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Journal articles on the topic 'Fungal cake'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Iluyemi, F. B., M. M. Hanafi, O. Radziah, and M. S. Kamarudin. "Fungal solid state culture of palm kernel cake." Bioresource Technology 97, no. 3 (February 2006): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.005.

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2

Ramachandran, Sumitra, Anil K. Patel, Kesavan Madhavan Nampoothiri, Sandhya Chandran, George Szakacs, Carlos Ricardo Soccol, and Ashok Pandey. "Alpha amylase from a fungal culture grown on oil cakes and its properties." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47, no. 2 (June 2004): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132004000200019.

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Solid-state fermentation was carried out for the production of alpha-amylase using Aspergillus oryzae. Different oil cakes such as coconut oil cake (COC) sesame oil cake (SOC), groundnut oil cake (GOC), palm kernel cake (PKC) and olive oil cake (OOC) were screened to be used as substrate for the enzyme production and also compared with wheat bran (WB). GOC was found to be the best producer of the enzyme among these. Combination of WB and GOC (1:1) resulted higher enzyme titres than the individual substrates. Maximum amount of enzyme (9196 U/gds) was obtained when SSF was carried out using WB + GOC, having initial moisture of 64% and supplemented with lactose and ammonium nitrate (1% each) at 30ºC for 72h using 2 mL spore suspension (6x10(7)spores/ml). Partial purification of the enzyme using ammonium sulphate fractionation resulted in 2.4-fold increase in the activity. The enzyme showed molecular weight of 68 KDa by SDS-PAGE. Except Mn, all other metal ions such as Ca, K, Na, Mg were found to be inhibitory for the enzyme activity. The enzyme was optimally active at 50(0)C and pH 5.0.

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3

Starzyńska-Janiszewska, Anna, Robert Duliński, and Bożena Stodolak. "Fermentation with Edible Rhizopus Strains to Enhance the Bioactive Potential of Hull-Less Pumpkin Oil Cake." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 5782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245782.

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Solid-state fermentation with food-grade fungal strains can be applied to enhance the bioactive parameters of agro-industrial by-products. Tempe-type fermentation can be adapted to various substrates, but the key factor is the appropriate strain selection. The aim of this study was to compare the potential of Rhizopus strains for obtaining products of improved antioxidant activity from pumpkin oil cake. For this purpose, substances reacting with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, with free radical scavenging potential, as well as reducing power were assessed. The effect of the fermentation on the phytate level and inositol phosphate profile in the material was also monitored. The fermentation resulted in the significant enhancement of the antioxidant potential of pumpkin oil cake in the case of all the strains tested, but the most efficient one was R. oligosporus ATCC 64063. During the course of fermentation, the level of phytate in the material decreased (the highest reduction rate was observed in the oil cake fermented with R. oryzae CBS 372.63), while peptides and fungal glucosamine were accumulated. Tempe-type fermentation can be considered as an alternative way of improving the bioactive parameters of pumpkin oil cake and, thanks to the various activities of different Rhizopus strains, it is possible to obtain products of desired parameters.

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GUYNOT, M. E., S. MARÍN, V. SANCHIS, and A. J. RAMOS. "Modified Atmosphere Packaging for Prevention of Mold Spoilage of Bakery Products with Different pH and Water Activity Levels." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.10.1864.

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A sponge cake analog was used to study the influence of pH, water activity (aw), and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels on the growth of seven fungal species commonly causing bakery product spoilage (Eurotium amstelodami, Eurotium herbariorum, Eurotium repens, Eurotium rubrum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium corylophilum). A full factorial design was used. Water activity, CO2, and their interaction were the main factors significantly affecting fungal growth. Water activity at levels of 0.80 to 0.90 had a significant influence on fungal growth and determined the concentration of CO2 needed to prevent cake analog spoilage. At an aw level of 0.85, lag phases increased twofold when the level of CO2 in the headspace increased from 0 to 70%. In general, no fungal growth was observed for up to 28 days of incubation at 25°C when samples were packaged with 100% CO2, regardless of the aw level. Partial least squares projection to latent structures regression was used to build a polynomial model to predict sponge cake shelf life on the basis of the lag phases of all seven species tested. The model developed explained quite well (R2 = 79%) the growth of almost all species, which responded similarly to changes in tested factors. The results of this study emphasize the importance of combining several hurdles, such as modified atmosphere packaging, aw, and pH, that have synergistic or additive effects on the inhibition of mold growth.

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5

Stodolak, Bożena, Anna Starzyńska-Janiszewska, Magdalena Mika, and Agnieszka Wikiera. "Rhizopus oligosporus and Lactobacillus plantarum Co-Fermentation as a Tool for Increasing the Antioxidant Potential of Grass Pea and Flaxseed Oil-Cake Tempe." Molecules 25, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 4759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204759.

