Academic literature on the topic 'Fungal Mating Type Genes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fungal Mating Type Genes"
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Kües, Ursula, and Lorna A. Casselton. "Fungal mating type genes — regulators of sexual development." Mycological Research 96, no. 12 (December 1992): 993–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80107-x.
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Raudaskoski, Marjatta, and Erika Kothe. "Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 6 (February 26, 2010): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00319-09.
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ABSTRACT The genome sequences of the basidiomycete Agaricomycetes species Coprinopsis cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Postia placenta, as well as of Cryptococcus neoformans and Ustilago maydis, are now publicly available. Out of these fungi, C. cinerea, S. commune, and U. maydis, together with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been investigated for years genetically and molecularly for signaling in sexual reproduction. The comparison of the structure and organization of mating type genes in fungal genomes reveals an amazing conservation of genes regulating the sexual reproduction throughout the fungal kingdom. In agaricomycetes, two mating type loci, A, coding for homeodomain type transcription factors, and B, encoding a pheromone/receptor system, regulate the four typical mating interactions of tetrapolar species. Evidence for both A and B mating type genes can also be identified in basidiomycetes with bipolar systems, where only two mating interactions are seen. In some of these fungi, the B locus has lost its self/nonself discrimination ability and thus its specificity while retaining the other regulatory functions in development. In silico analyses now also permit the identification of putative components of the pheromone-dependent signaling pathways. Induction of these signaling cascades leads to development of dikaryotic mycelia, fruiting body formation, and meiotic spore production. In pheromone-dependent signaling, the role of heterotrimeric G proteins, components of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways can now be defined. Additionally, the pheromone-dependent signaling through monomeric, small GTPases potentially involved in creating the polarized cytoskeleton for reciprocal nuclear exchange and migration during mating is predicted.
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Zhang, Lei, Rudeina A. Baasiri, and Neal K. Van Alfen. "Viral Repression of Fungal Pheromone Precursor Gene Expression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.2.953.
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ABSTRACT Biological control of chestnut blight caused by the filamentous ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica can be achieved with a virus that infects this fungus. This hypovirus causes a perturbation of fungal development that results in low virulence (hypovirulence), poor asexual sporulation, and female infertility without affecting fungal growth in culture. At the molecular level, the virus is known to affect the transcription of a number of fungal genes. Two of these genes,Vir1 and Vir2, produce abundant transcripts in noninfected strains of the fungus, but the transcripts are not detectable in virus-infected strains. We report here that these two genes encode the pheromone precursors of the Mat-2 mating type of the fungus; consequently, these genes have been renamedMf2/1 and Mf2/2. To determine if the virus affects the mating systems of both mating types of this fungus, the pheromone precursor gene, Mf1/1, of a Mat-1strain was cloned and likewise was found to be repressed in virus-infected strains. The suppression of transcription of the pheromone precursor genes of this fungus could be the cause of the mating defect of infected strains of the fungus. Although published reports suggest that a Gαi subunit may be involved in this regulation, our results do not support this hypothesis. The prepropheromone encoded by Mf1/1 is structurally similar to that of the prepro-p-factor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This is the first description of the complete set of pheromone precursor genes encoded by a filamentous ascomycete.
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Wang, Ping, Connie B. Nichols, Klaus B. Lengeler, Maria E. Cardenas, Gary M. Cox, John R. Perfect, and Joseph Heitman. "Mating-Type-Specific and Nonspecific PAK Kinases Play Shared and Divergent Roles in Cryptococcus neoformans." Eukaryotic Cell 1, no. 2 (April 2002): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.1.2.257-272.2002.
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ABSTRACT Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with a defined sexual cycle involving fusion of haploid MATα and MATa cells. Virulence has been linked to the mating type, and MATα cells are more virulent than congenic MATa cells. To study the link between the mating type and virulence, we functionally analyzed three genes encoding homologs of the p21-activated protein kinase family: STE20α, STE20a, and PAK1. In contrast to the STE20 genes that were previously shown to be in the mating-type locus, the PAK1 gene is unlinked to the mating type. The STE20α, STE20a, and PAK1 genes were disrupted in serotype A and D strains of C. neoformans, revealing central but distinct roles in mating, differentiation, cytokinesis, and virulence. ste20α pak1 and ste20a pak1 double mutants were synthetically lethal, indicating that these related kinases share an essential function. In summary, our studies identify an association between the STE20α gene, the MATα locus, and virulence in a serotype A clinical isolate and provide evidence that PAK kinases function in a MAP kinase signaling cascade controlling the mating, differentiation, and virulence of this fungal pathogen.
