the surface of fungal cell walls, possesses lipolytic activity against a broad range of glycerides and releases alkanes and primary fatty alcohols from the epicuticular wax of wheat leaves. Of the epicuticular wax components released by Lip1 activity, long-chain alkanes are the most efficient cues for triggering appressorium formation. Pretreatment of wheat leaves with Lip1, thereby removing leaf surface wax, severely compromises components of fungal pathogenicity, including conidial adhesion, appressorium formation, and secondary hypha growth. Our data suggest that Lip1 activity releases cues from the host surface to promote pathogen development and infection.

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Shi, Bing, Di Luan, Shihui Wang, Lingyun Zhao, Lei Tao, Qipeng Yuan, and Xing Wang. "Borneol-grafted cellulose for antifungal adhesion and fungal growth inhibition." RSC Advances 5, no. 64 (2015): 51947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra07894f.

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Lipke, Peter. "What We Do Not Know about Fungal Cell Adhesion Molecules." Journal of Fungi 4, no. 2 (May 17, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4020059.

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Braun, E. J., and R. J. Howard. "Adhesion of fungal spores and germlings to host plant surfaces." Protoplasma 181, no. 1-4 (March 1994): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01666396.

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Schubert, Andrea, Ralf Bürgers, Franziska Baum, Oliver Kurbad, and Torsten Wassmann. "Influence of the Manufacturing Method on the Adhesion of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans to Oral Splint Resins." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101534.

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Microbial adhesion to oral splints may lead to oral diseases such as candidiasis, periodontitis or caries. The present in vitro study aimed to assess the effect of novel computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) and conventional manufacturing on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans adhesion to oral splint resins. Standardized specimens of four 3D-printed, two milled, one thermoformed and one pressed splint resin were assessed for surface roughness by widefield confocal microscopy and for surface free energy by contact angle measurements. Specimens were incubated with C. albicans or S. mutans for two hours; a luminometric ATP assay was performed for the quantification of fungal and bacterial adhesion. Both one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc testing and Pearson correlation analysis were performed (p < 0.05) in order to relate manufacturing methods, surface roughness and surface free energy to microbial adhesion. Three-dimensional printing and milling were associated with increased adhesion of C. albicans compared to conventional thermoforming and pressing, while the S. mutans adhesion was not affected. Surface roughness and surface free energy showed no significant correlation with microbial adhesion. Increased fungal adhesion to oral splints manufactured by 3D printing or milling may be relevant for medically compromised patients with an enhanced risk for developing candidiasis.

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Filonow, Alexander B. "Adhesion of decay-causing fungal conidia in wounds ofMalus×domestica'Golden Delicious' apple fruit is influenced by wound age." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-149.

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Wounds are the primary site in apple fruit for infection by conidia of Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. and Penicil lium expansum Link & Thom. The effects of wound shape, wound age, and chemical properties of the wound on conidial adhesion in wounds of Malus ×domestica Borkh. 'Golden Delicious' fruit were investigated. Adhesion was measured after dislodging conidia from wounds using a sonication probe above the wound. In all experiments, conidial adhesion responses were similar for both fungi. Conidial adhesion in puncture wounds was not different from adhesion in slice wounds. Wound age, however, profoundly affected conidial adhesion. Conidia of both fungi exhibited 78.1%91.9% adhesion in freshly made wounds of both shapes compared with 37.7%56.6% in 1-d-old wounds. Conidial adhesion increased as wound age increased from 1 to 5 d. Exposure of 1- and 2-d-old wounds to butyl acetate, a volatile constituent of apple fruit, increased conidial adhesion compared with nonexposed wounds. This finding, in addition to results from the histochemical analyses of wounds, the quantification of sugars and total phenolics in water diffusates from wounds, and the measurement of conidial adhesion to wound diffusates, suggested that conidial adhesion in wounds was influenced by altered surface chemistry of wounds as they aged.Key words: apple fruit wounds, decay-causing fungi, fungal spore adhesion, mycoactive acetate esters, wound aging, wound decay.

