Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fungal colonies'

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Fungus-growing attine ants forage diverse substrates to grow mutualistic fungi for food. In addition to the fungal partner, colonies of these insects harbor a rich microbiome composed of bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. Previous studies investigated ecological aspects of filamentous fungi in gardens of leaf-cutter ants and reported some Trichoderma species; however, no studies systematically addressed the putative association of Trichoderma species with attine ants, especially in non-leafcutter ants. Here, a total of 68 strains of Trichoderma preserved in our collection were analyzed using three molecular markers (ITS, tef1 and rpb2). In addition, 30 out of 68 strains were also morphologically examined. The strains correspond to samples collected from leaf-cutter and non-leafcutter ants in 12 points from four states in Brazil and two points in Texas (USA), comprising the largest sampling carried out so far for Trichoderma in attine ant environment. Our results revealed the richness of Trichoderma in this environment, since we found 19 Trichoderma species, including three new species described in the present work (T. attinis, T. texana and T. longifialidicum). Moreover, we show that all 68 strains grouped within different clades across the Trichoderma phylogeny, which are identical or closely related to strains derived from several other environments, supporting for a transient nature of the genus Trichoderma in attine ant colonies. The discovery of three new species suggests that the dynamic foraging behavior of these insects might be responsible for accumulation of transient fungi into their colonies, which might hold several fungal taxa still unknown for science

Orientador: André Rodrigues
Banca: Derlene Attili de Angelis
Banca: Maisa Ciampi Guillardi
Abstract: Fungus-growing "attine" ants forage diverse substrates to grow mutualistic fungi for food. In addition to the fungal partner, colonies of these insects harbor a rich microbiome composed of bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts. Previous studies investigated ecological aspects of filamentous fungi in gardens of leaf-cutter ants and reported some Trichoderma species; however, no studies systematically addressed the putative association of Trichoderma species with attine ants, especially in non-leafcutter ants. Here, a total of 68 strains of Trichoderma preserved in our collection were analyzed using three molecular markers (ITS, tef1 and rpb2). In addition, 30 out of 68 strains were also morphologically examined. The strains correspond to samples collected from leaf-cutter and non-leafcutter ants in 12 points from four states in Brazil and two points in Texas (USA), comprising the largest sampling carried out so far for Trichoderma in attine ant environment. Our results revealed the richness of Trichoderma in this environment, since we found 19 Trichoderma species, including three new species described in the present work (T. attinis, T. texana and T. longifialidicum). Moreover, we show that all 68 strains grouped within different clades across the Trichoderma phylogeny, which are identical or closely related to strains derived from several other environments, supporting for a transient nature of the genus Trichoderma in attine ant colonies. The discovery of three new species suggests that the dynamic foraging behavior of these insects might be responsible for accumulation of transient fungi into their colonies, which might hold several fungal taxa still unknown for science
Mestre