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Lengeler, Klaus B., Deborah S. Fox, James A. Fraser, Andria Allen, Keri Forrester, Fred S. Dietrich, and Joseph Heitman. "Mating-Type Locus of Cryptococcus neoformans: a Step in the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes." Eukaryotic Cell 1, no. 5 (October 2002): 704–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.1.5.704-718.2002.
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ABSTRACT The sexual development and virulence of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is controlled by a bipolar mating system determined by a single locus that exists in two alleles, α and a. The α and a mating-type alleles from two divergent varieties were cloned and sequenced. The C. neoformans mating-type locus is unique, spans >100 kb, and contains more than 20 genes. MAT-encoded products include homologs of regulators of sexual development in other fungi, pheromone and pheromone receptors, divergent components of a MAP kinase cascade, and other proteins with no obvious function in mating. The α and a alleles of the mating-type locus have extensively rearranged during evolution and strain divergence but are stable during genetic crosses and in the population. The C. neoformans mating-type locus is strikingly different from the other known fungal mating-type loci, sharing features with the self-incompatibility systems and sex chromosomes of algae, plants, and animals. Our study establishes a new paradigm for mating-type loci in fungi with implications for the evolution of cell identity and self/nonself recognition.
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Samils, Nicklas, Anastasia Gioti, Magnus Karlsson, Yu Sun, Takao Kasuga, Eric Bastiaans, Zheng Wang, Ning Li, Jeffrey P. Townsend, and Hanna Johannesson. "Sex-linked transcriptional divergence in the hermaphrodite fungus Neurospora tetrasperma." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1764 (August 7, 2013): 20130862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0862.
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In the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora tetrasperma , a large (approx. 7 Mbp) region of suppressed recombination surrounds the mating-type ( mat ) locus. While the remainder of the genome is largely homoallelic, this region of recombinational suppression, extending over 1500 genes, is associated with sequence divergence. Here, we used microarrays to examine how the molecular phenotype of gene expression level is linked to this divergent region, and thus to the mating type. Culturing N. tetrasperma on agar media that induce sexual/female or vegetative/male tissue, we found 196 genes significantly differentially expressed between mat A and mat a mating types. Our data show that the genes exhibiting mat -linked expression are enriched in the region genetically linked to mating type, and sequence and expression divergence are positively correlated. Our results indicate that the phenotype of mat A strains is optimized for traits promoting sexual/female development and the phenotype of mat a strains for vegetative/male development. This discovery of differentially expressed genes associated with mating type provides a link between genotypic and phenotypic divergence in this taxon and illustrates a fungal analogue to sexual dimorphism found among animals and plants.
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Ma, Wen-Juan, Fantin Carpentier, Tatiana Giraud, and Michael E. Hood. "Differential Gene Expression between Fungal Mating Types Is Associated with Sequence Degeneration." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa028.
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Abstract Degenerative mutations in non-recombining regions, such as in sex chromosomes, may lead to differential expression between alleles if mutations occur stochastically in one or the other allele. Reduced allelic expression due to degeneration has indeed been suggested to occur in various sex-chromosome systems. However, whether an association occurs between specific signatures of degeneration and differential expression between alleles has not been extensively tested, and sexual antagonism can also cause differential expression on sex chromosomes. The anther-smut fungus Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae is ideal for testing associations between specific degenerative signatures and differential expression because 1) there are multiple evolutionary strata on the mating-type chromosomes, reflecting successive recombination suppression linked to mating-type loci; 2) separate haploid cultures of opposite mating types help identify differential expression between alleles; and 3) there is no sexual antagonism as a confounding factor accounting for differential expression. We found that differentially expressed genes were enriched in the four oldest evolutionary strata compared with other genomic compartments, and that, within compartments, several signatures of sequence degeneration were greater for differentially expressed than non-differentially expressed genes. Two particular degenerative signatures were significantly associated with lower expression levels within differentially expressed allele pairs: upstream insertion of transposable elements and mutations truncating the protein length. Other degenerative mutations associated with differential expression included nonsynonymous substitutions and altered intron or GC content. The association between differential expression and allele degeneration is relevant for a broad range of taxa where mating compatibility or sex is determined by genes located in large regions where recombination is suppressed.
