Dissertations / Theses: 'Fungi as food'

1

Landgraf, Maria. "Detection of food relevant filamentous fungi by real time PCR." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=98023946X.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Lo, Ying-Chu. "Evolution of Penicillium fungi : Adaptation and Degeneration in Fermented Food Environments." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS127.

Full text

Abstract:

La domestication est un modèle idéal pour étudier les processus évolutifs car elle implique des événements d'adaptation récents avec une sélection forte. Les champignons sont de bons organismes modèles pour étudier la domestication et plus généralement l’adaptation, grâce à leurs petits génomes et leur facilité de manipulation. Ils sont utilisés depuis longtemps pour la transformation alimentaire, par exemple P. camemberti et P. roqueforti pour la fabrication du fromage, et la levure Saccharomyces pour la fermentation du vin et de la bière. Chez ces champignons, des caractéristiques bénéfiques ont été acquises pour la transformation alimentaire, et les transferts horizontaux de gènes se sont révélés être un moyen essentiel d’adaptation rapide dans l’environnement alimentaire. Ici, j’ai étudié principalement l’adaptation de deux espèces de Penicillium relativement distantes phylogénétiquement - P. nalgiovense et P. salamii, toutes deux utilisées pour la maturation de la viande séchée. J’ai étudié si ces champignons ont été domestiqués, c’est-à-dire si les populations alimentaires se sont adaptées à l’environnement de la viande séchée, et s’il y a eu une différenciation génétique par rapport à d’autres populations; j’ai aussi recherché si des traces génomiques d’adaptation pouvaient être détectées. En analysant des génomes complets, j’ai trouvé peu de diversité génétique et de structure de population chez P. salamii et encore moins chez P. nalgiovense. Des expériences ont montré que les populations de P. salamii et P. nalgiovense provenant de viande séchée présentaient des taux de protéolyse et de lipolyse plus faibles et des couleurs différentes de celles des populations de viande non séchée. De plus, nous avons trouvé des transferts de gènes horizontaux partagés par P. salamii et P. nalgiovense et absents chez d’autres espèces de Penicillium. En résumé, ces résultats indiquent une évolution convergente et une adaptation des populations de P. salamii et P. nalgiovense à la viande séchée. J'ai également étudié les conséquences de la domestication chez le champignon utilisé pour la production de fromages bleus, P. roqueforti, montrant une faible fertilité des souches fromagères par rapport aux souches non fromagères. Les résultats de la thèse soulignent donc l'importance des transferts de gènes horizontaux pour une adaptation rapide chez les champignons et renforcent l'idée que les champignons domestiqués pour la production de nourriture sont de bons modèles pour étudier l'adaptation et l'évolution
Domestication is an ideal model to study evolutionary processes due to the recent adaptation events and strong selection it implies. Fungi in particular are good model organisms to study domestication and more generally adaptation, with their small genomes and experimental tractability. Fungi have been used for food production, e.g., P. camemberti and P. roqueforti for cheesemaking, and Saccharomyces yeast for wine and beer fermentation. In these fungi, beneficial traits have been acquired for food production, and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) have been shown to be a major way to rapid adaptation in food environment. Here, I mainly studied the adaptation of food Penicillium fungi using two distantly related Penicillium species - P. nalgiovense and P. salamii, both used for dry-cured meat maturation, to assess whether these fungi have been domesticated, i.e., whether food populations adapted to the dry-cured meat environment, whether were genetically differentiated from other populations, and whether we could find genomic footprints of adaptive events. Using genome sequencing, we found little diversity and population structure in P. salamii and even less in P. nalgiovense. Experiments showed that both P. salamii and P. nalgiovense dry-cured meat populations had lower proteolysis and lipolysis rates and different colors from non-dry-cured meat populations. Furthermore, we found HGTs shared by P. salamii and P. nalgiovense while lacking in other Penicillium species. Altogether, these results indicate convergence evolution and adaptation in P. salamii and P. nalgiovense dry-cured meat populations, as was previously found in cheese Penicillium fungi. I also studied the consequences of domestication in the blue cheese fungus P. roqueforti, showing lower fertility of cheese strains compared to non-cheese strains. The results of the thesis thus point out the importance of HGTs for rapid adaptation in fungi and reinforce the view that fungi are ideal models to study adaptation and evolution

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Evans, John Parker. "Autoregenerative Laccase Cathodes: Fungi at the Food, Water, and Energy Nexus." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612407.

Full text

Abstract:

Today’s most pressing problems would greatly benefit from an integrated production method for food, water, and energy. Biological fuel cells can offer such a production method, but current designs cannot be scaled to meet global demand. The ability of five different fungal strains to secrete laccase was evaluated under optimized culture conditions using three inducers. A specialized electrode was developed to increase the loading of laccase on the cathode. Trametes versicolor was then immobilized at the modified cathode and shown to secrete electrochemically active laccase. This hybrid design combines the power density of an enzymatic catalyst with the robustness of a microbial catalyst by facilitating biological renewal of the enzymatic catalyst laccase.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Kershri, G. "Novel food applications of electronic nose technology for detection of spoilage fungi." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392743.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

de, Senna Antoinette BoYee. "Screening of biocontrol organisms for the management of phytopathogenic fungi and foodborne pathogens on produce." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1402.

Full text

Abstract:

The multibillion dollar agricultural industry is an important part of the United States economy, and the management of factors that affect crop and human health is imperative to maintaining this economic sector. The fungi Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium pallidoroseum, and Fusarium moniliforme are the causative agents of several plant diseases and can cause significant crop loss both before and after harvest in commodities such as strawberries, lettuce, citrus, and grains. Fungicides are employed to control these phytopathogens, but the use of these chemicals has led to an increase in fungicide resistance and may negatively affect the environment and human health. In addition to plant pathogens, foodborne pathogens also have a substantial impact on the agricultural industry. Foodborne disease outbreaks involving Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 not only cause considerable economic losses, but can also result in devastating health problems for consumers. The increase in fungicide resistance and number of produce-related foodborne disease outbreaks warrants investigation into additional methods of microbial control for use in the agricultural industry. Many bacterial species, including Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) and Bacillus species, produce antifungal and antimicrobial compounds, thus the use of biological control agents pre- and postharvest could augment current methods of pathogen management. The purpose of this study was to screen 22 bacterial isolates for inhibitory activity against the fungal phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium pallidoroseum, and Fusarium moniliforme and the foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro, then evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of select isolates against the foodborne pathogens on fresh produce. To evaluate antifungal activity, the bacterial isolates were individually spot-inoculated onto Tryptic Soy Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar, or MRS agar, depending on isolate growth requirements and then a plug of fungal-colonized agar was placed onto the center of the isolate-inoculated plate. Plates were incubated at 24°C for 10 days; fungal growth was evaluated daily, beginning on Day 3. Nine of the 22 isolates screened inhibited all three fungi; inhibition by these isolates ranged from 51-62% for B. cinerea, 60-68% for F. pallidoroseum, and 40-61% for F. moniliforme. Isolates were also screened for biosurfactant activity using the drop-collapse test. Biosurfactant production was detected in seven of the nine isolates. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus thuringiensis BT2 and three Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolates demonstrated strong biosurfactant activity and suppression of all three fungi, and therefore are recommended for further study. Antimicrobial activity of the isolates was assessed using two methods: LAB isolates were screened using a seeded-overlay method and all other isolates were evaluated by spot inoculating the isolate on pathogen-seeded TSA. Three LAB isolates and six Bacillus isolates suppressed L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. Based on the results of the screening, three LAB isolates—Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Pediococcus pentosaceus—were selected for further evaluation and use in challenge studies on fresh produce. The role of organic acids in pathogen inhibition was evaluated by incubating L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 cultures in the cell-free supernatant (CFS; pH 3.81-4.27) or the neutralized cell-free supernatant (pH adjusted to 6.5 -7.0) of each isolate. When neutralized, the antimicrobial activity of the CFS of the three LAB isolates was greatly diminished, illustrating the role of lactic acid in the inhibition of pathogen growth. To assess antimicrobial efficacy on Iceberg lettuce, a cocktail of the three LAB isolates (7-8 log CFU/g) was sprayed onto lettuce spot-inoculated with L. monocytogenes (2-3 log CFU/g); lettuce was incubated at 10°C for 14 d. L. monocytogenes levels were 1.84 log lower on LAB-treated lettuce than on untreated lettuce at the end of incubation. Because the LAB cocktail suppressed the growth of L. monocytogenes on lettuce, testing on fresh produce continued using DF1, which was a powdered product comprised of the three LAB isolates and media components. Because DF1 caused substantial browning of Iceberg lettuce after 2 d, Gala apples were chosen to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of DF1 against L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7. The effect of DF1 on L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 on Gala apples was determined by spraying a Gala apple spot-inoculated with pathogen (6-7 log CFU/plug) with approximately 3 mL of a 20% DF1 solution, then incubating at 20°C for 5 d. After 5 d incubation, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7 levels on DF1-treated apples were approximately 4, 2, and 2 log higher than the control, respectively. Based on the results of these experiments, DF1 is not the optimal formulation for the biocontrol of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce. This study identified several bacterial isolates with potential for use in the biocontrol of plant and foodborne pathogens. Further investigation is required to assess possible use in the agricultural industry, including characterization of bioactive compounds, optimization of biocontrol product formulation, and evaluation of the commercial viability of the biocontrol product

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Hamladji, Yasmina. "Efficiency of diatom and flagellate-based marine food webs." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184613.

Full text

Abstract:

Aquatic microbial food webs are in general size structured. Phytoplankton, which constitute the base of the food web, are grazed by protozoa and mesozooplankton, which in turn are consumed by planktivorous fish. Food web efficiency (FWE) is a measure of how efficiently energy is transported up the food web. FWE is low if the phytoplankton is inedible by the grazers, while FWE is higher if the phytoplankton community is dominated by edible phytoplankton. Recently, the presence of microfungi in aquatic food webs have been suggested to facilitate energy transfer up the food web, via the “mycoloop”. The aim of the study was to set-up a model system of phytoplankton – zooplankton food chains, relevant to the Baltic Sea, and to test FWE in diatom and flagellate-based food webs. Further, I wanted to introduce microfungi in the system and observe their impact on FWE. After many phytoplankton and zooplankton species tests, I decided to perform grazing experiments using one grazer, the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, and two phytoplankton species: a diatom (Skeletonema marinoi) and a flagellate (Rhodomonas baltica). I hypothesized that T. pyriformis would more efficiently feed on flagellates than on diatoms. I performed a grazing experiment where the increase in ciliate abundance was measured, the consumption of the phytoplankton monitored and the FWE estimated. The diatom-based food web led to 14 times higher FWE than the flagellate-based food web. The variation in FWE may be explained by a difference in initial abundances introduced in the experimental treatment, which created unequal grazer:prey ratio between treatments. Further, the swimming behaviour of the flagellate might have reduced the capture efficiency by the ciliate. Microfungi were introduce in an experiment, from a natural seawater sample, but fungal infection was not observed for any of the tested phytoplankton species. Further development is needed to test the effects of microfungi on marine FWE.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Pearson, Susan M. "Studies on microbiological hazards associated with ethnic foods, with particular reference to mycotoxin formation and clostridium perfringens." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325965.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

McGuire, Lynne. "Determination of the molecular and physiological basis of citric acid tolerance in spoilage yeast /." St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/738.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Ḥasan, Ṣalāḥ 1964. "Methods to extend the mold free shelf life of pizza crusts." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27337.

Full text

Abstract:

In this research, initial studies were done to determine the effect of various methods of presentation involving chemical preservatives, water activity ($ rm a sb{w}$), and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on mold growth in an agar model system. Results showed that preservatives could completely inhibit mold growth for 2-40d depending on concentration and pH used. Gas packaging (60% or 80% CO$ sb2$), oxygen absorbents, alone or in combination with potassium sorbate, could also inhibit mold growth for $>$40d at ambient storage temperature using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach.
The effects of various methods of applying potassium sorbate into pizza crusts via direct incorporation into the batter, surface spraying, and impregnation of packaging material with potassium sorbate to control mold spoilage of pizza crusts were also investigated. Results showed that the antimicrobial effect of potassium sorbate was negligible when the packaging material was impregnated with the inhibitor but more pronounced when it was incorporated directly into the dough or sprayed onto the product's surface. The inhibitory effect of potassium sorbate increased as both the pH and the inoculum level decreased.
Shelf life studies using low concentrations of potassium sorbate (1000 and 2000 p.p.m.) and MAP, alone and in combination with each other, showed that potassium sorbate, gas packaging or oxygen absorbents (Ageless FX) could extend the shelf life of pizza crusts and decrease the growth rate of molds, bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, when pizza crusts were packaged in 60% CO$ sb2$ or with an oxygen absorbent, in combination with potassium sorbate (1000-2000 p.p.m.), a shelf life of 42d was possible without compromising the sensory shelf life of the product. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Mora-Lugo, Rodrigo [Verfasser], Lahore Marcelo [Akademischer Betreuer] Fernandez, Matthias [Akademischer Betreuer] Ullrich, and Jasso Rosa María [Akademischer Betreuer] Rodríguez. "Engineering filamentous fungi to improve bio-reaction performance in fermentation systems: application to the production of food/technical enzymes : Genetic engineering of fungi for food industrial applications / Rodrigo Mora-Lugo. Betreuer: Marcelo Fernandez Lahore. Gutachter: Marcelo Fernandez Lahore ; Matthias Ullrich ; Rosa María Rodríguez Jasso." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1091564094/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Escamilla, Sanchez Diana Marcela. "Improving Breeding Selection of Seed Quality Traits for Food-Grade Soybeans." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81963.