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Tempe-type fermentation originating from Indonesia can enhance the antioxidant activity of plant material. However, this biological potential depends on substrates and applied microorganisms. This study aimed to determine whether co-fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus and Lactobacillus plantarum improved antioxidant activity of tempe obtained from grass pea seeds with flaxseed oil-cake addition (up to 30%). For this purpose, substances reacting with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and free radicals scavenging potential were measured in water-soluble fractions and dialysates from simulated in vitro digestion. Additionally, the water-soluble phenolic profile was estimated. The higher level of water-extractable compounds with antioxidant activity was determined in co-fermentation products than in fungal fermentation products. Moreover, the fermentation process with the use of L. plantarum contributed to a greater accumulation of some phenolic acids (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid) in tempe without having a negative effect on the levels of other phenolic compounds determined in fungal fermented tempe. During in vitro digestion simulating the human digestive tract, more antioxidant compounds were released from products obtained after co-fermentation than fungal fermentation. An addition of 20% flaxseed oil-cake and the application of bacterial–fungal co-fermentation, can be considered as an alternative tool to enhance the antioxidant parameters of grass pea tempe.

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6

Haque, MA, S. Afrin, AZ Shibly, FT Zohora, and MM Sultana. "Effect of Pineapple Pulp on Sensory Quality and Shelf-life of Pineapple Cake." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24624.

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The experimental study on performance formulation and analysis of pineapple pulp fortified cake considering physical, chemical, sensorial and microbial quality. Cake was fortified with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% pineapple pulp incorporated into wheat flour. The pineapple pulps used in the cake preparation were analyzed for proximate composition. The physical and chemical properties of cakes were analyzed. Quantitive microbial analysis of food samples were done on the basis of total viable count. Bacterial load range from 1.22×102(cfug-1) to 9.54×103(cfug-1) on different storage condition. Zero present pineapple pulp incorporated cake sample showed the highest microbial load 9.54×103(cfug-1).Total fungal count ranged from 0.97×102 to 5.04×103 (cfug-1)on different storage conditions. Fortified cake with 10% pineapple pulp contains lowest amount of fungi and bacteria after 8 days. So its shelf life will be enhanced about 6-7 days. Further 5%, 15%, and 20% pineapple pulp incorporated cake sample contain high microbial load, hence they will get shelf life of 5-6 days. Fortification of cake with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, pineapple pulp increasedthe value of ash, fiber and moisture in comparing with control cake. The statistical analysis of organoleptic test response of sensory attributes revealed that color, flavor, texture and overall acceptability were decreased with the increase of pineapple pulp in the cake formulation.Symmetry, crust and crumb quality, crust color and consistency,color,texture of the crumb and microbial load of the cakes containing 10% pulp were better than those of cakes containing above 10% pineapple pulp.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 7-11 2015

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7

Duy, Huynh Hoang, Pham Thi Kim Ngoc, Le Thi Hong Anh, Dong Thi Anh Dao, Duy Chinh Nguyen, and Van Thai Than. "In Vitro Antifungal Efficacy of White Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Root Extract and Application as a Natural Preservative in Sponge Cake." Processes 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090549.

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The study attempts the optimization of the total flavonoid content (TFC) and the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) antioxidant activity of the white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root ethanolic extract (WRE) with regard to several parameters including ethanol concentration, the ratio of solvent/material, temperature and extraction time. Then antifungal analysis of WRE was performed against four fungal species including Aspergillus flavus NBRC 33021, Aspergillus niger NBRC 4066, Aspergillus clavatus NBRC 33020, and Fusarium solani NBRC 31094. At the WRE concentration of 75 mg/mL, diameters of inhibition zone were 9.11 ± 1.5, 19.55 ± 1.68, 17.72 ± 0.25, and 17.50 ± 0.73 mm respectively against the four examined species. Minimum fungal concentration (MFC) values of WRE against the four species were 30, 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL respectively. Evaluation of the sponge cake added with white radish root extract suggested that shelf-life of the sponge cake is 8 weeks in air-cooled condition (20 °C) and two weeks in warm condition (37 °C).

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8

Conceição, Aparecido Almeida, Clemente Batista Soares Neto, José Antônio de Aquino Ribeiro, Felix Gonçalves de Siqueira, Robert Neil Gerard Miller, and Simone Mendonça. "Development of an RP-UHPLC-PDA method for quantification of free gossypol in cottonseed cake and fungal-treated cottonseed cake." PLOS ONE 13, no. 5 (May 23, 2018): e0196164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196164.

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9

Mateus, Dias Nunes, Maria Rodrigues da Luz Jose, Albino Paes Sirlaine, Pereira Torres Denise, and Catarina Megumi Kasuya Maria. "Jatropha seed cake supplementation for improved fungal growth and later use as animal feed." African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 38 (September 17, 2014): 3457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.6773.

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10

Fadel, Mohamed, and Dina Helmy El-Ghonemy. "Biological fungal treatment of olive cake for better utilization in ruminants nutrition in Egypt." International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 4, no. 4 (September 8, 2015): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40093-015-0105-3.

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11

Bocarov-Stancic, Aleksandra, Natasa Salma, Vladimir Pantic, Milan Adamovic, Aleksandra Miljkovic, and Svetlana Suzic. "Microbiological and mycotoxicological correctness of protein feed ingredients in Vojvodina." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 120 (2011): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1120213b.