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Robertson, C. Ian, Kirk A. Bartholomew, Charles P. Novotny, and Robert C. Ullrich. "Deletion of the Schizophyllum commune Aα Locus: The Roles of Aα Y and Z Mating-Type Genes." Genetics 144, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 1437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.1437.
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The Aα locus is one of four master regulatory loci that determine mating type and regulate sexual development in Schizophyllum commune. We have made a plasmid containing a URA1 gene disruption of the Aα Y1 gene. Y1 is the sole Aα gene in Aα1 strains. We used the plasmid construction to produce an Aα null (i.e., AαΔ) strain by replacing the genomic Y1 gene with URA1 in an Aα1 strain. To characterize the role of the Aα genes in the regulation of sexual development, we transformed various Aα Y and Z alleles into AαΔ strains and examined the acquired mating types and mating abilities of the transformants. These experiments demonstrate that the Aα Y gene is not essential for fungal viability and growth, that a solitary Z Aα mating-type gene does not itself activate development, that Aβ proteins are sufficient to activate the A developmental pathway in the absence of Aα proteins and confirm that Y and Z genes are the sole determinants of Aα mating type. The data from these experiments support and refine our model of the regulation of A-pathway events by Y and Z proteins.
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Li, Wenjun, Thomas D. Sullivan, Eric Walton, Anna Floyd Averette, Sharadha Sakthikumar, Christina A. Cuomo, Bruce S. Klein, and Joseph Heitman. "Identification of the Mating-Type (MAT) Locus That Controls Sexual Reproduction of Blastomyces dermatitidis." Eukaryotic Cell 12, no. 1 (November 9, 2012): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00249-12.
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ABSTRACTBlastomyces dermatitidisis a dimorphic fungal pathogen that primarily causes blastomycosis in the midwestern and northern United States and Canada. While the genes controlling sexual development have been known for a long time, the genes controlling sexual reproduction ofB. dermatitidis(teleomorph,Ajellomyces dermatitidis) are unknown. We identified the mating-type (MAT) locus in theB. dermatitidisgenome by comparative genomic approaches. TheB. dermatitidis MATlocus resembles those of other dimorphic fungi, containing either an alpha-box (MAT1-1) or an HMG domain (MAT1-2) gene linked to theAPN2,SLA2, andCOX13genes. However, in some strains ofB. dermatitidis, theMATlocus harbors transposable elements (TEs) that make it unusually large compared to theMATlocus of other dimorphic fungi. Based on theMATlocus sequences ofB. dermatitidis, we designed specific primers for PCR determination of the mating type. TwoB. dermatitidisisolates of opposite mating types were cocultured on mating medium. Immature sexual structures were observed starting at 3 weeks of coculture, with coiled-hyphae-containing cleistothecia developing over the next 3 to 6 weeks. Genetic recombination was detected in potential progeny by mating-type determination, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses, suggesting that a meiotic sexual cycle might have been completed. The F1 progeny were sexually fertile when tested with strains of the opposite mating type. Our studies provide a model for the evolution of theMATlocus in the dimorphic and closely related fungi and open the door to classic genetic analysis and studies on the possible roles of mating and mating type in infection and virulence.
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Arzanlou, Mahdi, Pedro W. Crous, and Lute-Harm Zwiers. "Evolutionary Dynamics of Mating-Type Loci of Mycosphaerella spp. Occurring on Banana." Eukaryotic Cell 9, no. 1 (November 13, 2009): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00194-09.