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Kohler, Anne-Céline, Leonardo Venturelli, Abhilash Kannan, Dominique Sanglard, Giovanni Dietler, Ronnie Willaert, and Sandor Kasas. "Yeast Nanometric Scale Oscillations Highlights Fibronectin Induced Changes in C. albicans." Fermentation 6, no. 1 (February 21, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010028.

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Yeast resistance to antifungal drugs is a major public health issue. Fungal adhesion onto the host mucosal surface is still a partially unknown phenomenon that is modulated by several actors among which fibronectin plays an important role. Targeting the yeast adhesion onto the mucosal surface could lead to potentially highly efficient treatments. In this work, we explored the effect of fibronectin on the nanomotion pattern of different Candida albicans strains by atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomotion detection and correlated the cellular oscillations to the yeast adhesion onto epithelial cells. Preliminary results demonstrate that strongly adhering strains reduce their nanomotion activity upon fibronectin exposure whereas low adhering Candida remain unaffected. These results open novel avenues to explore cellular reactions upon exposure to stimulating agents and possibly to monitor in a rapid and simple manner adhesive properties of C. albicans.

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Lima, Osana C., Camila C. Figueiredo, José O. Previato, Lucia Mendonça-Previato, Verônica Morandi, and Leila M. Lopes Bezerra. "Involvement of Fungal Cell Wall Components in Adhesion of Sporothrix schenckii to Human Fibronectin." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 6874–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.11.6874-6880.2001.

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ABSTRACT Systemic sporotrichosis is an emerging infection potentially fatal for immunocompromised patients. Adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins is thought to play a crucial role in invasive fungal diseases. Here we report studies of the adhesion of Sporothrix schenckii to the extracellular protein fibronectin (Fn). Both yeast cells and conidia of S. schenckii were able to adhere to Fn as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent binding assays. Adhesion of yeast cells to Fn is dose dependent and saturable.S. schenckii adheres equally well to 40-kDa and 120-kDa Fn proteolytic fragments. While adhesion to Fn was increased by Ca2+, inhibition assays demonstrated that it was not RGD dependent. A carbohydrate-containing cell wall neutral fraction blocked up to 30% of the observed adherence for the yeast cells. The biochemical nature of this fraction suggests the participation of cell surface glycoconjugates in binding by their carbohydrate or peptide moieties. These results provide new data concerning S. schenckii adhesion mechanisms, which could be important in host-fungus interactions and the establishment of sporotrichosis.

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Martin, Harlei, Tara Somers, Mathew Dwyer, Ryan Robson, Frederick M. Pfeffer, Ragnar Bjornsson, Tobias Krämer, Kevin Kavanagh, and Trinidad Velasco-Torrijos. "Scaffold diversity for enhanced activity of glycosylated inhibitors of fungal adhesion." RSC Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 12 (2020): 1386–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0md00224k.

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Rumbolz, J., H. H. Kassemeyer, V. Steinmetz, H. B. Deising, K. Mendgen, D. Mathys, S. Wirtz, and R. Guggenheim. "Differentiation of infection structures of the powdery mildew fungusUncinula necatorand adhesion to the host cuticle." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 3 (April 20, 2000): 409–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-016.

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Development and adhesion of infection structures of the grapevine powdery mildew fungus, Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr., were investigated during the early stages of leaf colonization. Light microscopy showed that primary appressoria occurred 3.5 h post inoculation (p.i.) and that hyphae on the leaf surface, indicative of successful host colonization, appeared 14 h p.i. Low temperature scanning electron microscopy revealed deposits of extracellular material at the contact zone of fungal structures and plant cuticle, suggesting firm attachment of the pathogen. To investigate whether or not esterase or cutinase activity is involved in establishing the fungus on the host cuticle, histochemical assays and inhibitor studies were performed. Results indicated that esterase activity was associated with conidia and infection structures. A single fungal extracellular protein was identified as a cutinase by its ability to hydrolyze3H-cutin. Probing Southern blots of genomic DNA of U. necator, Magnaporthe grisea, and Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi with the cutinase gene of F. solani f.sp. pisi suggested that the cutinase gene of U. necator shares only limited sequence similarities with the cutinase genes of the other fungi investigated. Adhesion assays showed that the presence of esterase-cutinase inhibitors on the cuticle did not significantly affect adhesion. The role of the enzyme in fungal adhesion is discussed.Key words: grapevine powdery mildew, Vitis vinifera, cutinase, extracellular matrix, cryofixation, low temperature scanning electron microscopy.