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During 2009 and 2010, the microbiological tests of a total of 40 samples of protein feed ingredients (sunflower meal, soybean, soybean cake, soybean grits and soybean meal) originating from Vojvodina were carried out. The most of the samples (57.5%) matched the Serbian regulations on feed. Microbiologically, there was not adequate quality of protein ingredients, which was a consequence of the presence of pathogenic bacteria: Proteus spp. in 12 samples of sunflower meal, 1 sample of soybean meal and 2 samples of soybean cake, and E. coli in 2 samples of soybean meal. The highest total number of bacteria (1 x 107 g-1) and the highest number of yeasts and molds (148.000 g-1) was identified in one sample of sunflower meal. Mycological analysis of protein feed established the dominance of species from the genera Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. ochraceus), Fusarium (F. solani, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides) and Mucor (Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis and M. racemosus f. racemosus). The study of biochemical characteristics of 10 fungal isolates from sunflower meal, soybean grits and cake has established that: a) 2 cultures of Aspergillus spp. possessed antagonistic activity against other fungal species, b) 1 isolate F. solani biosynthesized T-2 toxin, c) 1 culture of F. subglutinans produced zearalenone, d) 4 isolates of Mucor spp. showed the ability to degrade one or both trichothecenes of type A (diacetoxyscirpenol - DAS and T-2 toxin). Mycotoxicological studies that included 24 samples of protein ingredients showed the absence of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, DAS and T-2 toxin) in all 15 samples of sunflower meal. In the samples of soybean and its products (meal and cake) only T-2 toxin was detected in 3 analyzed samples. The amount of this fusariotoxin did not exceed 375 ?g kg-1 .

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12

Doolotkeldieva, T. D., and S. T. Bobusheva. "Screening of Wild-Type Fungal Isolates for Cellulolytic Activity." Microbiology Insights 4 (January 2011): MBI.S6418. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/mbi.s6418.

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Background In this study, wild-type fungal isolates, producing highly effective cellulolytic enzymes were selected for bioconversion of residues and waste from agriculture and rational utilization of energy resources for food production. Methods We screened wild-type fungal isolates of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma with an enhanced ability to produce extracellular cellulase. We carried out solid-state fermentation on a medium of agricultural waste products, including wheat bran, beet peels, and cotton oil cake, as well as additional sources of nitrogen and mineral elements. Enzyme production by the fungal isolates was detected within 14 days of cultivation. Results Of 17 strains of Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Penicillium tested, we identified Penicillium strain K-2-25 and Trichoderma lignorium strain T-22 to have high cellulolytic activity. K-2-25 demonstrated the highest activity after 48 hours of cultivation. T-22 also showed significant cellulolytic activity. Penicillium strain K-2-25 showed cellulolytic activity for 98–270 hours during cultivation, and the amount of reduced glucose was 945 mg. T. lignorium T-22 was the second most active strain, with glucose reduction of 835 mg. Conclusion The strains K-2-25 and T-22 will are be recommended for biotechnological applications, especially for bioconversion of poor hardly decomposable vegetable waste products, such as like straw, into useful biomass.

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13

WANG, JUN, JOONG-HYUN PARK, NA-JUNG CHOI, SANG-DO HA, and DEOG-HWAN OH. "Microbiological Analysis of Rice Cake Processing in Korea." Journal of Food Protection 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-237.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the microbial contamination in rice cake materials and products during processing and in the operation environment in nonhazard analysis [and] critical control point factories. Furthermore, the environmental health of the processing facilities and the bacterial and fungal contamination on the workers' hands were investigated. Pour plate methods were used for enumeration of aerobic plate count (APC), yeast and molds (YM), Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens, whereas Petrifilm count plates were used for enumeration of coliforms and Escherichia coli. The respective microbial levels of APC, coliforms, YM, and B. cereus were in the range of 2.6 to 4.7, 1.0 to 3.8, not detected (ND) to 2.9, and ND to 2.8 log CFU/g in the raw materials and in the range of 2.3 to 6.2, ND to 3.6, ND to 2.7, and ND to 3.7 log CFU/g during processing of the rice cake products. During the processing of rice cakes, APC, coliforms, YM, and B. cereus increased during soaking and smashing treatments and decreased after steaming treatment. E. coli, S. aureus, and C. perfringens were not detected in any of the raw materials and operating areas or during processing. B. cereus was detected on the operators' hands at microbial contamination levels of 1.9 ± 0.19 to 2.0 ± 0.19 log CFU/g. The results showed that B. cereus in the end product is presumably the main concern for rice cakes. In addition, the high contamination level of B. cereus during manufacturing processes, including soaking, smashing, and molding, and the absence of B. cereus from the air sampling plates indicated that the contaminated equipment showed the potential risk to cause cross-contamination.

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14

Liu, Xin, Takashi Kuda, Hajime Takahashi, and Bon Kimura. "Bacterial and fungal microbiota of spontaneously fermented Chinese products, Rubing milk cake and Yan-cai vegetable pickles." Food Microbiology 72 (June 2018): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.014.

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15

Khot, Mahesh, Rohini Gupta, Kadambari Barve, Smita Zinjarde, Sanjay Govindwar, and Ameeta RaviKumar. "Fungal Production of Single Cell Oil Using Untreated Copra Cake and Evaluation of Its Fuel Properties for Biodiesel." Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 4 (April 28, 2015): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1407.07074.