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ABSTRACT The devastating Sigatoka disease complex of banana is primarily caused by three closely related heterothallic fungi belonging to the genus Mycosphaerella: M. fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae. Previous phylogenetic work showing common ancestry led us to analyze the mating-type loci of these Mycosphaerella species occurring on banana. We reasoned that this might provide better insight into the evolutionary history of these species. PCR and chromosome-walking approaches were used to clone the mating-type loci of M. musicola and M. eumusae. Sequences were compared to the published mating-type loci of M. fijiensis and other Mycosphaerella spp., and a novel organization of the MAT loci was found. The mating-type loci of the examined Mycosphaerella species are expanded, containing two additional Mycosphaerella-specific genes in a unique genomic organization. The proteins encoded by these novel genes show a higher interspecies than intraspecies homology. Moreover, M. fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae contain two additional mating-type-like loci, containing parts of both MAT 1-1-1 and MAT 1-2-1. The data indicate that M. fijiensis, M. musicola, and M. eumusae share an ancestor in which a fusion event occurred between MAT 1-1-1 and MAT 1-2-1 sequences and in which additional genes became incorporated into the idiomorph. The new genes incorporated have since then evolved independently in the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 loci. Thus, these data are an example of the evolutionary dynamics of fungal MAT loci in general and show the great flexibility of the MAT loci of Mycosphaerella species in particular.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fungal Mating Type Genes"
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Nixon, Julie. "A molecular analysis of fungal mating type genes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15534.
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This work is concerned with the molecular analysis of ascomycete mating type genes of various Sordaria species. Work previously published has reported the cloning and characterisation of mating type genes from several Neurospora species. In heterothallic species the genotype at the mating type locus (mtA or mta) determines the mating type. Homothallic species, which proceed through the sexual cycle without the need to mate, have no obvious mating types but molecular analysis has been used to demonstrate the presence of mating type genes in species with this life cycle. Neurospora species and Sordaria species both belong to the Sordariaceae and are closely related. Several λ clones containing putative Sordaria mating type genes from heterothallic and homothallic species had been isolated previously using N. crassa mtA and mta probes. In this study the mtA-1 gene of the heterothallic species S. sclerogenia was subcloned from a λ clone and sequenced. The equivalent gene from S. equina (a homothallic species containing only the mtA sequence) was also subcloned and sequenced. A λ clone for the species S. fimicola was found to hybridise with both the mtA and mta probes. S. fimicola is a homothallic species containing mtA and mta in the same nucleus. On using the lambda clone it was found that the mtA and mta genes are linked in this species. All the Sordaria mtA-1 genes contained putative DNA binding domains, α domains. The mta-1 gene sequenced from s. fimicola contained a putative HMG box. The S. equina mtA-1 gene was expressed in a sterile N. crassa mta mutant and was found to restore mating type function to the mutant. The mtA-1 gene did not however confer homothallic behaviour on the recipient mutant. S. equina and S. sclerogenia contain a 59bp common region following on from the mtA-1 gene which is conserved in both these species and in Neurospora species. A variable region continues on from the common region in S. equina and S. sclerogenia and in Neuropora species.
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Almeida, Ludimila Dias 1991. "Regulação da transcrição gênica e bases moleculares do desenvolvimento sexual homotálico do fungo Moniliophthora perniciosa." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316755.
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Orientador: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães PereiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O ciclo sexual de basidiomicetos é controlado pelo sistema mating type. Este é formado por dois loci multigênicos não ligados A e B, o locus A codifica duas proteínas homeodomínio HD1 e HD2, capazes de heterodimerização, enquanto o locus B apresenta genes para receptores de feromônio e feromônios. Em fungos heterotálicos, o desenvolvimento sexual depende da especificidade entre os quatro alelos, sistema este chamado tetrapolar, e é ativado apenas por interações específicas entre alelos parentais necessariamente diferentes, assegurando que hifas geneticamente iguais sejam incompatíveis. Em contrapartida, a condição na qual hifas geneticamente iguais são compatíveis é denominada homotalismo. Fungos basidiomicetos são tipicamente heterotálicos, no entanto, apesar de pertencer a este filo, o fitopatógeno Moniliophthora perniciosa, causador da doença Vassoura de Bruxa no cacaueiro, é classificado como homotálico primário. Curiosamente, apesar desta classificação, M. perniciosa contém um sistema genético tetrapolar, sendo o primeiro fungo descrito com essa característica. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a caracterização dos loci mating type em M. perniciosa e verificamos o perfil transcricional destes genes com o objetivo de entender os mecanismos moleculares que atuam no seu comportamento homotálico. Primeiramente, foram identificados no genoma um locus A e um locus B, além de genes atuantes no processamento e sinalização em resposta aos feromônios. O estudo do perfil transcricional destes genes revelou que um receptor tem um perfil de expressão condizente com a fase do ciclo de vida do fungo na qual ocorre o processo de dicariotização. A análise funcional dos receptores foi realizada em um sistema expressão heteróloga, promissor para o estudo de GPCRs (G coupled proteins receptors), porém não permitiu confirmar a presença de alelos compatíveis de receptores e precursores de feromônios no genoma de M. perniciosa como uma possível explicação ao comportamento homotálico. Tendo em vista o locus A, este é formado por um par MpHD1 e MpHD2, o que difere de outros basidiomicetos devido a inserção de uma sequência (11,958kb) interrompendo seus promotores. A hipótese neste cenário é que o transposon encontrado no locus A poderia ter permitido um crossover desigual que trariam genes compatíveis para o mesmo alelo, sendo responsável pelo homotalismo na espécie. Contrariando essa hipótese, os dados obtidos neste projeto indicam que uma possível transição prévia ao homotalismo resultou em uma pressão seletiva relaxada sobre os loci mating type, cuja consequência foi a degeneração nos genes destes loci. Neste contexto, os genes do mating type poderiam não estar mais envolvidos na dicariotização. Este trabalho, portanto, fornece importantes dados para o entendimento da biologia sexual deste fungo, o que futuramente poderá ser correlacionado a sua fitopatogenicidade
Abstract: The basidiomycetes¿ sexual cycle is controlled by the mating type system. The structure of this system comprises two unlinked multigenic loci, A and B. The A locus codes for homeodomain proteins, HD1 e HD2 which form a heterodimer, and B locus presents pheromone receptors and pheromones. In outcrossing (heterothallic) fungi, sexual development depends on the compatibility of four genes in two different allelic versions in a so-called tetrapolar system, and is strictly activated by specific interactions between different parental alleles, ensuring that genetically identical hyphae are incompatible. The phytopathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa causes Witches¿ broom disease in cacao plants, and it is a typical basidiomycete fungi. However, it completes its sexual development through the crossing of genetically identical hyphae, and is the first described homothallic fungi with a complete tetrapolar genetic system. Here we show the characterization of the mating type loci of M. perniciosa and the transcriptional profile of these genes, to uncover the mechanisms underpinning its homothallic behavior. First, we identified an A locus, a B locus and a set of genes that participates in pheromone processing and signalization. Considering the transcriptional profile of these genes, one receptor shows an expression profile consistent with an involvement in dikaryotization. The functional evaluation of the receptors was performed in a heterologous expression system, a promising tool for GPCR (G coupled proteins receptors) proteins study. This system did not allow the confirmation if M. perniciosa contains compatible alleles for receptors and pheromones, one possible explanation for homothallism. Considering A locus, it codes for a pair MpHD1 and MpHD2, which has a sequence insertion (11,958kb) interrupting their promoters, differing from others basidiomycetes. The hypothesis in this scenario is that the insertion of a transposon could have allowed an unequal crossover that brought together compatible genes in the same allele, causing the homothallism in this species. Interestingly, in an opposite direction, our data indicates that a previous transition for homothallism could have resulted in a relaxed selective pressure on mating type loci, with consequences such as the presence of degenerated genes on these loci. In this context, the mating type genes could not necessarily play a role in dikaryotization process. This work provides valuable data for understanding the sexual biology of M. perniciosa, which hereafter could be correlated with its phytopathogenicity
Mestrado
Genetica de Microorganismos
Mestra em Genética e Biologia Molecular
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Kingsnorth, Crawford. "Identification of genes regulated by the A mating type of Coprinus cinereus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320618.
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Belton, Jon-Matthew. "The Recombination Enhancer Modulates the Conformation of Chr. III in Budding Yeast: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2014. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/762.