Full text

Abstract:

Natto and sprout soybeans are produced using small-seeded soybeans and their production is a high value alternative to grow grain soybeans for food in U.S. The development of soybean cultivars with improved natto and sprout quality is crucial for maintaining and increasing the soyfood market. However, there is insufficient information on sprout soybean characteristics. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to evaluate seed and sprout traits as potential selection criteria and study the storage effect on sprout quality. Seeds can be a vehicle for transmission of pathogens capable of causing human illness. That is why, the second objective was to identify seed-borne pathogens on a commercial soybean cultivar and to evaluate different seed decontamination treatments. Finally, seed coat deficiency is an undesirable trait for natto soybean seeds because it causes inferior appearance of the product. Thus, the third objective was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed coat deficiency (SCD) and associated markers. Results showed that seed size, high-, average- and low-quality sprout percentage, hypocotyl thickness and length and sprout yield are the most important variables for breeding sprout cultivars; and one-year seed storage at room temperature reduced sprout quality. Fusarium, Alternaria and Diaphorte were the most frequent genera isolated from soybean seeds, and 2% calcium hypochlorite and 5% acetic acid were promising seed disinfection treatments. A stable QTL, qSCD20_1, was identified across two years explaining up to 25% of the variation of SCD; and eight molecular markers tightly linked and nearby qSCD20_1 were identified. Information presented will be helpful for sprout and natto soybean cultivar development.
Master of Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Hammar, Frank. "Development of a DNA-extraction method from cereal samples for PCR-detection and identification of potentially thricothecene-producing Fusarium species." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6153.

Full text

Abstract:

Unwanted fungal growth is one of the most common causes of food spoilage throughout the world, and is causing health risks for both humans and animals and economical losses for the food- and agricultural industries. In Europe the mycotoxin producing Fusarium species F. sporotrichioides, F. culmorum, F. poae and F. graminearum is of greatest importance, due to their production of the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) among other mycotoxins. Today’s conventional determination methods of these Fusarium species is time-consuming and quicker screening methods directly on cereals is therefore of interest to develop. In this project a species-specific PCR-protocol targeting the trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene in F. sporotrichioides, F. culmorum, F. poae and F. graminearum was used to evaluate two different DNA-extraction methods for cereals. The PCR-protocol was first verified with pure fungal cultures and optimized with a PCR-gradient before it was applied on cereals. The PCR-gradient resulted in a background reduction in the PCR-analysis of F. sporotrichioides infected cereals.

The two methods, called the Hammer-method (cereals was crushed with a hammer) and the Nitrogen-method (cereals were crushed in a mortar together with liquid nitrogen), is both combinations of a published DNA-extraction method (CTAB-based) for cereals and a DNA-purifying kit (chaotropic agent-based). Within these two methods some modifications were made and a comparison of the results showed that the Nitrogen-method indicated to be more stable than the Hammer-method. Too few analyses have though been made for a definite conclusion. A verification of the Nitrogen-method showed that the PCR-protocol can be considered as stable and reliable also on cereals but the DNA-extraction method for cereals is still to be optimized and stabilized. Sonification of the cereals is under consideration for further tests and studies.

Mögelsvampsinfektioner av spannmålsprodukter är ett av de vanligaste problemen inom mat- och jordbruksindustrierna runt om i världen. Enligt FNs Food and Agriculture Organization beräknas att cirka 25 procent av världens spannmålsgrödor är infekterade med mykotoxinbildande mögelsvampar vilket kan leda till stora hälsorisker för konsumenterna och ekonomiska förluster för mat- och jord-bruksindustrierna. Mykotoxiner är sekundära produkter från svampens ämnesomsättning som troligen har betydelse för svampens överlevnad, men kan ge toxiska effekter hos människa och djur. I Europa är mögelsvampsläktet Fusarium den vanligaste och viktigaste av mykotoxinbildande svampar och producerar de för jordbruksnäringen två viktigaste mykotoxingrupperna trichotechener och fumonisi-ner.

På grund av den breda förekomsten av dessa Fusarium-svampar finns det idag ett behov av att utveckla snabba och pålitliga metoder för att detektera och identifiera mögelsvamparna redan direkt på de färska spannmålen. Under hösten 2002 startades projektet Bestämning av potentiella mykotoxin-producerande Fusariumsvampar med PCR-metodik vid Mikrobiologiska enheten på Livsmedelsver-ket i Uppsala. Projektet syftar till att utveckla en molekylärbiologisk bestämningsmetod där identifie-ringen av svamparna sker med hjälp av dess DNA istället för via mikroskopiska undersökningar. Det-ta examensarbete har varit en del av det projektet och har i huvudsak inriktats på att utveckla en stabil metod för själva utvinningen av svamp-DNA från de färska spannmålen. De slutsatser som nåtts är att de utvinningsmetoder som examensarbetet omfattade inte kan anses stabila i nuläget utan behöver utvecklas och stabiliseras ytterligare. Vad gäller de molekylärbiologiska metoderna har de kunnat visas stabila även på färskt spannmål.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Feliciano-Rivera, Merari. "EFFICACY OF ORGANICALLY CERTIFIABLE MATERIALS AND NATURAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST FOLIAR HEMIBIOTROPHIC AND NECROTROPHIC FUNGI IN CANTALOUPE AND TOMATO." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/225.

Full text

Abstract:

Kentucky reported a solid 13.1% growth in certified organic land from 1997 to 2002. The relative lack of research on disease management practices in Kentucky consistent with organic regulations is an issue that needs to be addressed to provide more reliable information to local farmers. Thus, the first objective of this research was to investigate the potential disease control obtained with natural, organically certifiable spray materials against Colletotrichum orbiculare in vitro and in vivo. The second objective was to test certifiable spray materials in combinations to identify synergistic interactions. The third objective was to evaluate Organic Material Review Institute (OMRI)-certified materials for managing Septoria leaf spot and early blight in tomato under field conditions. The fourth objective was to evaluate chitosan-based products against C. orbiculare in vitro and in vivo. Essential oils, Trilogy®, and Actinovate®, failed to suppress C. orbiculare in vitro as well as cucurbit anthracnose. Bicarbonate salts, Regalia®SC, Sonata®, copper based-products, lime sulfur and water-soluble chitosan showed high antifungal activity in vitro. Bicarbonate salts, Sonata®, Serenade Max®, Soil Gard 12G®, copper based-products and lime sulfur reduced anthracnose disease severity in vivo. In the synergism experiments only a limited number of mixtures showed synergistic interactions, but even in those cases, the effect was not consistent between experiments. The main response obtained was antagonism. In field experiments the most effective fungicides for managing Septoria leaf spot and early blight of tomato were copper-based fungicides. None of the biological-based products (Sonata® and Serenade Max®)), plant-based extracts (Trilogy® and Regalia® SC), chitosan, ammonium bicarbonate nor horticultural lime sulfur provided a significant reduction in disease severity. For the fourth objective, water-soluble chitosan with a molecular weight between 3 to 10 kDa (80 and 85% deacetylated) showed the highest antifungal activity among all chitosan-based products evaluated in vitro. Also, combining the in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the antifungal activity of chitosan-based products is molecular weight- and concentration-dependent. These results provide a significant advance in the evaluation of the efficacy of OMRI-certified materials and natural materials to help organic farmers in Kentucky and the USA to manage diseases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Lihandra, Eka M. "Assessment of ethanol, honey, milk and essential oils as potential postharvest treatments of New Zealand grown fruit a thesis submitted in (partial) fulfilment for the degree of Master of Applied Science at the Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand, 2007 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2007. http://repositoryaut.lconz.ac.nz/theses/1361/.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Flanagan, Shane Patrick. "Application of catalysts and nanomaterials in the design of an electrochemical sensor for ochratoxin A." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013328.

Full text

Abstract:

Ochratoxin A is the most potent chlorinated derivative of the ochratoxin group, consisting of a 5'-chlorinated dihydroisocoumarin moiety linked by an amide bond to l-phenylalanine. Produced as a secondary fungal metabolite by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, ochratoxin A has been shown to readily contaminate a large variety of commodities including cereals, groundnuts, dried fruit, spices and coffee. This has led to widespread contamination of ochratoxin in wine, beer, milk and meat products. As ochratoxin A is a potent nephrotoxin exhibiting teratogenic and carcinogenic properties, the development of a rapid screening platform for the cost effective control of ochratoxin A content in foodstuffs is therefore required. The evaluation of metallophthalocyanine and carbon nanotube electrode modification toward the development of a nanostructured biosensor capable of enhancing the electrochemical detection of ochratoxin A in complex media is presented. Cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode allowed for the optimization of detection parameters including pH and type of supporting electrolyte. Britton-Robinson buffer was found to be the most suitable supporting electrolyte in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility obtaining a LOD of 0.28 μM as determined by differential pulse voltammetry. Subsequent analysis determined the dependence of OTA oxidation on pH in acidic media which proceeds with the transfer of two electrons to form a quinone/hydroquinone couple shown to adsorb to the electrode surface. Passivation of the electrode through adsorption of oxidation products was shown to severely limit the detection of OTA upon successive detection cycles. Comparison of various metallophthalocyanine modifiers showed an increase in sensitivity toward the detection of OTA at phthalocyanine complexes with metal based redox processes. However with the exception of NiPc and CoTCPc complexes, phthalocyanine modification was limited by the increase in deviation of current response and extent of fouling. NiPc modification showed an increase in sensitivity by two fold with fouling characteristics comparable to an unmodified electrode while low improvements in fouling was observed at CoTCPc modified electrodes with sensitivity in detection comparable to an unmodified electrode.Modification of the electrode with multi- and single walled carbon nanotubes produced a significant increase in sensitivity toward the detection of ochratoxin A. The electrocatalytic activity of nanotube modifiers was attributed to the increase in surface area and to the addition of oxygenated functional groups upon acid treatment as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Acid functionalization of the carbon nanotubes for a period of two hours produced the greatest increase in sensitivity obtaining a respective LOD of 0.09 μM and 0.03 μM for analysis of ochratoxin A at multi- and single walled carbon nanotube modified electrodes. Centrifugal purification of carbon nanotubes was deemed necessary to improve the electrocatalytic activity of the nanotube modifiers through the removal of carbonaceous impurities as visualized by atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, a crude lipase preparation, lipase A, was investigated as a potential biological recognition element for selective detection of ochratoxin A in complex media. Lipase A enabled the hydrolysis of ochratoxin A to the electroactive species ochratoxin α as confirmed by thin layer chromatography and voltammetric analysis. Additional isolation of a pure hydrolase from the lipase A preparation is required prior to utilization within a nanostructured biosensor platform capable of detecting ochratoxin A in complex media.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Pinchuk, Orley R. (Orley Rachel) 1980. "Focal plane array-Fourier transform-infrared (FPA-FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool in the simple and rapid classification of common environmental and food spoilage fungi." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111946.

Full text

Abstract:

Environmental and food spoilage fungi cause billions of dollars in damage in North America alone each year, in the form of rotted wood and crops, spoiled food, and human and animal illness. Each of these threats could be drastically reduced if early and more rapid detection processes are developed to replace the serological methods that are currently in practice. The current North American protocol for establishing identification of contaminating fungi both in environment and food have a time frame of approximately one week to twenty-two days. The use of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, coupled with a focal-plan-array (FPA) detector, can theoretically shorten the time (analysis within minutes after obtaining a pure culture) it takes to identify and classify a fungal cell. FPA-FTIR spectroscopy is advantageous as little to no sample preparation is required and results are obtained in less than one minute per sample. The fungal subset chosen for this study includes representatives from five phyla, including Zygomycota (Mucor heimalis), Ascomycota (Neurospora crassa, Ophiostoma minor, Chaetomium globosporum, Alternaria brassicicola), Basidiomycota (Schizophyllum commune, Chaetomium globosporum), Deutromycota (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Aureobasidium pullulans) and the Mycetozoa (dictyostelium discoideum, physarum polycephalum). Different variables were tested and evaluated, including variability in growth parameters, wet deposition of fungi versus dry smearing of fungi, optimal absorbance range, and spectral processing parameters as well as discrepancies from one instrument to another, as well as spectral reproducibility from one instrument to another. By following the experimental protocol developed, reproducible spectra were attained, and differentiation of the fungi within the set selected for this study was achieved. The results of this work demonstrate that FPA-FTIR spectroscopy can potentially be employed for the accurate identification of environmental and food spoilage fungi.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Reis, Fabrício Caldeira. "Levantamento da entomofauna e micobiota de grãos de Phaseolus vulgaris L. e Vigna unguiculata L. tratados pelo processo de irradiação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-03072018-084149/.