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16

Vellaichamy, Mageshwaran. "Optimization of Solid State Fermentation Process for Gossypol Detoxification in Heat Sterilized Cotton Seed Cake by Mixed Fungal Cultures." International Journal of Food and Fermentation Technology 6, no. 1 (2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-9396.2016.00031.3.

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17

Al-Kashef, Amr, Samy Shaban, Mohamed Nooman, and Mona Rashad. "Effect of Fungal Glycolipids Produced by a Mixture of Sunflower Oil Cake and Pineapple Waste as Green Corrosion Inhibitors." Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (April 15, 2018): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jest.2018.119.131.

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18

de Castro, Aline Machado, Thiago Vetter de Andréa, Leda dos Reis Castilho, and Denise Maria Guimarães Freire. "Use of Mesophilic Fungal Amylases Produced by Solid-state Fermentation in the Cold Hydrolysis of Raw Babassu Cake Starch." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162, no. 6 (March 20, 2010): 1612–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-010-8942-z.

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19

Ghaffar, Fazia, Bushra Kainat, Hamid Ullah Shah, and Inayat Ur Rahman. "DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay, Biological Activities, Nutritional Composition and Quality Parameters of Momordica charantia Seeds Grown in District Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 60, no. 2 (August 24, 2017): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.60.2.2017.80.88.

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The nutritional composition, physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial activity and DPPHfree radical scavenging activity of the oil extracted and proximate and elemental composition of seed cakeof the local variety of Momordica charantia were examined as per AOAC or elsewhere mentionedprocedures. Physicochemical properties of the oil exhibited colour (1.71 R/U, 1.19 Y/U) being reddishbrown, the higher iodine value (105.5), saponification value (190.7), low acid value (1.3) and the higherproportion of unsaturated fatty acids (especially the omega-3 fatty acid) as compared to saturated fattyacids of the oil are an indication of its edibility and industrial utility. The oil also showed good inhibitoryaction against the selected fungal and bacterial strains as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity.Results of the proximate composition of the seed cake showed it to be good source of total proteins (18.17%), crude fibre 10.37%, percent oil (38.1%) and elements such as calcium (374.9 mg/100 g), copper(3.01 mg/100 g), iron (39.57 mg/100 g) and zinc (12.04 mg/100 g). It can be concluded from the studythat oil and seed cake of the local variety of bitter gourd seed (BGS) oil possesses a good nutritional,antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

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Talukder, MU, AKO Huq, N. Akter, MU Hossen, and K. Parvin. "Investigation of Microbial Safety and Shelf-life of Locally Produced Bread and Cake in Tangail City, Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i1.34699.

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The study was carried out to assess the microbial quality for shelf life of different bread and cake samples, locally produced in Tangail city of Bangladesh. A total 10 samples of different brand bread and cake were collected from different shop kipper for microbiological analysis. The total viable count (TVC) of samples ranged from 1.0 × 102 cfu/g to 1.3 × 106 cfu/g at first day, 1.17 × 108 cfu/g to 7.3 × 1010 cfu/g at third day and 2.35 × 1014 cfu/g to 1.2 ×1018cfu/g at fifth day, where WHO permitted maximum 2.0x105 cfu/g for TVC. Total coliform count (TCC) ranged from 2 cfu/g to 244 cfu/g at first day, 1.07× 105 cfu/g to 3.3× 108 cfu/g at third day and 2.08 × 1010 cfu/g to 1.9 × 1014 cfu/g at fifth day (maximum permitted value 200 cfu/g). Again, total fungal count (TFC) ranged from 6 cfu/g to 1.1 × 106 cfu/g at first day, 1.23× 106 cfu/g to 2.2 × 1012 cfu/g at third day and 1.82× 1013 cfu/g to 9.2 × 1017 cfu/g at fifth day (maximum permitted value 1×105 cfu/g). According to the WHO Standard, the microbiological parameters of all collected bread and cake were out of the permitted standards after third day. It was postulated that lack of good manufacturing practices including poor hygiene and sanitation, nutrient rich bread and cake makes a good medium for microbial growth. Therefore, an immediate step should be taken to aware the bakery owner as well as consumers about the sanitation and hygiene to make safety food products.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 81-84 2017

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21

ARABI, MOHAMMED IMAD EDDIN, YASSER BAKRI, and MOHAMMED JAWHAR. "Extracellular Xylanase Production by Fusarium Species in Solid State Fermentation." Polish Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 3 (2011): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2011-029.

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Fusarium sp. has been shown to be a promising organism for enhanced production of xylanases. In the present study, xylanase production by 21 Fusarium sp. isolates (8 Fusarium culmorum, 4 Fusarium solani, 6 Fusarium verticillioides and 3 Fusarium equiseti) was evaluated under solid state fermentation (SSF). The fungal isolate Fusarium solani SYRN7 was the best xylanase producer among the tested isolates. The effects of some agriculture wastes (like wheat straw, wheat bran, beet pulp and cotton seed cake) and incubation period on xylanase production by F. solani were optimized. High xylanase production (1465.8 U/g) was observed in wheat bran after 96 h of incubation. Optimum pH and temperature for xylanase activity were found to be 5 and 50 degrees C, respectively.