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A hierarchy of different chromosome conformations plays a role in many biological systems. These conformations contribute to the regulation of gene expression, cellular development, chromosome transmission, and defects can lead to human disease. The highest functional level of this hierarchy is the partitioning of the genome into compartments of active and inactive chromatin domains (1’s -10’s Mb). These compartments are further partitioned into Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) that spatially cluster co-regulated genes (100’s kb – 1’s Mb). The final level that has been observed is long range loops formed between regulatory elements and promoters (10’s kb – 100’s Mb). At all of these levels, mechanisms that establish these conformations remain poorly understood. To gain new insights into processes that determine chromosome folding I used the mating type switching system in budding yeast to study the chromosome conformation at length scales analogous to looping interaction. I specifically examined the role in chromosome conformation in the mating type switching system. Budding yeast cells can have two sexes: MATa and MATα. The mating types are determined by allele-specific expression of the MAT locus on chromosome III. The MATa allele encodes for transcription factors responsible for the MATa mating type and the MATα allele encodes transcription factors responsible for the MATα mating type. Yeast cells can switch their mating type by a process that repairs a break at MAT using one of two silent loci, HML or HMR, as a donor to convert the allele at the MAT locus. When MATa cells switch they prefer to use HML, which contains the MATα allele, located at the end of the left arm. MATα cells prefer to use HMR, which contains the MATa allele, located on the end of the right arm of chromosome III. The sequences of the HM loci are not important for donor preference. Instead the cell chooses the donor on the left arm in MATa cells and chooses the donor on the right arm in MATα cells. This lack of sequence specificity has led to the hypothesis that the conformation of the chromosome may play a role in donor preference. I found that the conformation of chromosome III is, indeed, different between the two mating types. In MATa cells the chromosomes displays a more crumpled conformation in which the left arm of the chromosome interacts with a large region of the right arm which includes the centromere and the MAT locus. In MATα cells, on the other hand, the left arm of the chromosomes displays a more extend conformation. I found that the Recombination Enhancer (RE), which enhances recombination along the left arm of the chromosome in MATa cells, is responsible for these mating type-specific conformations. Deleting the RE affects the conformation of the chromosomes in both MATa and MATα cells. The left portion of the RE, which is essential for donor preference during the switching reaction in MATa cells, does not contribute to the conformation in MATa. This region does have a minor effect on the conformation in MATα cells. However, I found that the right portion of the RE is responsible for the conformation of chromosome III in both mating types prior to initiation of switching. This work demonstrates that chromosome conformation is determined by specific cis regulatory elements that drive cell-type specific chromosome conformation.
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Cotomacci, Carolina. "Analise genomica do sistema mating type de Crinipellis perniciosa, fungo causador da vassoura-de-bruxa em Theobroma cacao." [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314275.
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Orientadores: Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira, Lyndel W. MeinhardtDissertção (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A doença vassoura-de-bruxa em Theobroma cacao (cacaueiro), causada pelo fungo Crinipellis perniciosa, é uma das doenças de maior impacto econômico nos países produtores de cacau, sendo o Brasil um destes países. Esse fungo infecta os tecidos meristemáticos do cacaueiro em duas fases: parasítica e saprofítica. Pesquisas com outros fitopatógenos têm demonstrado que a mudança da fase parasítica para a saprofítica é regulada por genes do sistema mating type tornando este estudo extremamente importante para inferir estratégias de combate à doença. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade identificar os genes mating type de C. perniciosa através da análise dos dados gerados pelo seu projeto genoma. Para a identificação dos genes do sistema mating type (Hd1, Hd2, Rc e Fe) foram feitas buscas no banco de dados do genoma de C. perniciosa comparando seqüências similares àquelas codificadas pelos fungos basidiomicetos Coprinus cinereus, Coprinus bilanatus, Schizophyllum commune e Ustilago maydis, identificadas e disponibilizadas em rede. Foram identificados seis genes do sistema mating type de C. perniciosa. Um gene que codifica a proteína regulatória Hd1, um gene que codifica a proteína regulatória Hd2 e quatro genes que codificam as proteínas receptoras de ferormônio Rc1, Rc2, Rc3 e Rc4. Não foram identificados genes que codificam ferormônios. Portanto, concluímos que a organização molecular do sistema mating type de C. perniciosa é tetrapolar, contendo o locus HD bialélico e o locus FRF multialélico
Abstract: The witch's broom disease in Theobroma cacao, caused by mushroom Crinipellis perniciosa, is one of the diseases with the biggest economic impact in cocoa producing countries, and Brazil is one of them. The mushroom infects the meristematics tissues of the cocoa tree in two phases: parasitic and saprofitic. Research with other phytopathogens have demonstrated that the change from the parasitic to the saprophytic phase is regulated by genes of the mating type system, making this study extremely important to infer fighting strategies to this disease. This work's proposal is to identify mating type genes of C. perniciosa through the analysis of data generated by its genome project. The genes identification of the (Hd1, Hd2, Rc and Fe) mating type system was made by database search in the C. perniciosa genome comparing similar sequences with the ones codified by the basidiomycetes mushrooms Coprinus cinereus, Coprinus bilanatus, Schizophyllum commune and Ustilago maydis, identified and available in the internet. Six genes were identified in C. perniciosa mating type system. One gene that codifies the regulatory protein Hd1, another that codifies the regulatory protein Hd2 and four genes that codify the pheromone receptor proteins Rc1, Rc2, Rc3 and Rc4. Genes that codify pheromones were not identified. Therefore, we concluded that the molecular organization of C. perniciosa mating type system is tetrapolar, containing the bialelic HD locus and the multialelic FRF locus
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
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Owusu, Rachel Asante. "Manipulation of the A mating type genes of Coprinus cinereus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294336.