Full text

Abstract:

No presente trabalho realizou-se o levantamento da entomofauna e fungos associados a grãos de P. vulgares e V. unguiculata comercializados na cidade de São Paulo, avaliou-se a presença de fungos no corpo dos artrópodes identificados nas amostras de P. vulgares L. e V. unguiculata L., avaliou-se a atividade de água das amostras e estudou-se os efeitos do processo de irradiação na desinfestação de artrópodes e na redução da carga fúngica em grãos de P. vulgares e V. unguiculata. As amostras foram coletadas no comércio varejista em diferentes regiões da cidade São Paulo/SP. Foi adquirido 1 kg de 11 diferentes variedades entre P. vulgares (Branco, Bolinha, Carioca, Jalo, Preto, Rajado, Rosinha, Roxo e Vermelho) e V. unguiculata (Fradinho, Corda). As amostras foram desinfetadas em hipoclorito de sódio (0,5 %), enxaguadas em água destilada e distribuídos 10 grãos por placa de Petri em duplicata, contendo agar Batata Dextrose. As placas foram incubadas por 5 dias na temperatura de 25 ± 1°C, em incubadora (B.O.D.). O mesmo procedimento de plaqueamento foi realizado para os insetos isolados das amostras. No irradiador multipropósito 60Co IPEN/CNEN/SP as amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 5 e 10 kGy e os insetos foram submetidos a doses crescentes de 0 a 3,4 kGy. Diversos gêneros fúngicos foram isolados independentemente da variedade analisada. Foi constatada presença de fungos associados a insetos em todas as amostras analisadas. A dose recomendada para letalidade imediata e simultânea nas espécies Callosobruchus maculatus, Acanthoscelides obtectus e Zabrotes subfasciatus foi de 3,0 kGy. As doses de 5 e 10 kGy são capazes de reduzir, porém não eliminam a carga fúngica dos feijões analisados. Os valores obtidos na análise de atividade de água (Aa) situaram-se abaixo do limite ideal para crescimento fúngico diretamente nos grãos.
In this study we evaluated the entomofauna and fungi associated with Phaseolus vulgares L. and Vigna unguiculata L. found in the market in São Paulo city, measured the presence of fungi in arthropod bodies from samples of P. vulgares L. and V. unguiculata L., examined water activity from the samples and studied the effects of irradiation for arthropod deinfestation and fungal load reduction in P. vulgares L. and V. unguiculata L. grains. The samples were collected in different retailers within São Paulo city. One kilogram of 11 several varieties of beans were purchased. Sodium hypochlorite (0,5 %) were used for sample disinfection, washed in distilled water and distributed 10 beans per Petri dish in Potato Dextose Agar medium. Dishes were incubated at 25 ± 1°C for 5 days. The same procedure was adopted for the insects found in the samples. Samples were irradiated at 5.0 kGy and 10,0 kGy and the insects in dose range from 0 to 3,4 kGy, in the multipurpose gamma-irradiator 60Co IPEN/CNEN/SP. Several fungal genera were isolated independently of bean type. It was verified the presence of fungi related to insects in all samples. The recommended dose for immediate and simultaneous lethality was 3,0 kGy in C. maculatus, A. obtectus e Z. subfasciatus species. The 5,0 kGy and 10,0 kGy doses can reduce but cannot eliminate the fungal load at all. The values obtained in the water activity (Aw) analysis were below the ideal condition for fungal growth on grain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Almeida, Renata Rodrigues de. "Ocorrência de Fusarium graminearum e desoxinivalenol em grãos de trigo utilizados no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-02032007-084649/.

Full text

Abstract:

As condições climáticas presentes nas regiões produtoras de trigo, do Brasil e dos principais países do qual o produto é importado, favorecem o aparecimento de doenças importantes desta cultura, dentre elas a fusariose, causada principalmente pelo fungo Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Além dos danos diretos causados pela doença, os grãos infectados podem ser tóxicos para o homem e animais devido à presença de micotoxinas especialmente o desoxinivalenol (DON). Um total de 100 amostras de trigo, sendo 50 de trigo nacional (provenientes do Estado de São Paulo, Paraná e Rio grande do Sul) e 50 de trigo importado (Argentina e Paraguai) foram coletadas de empresas que normalmente comercializam ou processam trigo durante o período de maio a dezembro de 2005. Foram avaliados o percentual de freqüência de fungos, especialmente Fusarium graminearum, a contaminação com DON, percentual de grãos giberelados e realizadas correlações entre os parâmetros avaliados. Os resultados indicaram que freqüência média de Fusarium graminearum e F. spp. foram baixas (≤2,6 e ≤3,6%, respectivamente), porém foi maior no trigo nacional do que no trigo importado. Do total de amostras avaliadas 94% do trigo nacional e 88% do trigo importado apresentaram-se contaminadas com DON em níveis médios de 332 µg.kg-1 (nacional) e 90 µg.kg-1 (importado). Existiu correlação positiva e significativa entre contaminação com DON e percentual de grãos giberelados (r = 0,83; p<0,0001), freqüência de Fusarium graminearum (r = 0,92; p<0,0001) e freqüência de Fusarium spp. (r = 0,86; p<0,0001).
The climatic conditions present in wheat producing areas from Brazil and main countries from which the product is imported favor the occurrence of important diseases in this crop, among them the Fusarium Head Blight or scab. It is mainly caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum Besides, direct damages caused by this disease, the infected kernels may be toxic for humans and animals due to presence of mycotoxins (e.g deoxynivalenol). A total of 100 wheat samples, being 50 from national production (São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande Do Sul states) and 50 from imported one (Argentina and Paraguay), were collected during the period of May to December 2005 from companies that normally commercialize or process wheat. Frequency (%) of fungi occurrence, specially Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium spp., DON contamination and Fusarium damaged kernels (%) were evaluated. Correlations between the evaluated parameters were carried out. Frequency of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium spp. were low (≤2.6 and ≤3.6%, respectively), however it was higher in Brazilian wheat when compared with imported wheat. Ninety-four percent of national wheat samples and 88% of the imported samples were DON contaminated (mean levels, 332 µg.kg-1 and 90 µg.kg-1, respectively). The occurrence of DON was highly correlated with percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels, (r = 0,83; p<0.0001), percentual frequency of Fusarium graminearum (r = 0,92; p<0,0001) and percentual frequency of Fusarium spp. (r = 0,86; p<0,0001).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

ROGOVSCHI, VLADIMIR D. "Degradacao por radiacao de residuos biologicos (aflatoxinas) produzidos em Laboratorio de alimentos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9464.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Simas, Eliane dos Santos. "Caracterização micológica de méis roraimenses como critério de segurança alimentar." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2016. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=322.

Full text

Abstract:

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O mel é um suplemento alimentar que vem recebendo um incremento no consumo, decorrente das diversas propriedades benéficas à saúde. A microbiota do mel é constituída por leveduras, fungos filamentosos e bactérias. Este alimento tem um alto valor comercial e está sujeito à fraudes e adulterações, que podem favoreçer o aumento do número de colônias de micro-organismos, principalmente de fungos filamentosos, o que poderá acarretar na produção de micotoxinas. Alguns fungos são patogênicos, oportunistas e responsáveis por doenças nos seres humanos, através de alimentos contaminados pela presença de micotoxinas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar micologicamente amostras de méis produzidos em Roraima visando à segurança alimentar deste alimento. Foram realizadas análises de méis procedentes do apiário experimental da Universidade Federal de Roraima/UFRR, de apiários dos municípios roraimenses de Mucajaí e Cantá e de uma marca disponível no comércio de Boa Vista, coletados nos períodos chuvoso e seco, perfazendo um total de oito amostras. Os fungos filamentosos e leveduras foram isolados e as unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC) foram quantificadas para enquadramento na legislação do Mercosul. O método convencional de identificação foi baseado em características de macro e micromorfologia, e utilizou-se o método molecular na PCR de rDNA e amplificação da região ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 com os iniciadores universais ITS1 e ITS4 para confirmação. Das amostras analisadas, somente a coletada no apiário de Mucajaí no período chuvoso foi considerada imprópria, devido a quantidade de fungos filamentosos e/ou leveduras que excederam 100 UFC. Foram obtidas 63 UFC de fungos filamentosos das amostras de méis roraimenses, as quais foram agrupadas em 19 morfotipos pertencentes aos gêneros Penicillium, Paecilomyces, Humicola, Cladosporium e Monodictys. E as espécies Eurotium amstelodami, E. rubrum, Paecilomyces formosus, Penicillium citreonigrum, P. hispanicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Talaromyces mineoluteum e T. phialosporus. Todos os gêneros isolados são potencialmente toxigênicos, com exceção de Syncephalastrum. Os parâmetros micológicos observados nas amostras reforçam a necessidade do controle de qualidade dos méis na região, bem como da implantação de Boas Práticas de Fabricação.
Honey is a food supplement that has received an increase in consumption arising from the various beneficial health properties. The honey microflora comprises yeast, filamentous fungi and bacteria. This food has a high commercial value and is subject to fraud and adulteration that may favor the increase of the number of colonies of these microorganisms, principally filamentous fungi, which may result in producing mycotoxins. Some fungi are pathogenic, opportunistic and responsible for diseases in humans through food stricen by mycotoxins. This study aims at characterizing mycologically samples of honey produced in Roraima aimed at food security of this food. Honey analyzes were carried out coming from the experimental apiary of the Federal University of Roraima / UFRR, apiaries Mucajaí and Cantá and a trademark, collected in the periods rainy and dry, a total of eight samples. Filamentous fungi and yeasts were isolated and colony forming units (UFC) were quantified for the framework of Mercosul legislation. The conventional method of identification was based on macro and micro-morphology characteristics and molecular method, the PCR and amplification of rDNA ITS2-ITS1-5.8S with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. Just the samples analyzed collected in the apiary of Mucajaí the rainy season, it was considered inappropriate because the amount of filamentous fungi and / or yeasts that exceeded 100 UFC. 63 UFC were obtained from filamentous fungi Roraima honey samples, which were grouped into 19 morphotypes belonging to the genera Penicillium; Paecilomyces, Syncephalastrum, Humicola, Cladosporium, Eurotium e Monodictys, and the species Eurotium amstelodami, E. rubrum, Paecilomyces formosus, Penicillium citreonigrum, P. hispanicum, Syncephalastrum racemosum, Talaromyces mineoluteum e T. phialosporus. All are potentially toxigenic isolated genres, except Syncephalastrum. The mycological parameters observed in the samples reinforces the need for quality control of honey in the region as well as the implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Oliveira, Tainah Drumond de. "Biocontrole para fungos e micotoxinas em milho no campo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-08092016-150358/.

Full text

Abstract:

