Journal articles: 'Fungi-algae'

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Holfeld, Harald. "Parasitic fungi infecting planktonic algae." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 24, no. 4 (September 1991): 2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1989.11900037.

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Funk, Vicki A., Patrick Herendeen, and Sandra Knapp. "Taxonomy: naming algae, fungi, plants." Nature 546, no. 7660 (June 2017): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/546599c.

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Ślusarczyk, Joanna, Edyta Adamska, and Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska. "Fungi and Algae as Sources of Medicinal and Other Biologically Active Compounds: A Review." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 12, 2021): 3178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093178.

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Many species of fungi including lichenized fungi (lichens) and algae have the ability to biosynthesize biologically active compounds. They produce, among others, polysaccharides with anticancer and immunostimulatory properties: (1) Background: This paper presents the characteristics of the most important bioactive compounds produced by fungi and algae; (2) Methods: Based on the example of the selected species of mushrooms, lichens and algae, the therapeutic properties of the secondary metabolites that they produce and the possibilities of their use are presented; (3) Results: The importance of fungi, especially large-fruited mushrooms, lichens and algae, in nature and human life is discussed, in particular, with regard to their use in the pharmaceutical industry and their nutritional value; (4) Conclusions: The natural organisms, such as fungi, lichenized fungi and algae, could be used as supplementary medicine, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations and food sources. Further advanced studies are required on the pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds of these organisms.

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Wang, Jun, Guoming Zeng, Fei Wang, Xin Huang, Yan Li, Dong Liang, Maolan Zhang, and Da Sun. "Study on the Algae Lysis Method of White Rot Fungi Algae Control System." Water 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060903.

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At present, there are few studies on known bacterial species and even less on fungi in biological algae control technology. In this paper, the green eutrophic shallow water lake Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) was used as the research object, and white rot fungi, which has a high removal effect on water pollutants, algae and biological toxins, was used for algae control. The extent of the removal effect, physiological characteristics and the internal functional groups of the algae cells in the white rot fungi solution, the supernatant of the white rot fungi solution after centrifugation and the sterilized white rot fungi solution were investigated. The results showed that the best algae solubilization effect of the algae control system was achieved at 250 mg/L, with 8 mg/L of dissolved oxygen and a hydraulic retention time of 48 h. The average algae lysis rate was 85.48%, the average dehydrogenase activity reduction rate was 59.23%, the average soluble protein reduction rate was 65.16% and the average malondialdehyde content increased to 0.128 umol/L. After treatment with the white rot algae control system, the spatial structure of the Turpin cells was severely disrupted, and significant lysis occurred within the algal cells, forcing the release of intracellularly soluble substances, and reducing the dehydrogenase activity of the Turpin cells, thus inhibiting the growth activity of the algae cells. A further reduction in the soluble protein content reduces the nutrients required for the growth of Turpin, exacerbating the rate of reduction in the physiological metabolic activity of the Turpin cells and, ultimately, the inhibition or killing of the algal cells. The results of this research may provide theoretical guidance for the microbial control of water eutrophication; however, whether there will be secondary pollution after the algae dissolution of this process is worthy of further study.

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De Obeso Fernandez Del Valle, Alvaro, and Christian Quintus Scheckhuber. "From Past to Present: Biotechnology in Mexico Using Algae and Fungi." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112530.

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Algae and fungi share a rich history in the fields of basic and applied natural science. In biotechnology, in particular, algae and fungi are of paramount importance, due to the production and development of valuable compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, enzymes, and biofuels. They are also used in waste fermentation, biocontrol of pathogens, and food processing and improvement, among other fields. Although a substantial number of different microorganisms are utilized for these purposes, there lies tremendous potential in uncharacterized microbial species. For this reason, biodiversity hotspots offer a wealth of potential in the discovery of new products and processing strategies based on these microorganisms. This review presents an overview of the use of algae and fungi in pre-Hispanic times/modern-day Mexico for the benefits of mankind. One of our objectives is to raise awareness about the potential of developing research projects for identification and biotechnological utilization of algae and fungi in a megadiverse country, such as Mexico.

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Nazar, F. N., T. K. Weerasinghe, and S. Perera. "A Preliminary Study on the Resistance of Paints against the Growth of Algae and Fungi." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.186.

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Paints are widely used to colour and protect various surfaces. Paints contain many substances to improve their quality as well as to protect the surface from environmental hazards. One of the most concerned environmental hazards is the contamination of wall surfaces by algae and fungi. According to manufacturers of paints in Sri Lanka, this issue has been looked after by incorporating many biocides to the paints available in the market. However, the testing of existing paints for their biocidal activity using standards is very important and not yet done in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to find out the possibility of implementing a standard test method (ASTM) to detect the biocidal action of paints and to assess the biocidal effect of paints available in the Sri Lankan market. Standard Test Method for Fungi (D5590) and Algae (D5589) were tested with local paints using three fungi and three algae as test organisms. Both test methods and organisms being tested are effective in deciding the biocidal activity of paints. It is very clear from the results that the biocidal chemicals used in commercial paints are effective on most common fungi (mainly spores) and algae present in the air. However, on average, 7.8% fungal growth and 6.7% of Algal growth were observed under laboratory conditions. The Paints which had the lowest biocidal activity allowed 13.8% fungal growth and 20.6% of Algal growth and paints which had the best biocidal activity showed 100% of no growth. Aspergillus had an ability to grow fast by tolerating the biocidal activity of some paints which had different ranges of resistance on other organisms. However, Algae showed slower growth than Fungi on all paints. Growth of Algae or Fungi mainly depends on growing ability of microbes, biocidal activity of paints and favourable environmental conditions.