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Barbosa, Mônica Santiago, Sônia Nair Báo, Patrícia Ferrari Andreotti, Fabrícia P. de Faria, Maria Sueli S. Felipe, Luciano dos Santos Feitosa, Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini, and Célia Maria de Almeida Soares. "Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Is a Cell Surface Protein Involved in Fungal Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix Proteins and Interaction with Cells." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 1 (January 2006): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.1.382-389.2006.

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ABSTRACT The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis causes paracoccidioidomycosis, a pulmonary mycosis acquired by inhalation of fungal airborne propagules, which may disseminate to several organs and tissues, leading to a severe form of the disease. Adhesion to and invasion of host cells are essential steps involved in the infection and dissemination of pathogens. Furthermore, pathogens use their surface molecules to bind to host extracellular matrix components to establish infection. Here, we report the characterization of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of P. brasiliensis as an adhesin, which can be related to fungus adhesion and invasion. The P. brasiliensis GAPDH was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibody against this protein was obtained. By immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot analysis, GAPDH was detected in the cytoplasm and the cell wall of the yeast phase of P. brasiliensis. The recombinant GAPDH was found to bind to fibronectin, laminin, and type I collagen in ligand far-Western blot assays. Of special note, the treatment of P. brasiliensis yeast cells with anti-GAPDH polyclonal antibody and the incubation of pneumocytes with the recombinant protein promoted inhibition of adherence and internalization of P. brasiliensis to those in vitro-cultured cells. These observations indicate that the cell wall-associated form of the GAPDH in P. brasiliensis could be involved in mediating binding of fungal cells to fibronectin, type I collagen, and laminin, thus contributing to the adhesion of the microorganism to host tissues and to the dissemination of infection.

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El-Kirat-Chatel, Sofiane, and Yves F. Dufrêne. "Nanoscale adhesion forces between the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and macrophages." Nanoscale Horizons 1, no. 1 (2016): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nh00049a.

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Glee, Pati M., Jim E. Cutler, Evelyn E. Benson, Robert F. Bargatze, and Kevin C. Hazen. "Inhibition of Hydrophobic Protein-MediatedCandida albicans Attachment to Endothelial Cells during Physiologic Shear Flow." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 2815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.5.2815-2820.2001.

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ABSTRACT Adhesion interactions during hematogenous dissemination ofCandida albicans likely involve a complex array of host and fungal factors. Possible C. albicans factors include changes in cell surface hydrophobicity and exposed antigens that have been shown in static adhesion assays to influence attachment events. We used a novel in vitro shear analysis system to investigate host-pathogen interactions and the role of fungal cell surface hydrophobicity in adhesion events with human endothelial cells under simulated physiologic shear. Endothelial monolayers were grown in capillary tubes and tested with and without interleukin-1β activation in buffered medium containing human serum. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic stationary-phase C. albicans yeast cells were infused into the system under shear flow and found to adhere with widely varying efficiencies. The average number of adherent foci was determined from multiple fields, sampled via video microscopy, between 8 and 12 min after infusion. Hydrophobic C. albicans cells demonstrated significantly more heterotypic binding events (Candida-endothelial cell) and greater homotypic binding events (Candida-Candida) than hydrophilic yeast cells. Cytokine activation of the endothelium significantly increased binding by hydrophobic C. albicans compared to unactivated host cells. Preincubation of hydrophobic yeast cells with a monoclonal antibody against hydrophobic cell wall proteins significantly blocked adhesion interactions with the endothelial monolayers. Because the antibody also blocks C. albicans binding to laminin and fibronectin, results suggest that vascular adhesion events with endothelial cells and exposed extracellular matrix may be blocked during C. albicans dissemination. Future studies will address the protective efficacy of blocking or redirecting blood-borne fungal cells to favor host defense mechanisms.