Os grãos de milho são expostos, no campo e no armazenamento, à ação de fatores físicos, químicos e biológicos, que interagem entre si, favorecendo a contaminação fúngica, principalmente pelos gêneros Aspergillus, Fusarium e Penicilllium, considerados os mais importantes do ponto de vista toxigênico. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo investigar a eficácia do agente de biocontrole Afla-guard® no controle de fungos e de micotoxinas em grãos de milho, no campo, em diferentes estágios de maturidade da planta cultivada no município de Cássia dos Coqueiros, Estado de São Paulo. Visou, também, como objetivos adicionais, a determinação da atividade de água das amostras de milho, a pesquisa de fungos do ar, do solo e do milho, e a influência dos fatores climatológicos (temperatura e precipitação pluvial), no crescimento fúngico e na produção de micotoxinas. A micobiota do milho foi determinada pela técnica da semeadura direta utilizando meio de Ágar Dicloran Rosa Bengala Cloranfenicol (DRBC) e a determinação de micotoxinas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A identificação dos fungos foi realizada utilizando metodologia clássica (morfológica) e molecular (sequenciamento do DNA ribossomal). Nas amostras de milho, constatou-se a predominância de Fusarium verticillioides, em todas as coletas. Entretanto, a presença de Aspergillus flavus foi detectada, nas áreas tratadas com produto, a partir da 4ª coleta. No ar atmosférico, os fungos mais frequentes foram: Cladosporium spp., Trichoderma spp. e Fusarium solani. A. flavus foi isolado, principalmente, na 3ª coleta, do tratamento. No solo, os gêneros Penicillium, Trichoderma e Rhizopus foram os mais isolados em todas as coletas. A. flavus foi isolado a partir da 3ª coleta, somente nas áreas tratadas. Das amostras analisadas, a presença de fumonisinas foi detectada em 33,3 % das amostras tratadas com o agente de biocontrole e em 66,6% das amostras do grupo controle (não tratadas). Em relação às aflatoxinas, a presença da toxina foi detectada em apenas 2 amostras (1 tratamento e 1 controle) na 4ª coleta. Quanto à análise do potencial aflatoxigênico determinado, encontramos em 4 dos 13 isolados de A. flavus, aflatoxinas B1 e B2. Os demais isolados não foram potencialmente produtores, podendo ser, portanto, oriundos do Afla-guard®. Já em relação à temperatura, 26 °C foi a média encontrada e 6,3 mm foi a média detectada em relação à precipitação pluvial. Embora não tenha apresentado resultados estatisticamente significativos, o emprego do agente de biocontrole foi relevante no que diz respeito a diminuição da contaminação por Fusarium verticillioides e fumonisinas. Entretanto, outros estudos são necessários para uma melhor avaliação do produto
Maize grains are exposed, in the field and in storage, the action of physical, chemical and biological agents that interact with each other, encouraging fungal contamination, mainly by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium, considered the most important from the point of view toxigenic. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Afla-guard® biocontrol agent in control of fungi and mycotoxins in corn grain in the field, at different stages of maturity of the plant cultivated in the city of Cassia dos Coqueiros, state São Paulo. Aimed also as additional objectives, determining the water activity of the maize samples, the research air fungi, soil and maize, and the influence of climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) in fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The mycobiota maize was determined by the technique of direct seeding using means of Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC) and the determination of mycotoxins by high-performance liquid chromatography. The identification of fungi was carried out using classical methods (morphological) and molecular (sequencing of ribosomal DNA). In samples of maize, there was a predominance of Fusarium verticillioides in all samplings. However, the presence of Aspergillus flavus was detected in the areas treated with product samplings from the 4th. In atmospheric air, the most common molds were Cladosporium spp, Trichoderma spp.. Fusarium solani and. A. flavus was isolated mainly in 3rd samplings, treatment. On the ground, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Rhizopus were the most isolated in all samples. A. flavus was isolated from the 3rd collects only in the treated areas. Of the samples tested, the presence of fumonisin was detected in 33.3% of the samples treated with the biocontrol agent and 66.6% of the control group samples (untreated). Regarding the aflatoxins, the presence of the toxin was detected in just 2 samples (1 treatment and 1 control) in 4th collect. The analysis of the potential aflatoxigenic, found in 4 of 13 isolates of A. flavus, aflatoxins B1 and B2. The remaining isolates were not potentially producers and can therefore be derived from the Afla-guard®. Regarding the temperature 26 ° C was found to average 6.3 mm and the average was detected in relation to rainfall. Although not shown statistically significant results, the use of biocontrol agent is relevant as regards the reduction of contamination by Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisins. However, other studies are needed to better evaluate the product

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Cheeseman, Kevin. "Aspects of Penicillium genomics : Molecular combing genome assembly, genetic exchange in food and potential for secondary metabolite production." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112280/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Les Penicilliums sont des champignons filamenteux appartenant au genre Ascomycota. Ces champignons ont été utilisés par l’homme pour la production de nourriture depuis des siècles. Plus récemment, ils ont aussi été utilisés dans l’industrie biotechnologique pour la production de composés chimiques d’intérêts pharmaceutiques. Certaines espèces de Penicillium sont par ailleurs des moisissures contaminants certains aliments, d’autres sont des pathogènes de plantes, y compris de certains fruits. Leur génomique est globalement peut connue. Dans cette étude, nous avons analysé les génomes de deux espèces nouvellement séquencées, Penicillium roqueforti et Penicillium camemberti. Nous reportons ici le développement d’une nouvelle méthodologie pour l’amélioration et la validation d’assemblage de génomes en utilisant une technologie permettant l’observation de molécules d’ADN unique, le Peignage Moléculaire. En utilisant cette méthode, nous avons amélioré l’assemblage de Penicillium roqueforti. Ce manuscrit décrit aussi de multiples occurrences d’un transfert horizontal d’un ilot génomique de plus de cinq cent kilobases entre plusieurs Penicillium. Ce cas de transfert horizontal indique une fréquence d’échange latéral de matériel génétique plus forte qu’attendue. Enfin nous présentons un inventaire préliminaire du potentiel génomique pour la production de métabolites secondaires dans ces importants Penicillium alimentaires
Penicillium are filamentous fungi belonging to the Ascomycota genus. Penicillium species have been used by Man for centuries in food making processes. More recently they have also been used in the biotechnology industry for the production of compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Some Penicillium species are food spoilage agents, pathogens of plants including fruits. Aspects of their genomics are largely unknown. In this study, we analysed the genomes of two newly sequenced species, Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium camemberti. Here we report the development of a new methodology for improving and validating genome assembly using an original single DNA molecule technology, Molecular Combing. Using this methodology we were able to produce a high quality genome assembly of Penicillium roqueforti. This work also reports the multiple and recurrent horizontal transfer of a large genomic island of over half a megabase between several Penicillium species. This horizontal transfer indicates a higher frequency of lateral genetic exchange between cheesemaking fungi than previously expected. Finally, we present an early assessment of the genomic potential for secondary metabolite production in these important food associated penicilliums

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Cheeke, Tanya Elizabeth Amy. "An Evaluation of the Nontarget Effects of Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Maize on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Soil Ecosystem." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1027.

Full text

Abstract:

My dissertation research examined the effect of the cultivation of insect-resistant Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize on the soil environment with a goal of understanding how to obtain a balance between technological advancement and maintenance of a healthy soil ecosystem. Although Bt plants may help to reduce pesticide use, conferring benefits to farm workers and the environment, there are still unresolved questions about how the cultivation of Bt plants affects soil organisms. For this dissertation project, I used 14 different genotypes of Bt maize and non-Bt maize (Zea mays) to investigate the effects of transgenic Bt plants on the colonization ability, abundance, and diversity of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the soil ecosystem over time. My greenhouse studies demonstrated that Bt maize plants exhibited reduced AMF colonization across multiple Bt genotypes and that effects were most pronounced when fertilizer levels were limited and spore density was high. In addition, I found that although differences in AMF colonization between Bt and non-Bt maize were difficult to detect in the field, spore density was reduced in Bt field plots after just one growing season. When I tested the effect of plot history on AMF and plant growth, I found that Bt and non-Bt maize plants had higher leaf chlorophyll content when grown in plots previously cultivated with the same maize line as the previous year, indicative of a positive feedback effect. I also examined potential mechanisms contributing to the reduced AMF colonization observed in Bt maize in greenhouse studies and determined that follow-up experiments should continue to investigate differences in root apoplastic invertase activity and root permeability in Bt and non-Bt maize. Future investigations would also benefit from examining potential differences in root exudate profiles and volatile organic compounds between Bt and non-Bt cultivars. Taken together, my dissertation results suggest that, while difficult to detect in the field, reductions in AMF colonization in Bt maize roots may be ecologically significant as they could lead to a decrease in the abundance of AMF propagules in the soil over time, potentially impacting soil structure and function in areas where Bt crop cultivation is high.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Luo, Jie [Verfasser], Rudi F. [Akademischer Betreuer] Vogel, and Karl-Heinz [Akademischer Betreuer] Engel. "Detection, identification, and quantification of aflatoxin producing fungi in food raw materials using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays / Jie Luo. Gutachter: Karl-Heinz Engel ; Rudi F. Vogel. Betreuer: Rudi F. Vogel." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1051935296/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Sağlam, Meral Başaran Pervin. "Depolama aşamasında hububat ve baklagil kökenli tanelerde bulunan küfler üzerine plazma uygulamasının inhibisyon etkisi /." Isparta : SDÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TF01222.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Oliveira, Maurício Schneider. "OCORRÊNCIA NATURAL DE MICOTOXINAS EM MILHO (Zea mays L.) E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NO DESEMPENHO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4109.

Full text

Abstract:

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Fungi can be found everywhere in nature and are known occur in maize. Those which have the ability to produce substances toxic to humans and animals, from its secondary metabolism, are named toxigenic fungi and the metabolites produced are called mycotoxins. Due to the presence of various toxigenic fungal species in maize crop, the occurrence of a large number of metabolites is expected. Besides occur in native forms, mycotoxins can occur in the form called masked, a result of changes in structure or chemical reactions with constituents of plants, making them undetectable to the analytical methodologies conventionally employed. Due to the damage that mycotoxins can cause to human and animal health, laws establishing maximum permitted levels of contamination in food has been proposed, but restricted to a small number of mycotoxins, partly due to analytical limitations and partly in consequence of the lack of database of natural occurrence of these contaminants in the native and masked forms. To evaluate the occurrence of fungal metabolites in maize, 148 samples were collected in the South region of Brazil. All samples were contaminated with at least 10 fungal metabolites and the higher co-occurrence detected in the same sample was 51 metabolites. In all maize samples analyzed were detected at least two mycotoxins adressed by Brazilian law (fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2). Besides the research of the native forms of mycotoxins, analysis for masked fumonisin were performed. Seventy two maize samples were analyzed and masked fumonisin concentration was found up to two times greater than the concentration of fumonisins in native form. Furthermore, a positive correlation (R = 0.97) was found between the concentration of native and masked fumonisin. Based on this correlation, a mathematical prediction model to estimate the concentration of total fumonisins, based on the concentration of native fumonisins was generated. After knowing the co-occurence of several fungal metabolites in maize, the performance of broilers chickens submitted to diets with fungal culture material was evaluated. Body weight and feed conversion were significantly altered after 21 days of experiment in the group receiving diet containing higher concentrations of fusaric acid. The analytical methodologies enabled a first approach to study the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in their native and masked forms in maize naturally contaminated, collected in the South region of Brazil. The negative effect on the performance of broilers chickens, demonstrating that the co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins have real impact in poultry and requires greater attention of the parties involved.
Fungos podem ser encontrados em toda a natureza e são de conhecida ocorrência na cultura do milho. Aqueles que possuem a capacidade de produzir substâncias tóxicas para humanos e animais, a partir de seu metabolismo secundário, denominam-se fungos toxígenos e os metabólitos produzidos são denominados micotoxinas. Devido a presença de diversas espécies fúngicas toxígenas na lavoura de milho, a ocorrência de um grande número de metabólitos é esperada. Além de ocorrerem em sua forma nativa, micotoxinas podem ocorrer na forma designada mascarada, resultado de alterações em sua estrutura ou de reações químicas com constituintes de plantas, tornando-as indetectáveis para as metodologias de análise convencionalmente empregadas. Em consequência aos prejuízos que as micotoxinas podem causar a saúde humana e animal, legislações estabelecendo limites máximos permitidos de contaminação em alimentos tem sido propostas, porém restritas a um pequeno número de micotoxinas, em parte devido a limitações analíticas e parte em decorrência da escassez de dados de ocorrência natural destes contaminantes na forma nativa e mascarada. Para avaliar a ocorrência de micotoxinas no milho, 148 amostras de milho foram coletadas nos estados pertencentes a região sul do Brasil. Todas as amostras estavam contaminadas com pelo menos 10 metabólitos fúngicos e a maior co-ocorrência detectada em uma mesma amostra foi 51 de compostos. Em todas as amostras de milho analisadas, foram detectadas pelo menos duas micotoxinas listadas na legislação brasileira (fumonisina B1 e fumonisina B2). Além da pesquisa das formas nativas de micotoxinas, foram realizadas análises para determinação de fumonisinas na forma mascarada. Setenta e duas amostras de milho foram analisadas e a concentração de fumonisinas mascaradas encontrada foi até duas vezes maior do que a concentração de fumonisinas na forma nativa. Ademais, uma correlação positiva (R=0.97) foi encontrada entre a concentração de fumonisinas na forma nativa e mascaradas. Baseado nesta correlação, foi gerado um modelo matemático de predição para estimativa da concentração de fumonisinas totais, baseado na medida de fumonisinas na forma nativa. Como consequência a constatação da co-ocorrência a diversas micotoxinas, o desempenho de frangos de corte submetidos a dietas contaminadas com materiais de cultivo fúngico foi avaliado. Peso corporal e conversão alimentar foram significativamente alterados aos 21 dias de experimento no grupo que recebeu dieta contendo maiores concentrações de ácido fusárico. As metodologias analíticas aplicadas permitiram uma primeira abordagem para estudo da co-ocorrência de micotoxinas na sua forma nativa e na forma mascarada em amostras de milho naturalmente contaminadas, coletadas na região sul do Brasil. O efeito negativo sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte observado, demonstrando que a co-ocorrência de micotoxinas do gênero Fusarium tem real impacto na avicultura e requer maior atenção das partes envolvidas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Mogotsi, Lerato Bonolo. "An assessment of the lipopolysaccharide toxicity of rough and smooth escherichia coli strains cultivated in the presence of zygosaccharomyces bailli." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/151.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (M. Tech. Environmental health) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2011
In nature microorganisms do not exist alone, but in association with one another. These kinds of associations can also be found in food industries, where cells of the same or different species can attach to pipes (biofilm formation) and a variety of surfaces in food processing environments and in food product such as yoghurt which can contain both yeast and bacteria originating from the starter culture as well as fruit. To control food spoilage organisms and food-borne pathogens preventative measures such as good manufacturing processes, the use of sanitizers and preservatives as well as hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP) are crucial in food industries. Sanitation of the working surface, floors, pipes, containers and equipment is a stepwise application of a detergent, acid or alkali rinse, a disinfectant treatment followed by final rinsing. If rinsing of the sanitizer is not done properly it may end up in the product in sub-lethal doses. In this study the influence of Liquid Hypochlorite (LH) and Liquid Iodophore (LI) sanitizers on organism growth and toxicity was evaluated. The organisms investigated included Escherichia coli 0113, Escherichia coli 026 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii Y-1535 in yeast malt broth, which was supplemented with LH and LI at sub-lethal concentrations 0.05% LH, 0.2% LH and 0.075% LI. Subsequently, bacterial and yeast growth responses as pure cultures and in combination (E. coli + Z. bailii) were measured as colony forming units and optical density values. Incorporation of the sanitizers in the growth media resulted in different levels of growth inhibition. Z. bailii proved more robust and the growth rate was not influence significantly by the addition of sanitizers or communal growth with either E. coli strains. The growth rate of both E. coli strains decreased where grown in combination with Z. bailii as well as in the presence of sanitizers, with the most influence exerted by LH. Changes in endotoxicity following the growth of the test samples (stressed cells) and the control (unstressed) were measured by the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) and porcine IL-6 ELISA methods. Where E. coli strains were cultured together with Z. bailii the toxicity of tire mixture showed a decrease over time when measured with the limulus amoebocyte assay method. Interestingly the communal growth of the E. coli strains and Z bailii produced different toxicity profiles when the IL-6 porcine method was used, hi both cases, where E. coli strains were cultured together with Z. bailii the toxicity of the mixture showed an increase over tune when measured by this assay. Other than a similar toxicity profile for E. coli 0113 grown in pure culture, the comparison between results obtained using the LAL or porcine IL-6 methods yielded no correlation in determined toxicity. It was established that LH and LI sanitizers as well as communal growth had an influence in the toxicity of LPS/EPS and the method used to determine such toxicity should be carefully considered.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Nogueira, Márcia Dimov. "Análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle no processamento de farinha de trigo integral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-03082017-175539/.