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Patyshakuliyeva, Aleksandrina, Daniel L. Falkoski, Ad Wiebenga, Klaas Timmermans, and Ronald P. de Vries. "Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010052.

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Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi.

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IMAMURA, Yuji. "No. 7 Lichen-fungi coexisting with algae." MOKUZAI HOZON (Wood Protection) 47, no. 3 (2021): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.47.138.

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Mukhopadhyay, Jigeesha, and Georg Hausner. "Organellar Introns in Fungi, Algae, and Plants." Cells 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10082001.

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Introns are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and have long been considered as ‘junk RNA’ but the huge energy expenditure in their transcription, removal, and degradation indicate that they may have functional significance and can offer evolutionary advantages. In fungi, plants and algae introns make a significant contribution to the size of the organellar genomes. Organellar introns are classified as catalytic self-splicing introns that can be categorized as either Group I or Group II introns. There are some biases, with Group I introns being more frequently encountered in fungal mitochondrial genomes, whereas among plants Group II introns dominate within the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes. Organellar introns can encode a variety of proteins, such as maturases, homing endonucleases, reverse transcriptases, and, in some cases, ribosomal proteins, along with other novel open reading frames. Although organellar introns are viewed to be ribozymes, they do interact with various intron- or nuclear genome-encoded protein factors that assist in the intron RNA to fold into competent splicing structures, or facilitate the turn-over of intron RNAs to prevent reverse splicing. Organellar introns are also known to be involved in non-canonical splicing, such as backsplicing and trans-splicing which can result in novel splicing products or, in some instances, compensate for the fragmentation of genes by recombination events. In organellar genomes, Group I and II introns may exist in nested intronic arrangements, such as introns within introns, referred to as twintrons, where splicing of the external intron may be dependent on splicing of the internal intron. These nested or complex introns, with two or three-component intron modules, are being explored as platforms for alternative splicing and their possible function as molecular switches for modulating gene expression which could be potentially applied towards heterologous gene expression. This review explores recent findings on organellar Group I and II introns, focusing on splicing and mobility mechanisms aided by associated intron/nuclear encoded proteins and their potential roles in organellar gene expression and cross talk between nuclear and organellar genomes. Potential application for these types of elements in biotechnology are also discussed.

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Mukhin, V. A., E. N. Patova, I. S. Kiseleva, N. V. Neustroeva, and I. V. Novakovskaya. "Mycetobiont symbiotic algae of wood-decomposing fungi." Russian Journal of Ecology 47, no. 2 (March 2016): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1067413616020089.

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Kadłubowska, Joanna Z. "Rare species of fungi parasiting on algae. III." Acta Mycologica 35, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2000.002.

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The investigations csrried out on algae revealed the following species of fungi from the order of Chytridialis Hawksworth et al. (1995) parasitizing on algae: Rhizophydium subgulosum, R. ganlosporum, R. planctonicum, Entophlyctis rhizina and Harpochytrium hedinii. These species arc new to Poland. The figure of resting spore of Entophlyctis rhizina is the fint graphic documentation of this species.

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Kadłubowska, Joanna Z. "Rare species of fungi parasitizing on algae. IV." Acta Mycologica 37, no. 1-2 (August 20, 2014): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2002.003.

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The following parasites of the genera Spirogyra Link, Mougeotia Agardh and Oedogonium Link are desribed: Myzocyutium irregulare, Woroninu glomerata, Harpochytrium tenuissimum, Woronina polycystis, Chytridium acuminatu, Myzocytium irregulare and Chytridumm acuminatum are new to Poland. Also, the first information on Woronina polycystis as a parasite on algae is presented. The figure of cystosori in a cell of Mougeotia mysorensis is the first graphic documentation of this species.

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Feofilova, E. P. "International Conference “Fungi and Algae in Biocenoses—2006”." Microbiology 76, no. 2 (April 2007): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261707020208.

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Li, Wei, Tianyu Zhang, Xuexi Tang, and Bingyao Wang. "Oomycetes and fungi: important parasites on marine algae." Acta Oceanologica Sinica 29, no. 5 (September 2010): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13131-010-0065-4.

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Redkina, Vera V., Regina R. Shalygina, and Mariya V. Korneykova. "Microfungi, algae and cyanobacteria in soils polluted with fluorine (Kola Peninsula, Russia)." Czech Polar Reports 10, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2020-1-9.

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The analysis of algal-mycological complexes in Albic Podzolic soils affected by emissions of the Kandalaksha Aluminum Smelter (KAS) was carried out. The number and biomass of microscopic fungi in the maximum fluorine-polluted zone (fluorine-content >1000 mg/kg) more than 2 times lower than in distanced areas and amounted to 17.3 thousants colony-forming units/g and 1.33 mg/g respectively. Altogether, 31 species of soil fungi were isolated. The species Penicillium trzebinskii and P. miczynskii dominated the zone of maximum pollution. P. glabrum, P. spinulosum, and Memnoniella echinata prevailed in the zones of moderate pollution and background. The part of opportunistic fungi in contaminated soil increased in comparison with the background soil. The reduction of dark-colored fungi biomass in contaminated soil was noted. In total, 56 species of eukaryotic algae and 7 species of cyanobacteria were found. Among green algae, the species from families Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae dominated in all plots. In the zones of maximum and strong contamination, 53 algae species were found including xanthophytes, which were absent in unpolluted areas. The number of viable cells in the litter of the maximum contaminated soils varied from 100 thousand to 1.5 million in 1 g of absolutely dry soil. The species composition of algae and cyanobacteria in these soils showed the characteristic features of the Arctic biological soil crusts.