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Aperam
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
A sele??o de clones de Corymbia menos dependentes da aduba??o fosfatada e mais responsivos as ectomicorrizas poder? tornar o cultivo desta planta menos dependente deste insumo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de inoculantes de isolados de Pisolithus sp. na produ??o de mudas de clones de Corymbia pela miniestaquia, em condi??es de viveiro. Os clones de Corymbia AEC0007, AEC0022, AEC0043 e AEC0045 inoculados com os isolados de Pisolithus sp. C9C, C16 com a mistura dos dois isolados (MIX = C9C+C16), foram crescidos em substrato com redu??o da aduba??o fosfatada. Como controle, os mesmos clones, n?o inoculados, foram crescidos em substrato com (Controle) e sem (Comercial) redu??o da aduba??o fosfatada. A sobreviv?ncia das mudas nos clones AEC0007 e AEC0043 n?o foi influenciada pela inocula??o. Para os demais clones, as mudas inoculadas com C16 foram at? 75 % maiores que as mudas do Comercial. A inocula??o com MIX aumentou a altura das mudas do AEC0007, AEC0043 e AEC0045, todos em rela??o ?s mudas do Comercial e do Controle. O C16 aumentou o di?metro das mudas do AEC0007 e AEC0045 em at? 25 % em rela??o ?s do Comercial, e para os demais clones, a inocula??o n?o teve influ?ncia. As maiores porcentagens de coloniza??o foram observadas nas mudas do AEC0007, AEC0022 e AEC0043 inoculadas com C9C e com MIX. A inocula??o, em geral, aumentou a frequ?ncia de torr?es firmes e parcialmente enraizados e firmes e bem enraizados, exceto para o AEC0045. Os teores de P, N, K, Ca e Mg estavam abaixo do considerado ideal e os teores de Zn e Fe estavam acima da faixa adequada. Apenas os teores de Mn permaneceram dentro da faixa considerada adequada. As porcentagens de pontas colonizadas se correlacionaram positivamente com par?metros de crescimento e nutri??o nos clones AEC0007, AEC0022 e AEC0043, mas a quantidade de par?metros e a intensidade da correla??o foram dependentes do clone. A inocula??o com Pisolithus sp. aumenta a coloniza??o ectomicorr?zica e o crescimento de mudas Corymbia em viveiro comercial, mas isto ? dependente do clone e do isolado. Os inoculantes mais promissores foram MIX> C9C>C16, pois promoveram maiores crescimento, sobreviv?ncia, massa seca, coloniza??o e qualidade de torr?es das mudas de Corymbia. O clone AEC0043 foi o mais responsivo ? inocula??o por fungos ectomicorr?zicos, obtendo maiores benef?cios.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016.
The selection of Corymbia clones less dependent on phosphate fertilization and more responsive to ectomycorrhizae may make the cultivation of this plant less dependent on this input. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculants of Pisolithus sp. in the production of mini-cuttings of Corymbia clones, under nursery conditions. The Corymbia clones AEC0007, AEC0022, AEC0043 and AEC0045 inoculated with the isolates of Pisolithus sp. C9C, C16 with the mixture of the two isolates (MIX = C9C + C16) were grown on substrate with reduction of phosphate fertilization. As a control, the same uninoculated clones were grown on substrate with (Control) and without (Commercial) reduction of phosphate fertilization. The survival of the mini cuttings in clones AEC0007 and AEC0043 was not influenced by inoculation. The survival of the AEC0022 mini-cuttings inoculated with C16 was 75% greater than those from the commercial, but this effect was dependent on the isolate and the clone. The inoculation with the MIX increased the height of the mini-cuttings of AEC0007, AEC0043 and AEC0045, all in relation to the Commercial and Control mini-cuttings. The C16 increased the diameter of the AEC0007 and AEC0045 mini-cuttings by up to 25% compared to the Commercial ones and for the other clones inoculation it had no influence. The highest percentages of colonization were observed in the AEC0007, AEC0022 and AEC0043 mini-cuttings inoculated with C9C and MIX. The inoculation, in general, increased the frequencies of firm and partially rooted and firm and well rooted clods, except for AEC0045. The concentration of P, N, K, Ca and Mg were below the ideal level and the Zn and Fe concentration were above the appropriate range. Only Mn concentration remained within the range considered adequate. The percentages of colonized tips correlated positively with growth and nutrition parameters in clones AEC0007, AEC0022 and AEC0043, but the number of parameters and the intensity of the correlation was dependent on the clone. The inoculation with Pisolithus sp. increases ectomycorrhizal colonization and growth of Corymbia mini-cuttings in commercial nursery, but this is dependent on the clone and isolate. The most promising inoculants were MIX> C9C> C16, as they promoted greater growth, survival, dry mass, colonization and quality of clods of Corymbia mini-cuttings. Clone AEC0043 was the most responsive to inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi, obtaining greater benefits.