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Lyden, Amy, Lisa Lombardi, Wilfried Sire, Peng Li, Jeremy C. Simpson, Geraldine Butler, and Gil U. Lee. "Characterization of carboxylate nanoparticle adhesion with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans." Nanoscale 9, no. 41 (2017): 15911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr04724j.

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Hostetter, Margaret K. "RGD-mediated adhesion in fungal pathogens of humans, plants and insects." Current Opinion in Microbiology 3, no. 4 (August 2000): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00101-6.

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Alsteens, David, Patrick Van Dijck, Peter N. Lipke, and Yves F. Dufrêne. "Quantifying the Forces Driving Cell–Cell Adhesion in a Fungal Pathogen." Langmuir 29, no. 44 (October 23, 2013): 13473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la403237f.

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Nomura, Toshiyuki, Mana Minamiura, Kazuto Fukamachi, Shohei Yumiyama, Akira Kondo, and Makio Naito. "Adhesion control of fungal spores on solid surfaces using hydrophilic nanoparticles." Advanced Powder Technology 29, no. 4 (April 2018): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.01.007.

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Hover, Tal, Tal Maya, Sapir Ron, Hani Sandovsky, Yana Shadkchan, Nitzan Kijner, Yulia Mitiagin, et al. "Mechanisms of Bacterial (Serratia marcescens) Attachment to, Migration along, and Killing of Fungal Hyphae." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 9 (February 19, 2016): 2585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04070-15.

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ABSTRACTWe have found a remarkable capacity for the ubiquitous Gram-negative rod bacteriumSerratia marcescensto migrate along and kill the mycelia of zygomycete molds. This migration was restricted to zygomycete molds and several basidiomycete species. No migration was seen on any molds of the phylum Ascomycota.S. marcescensmigration did not require fungal viability or surrounding growth medium, as bacteria migrated along aerial hyphae as well.S. marcescensdid not exhibit growth tropism toward zygomycete mycelium. Bacterial migration along hyphae proceeded only when the hyphae grew into the bacterial colony.S. marcescenscells initially migrated along the hyphae, forming attached microcolonies that grew and coalesced to generate a biofilm that covered and killed the mycelium. Flagellum-defective strains ofS. marcescenswere able to migrate along zygomycete hyphae, although they were significantly slower than the wild-type strain and were delayed in fungal killing. Bacterial attachment to the mycelium does not necessitate type 1 fimbrial adhesion, since mutants defective in this adhesin migrated equally well as or faster than the wild-type strain. Killing does not depend on the secretion ofS. marcescenschitinases, as mutants in which all three chitinase genes were deleted retained wild-type killing abilities. A better understanding of the mechanisms by whichS. marcescensbinds to, spreads on, and kills fungal hyphae might serve as an excellent model system for such interactions in general; fungal killing could be employed in agricultural fungal biocontrol.

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Stanley, Michele S., Maureen E. Callow, Ruth Perry, Randall S. Alberte, Robert Smith, and James A. Callow. "Inhibition of Fungal Spore Adhesion by Zosteric Acid as the Basis for a Novel, Nontoxic Crop Protection Technology." Phytopathology® 92, no. 4 (April 2002): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.4.378.