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Bahuguna, S. N., Anita Rawat Rana, and Shurveer Singh. "Diet composition of freshwater crab, Potamon koolooense Rathbun, 1904 from hillstream of Uttarakhand." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.790.

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The present study was carried out to study the diet composition of freshwater crab, P. koolooense in hillstream Khoh of Uttarakhand during November, 2013 to October, 2014. Total 105 crab samples were used for the study, 35 male and 47 female were found with food in their stomach while rest of the 23 had empty stomachs. The carapace length (CL) ranged from 12mm to 49mm, carapace width (CW) from 15mm to 59mm and total weight (TW) from 2.08g to 60.12g. Stomach content analysis of the animal showed that the diet of the animal composed of animal matter, plant matter, algae, fungi, debris and unidentified materials. Animal matter ranged from (3.27-11.93%), plant matter (4.37-14.44%), algae (1.73-6.15%), fungi (0.17-1.43%), debris (28.18-40.47%) and unidentified materials (36.46-50.05%) in males while in the female animal matter ranged from (3.09-12.34%), plant matter (4.45-12.73%), algae (1.03-7.61%), fungi (0.02-3.34%), debris (23.18-43.34%) and unidentified (30.31-51.04%). Unidentified materials recorded maximum and fungi recorded minimum in both the sexes of Potamon koolooense. A significant difference was observed at p<0.05 between food groups- algae and unidentified matter in both sexes. This is the first report, to key out and quantifies the dietary items and feeding habits of crab in Uttarakhand which would be helpful in interpreting the ecological niche of the animal in mountain stream communities.

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Al-Juburi, Wassein Jassim, Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil, and Mira Ausamam Al-Katib. "Synergistic Efficiency Between Types of Fungi and Algae for Wastewater Treatment." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.1.4.26.

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The study aims to demonstrate the efficiency of the synergy between types of fungi and algae for wastewater treatment. Samples are collected from the waters of Wadi al-Kharazi inside the University of Mosul. Four genera of organisms, two sexes of fungi, and two sexes of algae are used for the purpose of reacting. Examinations are conducted for water treated with fungi and algae, as 8 treatments are used compared to the control treatment that contains water alone. The pH function, bicarbonate ions, and sulfates with the two elements iron and copper are measured. The results of the bicarbonate examination show that the best biological treatment is in the mixed culturing of the alga Spirogyra maxima and the fungus Trichoderma asperallum. The average concentration during the incubation periods is 162.8 mg.l-1 compared to the average control treatment ranging 204.9 mg.l-1. The results of the sulfate examination show a decrease in concentration for all treatments compared to the control treatment. The best biological treatment in the mixed culturing is between the alga Spirogyra maxima and the fungus Mucor racemosus, as the removal rate reached 48% compared to the average of the control treatment. Examinations have demonstrated the synergy between fungi and algae in increasing the efficiency of pollutant removal rather than using both separately.

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Zoller, S. "Slow algae, fast fungi: exceptionally high nucleotide substitution rate differences between lichenized fungi Omphalina and their symbiotic green algae Coccomyxa." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29, no. 3 (December 2003): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00215-x.

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Petlyovana, V., and Chen Minglei. "Purification of microalgae crops of ACKU collection from fungal contaminants." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 83, no. 4 (2020): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/728_2748.2020.83.29-32.

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The work is focused to the selection of the best purification methods of microalgae strains from ACKU collection (Algae Culture Collection of Kyiv University) from contamination by microscopic fungi. The screening of microalgae culture collection ACKU (Algae Culture Collection of Kyiv University) is deal. Contamination of some microalgae strains by fungi of Cladosporium Link, Alternaria Nees, and Monilia Bonord genera was detected. The following strains were selected for the experiment: ACKU 139-02 (Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kütz.) PC Silva, Mattox et Blackwell), ACKU 293-04 (Acutodesmus obliquus (Turpin) P. Tsarenko), ACKU 364-04 (cf. Chlorosarcinopsis dissociata Herndon), ACKU 599-06 (Klebsormidium nitens Menegh. in Kützing), ACKU 600-06 (Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kütz.) PC Silva, Mattox et Blackwell) и ACKU 1056 (Desmodesmus abundans (Kirchn.) E. Hegew.). The effect of carbendazim (Methylbenzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate), Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (penicillin – 10,000 IU, streptomycin – 10 mg, amphotericin B – 25 μg) and Nuosept BMc 422 on fungi-contaminants of green algal culture strains with different morphological structure (coccoid and filamentous) was studied. Experimental concentrations of substances: carbendazim – 0.005%, Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution – 1%, Nuosept BMc 422 – 0.05% and 0.2%. Was shown that Antibiotic-Antimycotic Solution and Nuosept BMc-422 at the selected concentrations were not effective for purifying of green algae strains from significant contamination by microscopic fungi. It was found that the carbendazim solution is effective in the purification of cocoid green algae strains from contamination by microscopic fungi Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. de Vries). As a result, an axenic culture was obtained for the ACKU strain No.293-04 (A. obliquus).

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Elkhateeb, Waill. "Fungi over fungi, endophytic fungi associated with mushroom fruiting bodies and lichens." Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research 4, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-7247/028.