Translocation of nitrogen (N) through mycelial cords of wood decay fungi is thought to be the mechanism responsible for the observed increase in absolute N content in woody debris over time. This research evaluates the ability of the mycelial cords of the wood ¹⁵decay fungus Hypholoma fasciculare to translocate and accumulate labeled organic (¹⁵N-glycine, N Douglas-fir litter) and inorganic N (¹⁵NH₄⁺, ¹⁵NO₃⁻) in its wood substrate. Each N form was supplied separately to the growing fronts of mycelial cords established over 67 days from wood blocks (Douglas-fir) in soil microcosms. Three sampling occasions (days 6, 18 and 30 after N addition) were used to identify trends in ¹⁵N transfer and total N accumulation. Wood blocks inoculated with Hypholoma fasciculare assimilated significantly more ¹⁵N than uninoculated blocks for all ¹⁵N treatments on at least one sampling occasion. After 73 days of incubation (day 6 sampling occasion), inoculated wood blocks increased in absolute N content by 211% relative to uninoculated control blocks, but 80% of this accumulated N was lost after 97 days of incubation (day 30 sampling occasion). The small amount of ¹⁵N that was transferred contrasted with the large increase in total N, suggesting that the site of N transfer was largely from the soil underneath wood blocks rather than at the site of ¹⁵N injection. The precipitous decline in absolute N content was attributed to visible indications of mycelial senescence. This research demonstrates that the mycelial cords of Hypoloma fasciculare are capable of translocating ¹⁵N into a wood substrate and can also greatly increase the absolute N content of wood blocks. The results are discussed in the context of fungal ecology as well as woody debris management.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes)
Os fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (FMA) s?o capazes de estimular o crescimento das plantas, sobre tudo pelo efeito na nutri??o mineral e hidrata??o, onde possibilita maior absor??o de ?gua e nutrientes. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a coloniza??o e o crescimento de plantas de caf? inoculadas com FMA em solos com doses de f?sforo (P) e diferentes umidades. Foram produzidas mudas de caf? (Coffea arabica) micorrizadas utilizando in?culos contendo esporos de Glomus calrum, Glomus etunicatum e Scutellospora heterogma. O per?odo de muda durou 160 dias e posteriormente, conduzidas em dois experimentos, foram plantadas em vasos pl?sticos e crescidas por 150 dias em casa de vegeta??o. Para avaliar o efeito de P o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeti??es, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 sendo, as doses de 0,00; 0,74; 1,48 e 2,96 g kg-1 de P2O5 por planta e os tr?s FMA mais o controle n?o inoculado. E para avaliar o efeito da umidade do solo o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o mesmo do P e o fatorial tamb?m foi 4 x 4 sendo, a umidade do solo 40, 60, 80 e 100% da capacidade de campo e os mesmos tratamentos f?ngicos. Os resultados para incremento na altura, ?rea foliar, massa seca das ra?zes, massa seca do caule e porcentagem de coloniza??o mostraram efeito significativo da intera??o entre os fatores FMA x doses de f?sforo. E para intera??o dos fatores FMA x umidade do solo, os resultados mostraram efeito significativo somente para incremento na ?rea foliar, massa seca das ra?zes e rela??o parte a?rea/ra?zes. A coloniza??o dos fungos Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum e Scutellospora heterogma tiveram resultados distintos, com comportamentos semelhantes, para as doses de P diminuindo linearmente e para a umidade tipo quadr?tico. A inocula??o de FMA, a adi??o de P e o aumento da umidade do solo aumentam o crescimento do cafeeiro.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2014.
ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are able to stimulate the growth of plants, especially the effect on mineral nutrition and hydration, which allows for greater absorption of water and nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the colonization and growth of coffee plants inoculated with AMF in soils with phosphorus doses (P) and different moistures. Coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica) were produced using mycorrhizal inoculum containing spores of de Glomus calrum, Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora heterogma. The seedlings period lasted 160 days and subsequently conducted two experiments were planted in plastic pots and grown for 150 days in a greenhouse. To evaluate the effect of the P experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial 4 x 4 with doses of 0.00; 0.74; 1.48 and 2.96 g kg-1 of P2O5 per plant and three FMA more the non-inoculated control. And to evaluate the effect of soil moisture the experimental design was the same as the P factorial and was also 4 x 4, with soil moisture 40, 60, 80 and 100% of field capacity and the same fungal treatments. The results for height increment, leaf area, dry weight of roots, dry weight of stem and percentage of colonization showed a significant interaction between AMF x phosphorus doses factors. And for interaction between factors AMF x soil moisture, the results showed a significant effect only for increase in leaf area, dry weight of roots and relative air / root part. The colonization of fungi Glomus clarum, Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora heterogma had different results with similar behaviors, to doses P decreasing linearly and quadratic type to soil moisture. The AMF inoculation, the addition of P and increased soil moisture increase the growth of the coffee.

L’utilisation de matériaux d’origine végétale dans les bâtiments thermiquement performants pose la question de la pérennité des ouvrages principalement à cause de la dégradation fongique. Postia placenta est une espèce des champignons provoquant la pourriture brune, qui est la plus destructrice pour les constructions en bois.Ce travail se concentre sur l’observation et la modélisation de la croissance de Postia placenta à trois échelles successives : l'arborescence du mycélium (échelle discrète), la croissance en milieu libre (échelle continue) et la croissance en milieu encombré (échelle macroscopique). L’observation expérimentale de la croissance de Postia placenta utilise un microscope confocal à balayage laser pour quantifier les différentes mécanismes et obtenir les paramètres de croissance. A partir de cette observation, un modèle discret capable de générer un mycélium de forme extrêmement similaire à celle observée a été imaginé, développé et validé. Ensuite, à partir des profils de biomasse moyennés selon le rayon des mycéliums simulés par le modèle discret, un modèle continu basé sur une équation de réaction diffusion a été identifié pour décrire l’évolution de la concentration de biomasse fongique. Ce modèle continu offre la possibilité de la transition de l’échelle locale vers l’échelle macroscopique. Pour cela, des simulations de la prolifération en environnement encombré sont obtenues à l'aide du modèle continu. Par prise de moyenne, les champs spatio-temporels obtenus permettent de déterminer les paramètres d'un modèle continu similaire, mais valable à l'échelle macroscopique, sur un milieu fictif qui prend en considération la morphologie des obstacles
The use of bio-based materials in thermally efficient buildings raises the question of the sustainability mainly due to fungal degradation. Among the wood-decay fungi, Postia placenta is one of the most common brown rot fungi, which are the most destructive due to their rapid decaying mechanisms. This work focused on the experimental observation and the modeling of fungal growth at three successive scales: the mycelial network (discrete scale), mycelial growth in homogeneous media (continuous scale) and mycelial growth in porous media (macroscopic scale).The experimental observation of the growth of Postia placenta was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy to quantify the different growth mechanisms and obtain the growth parameters. A discrete model has been derived from this observation and is capable of generating mycelial networks extremely similar to the observed ones. A continuous formulation based on a reaction diffusion equation was developed from the radial biomass density of a mycelial network obtained in the discrete model. This continuous formulation was then used to derive an equivalent macroscale model able to account for fungal development in porous media. Simulations were performed on various periodic porous media. The parameters of the macroscale model was identified on the macroscopic fields obtained by averaging the local field over one periodic unit cell