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Gizachew, D., C. H. Chang, B. Szonyi, and W. E. Ting. "Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on deoiled ground nyjer seeds." World Mycotoxin Journal 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2020.2623.

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Nyjer seeds are oil rich (35-40% oil content) seeds of the plant Guizotia abyssinica, which is closely related to sunflower. They are pressed mechanically for cooking oil in Ethiopia and elsewhere. The remaining deoiled cake, which contains approximately 10% oil is commonly used as animal feed. This study investigated the effect of water activity and temperature on the growth and aflatoxin production of the four main forms of aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1 and G2) by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus on ground nyjer seed with 10% oil. The ground nyjer seeds were adjusted to different water activity aw levels (0.82, 0.86, 0.90, 0.94 and 0.98 aw) and incubated at 20, 27 and 35 °C, up to 30 days. Our results show that A. flavus and A. parasiticus had similar growth patterns in which the slowest fungal growth occurred on ground seeds with 0.86 aw at 20 °C. There was no fungal growth for either A. flavus or A. parasiticus at 0.82 aw. The most rapid growth conditions for A. flavus and A. parasiticus were 0.94 aw at 35 °C, and 0.94 aw at 20 °C, respectively. Aspergillus flavus produced aflatoxins (13 μg/kg aflatoxin B1) only on seeds with 0.94 aw at 27 °C, while A. parasiticus produced high levels of aflatoxins under several conditions; the highest concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (175 μg/kg) and AFG1 (153 μg/kg) were produced on deoiled ground seeds with 0.94 aw at 27 °C. It is likely that storing ground deoiled nyjer seeds with a water activity up to 0.82 aw at 20 °C will reduce fungal growth aflatoxin production.

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Sharath, B. S., B. V. Mohankumar, and D. Somashekar. "Bio-detoxification of Phorbol Esters and Other Anti-nutrients of Jatropha curcas Seed Cake by Fungal Cultures Using Solid-State Fermentation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 172, no. 5 (January 17, 2014): 2747–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0698-9.

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24

Grewal, Jasneet, Rameshwar Tiwari, and S. K. Khare. "Secretome Analysis and Bioprospecting of Lignocellulolytic Fungal Consortium for Valorization of Waste Cottonseed Cake by Hydrolase Production and Simultaneous Gossypol Degradation." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 6 (February 27, 2019): 2533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00620-1.

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25

Fu, Haiping, Huan Li, Peng Yin, Huiling Mei, Jianjie Li, Pinqian Zhou, Yuanjiang Wang, et al. "Integrated Application of Rapeseed Cake and Green Manure Enhances Soil Nutrients and Microbial Communities in Tea Garden Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052967.

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(1) Aims: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer application on the soil nutrients and microbiota in tea garden soil. (2) Method: Illumina Hiseq sequencing technique was conducted to analyze the microbial diversity and density in different fertilizer-applied tea garden soil. (3) Results: The results showed that Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the predominant bacterial species observed in the tea garden soil. Besides, the relative abundance of Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and Zygomycota fungal species were higher in the tea garden soil. Correlation analysis revealed that Acidibacter and Acidothermus were significantly correlated with chemical properties (such as total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contents) of the tea garden soil. Furthermore, all these microbes were abundant in medium rapeseed cake (MRSC) + green manure (GM) treated tea garden soil. (4) Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, we conclude that the application of MRSC + GM could be a preferred fertilizer to increase the soil nutrients (TOC, TP and AP content) and microbial population in the tea garden soil.

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Ranjith, Fernando H., Belal J. Muhialdin, Noor L. Yusof, Nameer K. Mohammed, Muhammad H. Miskandar, and Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin. "Effects of Lacto-Fermented Agricultural By-Products as a Natural Disinfectant against Post-Harvest Diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020285.

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Background: the antagonism activity of lactic acid bacteria metabolites has the potential to prevent fungal growth on mango. Methods: the potential of developing natural disinfectant while using watermelon rinds (WR), pineapple (PP), orange peels (OP), palm kernel cake (PKC), and rice bran (RB), via lacto-fermentation was investigated. The obtained lactic acid bacteria (LAB) metabolites were then employed and the in vitro antifungal activity toward five spoilage fungi of mango was tested through liquid and solid systems. Besides, the effect of the produced disinfectant on the fungal growth inhibition and quality of mango was investigated. Results: the strains Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC8014 and Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC9338 growing in the substrates PKC and PP exhibited significantly higher in vitro antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Botryodiplodia theobromae as compared to other tested LAB strains and substrates. The in-situ results demonstrated that mango samples that were treated with the disinfectant produced from PKC fermented with L. plantarum and L. fermentum had the lowest disease incidence and disease severity index after 16 days shelf life, as well as the lowest conidial concentration. Furthermore, PKC that was fermented by L. fermentum highly maintained the quality of the mango. Conclusions: lactic acid fermentation of PKC by L. fermentum demonstrated a high potential for use as a natural disinfectant to control C. gloeosporioides and B. theobromae on mango.

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Ahirwar, Saroj, Hemant Soni, Hemant Kumar Rawat, Bhanu Pratap Prajapati, and Naveen Kango. "Experimental design of response surface methodology used for utilisation of palm kernel cake as solid substrate for optimised production of fungal mannanase." Mycology 7, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2016.1229697.