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To explore the potential for nontoxic crop protection technologies based on the inhibition of fungal spore adhesion, we have tested the effect of synthetic zosteric acid (p-(sulfo-oxy) cinnamic acid), a naturally occurring phenolic acid in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) plants, on spore adhesion and infection in two pathosystems: rice blast caused by Magnaporthe grisea and bean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. We have shown that zosteric acid inhibits spore adhesion to model and host leaf surfaces and that any attached spores fail to develop appressoria, and consequently do not infect leaf cells. Low concentrations of zosteric acid that are effective in inhibiting adhesion are not toxic to either fungus or to the host. The inhibition of spore adhesion in the rice blast pathogen is fully reversible. On plants, zosteric acid reduced (rice) or delayed (bean) lesion development. These results suggest that there is potential for novel and environmentally benign crop protection technologies based on manipulating adhesion.

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Wilson, Duncan, and Bernhard Hube. "Hgc1 Mediates Dynamic Candida albicans-Endothelium Adhesion Events during Circulation." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 2 (December 18, 2009): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00307-09.

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ABSTRACT Common iatrogenic procedures can result in translocation of the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans from mucosal surfaces to the bloodstream. Subsequent disseminated candidiasis and infection of deep-seated organs may occur if the fungus is not eliminated by blood cells. In these cases, fungal cells adhere to the endothelial cells of blood vessels, penetrate through endothelial layers, and invade deeper tissue. In this scenario, endothelial adhesion events must occur during circulation under conditions of physiological blood pressure. To investigate the fungal and host factors which contribute to this essential step of disseminated candidiasis, we have developed an in vitro circulatory C. albicans-endothelium interaction model. We demonstrate that both C. albicans yeast and hyphae can adhere under flow at a pressure similar to capillary blood pressure. Serum factors significantly enhanced the adhesion potential of viable but not killed C. albicans cells to endothelial cells. During circulation, C. albicans cells produced hyphae and the adhesion potential first increased, then decreased with time. We provide evidence that a specific temporal event in the yeast-to-hyphal transition, regulated by the G1 cyclin Hgc1, is critical for C. albicans-endothelium adhesion during circulation.

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Laurent, Pascal, Catherine Voiblet, Denis Tagu, Dulcinéia de Carvalho, Uwe Nehls, Roberta De Bellis, Raffaella Balestrini, Guy Bauw, Paola Bonfante, and Francis Martin. "A Novel Class of Ectomycorrhiza-Regulated Cell Wall Polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 12, no. 10 (October 1999): 862–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.10.862.

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Development of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis leads to the aggregation of fungal hyphae to form the mantle. To identify cell surface proteins involved in this developmental step, changes in the biosynthesis of fungal cell wall proteins were examined in Eucalyptus globulus-Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizas by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enhanced synthesis of several immunologically related fungal 31- and 32-kDa polypeptides, so-called symbiosis-regulated acidic polypeptides (SRAPs), was observed. Peptide sequences of SRAP32d were obtained after trypsin digestion. These peptides were found in the predicted sequence of six closely related fungal cDNAs coding for ectomycorrhiza up-regulated transcripts. The PtSRAP32 cDNAs represented about 10% of the differentially expressed cDNAs in ectomycorrhiza and are predicted to encode alanine-rich proteins of 28.2 kDa. There are no sequence homologies between SRAPs and previously identified proteins, but they contain the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif found in cell-adhesion proteins. SRAPs were observed on the hyphal surface by immunoelectron microscopy. They were also found in the host cell wall when P. tinctorius attached to the root surface. RNA blot analysis showed that the steady-state level of PtSRAP32 transcripts exhibited a drastic up-regulation when fungal hyphae form the mantle. These results suggest that SRAPs may form part of a cell-cell adhesion system needed for aggregation of hyphae in ectomycorrhizas.

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Buck, James W., and John H. Andrews. "Attachment of the Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Is Mediated by Adhesives Localized at Sites of Bud Cell Development." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.2.465-471.1999.