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A utiliza??o dos fungos ectomicorr?zicos (FEM) em plantios comerciais de eucalipto melhora a adapta??o das mudas no campo e permite um uso mais eficiente de fertilizantes. A efici?ncia de doses de inoculante de FEM em promover o crescimento, a absor??o de nutrientes, a coloniza??o ectomicorr?zica e a qualidade de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla foi avaliada em condi??es de viveiro comercial. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro doses de inoculante composto de mic?lio vegetativo incluso em gel de alginato de c?lcio (0, 5, 10 e 15 c?psulas) dos FEM Amanita muscaria isolado UFSC-Am161, Elaphomyces anthracinus (Cenococcum geophilum) isolado Amance, Pisolithus microcarpus isolado ITA-06 e Scleroderma areolatum isolado UFSC-Sc129, mais um controle n?o inoculado com 100 % da aduba??o de substrato, com quatro repeti??es. Os FEM, em geral, promoveram maior di?metro do coleto, altura da parte a?rea, massa seca da parte a?rea, coloniza??o ectomicorr?zica, teores e conte?dos foliares de N, P e K nas mudas clonais de eucalipto. O melhor crescimento e coloniza??o foram observados na maior dose de inoculante e os maiores teores e conte?do de P, N e K na dose de 10 c?psulas de inoculante. O ?ndice de qualidade de Dickson n?o foi influenciado pelos diferentes fungos e doses de inoculante. As mudas clonais de eucalipto inoculadas pelos FEM e crescidas com a metade da aduba??o de substrato, apesar de menor produ??o de massa seca, apresentaram teores e conte?dos de P e N e teor de K maiores ou iguais ?quelas crescidas com a aduba??o de substrato completa e n?o inoculadas. Apresentaram, assim, qualidade suficiente para o transplantio aos 90 dias.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2011.
ABSTRACT The use of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in commercial plantation of eucalyptus improves the adaptation of seedlings in farm and allows a more efficient use of fertilizers. The efficiency of doses of inoculant of EMF to promote growth, nutrients absorption, ectomycorrhizal colonization and clonal seedlings quality of Eucalyptus urophylla in commercial plant nursery were assessed on this study. The crop fertilization of the substrate of production of seedling was reduced at 50 per cent to avoid inhibitory effect of crop fertilization on ectomycorrhizal colonization. The experiment was made in completely randomized design in 4x4-factorial scheme, with four doses of inoculum compounded with vegetal mycelium impregnated by calcium-alginate gel (0, 5, 10 and 15 capsules) of EMF Amanita muscaria isolated UFSC-Am161, Elaphomyces anthracinus (Cenococcum geophilum) isolated Amance, Pisolithus microcarpus isolated ITA-06 and Scleroderma areolatum isolated UFSC-Sc129, plus a non-inoculated control with a hundred per cent of fertilization of the substrate with four repetitions. The EMF, in general, promoted bigger diameter of the base, height of aerial part, dry matter of aerial part, ectomycorrhizal colonization, concentration and leaf content of N, P and K on clonal seedling of eucalyptus. The best growth and colonization were observed at the highest dose of the inoculant and the highest levels and contents of P, N and K at a dose of 10 capsules of inoculant. The Dickson Quality Index was not influenced by different fungi and doses of inoculum. The clonal eucalyptus seedling inoculated by the EMF and that was grown with half substrate fertilization, despite of less production of dry matter, show concentration and content of P and N and concentration of K bigger or equal to those seedling that was grown with the fertilization of substrate of production of seedlings of complete and non-inoculated. They also submit sufficient quality for transplantation as early as 90 days.