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Eagle, C. "Mating-type genes and sexual potential in the ascomycete genera Aspergillus and Penicillium." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10905/.
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Mating-type and other ‘sex-related’ genes in the filamentous ascomcyete genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, were examined to investigate the potential sexual capacity of supposedly asexual species and also the possible evolutionary route and ancestry of mating strategy and mating-type genes. Two heterothallic and one homothallic sexual species were screened to determine the presence and genomic organisation of mating-type genes. An additional gene has previously been detected in Neosartorya fischeri, N. fumigata and Penicillium marneffei. This gene was also detected and sequenced in the heterothallic species, Emericella heterothallica and the homothallic species, Eurotium repens. The expression of this gene was investigated under conditions that cause expression of mating-type genes in these species. Mating-type and other ‘sex-related’ genes were investigated in asexual Aspergilli that have been genome sequenced. Expression of mating-type, α-factor pheromone precursor, pheromone receptor and two transcription factor encoding genes were also investigated. Gene expression varied between species, but no genes displayed mating type-dependent expression. Previous studies had developed a degenerate PCR diagnostic approach to identify putative MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 gene fragments. This degenerate PCR diagnostic was performed on Penicillium species in the subgenus Penicillium to determine the presence or absence of mating-type genes. Mating-type gene fragments or whole open reading frames were sequenced from four of these Penicillium species. RT-PCR analyses were also performed on these species, and MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 gene expression was confirmed in three of the four Penicillium species. The overall structure of the mating-type loci and idiomorphs of the Aspergillus and Penicillium species revealed certain common features. The ancestral mating strategy of the Eurotiomycetes has been suggested to be homothallism. Whilst this remains possible, alternative evolutionary scenarios are suggested from this investigation.
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Martin, Simon H. "Mating type and pheromone genes in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex : and evolutionary perspective." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27679.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive isolation is an essential stage in speciation. In Ascomycetes, the ubiquitous distribution of many species suggests that sympatric speciation through assertive mating should be an important factor. The MAT locus and the pheromone/receptor system could both potentially contribute to the development of such sexual isolation. Alterations at the MAT loci could lead to distinct reproductive habits or a change in mating system, both of which can reduce gene-flow between species. However, if deliberate pre-mating sexual preferences exist, they are more likely to be determined by the pheromone/receptor system. This study of Fusarium reproductive genes, and comparisons with other Ascomycetes, has yielded numerous interesting findings regarding the evolution of these mate-recognition mechanisms and the implications thereof. The G. fujikuroi and F. graminearum species complexes have offered an interesting comparison between heterothallic and homothallic MAT locus evolution. The value of comparative sequence analysis has been demonstrated in the discovery of a previously unknown gene, MAT1-2-3, which may be specific to members of the Order Hypocreales. While all MAT genes share similar regulatory elements, this is the first report of evidence that a transition to homothallism can be accompanied by the recruitment of distinct elements that could facilitate alternate expression of MAT genes. The MAT genes are also highly divergent between Fusarium spp., largely due to relaxed selective constraint, particularly in homothallic species. However, inter-specific gene-flow could curb MAT gene divergence among homothallic species. Despite strong reproductive barriers in the G. fujikuroi complex, the F. sacchari MAT1-1 sequence appears to have been acquired through lateral transfer from a distant relative. Analytical analysis of the MAT locus novelties reported here, including the new MAT gene, will be necessary to determine their biological significance. To investigate the extent of pheromone diversity in the Ascomycetes, and to gain clues as to its biological importance, pheromone peptides from seventy ascomycete species were compared. A number of reproductively incompatible species, such as those in the G. fujikuroi complex, share identical pheromones; which implies that another mechanism must be responsible for the observed reproductive barriers. However, on the whole, pheromones are highly divergent among species. Both adaptive and non-adaptive