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ABSTRACT The basidiomycetous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides(anamorph, Rhodotorula glutinis) is a common phylloplane epiphyte with biocontrol potential. To understand how R. toruloides adheres to plant surfaces, we obtained nonadherent fungal mutants after chemical mutagenesis with methane-sulfonic acid ethyl ester. Sixteen attachment-minus (Att−) mutants were identified by three methods: (i) screening capsule-minus colonies for loss of adhesive ability; (ii) enrichment for mutants unable to attach to polystyrene; and (iii) selection for reduced fluorescence of fluorescein isothiocyanate-concanavalin A (Con A)-stained cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. None of the 16 mutants attached to polystyrene or barley leaves. The lectin Con A eliminated adhesion in all of the wild-type isolates tested. Hapten competition assays indicated that Con A bound to mannose residues on the cell surface. Adhesion of wild-type R. toruloides was transient; nonadhesive cells subsequently became adhesive, with bud development. All Att− mutants and nonattaching wild-type cells lacked polar regions that stained intensely with fluorescein isothiocyanate-Con A and India ink. Lectin, enzyme, and chemical treatments showed that the polar regions consisted of alkali-soluble materials, including mannose residues. Tunicamycin treatment reduced wild-type adhesion, indicating that the mannose residues could be associated with glycoproteins. We concluded that compounds, including mannose residues, that are localized at sites of bud development mediate adhesion of R. toruloides to both polystyrene and barley leaf surfaces.

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Trofa, David, Attila Gácser, and Joshua D. Nosanchuk. "Candida parapsilosis, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 21, no. 4 (October 2008): 606–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00013-08.

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SUMMARY Candida parapsilosis is an emerging major human pathogen that has dramatically increased in significance and prevalence over the past 2 decades, such that C. parapsilosis is now one of the leading causes of invasive candidal disease. Individuals at the highest risk for severe infection include neonates and patients in intensive care units. C. parapsilosis infections are especially associated with hyperalimentation solutions, prosthetic devices, and indwelling catheters, as well as the nosocomial spread of disease through the hands of health care workers. Factors involved in disease pathogenesis include the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, adhesion to prosthetics, and biofilm formation. New molecular genetic tools are providing additional and much-needed information regarding C. parapsilosis virulence. The emerging information will provide a deeper understanding of C. parapsilosis pathogenesis and facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for treating C. parapsilosis infections.

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G. V., Amruthavalli, Satarupa Mukherjee, and Gayathri Rajagopal. "Herbal conjugation for increased binding of zinc pyrithione on hair: new treatment approach." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20180140.

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Background: Fungal infections of scalp and hair are common now-a-days and emerging. There are various medicaments for scalp mycosis. Shampoos attained importance due ease of use. But they underperform or perform poorly due to the likely short contact time as most of them are wash off products. Selective binding of the anti-fungal agents over hair in short contact time alone can address the problem of scalp mycosis.Methods: AAS was done to establish the adhesion of anti-fungal agents over hair and the rate of fungal colonization over hair and the extent of hair perforation were used to establish the effect of herbal conjugation in providing anti-fungal activity and blocking the parasitic conversion of fungi.Results: Zinc adhesion was significant in Verdura anti scaling scalp shampoo and zinc pyrithione treated and no colonization and perforation was observed in Verdura anti scaling scalp shampoo and zinc pyrithione treated hair samples.Conclusions: Present study deals with the importance of herbal conjugation technology in enhancing the targeted delivery of zinc pyrithione over hair. The present technology is important for achieving greater anti-fungal benefits from wide range of toiletry preparations due to their short contact time.

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Sbrana, C., G. Bagnoli, S. Bedini, C. Filippi, M. Giovannetti, and M. P. Nuti. "Adhesion to hyphal matrix and antifungal activity ofPseudomonasstrains isolated fromTuber borchiiascocarps." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-135.