A criação racional de abelhas sem ferrão, conhecida como meliponicultura, é uma atividade crescente no Brasil e sua demanda abriu o campo para pesquisas que favorecem esse mercado. Além disso, o papel essencial desempenhado por esses insetos na polinização tem chamado atenção para o seu uso sustentável na prática agrícola. Nesses aspectos, alguns trabalhos são direcionados à aquisição de conhecimento básico sobre a biologia dessas abelhas que embasem técnicas de manejo e aprimoramento da sua criação. Um fator crucial é a multiplicação de colmeias em um intervalo de tempo menor a partir da obtenção artificial de rainhas, que foi o foco deste trabalho. A espécie aqui envolvida, Tetragona clavipes, tem distribuição ampla em território brasileiro e um potencial relevante no fornecimento de produtos como mel, pólen, cera e resinas, apesar dos poucos dados sobre seu manejo na literatura afim. Sua diferenciação de castas depende da quantidade de alimento ingerido durante a fase larval. A primeira parte da pesquisa envolveu a criação de larvas in vitro, onde foi caracterizada a quantidade limiar de alimento larval para diferenciação de castas: entre 45 e 50 µL. Nessas condições emergiram operárias e rainhas; entre 20 e 40 µL, apenas operárias e a partir de 60 até 110 µL, apenas rainhas. Houve mortalidade alta das larvas, com média de 40%, sendo o controle de umidade relativa o ponto crítico. A segunda parte do trabalho envolveu a formação de minicolônias, em que grupos de operárias jovens (aproximadamente 50) foram mantidos com rainhas virgens em caixas pequenas. 26 minicolônias foram montadas, dentre estas, 5 com rainhas naturais. Somente duas rainhas naturais foram fecundadas e tiveram sucesso na fundação dos ninhos. Nesses dois casos o número de operárias utilizado foi maior (em torno de 200) e com idades diferentes. O principal fator que limitou essa etapa foi a agressividade das operárias durante a fase para aceitação das rainhas virgens. Nesse ponto, a estratégia mais eficiente foi a introdução de rainhas, ainda em fase de pupa, dentro de cápsulas de cerume da própria minicolônia, apesar de não terem permanecido nas caixas mesmo depois de terem sido aceitas. Uma análise por morfometria geométrica, com os programas de computador tpsDig e MorphoJ, mostrou a diferença no padrão de venação entre as asas de operárias e rainhas obtidas em laboratório. Em todas as colônias observadas foi constatada a presença de um fungo que se desenvolve naturalmente no interior das células de cria, cujas hifas são ingeridas pela larva. Entretanto, não foi possível o seu isolamento em meio de cultivo. Apesar do número pequeno de ninhos novos formados, o estudo desta espécie possibilitou a aquisição de dados importantes para a continuidade das pesquisas e também para conduzir seu manejo mais eficiente, acrescentando informações até então desconhecidas sobre sua biologia e seu comportamento.
The rational creation of stingless bees, known as meliponiculture in Brazil, is a growing activity and its demand opened the field for research and many works that favor this market. Moreover, the essential role played by these insects as pollinators has drawn attention for its sustainable use in crop pollination. In these respects, some studies are directed to the acquisition of basic knowledge about the biology of these bees which to base management techniques and improvement on its creation. A crucial factor is the multiplication of hives in a shorter interval of time by the artificial obtainment of queens, which is the focus of present work. The species involved here was Tetragona clavipes, which has a wide distribution in Brazil and a significant potential to supply products such as honey, pollen, wax and resins, despite the few data about its management in the related literature. Its caste differentiation depends only on the amount of larval food ingested at the larval stage. The first step of the research involved the development of larvae in vitro, when was characterized the amount of larval food that is the threshold for its caste differentiation: between 45 and 50 µL. In these conditions workers and queens emerge; between 20 and 40 µL, only workers and from 60 to 110 µL, only queens. There was a high mortality of larvae with an average of 40%, where the control of relative humidity was the critical point. The second part of the work involved the attempted to form mini colonies, where groups of young workers (aroud 50) with virgin queens were kept in small boxes. 26 mini colonies were assembled, among these, five with virgins natural queens. Only two natural queens were fertilized and founded nests with success. In these cases the number of workers put inside box was higher (around 200) and with different ages. The main factor that had limited this step was the aggressiveness of the workers during the acceptance of the virgin queens. At this point, the most effective strategy was the introduction of queens still in the pupal stage, inside capsules of cerumen from the own mini colonies, despite not having stayed in the boxes probably by other reasons, even when already were accepted. Additional analysis using geometric morphometrics, with the computer programs tpsDig and MorphoJ, showed a difference in the pattern of wing venation between workers and queens obtained in laboratory. In all colonies observed also was found the presence of a fungus that grows naturally inside of brood cells, whose hyphae are ingested by the larvae. However, it could not be isolated in culture medium. Despite the small number of new nests acquired, the study of this species allowed the acquisition of important data for further research and also to conduct its management more efficient, adding previously unknown details about its biology and behavior.

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes níveis de fósforo e condições de micélio micorrizo (intacto ou fragmentado) na intensidade de colonização, crescimento e aquisição de nutrientes na planta milho. Realizou-se um ensaio em estufa, em vasos com 8 Kg de solo. O micélio foi previamente desenvolvido pelo crescimento da serradela, que após 8 semanas foi cortada. Para ter duas condições de micélio, em metade dos vasos crivou-se o solo, permanecendo a outra metade não perturbada, de seguida foi plantado o milho, suplementado com 4 níveis de fósforo (equivalente a O, 15, 30 e 45 kg.P.ha-1. A colonização do milho a partir de micélio intacto, iniciou-se mais cedo possibilitando um desenvolvimento mais rápido da planta, uma maior extração e eficiência na aquisição de fósforo. A colonização arbuscular tende a reduzir com a adubação fosfatada, conforme referido na literatura, mas a densidade de raiz colonizada não foi afetada; ABSTRACT: The effect of P levels and mycorrhizal inoculum source (intact and disrupted extra radical mycelium - ERM) of propagules on the colonization, growth and nutrient acquisition in maize was evaluated. A greenhouse pot experiment was performed, using 8 kg of soil per pot. Serra Della was previously grown, for 8 weeks, to develop the mycelium. Before planting the maize the soil was disturbed in half of the pots and left undisturbed in the rest. Four levels of P were applied (equivalent to O, 15, 30 e 45 kg.P.ha-1 at planting. When an intact ERM was the preferential source of inoculum the colonization started earlier and developed faster, and the growth and nutrient acquisition of maize was enhanced. The application of P reduced the mycorrhizal colonization rate, but not the colonised root density.