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Yen, Tran Thi Hai, Le Nho Dan, Le Hoang Duc, Bui Thanh Tung, and Pham Thi Minh Hue. "Preparation and Characterization of Freeze-dried Liposomes Loaded with Amphotericin B." Current Drug Therapy 14, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666181217130259.

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Background: Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug of choice in the therapy of systemic fungal infection because of its board-spectrum antifungal activity. However, its conventional formulation has many side effects such as acute and chronic nephrotoxicity. Liposomes have been developed to reduce the drug’s toxicity. However, they had to meet strict stability criteria. In general, liposomes can be freeze-dried to inhibit liposomes infusion, phospholipids degradation during storage. Liposomal size usually increases after freeze-drying because of being influenced by many factors in freezing, lyophilizing and rehydration processes. Therefore, cryoprotectants are used to stabilize liposomal vesicles during freeze-drying process. </P><P> Objective: In the present study, we developed AmB liposomal suspension and lyophilized liposomes loaded with AmB, evaluated the effect of different cryoprotectants on the characterization of freeze-dried AmB liposomes. </P><P> Methods: In this study, AmB liposomes were prepared from hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol and cholesterol by thin lipid film hydration method using different hydrate mediums likely: Glucose solution, citrate buffer, phosphate buffer. High-pressure homogenization and extrusion methods were used to reducing vesicles size. Dynamic light scattering was used to characterize liposomal size, and size distribution. HPLC method was used to assay drug and determine entrapment efficiency. Liposomal suspension was lyophilized with different cryoprotectants: Sucrose, mannitol, lactose, trehalose and glycerol. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study lyophilized cake. </P><P> Results: We found that liposomal suspension with hydration medium10 mM citrate buffer pH 5.5 had a small average size (<100nm) and narrow distribution (PDI <0.2). Sucrose and trehalose stabilized vesicles size during freezing process, and lyophilized liposomes with sucrose and trehalose had an elegant appearance, yellow, compact cake. DSC study showed that sucrose and trehalose in lyophilized cake were amorphous. The cake was rehydrated within 10 seconds to form liposomal suspension, in which vesicles size was less than 140 nm. </P><P> Conclusion: We have developed successfully AmB liposomal suspension and lyophilized liposomes loaded with AmB. Sucrose and trehalose can be used as cryoprotectants in the freeze-drying and reconstitution process.

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Foong, C. W., J. Janaun, K. Krishnaiah, and A. Prabhakar. "Effect of superficial air velocity on solid state fermentation of palm kernel cake in a lab scale fermenter using locally isolated fungal strain." Industrial Crops and Products 30, no. 1 (July 2009): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.02.008.

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Sharma, Abhishek, Aditi Gupta, Manu Dalela, Satyawati Sharma, R. Z. Sayyed, Hesham Ali El Enshasy, and Elsayed Ahmed Elsayed. "Linking Organic Metabolites as Produced by Purpureocillium Lilacinum 6029 Cultured on Karanja Deoiled Cake Medium for the Sustainable Management of Root-Knot Nematodes." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 8276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198276.

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Root-knot nematodes pose a serious threat to agriculture and forest systems, causing significant losses of the crop worldwide. A wide range of chemical nematicides has traditionally been used to manage phyto-nematodes. However, due to their ill effects on the environment, biological control agents (BCAs) like Purpureocillium lilacinum that exhibit antagonistic effects on root-knot nematodes are preferred. The current study focused on identifying nematicidal metabolites produced by the fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum cultivated on akaranja deoiled cake-based liquid medium through bioactivity-guided fractionation against Meloidogyne incognita. Column chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract of fungal filtrate exhibited the most potent fraction (fraction 14–15), giving 94.6% egg mass hatching inhibition on the 5th day and a maximum nematicidal activity of 62% against second-stage juveniles after 48 h at 5000 mg/L. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of this fraction revealed five major compounds, viz., 2-ethyl butyric acid, phenyl ethyl alcohol, benzoic acid, benzene acetic acid, and 3,5-Di-t-butylphenol. These biocompounds have potential biocontrol applications in agriculture, but further in vivo studies are warranted.

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Okunade, S. A., O. A. Isah, O. O. Odedara, K. O. Adebayo, and O. A. Olafadehan. "Feed utilization and rumen microbial ecology of lambs consuming Daniellia Oliveri seed based diet." Archiva Zootechnica 23, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/azibna-2020-0009.