Full text

Abstract:

O Sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) ou Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) é de grande importância para a Saúde Pública, quanto às doenças veiculadas por alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade do uso desse sistema na indústria de moagem de trigo, no processamento de farinha de trigo integral, produto com demanda crescente no mercado. Trinta produções de farinha foram coletadas numa indústria cuja capacidade de moagem é de 15ton./h na cidade de São Paulo. A população amostrada foi de 30 sub-amostras de trigo argentino (A) (12,8% de umidade média), 17 sub-amostras de trigo brasileiro (B) (13,1% de umidade média), 30 sub-amostras de trigo preparado para moagem (M) (15,6% de umidade média) e 30 sub-amostras de farinha de trigo integral (FTI), coletadas num período de 5 meses (de outubro de 97 à março de 98). A metodologia utilizada para pesquisa de sujidades leves foi a adotada pelos Métodos Oficiais da AOAC (1995). Houve modificações no método e um estudo foi realizado para conhecer sua performance. No isolamento de fungos foi utilizada a metodologia empregada pela AOAC/FDA Bacteriological Analytical manual (1992). Para identificação de fungos em relação ao gênero foi utilizado o método preconizado GELLI et al.(1990), SAMSON et al (1995), PITT and HOCKING (1997). Na análise de sujidades leves nos trigos foi evidenciada a contaminação por ácaros (A=90%, B=53%, M=77% e FTI=53%); no trigo argentino houve uma predominância para a família Tarsonemidae, enquanto que na respectiva farinha foi a família Acaridae. Alguns ácaros dessa última família estão implicados em reações alérgicas e estão sendo tratados como emergentes na segurança alimentar. Os insetos thisanópteros, os mais freqüentes nos trigos, foram eliminados na farinha de trigo integral. O percentual médio de contaminação fúngica dos grãos foi de A=99%, B=95% e M=94%. O principal gênero encontrado foi Aspergillus spp (A= 79,0%, B= 39,3% e M= 64,2%). O menos freqüente Fusarium spp (A= 2,9%, B= 2,7% e M=1,5%). Na farinha de trigo integral o principal gênero encontrado foi o Penicillium spp e o Fusarium não foi isolado. O desoxinivalenol foi encontrado em uma amostra de farinha de trigo integral a uma concentração de 231 ng/g. O sistema APPCC se aplica aos moinhos e os auxilia a controlar suas produções do ponto de vista da segurança alimentar.
Food safety is a major concern facing the food industry today. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) provides a structured approach to the assurance of safety of products. The aim of this study was to verify the use of HACCP system in a milling industry, precisely in the whole wheat flour production. At first step two hazards were analyzed: deoxynivalenol and allergenic mites in whole wheat flour Thirty (30) lots of flour were collected in an industry which capacity was 15 ton./h in São Paulo city. Those lots had 30 sub-samples of argentine (A) wheat (12,8% average moisture content), 17 sub-samples of brazilian (B) wheat (13,1% m.c.), 30 sub-samples of wheat for milling (M) (15,6% m.c), and 30 sub-samples of whole wheat flour (FTI) that were analyzed in a five months period (from 97/october to 98/march). Light filth was isolated from grains and flour, according to Official Methods of AOAC International. Methodology of extraction of light filth from whole wheat flour was studied to know the repeatability according to AOAC methods. Fungi isolation was performed according to AOAC/FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (1992) methodology; genera were identified according GELLI et al.(1990), SAMSON et al (1995), and PITI and HOCKING (1997). Detection and quantification of deoxynivalenol (DON) were done by thin layer chromatography (TLC) according to SABINO et al. (1989).The most significant light filth contamination in wheat were mites (A= 90%, B= 53%, M= 77% e FTI= 57%), argentine wheat had as a predominant mite the family Tarsonemidae and flour had Acaridae. The average fungal contamination in grains was 99%, 95% e 94% in argentine, brazilian and wheat for milling respectively. The predominant genera was Aspergillus spp ( A= 79,0, B=39,3% e M= 64,2 %), and Fusarium was the least frequent in wheat (A>/b>=2,7%, B= 2,8% e M=1,5%). Only one lot of whole wheat flour was contaminated by DON at level 231 ng/g. This study showed that HACCP system is appropriated for control hazards in milling industry. However, DON should be controlled before wheat get into industry, and this control need to be registered. Mites are new emergentes to cause allergy by ingestion and have to be controlled by GMP procedures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Nogueira, Márcia Dimov. "Avaliação dos fatores de risco no processamento de café verde para o aparecimento de ocratoxina A (OTA)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-03082017-180136/.

Full text

Abstract:

Dentre os perigos relacionados com a produção de café verde, a ocratoxina A (OTA) é considerada significativa nesse produto. Com o objetivo de estudar a origem da OTA no processamento de café verde e avaliar os possíveis fatores de risco (região, etapas do processamento, fungos, insetos e ácaros) que poderiam contribuir na presença de OTA, foram amostradas três fazendas nos seguintes municípios: Bom Jardim (RJ), Espírito Santo do Pinhal (SP) e Cornélio Procópio (PR), onde havia a produção de café verde pela via seca e úmida. Foram coletadas 109 amostras de grãos de café, em diversas etapas do processamento, no período de maio a agosto de 2002. As amostras foram colhidas de acordo com fluxograma estabelecido e as etapas estudadas foram: cereja (campo), via seca, via úmida, armazém e café de varrição. Dessas amostras, 10 apresentaram OTA, que variou na sua quantificação de 3 a 101 ng.g-1. A maior prevalência de OTA foi a do café de varrição 57%, a via úmida apresentou uma prevalência de 10,3% e a via seca 7%. Na etapa cereja o fungo potencialmente toxigênico mais encontrado foi Penicillium spp, e quanto aos insetos, as larvas de Diptera e os Homoptera; na via úmida foram encontradas linhagens do Aspergillus seção Nigri e Circundatti e Penicillium spp, a infestação predominante foi a broca do café e os ácaros da família Acaridae; na etapa via seca registrou-se o isolamento de fungos do gênero Penicillium spp e Aspergillus seção Nigri , a broca do café foi a infestação predominante junto com os ácaros da família Acaridae, na etapa de armazém foram isolados Penicillium spp e Aspergillus seção Nigri, o inseto predominante foi a broca do café e os ácaros da família Acaridae; no café de varrição foram isolados Penicillium spp e Aspergillus seção Nigri e a broca do café estava presente junto com insetos da Ordem Diptera. Os resultados de cada etapa foram comparados por Análise de Variância em um nível de significância de 95%. Na análise de fatores de risco o café de varrição foi o mais significativo (p< 0,001).
The ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered to be among the most significant coffee contaminants with related hazards. With the purpose to study the origin of the OTA in the processing of green coffee and to evaluate the possible risk factors (region, step of processing, fungi, insects and mites) that could contribute in the OTA presence, had been selected three regions (states) of Brazil: Bom Jardim/RJ, Espírito Santo do Pinhal/SP and Cornélio Procópio/PR. A total of 109 samples of coffee beans were collected in conformity with flow chart established at different stages of ripening and processing: cherry (field), dry method, wet method, and warehouse and varrição coffee, from May to August of 2002. Of these samples 10 had presented OTA, which varied in its quantification from 3 to 101 ng.g-1. The biggest prevalence of OTA was the varrição coffee 57%, the wet method presented a prevalence of 10,3% and dry way 7%. In the stage cherry fungi potentially toxigenic was more found Penicillium spp, the insects had been the larvae of Diptera and the Homoptera; in the wet way it was found Aspergillus section Nigri and Circundatti and Penicillium spp, the predominant infestation was the coffee berry borer and the mite of the Acaridae family; in the stage wet methods spp was registered the isolation the Penicillium spp and Aspergillus section Nigri, the predominant infestation was the coffee berry borer together with the mites of the Acaridae family; in the stage of warehouse had been isolated Penicillium spp and Aspergillus section Nigri, and the predominant insect was the coffee berry borer and mites of the family Acaridae; in the varrição coffee had been isolated Penicillium spp and Aspergillus section Nigri the coffee berry borer was the most present insects together of Diptera. The results of each step had been with compared by Analysis of Variance. In the analysis of risk factors the varrição coffee\" was the factor most strongly related to the risk of the presence of OTA (p<0,001 ).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Quero, Laura. "Développement de la spectrométrie de masse MALDI -TOF pour l'identification des champignons filamenteux d'intérêt alimentaire et étude de leur résistance aux molécules biocides." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0109/document.

Full text

Abstract:

Les moisissures d’altération sont à l’origine de pertes alimentaires et économiques importantes et certaines espèces peuvent présenter un danger pour la santé humaine et animale avec la production de mycotoxines. Dans ce contexte, la maîtrise de la qualité et de la sécurité des aliments passe par une bonne connaissance des espèces impliquées. Cette connaissance repose sur une identification fiable et rapide et l’obtention d’informations sur les facteurs abiotiques impactant leur développement, tels que les conservateurs, largement utilisés dans l’industrie. Dans ce cadre, les objectifs de thèse étaient de développer l’utilisation de la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF pour l’identification des moisissures et d’évaluer son application à la résolution de complexe d’espèces et au typage, et enfin d’évaluer la néphélométrie laser pour mesurer en haut-débit leur croissance en présence de conservateurs. Dans un premier temps, une base de données robuste a été construite avec près de 6500 spectres correspondant à 136 espèces fongiques. Dans un deuxième temps, la technique MALDI-TOF a été appliquée avec succès à la différenciation de 23 espèces du complexe Aspergillus section Flavi et a permis de différencier des isolats de Penicillium roqueforti appartenant à 3 populations génétiquement différenciées. Enfin, la néphélométrie laser a permis un suivi haut-débit de la croissance de 14 espèces fongiques d’altération en présence de 3 conservateurs et ainsi d’obtenir des informations sur les concentrations minimales inhibitrices de ces derniers. Ces travaux ont démontré l’applicabilité de techniques alternatives permettant d’identifier et de caractériser les moisissures d’altération
Spoilage fungi represent a major cause of food and economic losses and certain species, which may produce mycotoxins, may also pose a threat to human and animal health. Thus, food safety and quality management relies notably on a good knowledge of the involved species. This knowledge is notably based on their fast and reliable identification and on the study of abiotic factors affecting their growth such as food preservatives, which are commonly used in the food industry. In this context, the objectives of this PhD. thesis were to develop MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for mold identification and to evaluate its potential for species complex differentiation and strain typing, and finally, to evaluate the use of laser nephelometry to monitor fungal growth in the presence of food preservatives.First, a robust database was developed with 6500 spectra corresponding to 136 spoilage fungi. Then, MALDI-TOF MS was successfully applied to differentiate 23 species of Aspergillus section Flavi and Penicillium roqueforti isolates belonging to 3 genetically distinct populations.Finally, in 14 fungal species, laser nephelometry allowed a high-throughput monitoring of their growth after exposition to 3 different food preservatives and the determination of their associated minimal inhibitory concentrations.Overall, the obtained results demonstrate the usefulness of alternative techniques for identification and characterization of food spoilage fungi

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Kane, Amadou. "Intoxication subchronique par l'ochratoxine a, mycotoxine contaminant les aliments : effets nephrotoxiques et genotoxiques." Strasbourg 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13126.