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Em lagos as macrófitas aquáticas são importantes fontes de matéria orgânica detrital, aumentam a complexidade do hábitat proporcionando vários nichos ecológicos a uma diversidade de espécies animais. Durante do processo de decomposição, a colonização dos detritos passa por uma sucessão ecológica entre fungos, bactérias e invertebrados, sendo seu papel fundamental para promover a circulação dos nutrientes. Assim, essa dissertação objetivou: (1) analisar os coeficientes de decomposição e a composição química dos detritos de duas macrófitas, a fim de verificar os efeitos dessas características sobre a biomassa fúngica e invertebrados; (2) analisar se o local de incubação das bolsas dos detritos influencia o recurso de hábitat e sobreposição espacial, interferindo na estrutura funcional da comunidade colonizadora. Para tanto foram realizados dois experimentos. Para o experimento 1 (setembro à dezembro de 2011), incubamos 24 bolsas de Potamogeton pectinatus e 24 de Chara zeylanica e retiradas em 1, 7, 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias. O material foi lavado, seco e triturado para análises químicas e determinação dos coeficientes de decomposição. A biomassa fúngica foi avaliada através do conteúdo de ergosterol. Para o experimento 2 (janeiro de 2012), foram incubadas 60 bolsas aleatoriamente divididas em 4 tratamentos, onde 15 bolsas contendo detritos de P. pectinatus foram incubadas em meio ao próprio estande (PP); 15 bolsas no estande de C. zeylanica (PC); 15 bolsas com detritos de C. zeylanica (CC) incubadas em meio ao seu estande e 15 no estande de P. pectinatus (CP), sendo retiradas em 5, 10 e 20 dias. Em ambos os estudos, os invertebrados foram classificados em grupos tróficos funcionais e determinadas a riqueza e abundância. As características químicas explicaram 59% da variação na abundância de invertebrados. A biomassa fúngica nos detritos não diferiu. A maior abundância e riqueza de invertebrados ocorreram nos detritos de P. pectinatus para o experimento 1 e nos detritos incubados em meio ao seu próprio estande (experimento 2). Houve diferença na perda de massa entre os tratamentos e entre detritos. A maior abundância na composição funcional foi de coletores - catadores e predadores, em ambos os estudos. Houve menor sobreposição espacial entre os grupos tróficos nos tratamentos em relação a PP. Nosso estudo demonstrou que os as características químicas e os coeficientes de decomposição interferem na colonização de invertebrados, relacionado ao tempo de incubação dos detritos. Além disso, o local de incubação afetou os coeficientes de decomposição e a estruturação da comunidade de invertebrados, relacionado à disponibilidade de hábitat oferecido pelos tratamentos.
In lakes the macrophytes are important sources of detrital organic matter, increase the complexity of providing various habitat niches to a variety of animal species. During the colonization process of decomposition of the waste undergoes an ecological succession among fungi, bacteria and invertebrates, and its key role in promoting the circulation of nutrients. Thus, this thesis aimed to: (1) analyze the decomposition rates and chemical composition of the detritus of two macrophytes in order to verify the effects of these characteristics on the fungal biomass and invertebrates, (2) examine if the site of the bags of incubation detritus influences the use and habitat overlap of space, affecting the functional structure of the settler community. Therefore, we performed two experiments. For experiment 1 (September to December, 2011), incubated 24 bags of Potamogeton pectinatus and 24 Chara zeylanica and withdrawn at 1, 7, 20, 40, 60 and 80 days. The material was washed, dried and ground for chemical analyzes and determination of the coefficients of decomposition. The fungal biomass was evaluated through the content of ergosterol. For experiment 2 (January, 2012), 60 bags were incubated randomly assigned to 4 treatments, where 15 bags of debris containing P. pectinatus were incubated in medium to own booth (PP); 15 scholarships in booth C. zeylanica (PC), 15 bags of detritus C. zeylanica (CC) incubated in the midst of its stand and 15 at the P. pectinatus (CP) and taken in 5, 10 and 20 days. In both studies, the invertebrates were classified into functional trophic groups and certain richness and abundance. The chemical characteristics explained 59% of variation in abundance of invertebrates. The fungal biomass in waste did not differ. The greatest abundance and diversity of invertebrates occurred in the debris of P. pectinatus for experiment 1 and incubated debris amidst its own booth (experiment 2). Was no difference in weight loss between treatments and among detritus. The highest abundance was in the functional composition of collectors - scavengers and predators, in both studies. There was a lower spatial overlap between trophic groups in treatments against PP. Our study demonstrated that the chemical characteristics and the coefficients of decomposition interfere with colonization of invertebrates, related to incubation time of detritus. Furthermore, the location of incubation affected the decomposition rates and invertebrate community structure, related to the availability of habitat offered by the treatments.