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Abstract This study investigated the effects of replacing processed Daniellia oliveri seed meal (PDS) for groundnut cake (GNC) in the concentrate diets of Yankasa male lambs (6 months old, body weight of 13.70 ± 0.1 kg (body weight)) on feed intake, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial population. Four diets were formulated to contain 0, 50, 100 and 150 g//kg PDS to replace 0, 25, 50 and 75% GNC (dry matter (DM) basis) in a complete randomized design with five animals per diet. Total DM intake (g/kg BW0.75), ruminal volatile fatty acids, valerate and fungal population linearly increased but ruminal NH3-N, acetate, acetate: propionate, methane production and Entodinium (as % of the total protozoa count) linearly decreased with increasing PDS level (P<0.01). Whereas, intake of concentrate, total DM (g/d and g/kg BW), average daily weight gain, ruminal pH, butyrate, iso-valerate, total bacterial count, proteolytic and amylolytic bacterial counts increased linearly and quadratically, basal roughage intake, protozoal count, cellulolytic bacterial count, methanogen count, Diplodinium and Holotrichs (as % of the total protozoa count) decreased linearly and quadratically (P<0.05) with increasing PDS level. Feed conversion was lowest (L and Q:P < 0.01) for PDS15. Ruminal Ophryoscolex (as % of the total protozoa count) was lower (Q:P < 0.0001) for PDS15 than for other diets. Dietary inclusion of 150 g/kg Daniellia oliveri seed meal to replace 75% DM of groundnut cake in the diet of Yankasa lambs improved intake, rumen fermentation and microbial ecology and weight gain.

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Baten, Evert, An Buttiens, Lize Waumans, Linde Stessens, Ingrid Arijs, Bernard Bynens, Jan Van Nueten, Joyce Pennings, Hans Goethuys, and Geert Verswijfel. "Fungal Bezoars Mimicking an Enterovesica Fistula: A Unique Case Report." Current Urology 13, no. 2 (2019): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499284.

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Fungal colonization or infection of the urinary tract system is relatively common in patients with diabetes or a compromised immune system. However, fungal intravesical bezoars are extremely rare. We present a unique case with multiple, gas-holding fungals bezoars and emphysematous cystitis caused by Candida tropicalis.

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H-Kittikun, Aran, Benjamas Cheirsilp, Natthapat Sohsomboon, Darun Binmarn, Wasu Pathom-aree, and Sirasit Srinuanpan. "Palm Oil Decanter Cake Wastes as Alternative Nutrient Sources and Biomass Support Particles for Production of Fungal Whole-Cell Lipase and Application as Low-Cost Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Production." Processes 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081365.

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This is the first report on the possible use of decanter cake waste (DCW) from palm oil industry as alternative nutrient sources and biomass support particles for whole-cell lipase production under solid-state fermentation (SSF) by newly isolated fungal Aspergillus sp. MS15 and their application as a low-cost and environment-friendly biocatalyst for biodiesel production. The results found that DCW supplemented with 0.1% K2HPO4, 0.05% MgSO4·7H2O, 1% peptone and 2% urea and pH adjusted to 6.0 was optimal for whole-cell lipase production. The optimal moisture content and fermentation temperature was 60% and 37.5 °C, respectively. Environmentally friendly biodiesel production, through either esterification or transesterification using whole-cell lipase immobilized on DCW as a biocatalyst, was optimized. The optimal reaction temperature for both reactions was 37 °C. The whole-cell lipase effectively esterified oleic acid into >95% biodiesel yield through esterification under optimal water activity at 0.71 and an optimal methanol to oleic acid molar ratio of 2:1, and also effectively transesterified palm oil under optimal water activity at 0.81 and an optimal methanol to oil molar ratio of 3:1. The fuel properties of produced biodiesel are close to the international biodiesel standards. These results have shown the circular utilization of palm oil mill waste for the low-cost production of an effective biocatalyst, and may contribute greatly to the sustainability of renewable bioenergy production.

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Sasidharannair Chandrakumari, Abilash, Pammy Sinha, Shree Lakshmi Devi Singaravelu, and Jaikumar S. "Histopathological Spectrum of Fungal Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12, no. 2 (2019): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.12219.4.

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Noticewala, Vaibhavee, Manisha Shastri, Rupalee Desai, and Khushnood Sheikh. "A case report of pregnant female with right eye acremonium keratitis." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 10 (September 28, 2017): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174607.

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Study report a case of a 22-years-old female with history of vegetative trauma in right eye with 7th running months of amenorrhoea (RMOA). She came after 10 days of trauma, with chief complaint of pain, watering and diminution of vision in right eye. Her visual acuity was PLPR4 in affected eye and 6/9 in other. Central corneal ulcer with abscess and hypopyon was noted with inability to see fundal glow. To study response of fungal keratitis to voriconazole and natamycin eye drop. Corneal tissue obtained by a corneal scrape was plated on Sabouraud’s agar, KOH mount, gram and giemsa staining was performed. SDA shows a filamentous colony of fungus is grown upon aerobic incubation at 37◦C for 5-7 days. Patient was treated with combination therapy of voriconazole and natamycin eye drop. Patient responded well to combination therapy of voriconazole and natamycin eye drop. Patient developed corneal healing with little amount of fibrosis. We lost patient on follow up after that. Patient responded well to combination therapy of voriconazole and natamycin eye drop. The most common risk factors for acremonium fungal keratitis is ocular trauma, and acremonium fungal keratitis might be treated better with natamycin and voriconazole than other alternatives. our results are clinically significant and may provide some useful information on the diagnosis and management of acremonium fungal keratitis.

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İsiktas Sayilar, Emel, Elparslan Ersoy, Yavuz Ayar, Halis Akalin, Ilkay Ceylan, Nermin Kelebek Girgin, Uygar Levent Demir, and Beyza Ener. "Mixed Fungal Infection in Early Period after Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report." Turkish Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 24, no. 01 (January 26, 2015): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5262/tndt.2015.1001.24.