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Mushrooms are macrofungi that are famous for their nutritional and pharmaceutical values. On the other hand, lichens are the form of symbiosis representing the complex relation between fungi and algae. Understanding the ability of fungi to grow over anything, this review is focusing on endophytic fungi capable of growing in association with mushrooms and lichens, respectively. Although reports describing these association are rare, it is important to highlight such relation, and encourage for conducting more studies in order to understand the consequences of growth of endophytes on mushroom, status of lichen endophytes, and to investigate the diversity of endophytic fungi within lichen thalli.

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Unkovic, Nikola, Sladjana Popovic, Milos Stupar, Elena Samolov, Gordana Subakov-Simic, Milica Ljaljevic-Grbic, and Jelena Vukojevic. "Biofilm forming microorganisms on various substrata from greenhouse of Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 132 (2017): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1732057u.

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Diversity of subaerial biofilm forming cyanobacteria, algae and fungi was investigated on 10 different substrata from greenhouse of Botanical Garden ?Jevremovac?. Out of 37 documented taxa, 16 cyanobacterial and 10 algal taxa were identified. Remaining 11 taxa belong to the Kingdom of Fungi. The highest diversity of biofilm forming microorganisms, a total of 24 taxa, was detected on the corroded metal surface, while significantly lower number of taxa was recorded on other examined substrata. Cyanobacterium Porphyrosiphon sp., diatom Achnanthes sp. and green algae Chlorella sp. and Chlorococcum minutum were the most frequently encountered photosynthetic components of biofilms. In all analyzed samples, Trichoderma sp., followed by Cladosporium sp. and Rhizopus stolonifer, were the most frequently identified fungi.

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Fajarningsih, Nurrahmi Dewi, Muhammad Nursid, and Ekowati Chasanah. "Screening of Antitumor Bioactivity of Fungi Associated with Macro Algae and Sponge from Indrayanti Beach, Jogjakarta." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (June 24, 2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v8i2.25.

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This research was aimed to isolate marine derived-fungi which associated with macro algae and sponge from Indrayanti Beach, Jogjakarta and to screen the antitumor (T47D and HeLa) bioactivity of the fungi extracts. Three solid media of MEA (malt extract agar), GPY (glucose peptone yeast) and MFM (minimal fungi medium) were used as isolation medium. Each of the pure fungi isolates was then cultivated in 100 ml of liquid medium for 4 weeks at room temperature (27-28°C) in static conditions. The antitumor activity of the fungi extracts were tested against breast tumor cells (T47D) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Blue (MTT) assay method. A number of 21 isolates of fungi were isolated from 4 macro algae and 1 sponge samples. The identification of fungi isolate was conducted using combination of molecular approach (ITS1-5.8S-ITS4 DNA regions) and macro-micro morphological characteristics. Among those 21 marine fungi species isolated, MFGK-21 extract showed the best anti-servical tumor (HeLa) with an IC50 value of 240.1 µg/ml and MFGK-27 extract showed the best anti-breast tumor (T47D) with an IC50 value of 59.6 µg/ml. The MFGK-21 fungi isolate was identified as Penicillium steckii, while the MFGK-27 fungi isolate was identified as Aspergillus sydowii.

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Djakatara, Ridwan Sukardi, Defny S. Wewengkang, and Henki Rotinsulu. "UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA DARI JAMUR LAUT YANG BERASOSIASI DENGAN ALGA Halimeda opuntia." PHARMACON 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29234.

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ABSTRACT Algae is a place of life for various microorganisms symbiosis with it, one of which is fungi. Marine fungi are known to have an important contribution to the marine ecosystem. Many types of marine fungi that have been isolated and are known to produce a number of antimicrobial compounds were become a new choice in the world of health. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of isolates fungi which associated with Halimeda opuntia algae collected from the Bay of Manado against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The results showed extracts of fungi that were associated with algae Halimeda opuntia did not possesed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E.coli and C. albicans. Keywords: Antimicrobials, marine fungi, Halimeda opuntia ABSTRAK Alga merupakan tempat hidup berbagai mikroorganisme yang bersimbiosis dengannya, salah satunya ialah jamur. Jamur laut diketahui memiliki kontribusi yang penting bagi ekosistem laut. Banyak jenis jamur laut yang telah diisolasi dan diketahui menghasilkan sejumlah senyawa antimikroba yang kini menjadi pilihan baru di dunia kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya aktivitas antimikroba dari isolat jamur yang berasosiasi dengan alga Halimeda opuntia yang diperoleh dari Teluk Manado terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan jamur Candida albicans. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak dari jamur yang berasosiasi dengan alga Halimeda opuntia tidak memiliki aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri S. aureus dan E. coli dan jamur C. albicans. Kata kunci : Antimikroba , jamur laut , Halimeda opuntia

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Xu, Chang, Hui Wang, Yu Huan Liu, Roger Ruan, and Yun Li. "Research on Edible Fungi and Algae as Feed Supplement." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.608.

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Edible fungi and algae possess some properties that contain antitumor, anti-oxidation, antibacterial, free radical scavenging activities, immunomodulator and some other Functions, which have been used as feed supplement all over the world for decades. The addition of them as feed supplement has beneficial effect on growth performance in domestic animals by increasing average daily intake and feed efficiency. Moreover, the fungi can inform mycelium pellet in Shaker, which is contribute to keep the algae inside, or forming a mutuality symbiosis alga-fungus sphere, which is effectively used in swine manure biogases slurry decontamination in our experiment.