Successful bioremediation of polluted soils is often limited by the bioavailability of organic contaminants to degrading bacteria. Recent studies revealed that fungal hyphae have the potential to promote bacterial dispersal, and thus raised the idea of specifically stimulating the establishment of fungal networks in soils to increase contaminant bioavailability. Can such bacterial dispersal networks improve biodegradation performance considerably? If so, how are the improvements affected by abiotic conditions and by the spatial structure of dispersal networks? This doctoral thesis aims at answering these research questions. To this end, laboratory experiments are performed and a bacterial simulation model is developed, incorporating both microbiological and ecological theory. Manifold simulations and analyses of the microbial ecosystems’ spatiotemporal dynamics under different environmental scenarios reveal key factors and processes controlling biodegradation performance and determining benefits from bacterial dispersal networks.

Control of the major African malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex continues to rely heavily on the application of insecticides either by indoor residual house spraying (IRS) or bednet impregnation (ITNs). However, growing concerns about their negative impact on human health, their potential impact on the environment, and the ever-increasing spread of insecticide resistance across sub- Saharan Africa has diverted attention to alternative strategies that are not based on chemicals. Therefore, alternatives such as vector control with biological agents may be effective. Levels of susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana were assessed against insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible laboratory colonies as well as a wild-caught sample of the An. gambiae complex of which most members are major or localised malaria vectors. Insecticide susceptibility tests against all four classes of insecticides recommended by WHO for vector control was performed according to the standard WHO bioassay protocol. Fungal susceptibility tests using suspensors dusted with dry conidia of B. bassiana isolate IMI 391510 were performed on laboratory-reared colonies of An. gambiae complex members as well as on a sample of wild caught, insecticide susceptible An. arabiensis from Malawi. Our data showed that there is no interaction between insecticide susceptibility and fungal susceptibility. Survival of both insecticide susceptible and insecticide resistant colonies as well as wild mosquitoes was significantly affected (P< 0.001) by fungal infection. All infected mosquitoes succumbed to fungal infection within 7-20 days post-exposure compared to control groups for which 70-85% of mosquitoes were still alive at that time. The evidence of fungal infection was confirmed with more than 90% of the mosquito cadavers sporulating 3-5 days after incubation. These results provide hope for alternative control strategies for adult anopheline mosquitoes other than those that rely entirely on insecticides. There was evidence that insecticide susceptible and resistant mosquitoes can be killed by the fungus B. bassiana within the 14 day period before they become infective with the malaria Plasmodium parasite. However, conidia formulations and concentrations as well as a suitable delivery method for efficient coverage remain the areas of focus for field implementation.

碩士
國立中興大學
植物學系
88
The aim of this study is to observe the colonization effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(VAMF) on the growth of Citrus lemon seedlings. The first treatment, the lemon seedlings were inoculated by LITR. After five months, the shoot weight, root weight, dried weight, and leaf area of the inoculation treatment was significantly higher than control. The root and leaf protein contents as well as the activities of rubisco increased significantly. A further experiment was implemented by inoculating the Citrus limonia seedlings with Glomus intraradices (LITR) and Glomus mosseae (LMOS). After four months, both treatments showed significantly increase in plant height, numbers of leaves, leaf area, root weight, fresh and dried weight. The photosynthetic rate and leaf and root protein contents also increased while rubisco activities were more active. As to pigment, soluble sugar, starch, and phosphate contents, both inoculation tests seemed positive to their accumulation. Conclusively, the VA mycorrhizal inoculation of the C. limonia seedlings significantly promoted the growth of shoot and root. It not only shortened the development period of the rootstock, but also ensured the later growth of Citrus plants after grafting.

Soil fungi play an important role in regulating plant communities as well as above and below ground ecosystem-level processes; conversely, plant communities may also affect the structure and functionality of these root-associating fungi. Alteration of these fungal communities due to non-native plant invasion has the potential to disrupt biogeochemical cycling, soil structure, and plant growth. Both beneficial symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as well as the total fungal community are potentially altered by aggressive invasive plant species in such a way as to disrupt existing native endophytic fungal communities in the soil post invasion. This disruption could provide a pathway for invasion and suggests the importance of investigating plant-fungal associations in invaded ranges. I used molecular techniques to characterize the fungal communities colonizing Vincetoxicum rossicum or Dog-strangling vine (DSV) and Alliaria petiolata or garlic mustard, both European natives that are currently well established in Eastern North America, as well as native plants that are commonly found persisting in the presence of dense colonies of DSV, as well as those same natives growing separately from DSV. Fungi colonizing different plant groups were analyzed using primers that target the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal operon in order to amplify total fungal species (TF), as well as primers designed to exclusively amplify AMF using small subunit rRNA sequences. Significant differences were observed in the diversity of both the TF and the AMF communities colonizing native plants in the invaded sites relative to the uninvaded sites. Sequencing work indicated that DSV forms associations with a broad array of fungal partners relative to proximal native plants, suggesting the likelihood of it being a fungal generalist. As well, DSV was found to associate with described opportunistic AMF such as Glomus intraradices, G. caledonium, G. fasciculatum and G. mosseae, while natives growing within DSV patches were not. Finally, garlic mustard was found to have the dominant effect where DSV and garlic mustard were co-occurring. These findings support the ongoing investigations into plant invasion processes, and therefore contribute to the development of effective strategies for invasive species management as well as site restoration techniques.