Full text

Abstract:

Distribution tissulaire de l'ochratoxine marquee chez le rat et la souris (voie orale). Etude de la nephrotoxicite subchronique de doses faibles chez le rat en suivant dans l'urine et les tubules la variation des activites enzymatiques. Effet sur les enzymes de cellules renales mdck en culture. Etude de la genotoxicite de l'ochratoxine in vivo et in vitro

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Wijayarathna, Egodagedara Ralalage Kanishka Bandara. "Development of Fungal Leather-like Material from Bread Waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-25522.

Full text

Abstract:

Food waste and fashion pollution are two of the significant global environmental issues throughout the recent past. In this research, it was investigated the feasibility of making a leather-like material from bread waste using biotechnology as the bridging mechanism. The waste bread collected from the supermarkets were used as the substrate to grow filamentous fungi species Rhizopus Delemar and Fusarium Venenatum. Tanning of fungal protein fibres was successfully performed using vegetable tanning, confirmed using FTIR and SEM images. Furthermore, glycerol and a biobased binder treatment was performed for the wet-laid fungal microfibre sheets produced. Overall, three potential materials were able to produce with tensile strengths ranging from 7.74 ± 0.55 MPa to 6.92 ± 0.51 MPa and the elongation% from 16.81 ± 1.61 to 4.82 ± 0.36. The binder treatment enhanced the hydrophobicity even after the glycerol treatment, an added functional advantage for retaining flexibility even after contact with moisture. The fungal functional material produced with bread waste can be tailored successfully into leather substitutes using an environmentally benign procedure.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Campos, Sergio Gaspar de. "Monitoramento de aflatoxinas, fungos toxig?nicos e n?veis de contamina??o em mat?rias primas e alimentos balanceados. Aflatoxicose natural em c?es no estado do Rio de Janeiro." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/809.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007-Sergio Gaspar de Campos.pdf: 2897411 bytes, checksum: 8082944027bbc9af70ff336d4860483f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-27
The commercial feed constitutes an important element in the pet industry in Brazil. Its composition includes cereal mixtures produced in farms such as sorghum, maize and some oily seeds. All feed destined to pets are supplemented with fats, vitamins, minerals, antirust and flours of diverse origins incorporated in some cases as pellets. When conditions of nutrients and moisture are adequate, fungal contamination could be present during pre and post harvest, storage, manufacture and processing of these ingredients. The filamentous stored grain fungi more commonly found include the species belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. They are able to produce different mycotoxins. Species of Aspergillus such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius are able to produce aflatoxins, considered as carcinogen type 1A. The pet foods have important amounts of cereals and therefore, they can concentrate important amounts of toxins. In dogs and cats the effects of mycotoxins are severe and can produce death, besides the loss of nutrients, to alter the organoleptic properties and to diminish the average life of the product in the market. On the other hand, the presence of toxicogenic species could indicate the contamination with several mycotoxins and this situation represents a potential risk for the animal health. On the basis of these antecedents the objectives of this work were 1) to characterize the mycoflora, 2) to detect the natural incidence of mycotoxins from raw materials and compound feed for dogs and 3) to establish parameters to prevent and/or to control micotoxicoses. A total of 230 samples (117 suspected foods to produce natural poisoning (AIN), 43 commercial foods (AC) of 3 different qualities, 70 ingredients of the production line (ALP)) of ingredients and rations destined to the feeding of dogs were analyzed. The fungal isolation was made by the surface spread method. The culture media were dicloran-rose-bengal-chloranphenicol agar (DRBC), dicloran-chloranphenicol 18% glicerol agar (DG18) and Nash-Snyder agar. The average of the number of colonies by triplicate was determined and it was expressed as colony forming units/gram of feed (UFC/g). AIN and some ALP (maize, ground maize, flour of sorghum, maize flour and gluten) obtained fungal counts over than 104 UFC/g. The AC samples were not over this value. Each strain was isolated and identified at the species level. The species belonging to the Aspergillus genera were predominant in all of the analyzed samples, having aflatoxicogenic species A. flavus/A. parasiticus those of greater frequency. These strains were evaluated in their ability to produce aflatoxins by the TLC method. The 100% of isolated strains of AIN, 80% of AC and 70% of ALP were able to produce aflatoxins at levels that varied from 2 and 66.25 ng/g. The natural incidence of aflatoxins in all feed samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AIN and some samples of ALP ingredients, mainly those containing maize, obtained aflatoxins levels over than 20 ppb. The hystopatological and biochemical studies of the affected animals organs demonstrated the death cause (aflatoxicosis), and were confirmed by the mycological studies: the fungal counts and aflatoxins levels were over the allowed ones by national and international regulations in use. The commercial feed of different qualities are feeds in conditions to be consumed, but have a potential risk if they are in inadequate storage conditions due to the aflatoxicogenic ability of the studied strains. As far as the ingredients and finished feed of the production line, those made up of maize did not fulfill the values of fungi and aflatoxins allowed by the legislation. Although the finished ration adjusts to the required regulation, probably by the processing, it presents a potential risk since more of 80% of the species of A. flavus, were able to produce aflatoxins B1 and B2. It is important then to emphasize the need to a suitable control of the used ingredients in the compound feed elaboration and the adequate environmental conditions to preserve the pet food of undesired fungal contamination and the consequent production of their mycotoxinas.
Os alimentos balanceados comerciais constituem um elemento importante na ind?stria de c?es no Brasil. Sua composi??o inclui misturas de cereais produzidos nas granjas, tais como sorgo, milho e algumas oleaginosas. Todos os alimentos destinados a c?es est?o suplementados com gorduras, vitaminas, minerais, antioxidantes e farinhas de diversas origens incorporados, em alguns casos como pellets. Ao possuir suficientes nutrientes e condi??es de umidade adequadas s?o suscet?veis a contamina??o por fungos durante a pr? e p?s-colheita, no armazenamento, na manufatura e no processamento destes ingredientes. Os fungos filamentosos mais comumente encontrados em gr?os armazenados incluem as esp?cies dos g?neros Aspergillus, Penicillium e Fusarium, capazes de produzir deteriora e diferentes micotoxinas. Esp?cies de Aspergillus como Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus e Aspergillus nomius s?o as mais toxic?genas podendo produzir aflatoxinas, consideradas como carcin?genos tipo 1A. Os alimentos destinados a c?es possuem quantidades importantes de cereais e, portanto podem concentrar quantidades importantes de toxinas. Em c?es e gatos os efeitos das micotoxinas s?o severos e podem produzir a morte, al?m de levar a perda de nutrientes, alterar as propriedades organol?pticas e diminuir a vida m?dia do produto no mercado. Por outro lado a presen?a de esp?cies toxicog?nicas poderia indicar a contamina??o com v?rias micotoxinas e, esta situa??o representa um risco potencial para a sa?de dos animais. Baseado no exposto anteriormente, os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar morfologicamente a micobiota, detectar a incid?ncia natural de micotoxinas em ingredientes e alimentos balanceados para c?es, isolar microrganismos com potencialidades toxicog?nicas e estabelecer par?metros para prevenir e/ou controlar as micotoxicoses em c?es. Um total de 230 amostras (117 alimentos suspeitos de produzir intoxica??o natural (AIN), 43 de alimentos comerciais (AC) de tr?s qualidades diferentes, 70 ingredientes da linha de produ??o (ALP) de ingredientes e ra??es destinadas ? alimenta??o de c?es) foram analisadas. O isolamento de fungos se realizou pelo m?todo de dissemina??o em superf?cie. Os meios de cultivo utilizados foram ?gar Diclor?n-Rosa de Bengala Cloramfenicol (DRBC), ?gar Diclor?n Cloramfenicol 18% Glicerol (DG18) e ?gar Nash-Snyder. Se determinou a m?dia do n?mero de col?nias por triplicata e se expressou como unidades formadoras de col?nias por grama de alimento (UFC/g). Os AIN e alguns ALP (milho, milho mo?do, farinha de sorgo, farinha de milho e gl?ten) apresentaram contagens f?ngicas superiores a 104 UFC/g. As amostras de AC n?o superaram este valor. Cada cepa foi isolada e identificada a n?vel de g?nero. As esp?cies pertencentes ao g?nero Aspergillus prevaleceram em todas as amostras analisadas, sendo as esp?cies aflatoxicog?nicas, A. flavus/A. parasiticus, as de maior freq??ncia. Estas cepas foram avaliadas em sua habilidade de produzir aflatoxinas. Dos 100% das cepas isoladas de AIN, 80% de AC e 70% de ALP, foram capazes de produzir aflatoxinas em n?veis que variaram entre 2 e 66,25 ng/g. Se determinou a incid?ncia natural de aflatoxinas em todas as amostras de alimentos por cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia. Os AIN e algumas amostras de ingredientes de ALP, principalmente aquelas compostas por milho, apresentaram n?veis de aflatoxinas superiores a 20 ppb. Os estudos histopatol?gicos e bioqu?micos dos ?rg?os dos animais afetados evidenciaram a causa morte (aflatoxicose), assim como tamb?m os estudos micotoxicol?gicos realizados: a carga f?ngica e os n?veis de aflatoxinas encontrados, foram superiores aos permitidos pelas regulamenta??es nacionais e internacionais em vig?ncia. Os alimentos comerciais pertencentes a distintas qualidades s?o alimentos aptos para o consumo mas, potencialmente perigosos em condi??es de armazenamento inadequado devido ? capacidade aflatoxicog?ncia das cepas estudadas. Quanto aos ingredientes e alimentos terminados da linha de produ??o, aqueles compostos por milho n?o cumpriram com os valores de fungos e aflatoxinas permitidos pela legisla??o. Embora a ra??o terminada se ajuste ao requerido pela regulamenta??o, provavelmente pelo processamento recebido, apresenta um risco potencial j? que mais de 80% das esp?cies de A. flavus foram capazes de produzir aflatoxinas B1 e B2. ? importante ent?o destacar a necessidade de realizar um controle adequado dos ingredientes utilizados na elabora??o de alimentos compostos, como tamb?m as condi??es ambientais onde se armazenam as ra??es destinadas aos c?es, para preserv?- los da indesejada contamina??o f?ngica e a conseq?ente produ??o de micotoxinas.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Venkatachalam, Mekala. "Molécules colorantes naturelles issues de la biodiversité marine fongique de La Réunion : optimisation de la production, extraction et caractérisation des pigments polycétides de Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0051.

Full text

Abstract:

La grande majorité des colorants alimentaires naturels, utilisés dans la formulation des aliments et des boissons, proviennent des pigments extraits de matières premières végétales. Plusieurs couleurs dérivées de plantes peuvent entraîner des problèmes de formulation. Des facteurs, comme par exemple, la région, le climat, l'environnement, la variété cultivée, ont un effet de nuances de couleurs, de résistance et surtout de stabilité dans le produit final. Par ailleurs, les champignons filamenteux du genre Monascus, Penicillium et Talaromyces sont connus comme d'excellents producteurs de pigments rouges. Ces pigments intéressent de ce fait les industries car ils sont stables, non-toxiques et peuvent être utilisés comme colorants alimentaires.La recherche présentée dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat concerne la description des propriétés du pigment rouge que produit la souche de Talaromyces albobiverticillius isolée du milieu marin tropical autour de l'île de La Réunion. Les plans d’expérience (DOE) et la méthodologie des surfaces de réponses (RSM) ont été utilisés pour optimiser les conditions de culture et la formulation du milieu de fermentation, dans le but d'accroître les teneurs en polykétides colorés. Douze structures différentes ont été identifiées dans des extraits intracellulaires et extracellulaires des cultures fongiques, à l'aide de séparations et d'analyses spectroscopiques (HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS et RMN). Les pigments N-thréonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine et PP-O figurent ainsi parmi les 12 composants.Avec la demande croissante de composés colorés naturels dans le secteur industriel, les champignons isolés du milieu marin semblent présenter de nombreux intérêts. Des essais ont ainsi été menés afin d'étudier 1) l'amélioration des conditions de fermentation en fioles agitées ou en fermenteur de 2 litres; 2) les effets de la teneur en sel marin sur la synthèse des pigments; 3) des méthodes d'extraction respectueuses de l'environnement. Globalement, ces résultats font ressortir le grand potentiel des champignons marins produisant ce colorant rouge et la possibilité d'obtenir les colorants alimentaires adaptés
It is well known that the vast majority of food colorants used in food and beverage applications comes from the pigments synthesized by plant materials. Besides, stability of many plant-derived colors can create formulation problems. Factors such as the region, the climate, the environment, the cultivar all impact colors shade, strength and overall stability in the final product. As an alternate, fungi of the genus Monascus, Penicillium and Talaromyces are known as excellent producers of red pigments. These red pigments are of industrial interest as they are stable and non-toxic and can be used as food colorants.This present research deals with the selection of high throughput red pigment producing Talaromyces albobiverticillius as a source of polyketide based natural food colorants. Design of Experiments (DoE) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) have been used to optimize culture conditions and media formulation of fermentation process. Using Box Behnken Design (BBD), the influence of different physical factors on pigment and biomass production was studied using potato dextrose broth as culture media. The best optimal conditions were found to be with initial pH of 6.4, temperature of 24 °C, agitation speed of 164 rpm and fermentation time of 149 h gave 47.93 ± 0.58 mg /L of orange pigment, 196.28 ± 0.76 mg / L of red pigment and 12.58 ± 0.41 g /L of dry biomass. With the application of Plackett- Burman Design (PBD), 16 different media formulations were optimized using various carbon and nitrogen sources. When Sucrose and Yeast extract was used as a basal medium at 24° C, high pigment yield was observed: 695.93 ± 0.29 mg /L of orange pigment, 738.28 ± 0.51 mg / L of red pigment and 6.80 ± 0.37 g /L of dry biomass.Twelve different compounds were detected from the HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS analysis of intracellular and extracellular pigmented extracts. In particular, N-threonine-monascorubramine, N-glutaryl-rubropunctamine and PP-O were tentatively identified among these twelve compounds; further, this work reports for the first time on the PDA, MS and NMR characterization of the here named as N-GABA-monascorubramine derivative (6-[(Z)-2-Carboxyvinyl]-N-GABA-monascorubramine) pigment bearing a cis configuration at the C10-C11 double bond, in Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548. Attempts were made to study the effects of sea salts on pigment synthesis; sustainable green extraction methods for pigments; upscaling of fermentation from shake flasks to laboratory fermenter. All these experiments with their results were discussed briefly as individual chapters. Overall, these findings bring out the potential of marine-derived red pigment producing fungi and its possibility of obtaining tailor made food colorants

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Domenico, Adriana Sbardelotto Di. "Qualidade e segurança alimentar do milho em diferentes acondicionamentos de armazenagem." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/199.