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Abdila, Almi, Nurjannah Japarang, Nur Agustin, Warida Hafni, Alfiqi Dwiva Annisi, Hilda Karim, Andi Asmawati Azis, Muhammad Junda, and Oslan Jumadi. "Populasi Mikroorganisme Tanah pada Lahan Jagung setelah Aplikasi Pupuk Poliakrilat." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 27, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.27.1.18.

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The number and type of microorganisms in the soil indicate soil fertility. The use of fertilizers can affect the growth of microorganisms in the soil. Quantitative tests are conducted to evaluate how fertilizers affect the presence of bacteria, fungi, and algae. The number of bacteria and fungi is calculated using the standard plate count method, while the number of algae is calculated using the most probable number method. The highest number of bacteria found in urea-phosphate-potassium (UPK) applications of zeolite polymers is 50%, which is 3.4 × 106 CFU/mL; the most fungi are found in 25% of applications, which is 2.5 × 104 CFU/mL. In contrast, the highest algae population was in control soils, 2.7 × 104 CFU/mL. However, for treatment, an enormous amount is found in the administration of 50% zeolite polymer UPK as much as 1.4 × 103 CFU/mL, so it can be concluded that the administration of UPK zeolite polymer affects the number of microorganisms on the cornfield. Keywords: soil microorganism, polyacrylate, UPK, zeolite

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Musharraf, Syed Ghulam, Nayab Kanwal, Vinitha M. Thadhani, and M. Iqbal Choudhary. "Rapid identification of lichen compounds based on the structure–fragmentation relationship using ESI-MS/MS analysis." Analytical Methods 7, no. 15 (2015): 6066–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01091h.

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Gururani, Prateek, Pooja Bhatnagar, Vinod Kumar, Mikhail S. Vlaskin, and Anatoly V. Grigorenko. "Algal Consortiums: A Novel and Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment." Water 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223784.

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Urbanization, industrialization and other human-related activities discharge various inorganic and organic toxic compounds into the environment. Many physical, chemical and biological methods have been practiced, to treat contaminated wastewater: among these, the biological method of wastewater treatment by utilizing algae has been reviewed widely. However, the removal efficacy of algae monoculture is low, as compared to the algae consortium systems. The presence of microorganisms such as fungi or bacteria in wastewater can establish various relationships, such as mutualism or symbiosis with algae, which help in the removal of various organic and inorganic compounds from wastewater, thus acting as a wastewater treatment system. Heterotrophic microorganisms can segregate natural organic matter, which is released by algae in the form of dissolved organic carbon, and releases carbon dioxide, which is utilized by algae for photosynthesis. In accordance with existing studies, microalgal consortiums with bacteria or fungi occurring naturally or crafted artificially can be utilized for wastewater treatment; therefore, the present review provides an outline of the symbiotic relationships between algae and other microorganisms, and their applications in wastewater treatment. Various mechanisms—such as mutualism, commensalism and parasitism—for the removal of different pollutants from wastewater by consortium systems have been elucidated in this review; moreover, this review addresses the challenges that are restricting large-scale implementation of these consortiums, thus demanding more research to enable enhanced commercialization.

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Barone, Roberto, Lorenzo De Napoli, Luciano Mayol, Marina Paolucci, Maria Grazia Volpe, Luigi D’Elia, Antonino Pollio, et al. "Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Growth Conditions Modify Biomolecole Production in the Microalga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiophyceae, Rhodophyta)." Marine Drugs 18, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18030169.

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Algae have multiple similarities with fungi, with both belonging to the Thallophyte, a polyphyletic group of non-mobile organisms grouped together on the basis of similar characteristics, but not sharing a common ancestor. The main difference between algae and fungi is noted in their metabolism. In fact, although algae have chlorophyll-bearing thalloids and are autotrophic organisms, fungi lack chlorophyll and are heterotrophic, not able to synthesize their own nutrients. However, our studies have shown that the extremophilic microalga Galderia sulphuraria (GS) can also grow very well in heterotrophic conditions like fungi. This study was carried out using several approaches such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and infrared spectrophotometry (ATR-FTIR). Results showed that the GS, strain ACUF 064, cultured in autotrophic (AGS) and heterotrophic (HGS) conditions, produced different biomolecules. In particular, when grown in HGS, the algae (i) was 30% larger, with an increase in carbon mass that was 20% greater than AGS; (ii) produced higher quantities of stearic acid, oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and ergosterol; (iii) produced lower quantities of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) such as methyl palmytate, and methyl linoleate, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and poyliunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). ATR-FTIR and principal component analysis (PCA) statistical analysis confirmed that the macromolecular content of HGS was significantly different from AGS. The ability to produce different macromolecules by changing the trophic conditions may represent an interesting strategy to induce microalgae to produce different biomolecules that can find applications in several fields such as food, feed, nutraceutical, or energy production.

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Ravera, Sonia, Marta Puglisi, Alfredo Vizzini, Cecilia Totti, Michele Aleffi, Giuseppina Barberis, Renato Benesperi, et al. "Notulae to the Italian flora of algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens: 7." Italian Botanist 7 (April 22, 2019): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.7.34285.

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In this contribution, new data concerning algae, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algae genusChara, the bryophyte generaCephalozia,Conardia,Conocephalum,Didymodon,Sphagnum,Tetraplodon, andTortula, the fungal generaEndophyllum,Gymnosporangium,Microbotryum,Phragmidium, andPluteus, and the lichen generaCandelariella,Cladonia,Flavoplaca,Lichenothelia,Peltigera,Placolecis,Rinodina,Scytinium, andSolenopsora.

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Hutchison, Leonard J., and G. L. Barron. "Parasitism of algae by lignicolous Basidiomycota and other fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-111.