碩士
中興大學
台灣文學研究所
98
This paper inquires wedding and funeral writing in Taiwan literature under the Kominka Movement. To present the uniqueness, the pieces in the same genre prior to 1937 are discussed to ponder upon the meaning of local traditional culture written by intellects under the colonized situation through Matchmaker by C.T. Tsai (1935). The local traditional wedding written by Taiwanese presents the connection and embodies the relationship between subaltern class and intellects. In addition, the local wedding culture expressed by Mrs. Chen I by S. Shoji (1940), Flow by B. Kuyang (1942) and Castrated Chicken by W.H. Chang (1942) in the Kominka Period are analyzed to realize the similarity and diversity; moreover, this paper discourses the impact of the Kominka Movement enacted by the Japan Colonial Government on Taiwan traditional society and the way how Japanese in Taiwan and Taiwan intellects reacted to the Kominka policy as well as the interior genders and class of Taiwanese. Beside the abundant novels on Taiwan weddings, the writing regarding funeral rituals in the Kominka Period are plentiful as well, including Mrs. Chen I by S. Shoji, The Zhangs by R. Sakaguchi (1941), Gate by K. Aragaki (1942), Fusui and Tsaitzushou by H.R. Lu (1942), Flow by B. Kuyang and Perished Wife by S.R. Wu (1942). For further discussion, the comparison and analysis of pieces of Japanese writers in Taiwan on Taiwan traditional funeral writing and folklore records aims to understand the meaning of colonial funeral culture in the Kominka Period written by Japanese in Taiwan; on the other hand, the funeral writing by Taiwanese writers are inquired as well to master the represented funeral culture. The diverse perspectives regarding the idea of Protect Offspring in Taiwan funeral culture are explored; meanwhile, the cultural significance of Protect Offspring presented by Taiwanese authors as well as the interpretation and reoccurrence by fiction and prose is pondered upon. By doing so, the uniqueness of Taiwan culture is expressed; on the other hand, the diversity of relationship and genders of main characters and the death leads to the significance of funeral culture in Taiwan. To sum up, this paper discusses the meaning of reoccurrence of Taiwan traditional wedding and funeral rituals in the Japanese Governance Period through the differences of people, gender, class, and language and explores what the writing on familiar culture as for Taiwanese authors colonized by Japan. This paper expects to trigger more discussions as well as the concerns for the situation of Taiwan traditional culture in the Japanese Governance Period.

As áreas urbanizadas do Município do Funchal têm vindo nas últimas décadas, a crescer para as cotas mais elevadas, hoje conhecidas como Zonas Altas do Funchal. Esta expansão urbana fez-se em boa parte sem planeamento territorial e urbanístico, num contexto territorial onde o fenómeno da construção ilegal é uma realidade incontornável, estando na origem de diversos problemas provocados pela ocupação descontrolada do território mais periférico, que tem como consequência a falta de espaços públicos, de equipamentos, áreas verdes e acessos adequados para a generalidade da população residente, fundamentais à vivência humana. Em resultado geram-se situações de carência urbana e de conflito, com efeitos na qualidade vida dos residentes. Tendo em conta esta realidade, a par da recente adaptação à Região da legislação nacional que permite a reconversão de áreas urbanas de génese ilegal, abre-se uma janela de oportunidade que, aproveitando todo este processo, poderá promover à reconversão destas Zonas Altas do Funchal. No âmbito desta dissertação propõe-se caraterizar os principais problemas destas áreas residenciais e aportar contributos que permitam, em primeiro lugar, a legalização, mas também abordar a sua regeneração urbana.
The urbanized areas of the Funchal’s county have been growing over the last decades to the highest levels, now known as Funchal High Zones. This urban sprawl was largely done without any territorial and urban planning, in a territorial context where the phenomenon of illegal construction is an unavoidable reality, being the source of several problems caused by the uncontrolled occupation of the peripheral territory, which results in the lack of public spaces, equipment, green areas and adequate access for the general population, fundamental to the human experience. As a result, urban deprivation and conflict are generated, which creates effects on the quality of life of residents. Given this reality, along with the recent adaptation by the Region of national legislation that allows the conversion of urban area of illegal genesis, a window of opportunity opens up, taking advantage of this process, it may promote the conversion of these areas Funchal High Zone. This dissertation aims to characterize the main problems of these residential areas and contributes that allows, in the first place, a legalization, but also to address their urban regeneration.