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Barnes, R. A. "Fungal infections." Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 10, no. 1 (February 1999): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7112(99)90026-1.

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Soni, Neil, and Adrian Wagstaff. "Fungal infection." Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 16, no. 4 (January 2005): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cacc.2005.11.010.

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Raudabaugh, Daniel B., Nelda A. Rivera, Gretchen C. Anchor, Elizabeth Bach, Andrew N. Miller, and Nohra E. Mateus-Pinilla. "Preliminary Study of Cave Sample Storage Conditions on Fungal Community Diversity." Diversity 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13050188.

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We investigated the effect of varying storage time and storage temperature on fungal species’ isolation as part of a case study of Illinois cave sediment samples. A deeper understanding of cave fungal communities may influence eco-epidemiology studies of emerging or re-emerging cave fungal pathogens. Using culture-dependent techniques, we isolated geophilic fungi from homogeneous cave sediment samples from three Illinois caves. Each sample was stored under five different temperatures ranging from −80 °C to 22 °C. Cave sediment was periodically removed at five different time periods from 48 h to 1 year, serially diluted with distilled water, lawn plated onto two different media, and monitored for fungal colonies. We isolated colonies and confirmed identity through nrDNA sequence similarity. Our results suggest that storage time was more important than storage temperature for the isolation of a wide diversity of geophilic fungal taxa. Importantly, our results show that varying storage conditions will alter both the kind of taxa and abundance of those taxa, suggesting that comparative studies of fungal diversity across studies should employ similar storage conditions. Lastly, future investigations should utilize multiple genetic markers because the fungal barcode region lacked species-level resolution for many isolates within common Illinois geophilic fungal genera.

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Tereshchenko, A. V., I. G. Trifanenkova, M. V. Okuneva, N. N. Yudina, E. V. Erohina, I. A. Molotkova, and E. V. Prismotrova. "Fungal endophthalmitis (clinical case)." Fyodorov journal of ophthalmic surgery, no. 2 (July 15, 2019): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/0235-4160-2019-2-70-75.

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41

Upadhyay, Kavita. "Mucor Mycosis in COVID-19: Case Reports." Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine 07, no. 03 (December 22, 2020): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202016.

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Coronavirus infections are associated with a wide range of bacterial and fungal co-infections. Use of steroids, monoclonal antibodies and broad spectrum antibiotics along with underlying pathogenesis may alter body homeostasis and exacerbate preexisting fungal disease. We report the cases with COVID-19 infection, which, after the course of the treatment, presented with various forms of mucormycosis infection.

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Kauffman, Carol. "Pulmonary Fungal Infections." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 25, no. 02 (April 19, 2004): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-824895.

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Hospenthal, Duane. "Pulmonary Fungal Infections." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 29, no. 2 (April 2008): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1063848.

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REIS, BARBAHRA CAROLYNIE AMORIM, DANIEL DO CARMO CARVALHO, DIMITRE RAMOS GRANDEZ ARAÚJO, IGOR BRASIL VILLAR, LUCIANO HENRIQUE DE JESUS, and RICARDO FARIAS BRITO. "Fungal Infection (Paracoccidioidomycosis): Case Report." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 117, no. 2 (February 2014): e159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.12.046.

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Vinson, Kimberly N., and C. Gaelyn Garrett. "Atypical case of fungal laryngitis." Laryngoscope 121, S4 (2011): S181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.22063.

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Lopes, V., R. Pinto, and J. M. Amorim. "FUNGAL KERATITIS: TWO CASE REPORTS." Mycoses 45, S2 (August 2002): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2002.tb04652.x.

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Konstantinidou, Anastasia Evangelia, and Efi Tsekoura. "Mucor fungal encephalitis: case presentation." Pathology 46 (2014): S29—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000454152.32522.1b.

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Wiedemann, P., and K. Heimann. "Fungal Retinochoroiditis: A Case Report." European Journal of Ophthalmology 1, no. 1 (January 1991): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112067219100100111.

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49

Ali, Nazia. "Fungal Infections." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 2, no. 6 (June 2009): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/innovait/inp008.

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Fungi are a common cause of skin infections. The pathogens involved are usually dermatophytes and yeasts. This article covers the common types of fungal infections and provides information on how they can be recognized and managed in a primary care setting. Providing patients with advice on the preventative measures that can be taken is essential to prevent recurrent infections.

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Goldstein, Marc F., Eliot H. Dunsky, Donald J. Dvorin, and Raymond W. Lesser. "Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: A Review with Four Illustrated Cases." American Journal of Rhinology 8, no. 1 (January 1994): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065894781882701.

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Although paranasal fungal sinusitis is rare, an increased number of Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus related cases of allergic fungal sinusitis have been described since its first report in 1983. The histopathologic findings necessary for a definitive diagnosis rest upon the detection of scattered fungal elements in a matrix of allergic mucin. The clinical spectrum and treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis are detailed within four illustrated case reports. Sinus surgery, followed by meticulous post-surgical care by an allergy and otolaryngology team using oral corticosteroids, and followed by maintenance intranasal steroids and nasal airway irrigations in conjunction with allergy immunotherapy, has resulted in excellent clinical outcomes.

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