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On water agar, 30 out of 81 species of fungi tested showed positive directional hyphal growth towards microcolonies of the green alga Protococcus sp. and produced coralloid masses of branched assimilative hyphae within the invaded algal colonies. Of 77 species of fungi tested against the blue-green alga Synechococcus elongatus, 33 exhibited this same phenomenon. Cell walls of S. elongatus were subsequently lysed while only cell death occurred in Protococcus sp., resulting in the release of the contents that were presumably absorbed by the coralloid hyphae. Branched hyphae from some invading fungi occasionally attached to larger individual cells of Protococcus sp., penetrated the walls, and absorbed the contents. Key words: algae, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, cyanobacteria, Basidiomycota, wood decay, nitrogen requirements, Protococcus, Synechococcus.

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31

Lawrey, James D., and Werner Reisser. "Algae and Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Explored." Bryologist 96, no. 2 (1993): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3243818.

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32

Piercey-Normore, Michele D., and Sarangi N. P. Athukorala. "Interface between fungi and green algae in lichen associations." Botany 95, no. 10 (October 2017): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0037.

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It is widely recognized that the lichen is the product of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (green alga or cyanobacterium), but its acceptance was slow to develop throughout history. The development of powerful microscopic and other lab techniques enabled better understanding of the interface between symbionts, beginning with the contentious concept of the dual nature of the lichen thallus. Even with accelerating progress in understanding the interface between symbionts, much more work is needed to reach a level of knowledge consistent with that of other fungal interactions. This minireview describes the interface between algal and fungal symbionts in lichens, including the appearance of interacting symbionts, our current understanding of communication between symbionts, and emerging new concepts in light of the challenges and debates that have provided lichenology with an enriched history. Communication between symbionts occurs before physical contact, which has been studied through microscopy, movement of molecules between symbionts, and gene expression studies. New discoveries include the interaction with more than one alga in a lichen thallus as well as other unrelated fungi and bacteria typically found on or within the thallus. This minireview briefly describes our current state of knowledge and highlights new directions for further study.

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33

Broady, Paul A., and Richard N. Weinstein. "Algae, lichens and fungi in La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102098000467.

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Two species of lichens, six cyanobacteria, one diatom, 10 chlorophytes and two mycelial fungi were found at La Gorce Mountains (86°30′S, 147°W) at an altitude of about 1750 m. The lichens Lecidea cancriformis and Carbonea vorticosa occurred at a single site which is the most southerly record of lichens. Thousands of small ponds covered extensive ice-cored moraine. Nine ponds sampled had about 30 cm of ice overlying about 26 cm of water and contained algal mats dominated by Phormidium autumnale and cf. Leptolyngbya fragilis. The very low conductivity waters had high nitrate and low dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations. Of 124 soil samples, five contained visible algae. In 32 there were only microscopic growths but no algae were detected in 87 samples, possibly because of lack of water for much of summer. A visible mat dominated by Hammatoidea normanni occurred in a rock fissure at the lichen site. At Price Bluff, green patches of Desmococcus cf.olivaceus, up to 20 cm2, were scattered over the moraine. Growths were revealed at the soil–ice interface when overlying soil up to one centimetre thick was removed. It is suggested that although dispersal of algae from local populations may be readily achieved establishment of populations is a rare event outside the pond environment.

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34

Raghukumar, Chandralata, S. Nagarkar, and S. Raghukumar. "Association of thraustochytrids and fungi with living marine algae." Mycological Research 96, no. 7 (July 1992): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80978-7.

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35

Alava, J. I., G. Oritz de Urbina, R. Solozabal, and J. M. Valero. "Biodeterioration of electronic circuits by bacteria, fungi and algae." Materials & Design 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3069(96)00023-4.

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Kristiansen, J., and Ø. Moestrup. "Algae and Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Explored." Phycologia 32, no. 5 (September 1993): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-32-5-399.1.

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Russell, G. "Algae and symbioses: Plants, animals, fungi, viruses, interactions explored." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 168, no. 1 (May 1993): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(93)90123-6.

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38

Prajapati, Sanjeev Kumar, Arghya Bhattacharya, Pushpendar Kumar, Anushree Malik, and Virendra Kumar Vijay. "A method for simultaneous bioflocculation and pretreatment of algal biomass targeting improved methane production." Green Chemistry 18, no. 19 (2016): 5230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6gc01483f.

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Yadav, Sushma, Arti Jain, and Priti Malhotra. "A review on the sustainable routes for the synthesis and applications of cuprous oxide nanoparticles and their nanocomposites." Green Chemistry 21, no. 5 (2019): 937–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8gc03303j.

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40

Fleurence, Joël. "Perspectives on the Use of Algae in Agriculture and Animal Production." Phycology 1, no. 2 (October 26, 2021): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology1020006.

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Algae have been used in agriculture as fertilizers for a long time. Recently, they have also been applied to crops as biostimulants that target plant growth promotion and tolerance to biotic (herbivores, fungi, bacteria, viruses) or abiotic stresses. In addition, algae contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to maintain the health of domestic animals or aquaculture species. This opinion piece highlights different aspects of the present use of algae in agriculture and animal production and their future perspectives.

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Ravera, Sonia, Marta Puglisi, Alfredo Vizzini, Cecilia Totti, Gabriella Arosio, Renato Benesperi, Elisabetta Bianchi, et al. "Notulae to the Italian flora of algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens: 8." Italian Botanist 8 (December 4, 2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.8.48263.