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Pseudomonas spp. isolates from Tuber borchii ascocarps, known to be able to produce phytoregulatory and biocontrol substances in pure culture, were used to perform studies on their possible physiological role in nature. Antimycotic activity was confirmed against fungal contaminants isolated from the ascocarps, suggesting that populations associated with Tuber borchii fruit bodies may play a role in the maintenance of ascocarp health. Fifty-five percent of strains tested were also able to release metabolites which affected T. borchii mycelial growth and morphogenesis in culture. On the contrary, growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor, putative competitors of Tuber for mycorrhizal infection sites on roots, was not influenced by the presence of any bacterial strain. The possibility that these bacteria, which show antifungal activity and fungal growth modulation activities, might be incorporated in the developing ascocarp by means of their preferential adhesion to Tuber mycelium is discussed.Key words: Tuber borchii, associated bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., biocontrol, adhesion.

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Lavigne, Liz M., Jorge E. Albina, and Jonathan S. Reichner. "β-Glucan Is a Fungal Determinant for Adhesion-Dependent Human Neutrophil Functions." Journal of Immunology 177, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 8667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8667.

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Alsteens, D., M. C. Garcia, P. N. Lipke, and Y. F. Dufrene. "Force-induced formation and propagation of adhesion nanodomains in living fungal cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 48 (November 8, 2010): 20744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1013893107.

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Wang, L., X. Tian, R. Gyawali, and X. Lin. "Fungal adhesion protein guides community behaviors and autoinduction in a paracrine manner." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 28 (June 24, 2013): 11571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1308173110.

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Liu, Yaling, Xiaoming Cui, Liping Zhao, Weifen Zhang, Shourong Zhu, and Jinlong Ma. "Chitosan Nanoparticles to Enhance the Inhibitory Effect of Natamycin on Candida albicans." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (April 3, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6644567.

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Fungal keratitis is a stubborn fungal infection that is widespread worldwide. It can even affect the health and life of a patient. At present, natamycin (NAT) is the first-line drug in the treatment of fungal keratitis, despite its disadvantages of clinical use, such as low drug bioavailability and poor water solubility. Herein, inspired by the adhesion properties of chitosan and its excellent drug loading and antifungal properties, we designed simple natamycin-chitosan nanoparticles (NAT-NPs) to investigate the feasibility of chitosan with NAT for eye treatment. Results showed that the NAT-NPs increased the antifungal effect of NAT due to the antifungal feature of chitosan NPs. Therefore, NAT-NPs are expected to become potential candidates for the treatment of fungal keratitis due to their high bacteriostasis.

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Schumacher, C. F. A., U. Steiner, H. W. Dehne, and E. C. Oerke. "Localized Adhesion of Nongerminated Venturia inaequalis Conidia to Leaves and Artificial Surfaces." Phytopathology® 98, no. 7 (July 2008): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-98-7-0760.

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Adhesion to the host surface is the first step for successful plant pathogen development and has been reported to be associated with both passive and active processes. For conidia of Venturia inaequalis, which depend on leaf wetness for germination, this process has not yet been described. Conidia of V. inaequalis adhered to wet hydrophobic surfaces immediately after contact to the surface, hours before initiation of germination. Attachment of nongerminated conidia was much better on hydrophobic surfaces, such as apple leaves and polystyrene, than on hydrophilic glass. Conidia released adhesive material localized in a droplet named spore tip glue (STG) at the spore apex which interacted with a contact surface only when water was present. Histochemical investigations indicated the presence of proteins and carbohydrates in STG, lectin labeling the presence of β-galactose and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues. Transmission electron microscopy revealed two phases in the STG at the tip of dry mature conidia; as STG was present on the outer side of the intact fungal cell wall its formation should be associated with the secretion of glue through pores of the conidial wall. Surface-active substances affected the adhesion of conidia to hydrophobic surfaces stressing the importance of hydrophobic interactions. The use of protein biosynthesis inhibitors did not affect adhesion of conidia indicating that the adhesive material was preformed. It is concluded that the coincidence of STG, contact to a hydrophobic surface, and free water are essential for the adhesion of V. inaequalis conidia.

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Harriott, Melphine M., and Mairi C. Noverr. "Ability of Candida albicans Mutants To Induce Staphylococcus aureus Vancomycin Resistance during Polymicrobial Biofilm Formation." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 9 (June 21, 2010): 3746–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00573-10.