evolution could have contributed to this pattern. In fact the structure of the á-class pheromone precursor gene, which consists of multiple repeats of the pheromone module, could facilitate rapid diversification through “birth-and-death” evolution. Within species, selection maintains pheromone peptides, implying that much of the inter-specific variation is functionally relevant. This further suggests that pheromone evolution could contribute to the generation of reproductive isolation between species. The most general trend in the findings of this study is that ascomycete reproductive genes are highly divergent. This is in agreement with findings in other Kingdoms. A number of evolutionary forces are probably involved but weaker selective constraint, resulting from the fact that reproduction is not essential in these fungi, appears to be a common factor. This reproductive gene variability could be directly linked to speciation and, therefore, the great diversity in Ascomycetes. Additional information on the appendices is available on a CD, stored at the Merensky Library on Level 3Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Genetics
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Vellani, Trina Sehar. "Positional regulation and evolution of mating type genes in heterothallic and homothallic species of Neurospora." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34640.pdf.
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Calvo-Bado, Leonides Antonio. "Sexuality in wild Agaricus species, classical and molecular analysis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322221.
Full textBooks on the topic "Fungal Mating Type Genes"
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Sex in fungi: Molecular determination and evolutionary implications. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2007.
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(Editor), Joseph Heitman, James Warren Kronstad (Editor), John W. Taylor (Editor), and Lorna A. Casselton (Editor), eds. Sex in Fungi: Molecular Determination and Evolutionary Implications. ASM Press, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fungal Mating Type Genes"
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Stankis, Mary M., and Charles A. Specht. "Cloning the Mating-Type Genes of Schizophyllum commune: A Historical Perspective." In Sex in Fungi, 265–82. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815837.ch16.
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De la Varga, Herminia, and Claude Murat. "Identification and In Situ Distribution of a Fungal Gene Marker: The Mating Type Genes of the Black Truffle." In Microbial Environmental Genomics (MEG), 141–49. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3369-3_8.
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Casselton, L. A., and U. Kües. "Mating-Type Genes in Homobasidiomycetes." In Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, 307–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11908-2_18.
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Kämper, J., M. Bölker, and R. Kahmann. "Mating-Type Genes in Heterobasidiomycetes." In Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, 323–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11908-2_19.
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Glass, N. L., and M. A. Nelson. "Mating-Type Genes in Mycelial Ascomycetes." In Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, 295–306. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11908-2_17.
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Soll, David R. "The Mating-Type Locus and Mating of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata." In Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogenesis, 89–112. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555815776.ch7.
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Whittle, Carrie A., and Hanna Johannesson. "12 Evolution of Mating-Type Loci and Mating-Type Chromosomes in Model Species of Filamentous Ascomycetes." In Evolution of Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms, 277–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19974-5_12.
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Freihorst, Daniela, Thomas J. Fowler, Kirk Bartholomew, Marjatta Raudaskoski, J. Stephen Horton, and Erika Kothe. "13 The Mating-Type Genes of the Basidiomycetes." In Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality, 329–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25844-7_13.
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Kües, Ursula, Timothy Y. James, and Joseph Heitman. "6 Mating Type in Basidiomycetes: Unipolar, Bipolar, and Tetrapolar Patterns of Sexuality." In Evolution of Fungi and Fungal-Like Organisms, 97–160. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19974-5_6.
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Kües, Ursula, and Lorna A. Casselton. "Molecular and Functional Analysis of the a Mating Type Genes of Coprinus Cinereus." In Genetic Engineering, 251–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3424-2_14.
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