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In this contribution, new data concerning algae, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the algae genus Chara, the bryophyte genera Homalia, Mannia, and Tortella, the fungal genera Cortinarius, Russula, and Stereum, and the lichen genera Cetrelia, Cladonia, Enterographa, Graphis, Lecanora, Lepraria, Multiclavula, Mycomicrothelia, Parmelia, Peltigera, Pleopsidium, Psora, Scytinium, Umbilicaria, and Rhizocarpon.

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42

Wainwright, Benjamin J., Geoffrey L. Zahn, Heather L. Spalding, Alison R. Sherwood, Celia M. Smith, and Anthony S. Amend. "Fungi associated with mesophotic macroalgae from the ‘Au‘au Channel, west Maui are differentiated by host and overlap terrestrial communities." PeerJ 5 (July 11, 2017): e3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3532.

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Mesophotic coral ecosystems are an almost entirely unexplored and undocumented environment that likely contains vast reservoirs of undescribed biodiversity. Twenty-four macroalgae samples, representing four genera, were collected from a Hawaiian mesophotic reef at water depths between 65 and 86 m in the ‘Au‘au Channel, Maui, Hawai‘i. Algal tissues were surveyed for the presence and diversity of fungi by sequencing the ITS1 gene using Illumina technology. Fungi from these algae were then compared to previous fungal surveys conducted in Hawaiian terrestrial ecosystems. Twenty-seven percent of the OTUs present on the mesophotic coral ecosystem samples were shared between the marine and terrestrial environment. Subsequent analyses indicated that host species of algae significantly differentiate fungal community composition. This work demonstrates yet another understudied habitat with a moderate diversity of fungi that should be considered when estimating global fungal diversity.

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Charon, Justine, Vanessa Rossetto Marcelino, Richard Wetherbee, Heroen Verbruggen, and Edward C. Holmes. "Metatranscriptomic Identification of Diverse and Divergent RNA Viruses in Green and Chlorarachniophyte Algae Cultures." Viruses 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101180.

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Our knowledge of the diversity and evolution of the virosphere will likely increase dramatically with the study of microbial eukaryotes, including the microalgae within which few RNA viruses have been documented. By combining total RNA sequencing with sequence and structural-based homology detection, we identified 18 novel RNA viruses in cultured samples from two major groups of microbial algae: the chlorophytes and the chlorarachniophytes. Most of the RNA viruses identified in the green algae class Ulvophyceae were related to the Tombusviridae and Amalgaviridae viral families commonly associated with land plants. This suggests that the evolutionary history of these viruses extends to divergence events between algae and land plants. Seven Ostreobium sp-associated viruses exhibited sequence similarity to the mitoviruses most commonly found in fungi, compatible with horizontal virus transfer between algae and fungi. We also document, for the first time, RNA viruses associated with chlorarachniophytes, including the first negative-sense (bunya-like) RNA virus in microalgae, as well as a distant homolog of the plant virus Virgaviridae, potentially signifying viral inheritance from the secondary chloroplast endosymbiosis that marked the origin of the chlorarachniophytes. More broadly, these data suggest that the scarcity of RNA viruses in algae results from limited investigation rather than their absence.

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44

Hartung, Wolfram. "The evolution of abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA function in lower plants, fungi and lichen." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 9 (2010): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10058.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) – the universal stress hormone of cormophytes – was detected in very low concentrations in almost all organisms tested from a range of cyanobacteria, algae, bryophytes, fungi and lichens and higher plants (Fig. 1). There are a few reports only on stress-induced ABA biosynthesis in cyanobacteria and algae. This extra ABA is released to the external medium. Application of external ABA has been shown to produce weak and contradicting effects on development and metabolism of algae. In most studies, extremely high concentrations of external ABA have been applied, those being far beyond any physiological concentration range. It is, therefore, extremely difficult to discuss those data satisfactorily. When organisms start to colonise terrestrial habitats (e.g. aquatic liverworts, mosses), endogenous ABA is increased even under mild drought stress, then desiccation protecting mechanisms are stimulated and the formation of terrestrial organs is induced. The same can be observed in water ferns (Marsilea) and in a range of heterophyllous angiosperms. Sporophytes of hornwort and mosses that bear true stomata, have particularly high ABA levels and their stomata respond to ABA as is the case in cormophytes, although a significant regulatory function of these stomata does not exist. Fungi produce large amounts of ABA that are released into the external medium and do not seem to have a function for the fungus. Fungal ABA, however, may be significant in associations of fungi with cyanophytes and algae (lichens), in mycorrhizal associations and in the rhizosphere of higher plants.

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45

Wu, Naicheng, Yixia Wang, Yaochun Wang, Qinghua Cai, and Wei Ouyang. "Integrated Ecohydrological Models in Aquatic Ecosystems." Water 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020204.

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46

Yurchenko, Eugene O. "Natural substrata for corticioid fungi." Acta Mycologica 41, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2006.015.

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The paper reviews the types of substrata inhabited by non-poroid resupinate Homobasidiomycetes in situ in global scale with both examples from literature sources and from observations on Belarus corticioid fungi biota. The groups of organic world colonized by corticioid basidiomata and vegetative mycelium are arboreous, semi-arboreous, and herbaceous vascular plants, Bryophyta, epiphytic coccoid algae, lichenized and non-lichenized fungi, and occasionally myxomycetes and invertebrates. The fungi occur on living, dying, and dead on all decay stages parts of organisms. Besides, the fungi are known on soil, humus, stones, artificial inorganic and synthetic materials and dung.