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ABSTRACT Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus form vigorous polymicrobial biofilms in serum, which may serve as the source of coinfection in patients. More importantly, S. aureus is highly resistant to vancomycin during polymicrobial biofilm formation, with no decreases in bacterial viability observed with up to 1,600 μg/ml drug. In these mixed-species biofilms, S. aureus preferentially associates with C. albicans hyphae, which express a variety of unique adhesins. We tested C. albicans mutants deficient in transcriptional regulators of morphogenesis (CPH1 and EFG1) and biofilm formation (BCR1) to investigate the role of hyphae in mediating polymicrobial biofilm formation. These mutants also have reduced expression of hypha-specific adhesins. The ability to form polymicrobial biofilms correlated with the ability to form hyphae in these mutants. However, only mutants that could adhere to the abiotic surface could induce S. aureus vancomycin resistance, regardless of the presence of hyphae. In examining factors that may mediate interspecies adhesion, we found that the C. albicans ALS family of adhesins (Als1 to Als7 and Als9) was not involved, and neither was the hypha-specific adhesin Hwp1. Therefore, polymicrobial biofilm formation and subsequent antibiotic resistance is a multifactorial process that may require a unique combination of fungal and/or bacterial adhesins.

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Chang, Hao-Teng, Pei-Wen Tsai, Hsin-Hui Huang, Yu-Shu Liu, Tzu-Shan Chien, and Chung-Yu Lan. "LL37 and hBD-3 elevate the β-1,3-exoglucanase activity of Candida albicans Xog1p, resulting in reduced fungal adhesion to plastic." Biochemical Journal 441, no. 3 (January 16, 2012): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111454.

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The opportunistic fungus Candida albicans causes oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis, as well as candidaemia in immunocompromised patients including those undergoing cancer chemotherapy, organ transplant and those with AIDS. We previously found that the AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) LL37 and hBD-3 (human β-defensin-3) inhibited C. albicans viability and its adhesion to plastic. For the present study, the mechanism by which LL37 and hBD-3 reduced C. albicans adhesion was investigated. After AMP treatment, C. albicans adhesion to plastic was reduced by up to ~60% and was dose-dependent. Our previous study indicated that LL37 might interact with the cell-wall β-1,3-exoglucanase Xog1p, which is involved in cell-wall β-glucan metabolism, and consequently the binding of LL37 or hBD-3 to Xog1p might cause the decrease in adhesion. For the present study, Xog1p(41–438)-6H, an N-terminally truncated, active, recombinant construct of Xog1p and Xog1p fragments were produced and used in pull-down assays and ELISA in vitro, which demonstrated that all constructs interacted with both AMPs. Enzymatic analyses showed that LL37 and hBD-3 enhanced the β-1,3-exoglucanase activity of Xog1p(41–438)-6H approximately 2-fold. Therefore elevated Xog1p activity might compromise cell-wall integrity and decrease C. albicans adhesion. To test this hypothesis, C. albicans was treated with 1.3 μM Xog1p(41–438)-6H and C. albicans adhesion to plastic decreased 47.7%. Taken together, the evidence suggests that Xog1p is one of the LL37/hBD-3 targets, and elevated β-1,3-exoglucanase activity reduces C. albicans adhesion to plastic.

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Sadiki, Moulay, Soumya Elabed, Hassan Barkai, Mounyr Balouiri, Abdelbar Nasri, and Saad Ibnsouda Koraichi. "The modification of cedar wood surface properties for the prevention of fungal adhesion." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 75 (June 2017): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2017.01.007.

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Mayringer, Irmgard, Markus Reindl, Bettina Pfausler, Wolfgang Berger, Thomas Berger, and Erich Schmutzhard. "Are cytokines and adhesion molecules useful parameters to differentiate bacterial from fungal ventriculitis?" Intensive Care Medicine 27, no. 6 (May 8, 2001): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340100945.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fungal adhesion'

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