Full text

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Sbardeloto Di _Domenico.pdf: 3233687 bytes, checksum: 1957cd3e9f309d6954a03c673b9b5592 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28
Brazil is one of the largest producers of grains, and maize is the second most produced grain in the country. As this cereal is directly related to human and animal food basis, many matters appear on the maintenance of their post-harvest quality, especially during storage, due to the increased attention to food safety. Despite this importance, maize is often stored on farms in inappropriate conditions, exposed to quantitative and qualitative losses, the development of toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin contamination, a substance capable of causing severe damage to human and animal health, as well as many agribusiness losses. The objective of this research was evaluating storage alternatives viable to farms through two storage experiments (2012 winter crop 2012/2013 summer harvests), for assessment of the quality of stored maize in different packings for 12 months. The experimental design was a 4 x 5 factorial, whose factors were four types of packaging storage (conventional sacks, bags hermetically sealed, metallic silo and cobs) and five time periods (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months). Two maize hybrids (2B688RR, 30K73Hx) cultivated in the region of the town of Dois Vizinhos were used, in the southwest of Paraná. The storage was conducted in ambient conditions and the following parameters were evaluated: water content, ash, protein, fat, grains without defects, volumetric weight, one-thousand grains weight, counting of Aspergillus sp, Fusarium sp, Penicillium sp, total of molds and yeasts and occurrence of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2). The results obtained in each experiment, when attended the presuppositions of the mathematical model, were evaluated by use of analysis of variance and differences between means (p<0.05) by Tukey test at 5% significance level, and when not attended them, by Kruskal-Wallis also at 5% significance level. Furthermore, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done to determine which of the variables evaluated was responsible for the largest variations in the quality of stored maize. It was found in both storages that maize kernels placed in sealed bags presented the lowest water content. Also that regardless of packaging and hybrid maize, there were an increase in ash content of grains and the decrease of the percentage of grains without defects and volumetric weight. It was detected the incidence of Aspergillus sp. Fusarium sp. and Penicillium sp., respectively 20.37, 86.11 and 94.44% of the samples of maize season winter storage, and in 83.3, 91.6 and 90.07% of the samples from the summer season storage. Aspergillus sp. was only detected after 3 months of storage in the first experiment, while in the second since harvesting. The occurrence of Fusarium sp. tended to decrease during storage, and Penicillium sp. was higher in corn conditioning in cobs. There was no influence of types of packaging and storage time on the occurrence of Aspergillus sp. and aflatoxins in maize season winter storage. However, the conditioning in maize cobs of season storage summer had the lowest count of Aspergillus sp. and did not present aflatoxin. Aflatoxins (B1+B2+G1+G2) detected ranged from 2.77 to 14.45 μg kg-1 and from 3.03 to 197.51 μg kg-1 respectively in the maize storage winter and summer. Besides this, none of the samples of the first storage showed contamination higher than 20 μg kg-1, while in the second 41 samples presented higher values. The results are due to the different climatic conditions of the periods of cultivation of hybrid maize (summer and winter seasons) and storage experiments, the disparity in the incidence of Aspergillus sp. and aflatoxin contamination. The conclusion is that by ACP all variables assessed in this study are important for the quality of stored maize.
O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores mundiais de grãos e o milho é o segundo grão mais produzido no país. Como este cereal está diretamente relacionado à base alimentar humana e animal, surgem muitas preocupações a respeito da manutenção de sua qualidade no pós-colheita, em especial ao longo do armazenamento, com aumento das atenções à segurança alimentar. Apesar disso, muitas vezes o milho é armazenado nas propriedades rurais, em condições inadequadas, exposto a perdas quantitativas e qualitativas, ao desenvolvimento de fungos toxigênicos e à contaminação por aflatoxinas, substância capaz de causar graves danos à saúde humana e animal, além de inúmeros prejuízos agropecuários. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alternativas de armazenagem, viáveis a propriedades rurais, através de dois experimentos de armazenagem (safra de inverno 2012 e safra de verão 2012/2013), nos quais se avaliou a qualidade do milho armazenado em diferentes acondicionamentos, por 12 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um fatorial 4 x 5, cujos fatores foram quatro tipos de acondicionamentos de armazenagem (sacarias convencionais, bolsas seladas hermeticamente, silo metálico e espigas) e cinco períodos de tempo (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses). Utilizaram-se dois híbridos de milho (2B688RR, 30K73Hx) cultivados na microrregião de Dois Vizinhos, sudoeste do Paraná. A armazenagem foi realizada em condições ambientais e os parâmetros avaliados foram: teor de água, cinzas, proteínas, lipídios, grãos sem defeitos, peso volumétrico, peso de mil grãos, contagem de Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., total de bolores e leveduras e ocorrência de aflatoxinas (B1, B2, G1 e G2). Os resultados obtidos em cada experimento, quando atendiam às pressuposições do modelo matemático, eram avaliados pelo emprego da análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias (p < 0,05) pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância, quando não, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, também a 5% de significância. Além disso, realizou-se a análise dos componentes principais (ACP) para verificar quais das variáveis avaliadas, eram responsáveis pelas maiores variações na qualidade do milho armazenado. Verificou-se, em ambos os armazenamentos, que os grãos de milho acondicionados em bolsas herméticas apresentaram o menor teor de água. Independente do acondicionamento e do híbrido de milho houve aumento do conteúdo de cinzas dos grãos, redução da percentagem de grãos sem defeitos e do peso volumétrico. Constatou-se a incidência de Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp. e Penicillium sp., respectivamente, em 20,37, 86,11 e 94,44% das amostras de milho do armazenamento safra de inverno; em 83,3, 91,6 e 90,07% das amostras do armazenamento safra de verão, respectivamente. O Aspergillus sp. foi detectado somente aos 3 meses de armazenagem no primeiro experimento, enquanto no segundo desde a colheita. A ocorrência de Fusarium sp. tendeu a diminuir durante a armazenagem e a de Penicillium sp. foi maior no milho acondicionado em espigas. Não houve influência dos tipos de acondicionamentos e do tempo de armazenagem na ocorrência de Aspergillus sp. e de aflatoxinas no milho do armazenamento safra de inverno. Já o milho acondicionado em espigas do armazenamento safra de verão apresentou a menor contagem de Aspergillus sp. e não apresentou aflatoxinas. Os níveis de aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) detectados variaram de 2,87 a 14,45 μg kg-1 e de 3,03 a 197,51 μg kg-1, respectivamente no milho dos armazenamentos safra de inverno e safra de verão, além disso, nenhuma das amostras do primeiro armazenamento apresentou contaminação acima de 20 μg kg-1. No segundo armazenamento, 41 amostras apresentaram contaminação. Resultados atribuídos, principalmente, às diferentes condições climáticas dos períodos de cultivo dos híbridos de milho (safra de verão e safra de inverno) e dos experimentos de armazenagem, a disparidade na incidência de Aspergillus sp. e na contaminação por aflatoxinas. Conclui-se, pela ACP, que todas as variáveis aferidas neste trabalho têm importância na qualidade do milho armazenado.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Gravanis, F. T. "A study of the Fusarium foot- and root-rot of peas and an evaluation of certain chemicals for its control." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377733.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Makambila, Casimir. "Etude de l'anthracnose du manioc (manihot esculenta crantz) et son agent pathogene colletotrichum gloeosporioides penz f. Sp. Manihotis henn." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2E385.

Full text

Abstract:

L'agressivite des souches de colletotrichum manihotis varie d'une souche a une autre et les cultivars de manioc inocules sont plus ou moins sensibles au champignon. La temperature et la lumiere exercent une action sur l'infection des tiges. In vitro la lumiere stimule ou inhibe, selon les temperatures la croissance en longeur des hyphes et la conidiogenese. Les radiations bleues, vertes et jaunes inhibent la croissance a 32 non=c. , les radiations rouges stimulent la croissance a des temperatures comprises entre 20 et 28 non=c. La conidiogenese est inhibee a 20 non=c. Et stimulee a partir de 24 non=c, par des radiations bleues et jaunes. Les radiations rouges stimulent la condiogenese a partir de 24 non=c jusqu'a 28 non=c. Le vert est toujours stimulateur quelle que soit la temperature

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Gorayeb, Teresa Cristina Castilho. "Aplicação de biofungicidas no controle do fungo Aspergillus flavus L. em amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) /." São José do Rio Preto, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127884.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: João Cláudio Thoméo
Banca: Vanildo Luiz del Bianchi
Banca: Vera Aparecida de Oliveira Tiera
Banca: Cecilia Cristina Marques dos Santos
Banca: Danila Comelis Bertolin
Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a viabilidade técnica da aplicação de biofungicidas extraídos de plantas no processamento de amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.), de modo a reduzir a infestação pelo fungo Aspergillus flavus L. e possível contaminação por aflatoxina. Foi realizado na primeira etapa o estudo da contaminação fúngica e de aflatoxina, nas Safras 2011/12, 2012/13 e 2013/14, nas etapas da colheita e pós-colheita das vagens de amendoim Runner IAC 886 na região de Jaboticabal - SP, e a proposta da Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC). Os resultados da umidade das vagens mostraram uma redução, em média, de 65,65% base seca (b.s.) no arranquio, para 7,17% b.s. no armazenamento. A contaminação fúngica foi maior na Safra 2013/2014 e os índices de aflatoxinas estavam abaixo do exigido pela legislação vigente. O plano APPCC apresentou os pontos de controle (PC) nas etapas do arranquio, secagem ao sol, colheita mecânica e transportes; e os Pontos Críticos de Controle(PCC), nas etapas de recepção, secagem e armazenamento, concluindo-se que a melhor etapa para a aplicação do biofungicida é antes da secagem artificial. A segunda parte consistiu na obtenção de biofungicidas nas formas de extratos (aquoso e alcoólico) e de óleo essencial das plantas: canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), cravo (Syzygium aromaticum), cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus), oregano (Origanum vulgare) e manjericão (Ocimum basilicum), e na avaliação destes quanto à inibição do fungo Aspergillus flavus L. e sintetização de aflatoxina. A eficiência de inibição dos biofungicidas sobre o Aspergillus flavus L. foi avaliada em meio Agar Dextrose Batata (BDA), pela técnica de inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM), concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e por aplicações dos óleos mais eficientes nas vagens de amendoim contaminadas e armazenadas em umidades...
Abstract: This study aims to evaluate the technical feasibility of the application of biofungicides extracted from plants in the processing of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), with the objective of reducing infestation by fungus Aspergillus flavus L., and consequent contamination by aflatoxin, a chemical hazard. Firstly, we studied the fungal and aflatoxin contamination for the 2011/12, 2012/13, and 2013/14 crops, during the Runner IAC 886 peanut pods' harvesting and post-harvesting stages, in the region of Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and proposed the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). The results of the pods' humidity showed a decrease, on average, of 65.65% d.b. on uprooting, to 7.17% d.b. on storage, and the fungal contamination was higher for 2013/2014 crops; the aflatoxin levels were below the required by current legislation. HACCP showed the control points (CP) during uprooting, sun drying, mechanical harvesting, and transportation; and the PCCs during stages of reception, drying, and storage proved the best stage for biofungicide application is before artificial drying. The second stage consisted of obtaining biofungicides as aqueous, alcoholic, and essential oil extracts from the plants: cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and basil (Ocimum basilicum); then, we evaluated those in inhibiting the fungus Aspergillus flavus L. and synthesizing aflatoxin. The biofungicides' inhibiting efficiency on Aspergillus flavus L. was evaluated in Potato Dextrose Agar medium (PDA), by mycelial growth inhibition technique (MGI), by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and by applying the most efficient oils on the contaminated peanut pods, stored in controlled humidity and room temperature, thus determining colony-forming units (CFU/g) and aflatoxins. The extracts' MGI results showed that there was no...
Doutor