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Takáčová, Alžbeta, Miriama Bajuszová, Alexandra Šimonovičová, Štefan Šutý, and Sanja Nosalj. "Biocoagulation of Dried Algae Chlorella sp. and Pellets of Aspergillus Niger in Decontamination Process of Wastewater, as a Presumed Source of Biofuel." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8121282.

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The removal of microalgae represents a problematic part of the water decontamination process, in which most techniques are expensive and non-ecological. In the paper, we focus on the synergistic relationship between microscopic filamentous fungi and algal culture. In the process of decontamination of a model sample containing ammonium ions, efficient biocoagulation, resp. co-pelletization of dried algae Chlorella sp. and Aspergillus niger sensu stricto are shown. The microscopic filamentous fungus species A. niger was added to a culture of an algal suspension of Chlorella sp., where the adhesion of the algal cells to the fungi subsequently occurred due to the electrostatic effect of the interaction, while the flocculation activity was approximately 70 to 80%. The algal cells adhered to the surface of the A. niger pellets, making them easily removable from the solution. The ability of filamentous fungi to capture organisms represents a great potential for the biological isolation of microalgae (biocoagulation) from production solutions because microalgae are considered to be a promising renewable source of oil and fermentables for bioenergy. This form of algae removal, or its harvesting, also represents a great low-cost method for collecting algae not only as a way of removing unnecessary material but also for the purpose of producing biofuels. Algae are a robust bioabsorbent for absorbing lipids from the environment, which after treatment can be used as a component of biodiesel. Chemical analyses also presented potential ecological innovation in the area of biofuel production. Energy-efficient and eco-friendly harvesting techniques are crucial to improving the economic viability of algal biofuel production.

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Sokolova, I. V., and T. V. Makryi. "Cryptogamic nomenclatural notes. 4." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 53, no. 2 (November 2019): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2019.53.2.429.

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49

Wasser, S. P., E. Nevo, O. N. Vinogradova, I. L. Navrotskaya, I. A. Ellanskaya, P. A. Volz, V. M. Virchenko, P. M. Tsarenko, and S. Ya Kondratyuk. "DIVERSITY OF CRYPTOGAMIC PLANTS AND FUNGI IN “EVOLUTION CANYON”, NAHAL OREN, MOUNT CARMEL NATURAL PRESERVE, ISRAEL." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 43, no. 4 (May 13, 1995): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1995.10676623.

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The diversity of cryptogamic plants and fungi has been studied, in the context of a research program of biodiversity across phylogeny, at the “Evolution Canyon” microsite. Lower Nahal Oren, Mount Carmel Natural Preserve, Israel. The opposite slopes of Evolution Canyon display dramatic biotic contrasts due to higher (up to 300%) solar radiation on the south-facing slope (S-slope) which is warmer, drier, and climatically more fluctuating than the north-facing slope (N-slope). Diversity of cryptogamic plants and fungi (198 species and intraspecific taxa) at Evolution Canyon is considerable. The list includes 46 taxa of Cyanophyta, 10 of Chlorophyta, 3 of Euglenophyta, 1 of Bacillariophyta, 29 of lichens, 2 of lichenicolous fungi, 59 of soil micromycetes, 39 of Agaricales s.l., and 9 of mosses. Fifty species and infraspecific taxa are new for the biota of Israel, among them 22 taxa of algae, 9 of micromycetes, 8 of Agaricales s.l., 9 of lichens, and 2 of lichenicolous fungi. Some of them are new for the biota of Asia. While fungi (especially Agaricales s.l.) and mosses primarily range on the more wet and humid “temperate European” N-facing slope, or in the valley bottom (mosses), algae, primarily due to the number of cyanobacteria, predominate on the warm and dry “tropical African” S-facing slope.

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Caixeta, Vanessa Meireles, Adriano De Souza Pereira Da Mata, Carmen Rosa da Silva Curvêlo, Wagner De Souza Tavares, Luiz Leonardo Ferreira, and Alexandre Igor Azevedo Pereira. "Hydrogen Peroxide for Insect and Algae Control in a Lettuce Hydroponic Environment." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 8 (July 10, 2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n8p221.

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Insects and algae demonstrate adaptability in hydroponic environments. Algae attract flies, Bradysia spp. (Diptera: Sciaridae) and Scatella stagnalis (Diptera: Ephydridae), called fungus gnats and shore fly, respectively. Flies feed on algae, damaging seedlings radicellae, and may transmit pathogens to lettuce plants. Little information on the management of flies and algae is known. A paradox in the face of the expansion of hydroponics. The objective was to evaluate the potential of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an insecticide and algaecide agent. Entomopathogenic fungi were also evaluated as an alternative control to flies. The experiment was conducted in a commercial hydroponic system under a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments, sprayed on the phenolic foam plates, immediately after lettuce seed deposition, were: H2O2, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Spinosyn and water, as control. The quality of the lettuce seedlings (cv. Brida), the presence of flies and algae evolution in the phenolic foam plates were recorded daily. H2O2 and Spinosyn affected lettuce seed germination, but were able to reduce adult flies on the phenolic foam cells. The highest number of larvae was observed with both fungi, and only water, compared to H2O2. No larvae were found in Spinosyn sprayed phenolic foam cells. However, lettuce seedlings from Spinosyn sprayed plates were those with lower fresh weight. H2O2 severely retained algae infestation in phenolic foam cells over a 15-day observation period. The present work demonstrates the potential that H2O2 can play as an insecticidal and algaecide agent in hydroponic environments.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fungi-algae'

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