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Gomes, Ana Carolina dos Santos. "Cinética de crescimento do fungo termófilo Myceliophthora thermophila M. 7.7 em cultivo no estado sólido /." São José do Rio Preto, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/127684.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: João Cláudio Thoméo
Coorientador: Eleni Gomes
Banca: Gustavo Orlando Bonilla Rodriguez
Banca: Michel Brienzo
Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a cinética de crescimento do fungo termófilo Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7 em cultivo sólido. A aplicação imediata desta cinética é empregá-la a modelos de previsão de transferência de calor e massa em biorreatores; em horizonte mais amplo, a cinética poderá ser relacionada à secreção de metabólitos pelo microrganismo. O meio de cultivo foi composto por bagaço de cana de açúcar e farelo de trigo (proporção 7:3) e as determinações indiretas das concentrações de biomassa foram realizadas através de metodologias químicas analíticas e de análise de imagens. Os métodos analíticos se basearam nas quantificações de N-acetil-D-glicosamina e atividade de CMCase, α amilases, xilanases, proteases e teor de proteínas solúveis. A análise de imagens foi feita empregando-se o software Lenseye e a partir de fotografias digitalizadas, onde a quantificação do crescimento foi feita através da quantificação da área superficial ocupada pelo micélio fúngico e através de técnicas de Microscopia Ótica (MO) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A técnica de análise do teor de N-acetil-D-glicosamina mostrou ser um bom indicativo de crescimento microbiano, com bom ajuste ao modelo logístico, resultando em um coeficiente R2 igual a 0,98, tendo permitido estimar os parâmetros cinéticos de crescimento, onde o Xmáx foi de 1,889 mg de glicosamina/g de fermentado. Além disso, foi possível observar com clareza as fases de crescimento acelerado, estacionária e de declínio, apesar de apresentar algumas incertezas na fase lag, provavelmente devido à heterogeneidade do meio de cultivo interferir na análise. A análise da cinética de secreção das enzimas estudadas foi um bom indicador das atividades metabólicas do fungo, mas não de seu crescimento. A determinação do teor de proteínas solúveis através da técnica de Lowry...
Abstract: This work aimed to evaluate the growth kinetics of the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7 during solid-state cultivation (SEC). The immediate application of this kinetics is in heat and mass transfer modeling in SEC bioreactors; however, through the kinetics, the metabolic secretion could be understood and forecasted. The cultivation medium was composed by sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran in the proportion 7:3 and the indirect determination of biomass where done using analytical chemical techniques, as well as through image analysis. The analytical methods were based on the quantification of N-acetylglucosamine, extracellular enzyme activities, and soluble proteins. The digital analysis were performed using a specific software, and the growth quantification was correlated to the superficial area occupied by the microorganism and and through Optical Microscopy (LOM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).The glucosamine analysis is considered an adequate method to quantify the microbial growth, since it aloud to clearly identify the phases of fast growing, stationary and decreasing, even though the lag phase identification was uncertain due to the interference of the cultivation medium on the analytical method. The analysis of CMCase, amylases, xylanases and proteases were good indicators of the fungal metabolic activities, but not of the fungal growth. The determination of the content of soluble proteins by Lowry technique presented uncertainties and do not represent faithfully all the microorganism development phases. The growth analysis by SEM possible to describe the morphological characteristics of the fungus, as the presence of conidia and hyphae propagation on fibrils branched from sugar cane bagasse. The digital image processing was well correlated to the analytical methods, but was also discarded as an adequate growth indicator. Nevertheless, this technique is promising ...
Mestre

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Simões, Lorena Caixeta de Oliveira. "Purificação de xilanase do fungo Myceliophthora heterothallica F.2.1.4 e aplicação de enzimas nativa purificada e recombinante para produção de xilo-oligossacarídeos /." São José do Rio Preto, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181110.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Roberto da Silva
Banca: Gustavo Orlando Bonilla Rodriguez
Banca: Eduardo da Silva Martins
Resumo: Xilanases são enzimas que agem na despolimerização da cadeia de xilana, principal componente da hemicelulose. Elas possuem diversas aplicações industriais tais como, na indústria de alimentos, do papel e de bioenergia. Neste contexto, há destaque para a produção de xilo-oligossacarídeos (XOS), que são considerados prebióticos. Estes possibilitam que probióticos sejam capazes de modular positivamente a microbiota intestinal, causando benefícios ao indivíduo hospedeiro. Nesse sentido, a busca de xilanases microbianas destaca-se como uma estratégia sustentável para a produção de prebióticos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi purificar e caracterizar uma xilanase do fungo Myceliophthora heterothallica F.2.1.4 e aplicar esta e duas xilanases recombinantes GH11 do referido fungo para obtenção de XOS. A enzima nativa purificada, com massa molecular estimada em 27 kDa, apresentou atividade máxima em pH 4,5 e 65 °C, e manteve média maior que 90% de sua atividade residual quando exposta a temperaturas entre 30 e 60 °C por 1 hora. Essa enzima pode ser caracterizada como uma endoxilanase pertencente à família GH11. Foram produzidos XOS do bagaço pré-tratado com ozonólise seguida de extração alcalina, xilana extraída do bagaço in natura e xilana beechwood. Os produtos da hidrólise enzimática dos diferentes substratos foram identificados por eletroforese capilar e/ou HPAE-PAD, sendo que o hidrolisado de xilana beechwood pela xilanase nativa purificada, após 12 horas de hidrólise,...
Abstract: Xylanases are enzymes that act in depolymerization of the xylan chain, the main component of hemicellulose. They have various industrial applications such as, food, paper and bioenergy industries. In this context, highlight the production of xylooligosaccharides (XOS), which are considered prebiotics. The XOS can be used with probiotic microorganisms to be able to positively modulate an intestinal microbiota, presenting benefits to the individual host. In this sense, a search for microbial xylanases stands out as a sustainable strategy for a production of prebiotics. Therefore, the objective of this work was to purify and characterize an xylanase of the fungus Myceliophthora heterothallica F.2.1.4 and to apply two recombinant enzymes of the same fungus to produce XOS. The enzyme, with the molecular weight estimated at 27 kDa, is at the maximum temperature of 4.5 and 65 °C, and continues more than 90% of its residual activity when exposed to temperatures between 30 and 60 °C for 1 hour. The purified native enzyme is presented as an endoxylanase for the GH11 family. XOS was produced from pretreated bagasse with ozonolysis followed by alkaline extraction, xylan extracted from the bagasse in natura and beeechwood xylan. The products of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the different substrates were identified by capillary electrophoresis and/or HPAE-PAD, being that the beechwood Xylan hydrolysate by xylanase purified native, after 12 hours of hydrolysis, showed 234.2 mg/g of xylan. Evaluated enzymes have potential for applications in the production of xylooligosaccharides for use as prebiotics
Mestre

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

SPADOLA, GIORGIO. "CARATTERIZZAZIONE DELLA MICOFLORA ASSOCIATA AI PRODOTTI CARNEI STAGIONATI SUINI CON PARTICOLARE RIFERIMENTO ALLA PRESENZA DI PENICILLIUM NORDICUM ED AL SUO BIOCONTROLLO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2474.

Full text

Abstract:

Penicillium nordicum è un importante contaminante di salumi, rappresentanando il 10 % e il 26 % della popolazione di Penicillium spp . isolati , rispettivamente dall'aria e dai prodotti carnei stagionati in un'indagine gestita in Italia ( Battilani et al. , 2007). Diverse colonie di P. nordicum isolate dai salumi hanno dimostrato di essere importanti produttori di ocratossina A , OTA ( Sansom e Frisvad , 2004 . Pietri et al, 2006 ; . Battilani et al , 2010). Attualmente, l'impostazione appropriata delle condizioni ambientali (temperatura, umidità relativa e circolazione dell'aria ), è l'unico strumento accettato per impedire la crescita incontrollata di P. nordicum all'interno degli impianti di stagionatura attraverso una accurata analisi dei punti critici di controllo e l’ideazione di un relativo piano HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) ben struttutato ( Asefa et al , 2011; Virgili et al , 2012). Anche se il sistema HACCP è stato applicato con successo nel settore alimentare ci sono rischi per la sicurezza alimentare non attentamente considerati. Questo è particolarmente vero per quanto riguarda i rischi micotossigeni associati ai prodotti alimentari di origine animale. Il termine "rischi micotossigeni" è utilizzato da Asefa et al. ( 2011) per descrivere lieviti patogeni e metaboliti secondari tossici prodotti da specie fungine tossigene che contaminano i prodotti alimentari e incidono sulla sicurezza alimentare. La maggior parte dei piani HACCP nelle attività di trasformazione alimentare, come ad esempio la produzione di formaggi e di prodotti carnei stagionati, tiene in considerazione principalmente il rischio derivante da agenti batterici (Arvanitoyannis e Mavropoulos, 2000; Barbuti e Parolari, 2002) anche se tali prodotti alimentari vengono spesso contaminati da funghi micotossigeni e dai loro metaboliti (Spotti et al 1989; Spotti et al , 2001a; Battilani et al 2007). Pertanto, dovrebbe essere cruciale definire un piano HACCP specificamente incentrato sui rischi micotossigeni. L'identificazione, il controllo e la standardizzazione della micoflora superficie dei salumi è fondamentale per preservare la sicurezza delle produzioni e la salute dei consumatori . Questo è il contesto in cui deve essere valutata l’efficacia e l’affidabilità per l’identificazione delle popolazioni di Penicillium spp di interessante per la produzione alimentare. In questo contesto , il progetto di ricerca di questa tesi di dottorato ha cercato di approfondire le conoscenze su tali tematiche con l'intento di limitare il rischio micotossigeno nella catena di produzione dei prodotti carnei stagionati. Sono stati affrontati i seguenti argomenti: 1 . studio della composizione e dinamica della microflora fungina presente sulla superficie dei salumi (prodotto testato, salame) e l'aria di ambienti di stagionatura tenendo conto dell'influenza di alcuni parametri di processo (inoculo starter, temperatura, fase produttiva). 2 . sviluppo di un metodo MALDI TOF MS per l'identificazione di Penicilium a livello di specie per le prospettive future di screening diretti della microflora presente sui salumi. 3 . confronto e integrazione di diverse tecniche, come l'analisi morfologica, l’analisi molecolare e l’analisi tramite spettrometria di massa, per l'identificazione delle specie di Penicillium presenti nei salumi. 4 . valutazione dei lieviti selezionati, isolati dalla superficie di prosciutto crudo, per competere con P. nordicum ed inibire l'accumulo di OTA nella prospettiva del loro uso come starter superficiali con funzione di agenti di biocontrollo.
Penicillium nordicum is an important contaminant of cured meat products, representing 10% and 26% of the Penicillium spp. isolated, respectively, from the air or the products in a survey managed in Italy (Battilani et al., 2007). Several P. nordicum cured meat isolates proved to be important producers of ochratoxin A, OTA (Sansom and Frisvad, 2004; Pietri et al., 2006; Battilani et al., 2010). Currently, the appropriate setting of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity and air circulation), is the only accepted tool to prevent the uncontrolled growth of P. nordicum inside dry-curing plants through a carefully structured Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) plan (Asefa et al., 2011; Virgili et al., 2012). Even if the HACCP system has been successfully applied in the food industry, there are food safety hazards not carefully considered. This is especially true with regard to mycotoxigenic hazards associated with animal food products. The term “mycotoxigenic hazards” is used by Asefa et al. (2011) to describe pathogenic yeasts and toxic secondary metabolites of toxigenic moulds that contaminate food products and affect food safety. Most HACCP plans in food processing activities, such as the production of cheese and dry-cured meat products, considered mainly bacterial agents (Arvanitoyannis and Mavropoulos, 2000; Barbuti and Parolari, 2002), even if such food products get often contaminated with mycotoxigenic fungi and their metabolites (Spotti et al 1989; Spotti et al., 2001a; Battilani et al 2007). Therefore, it should be crucial to define a HACCP plan specifically focused on the mycotoxigenic hazards. The identification, control and standardization of the surface mycoflora of cured meat products is mandatory to preserve the productions safety and the consumers health. This is the context of the effectiveness and reliability evaluation for the Penicillium spp. identification methods of interesting species for food production. In this context, the research project of this PHD thesis tried to fill some gaps of knowledge with the attempt to limit the mycotoxigenic risk in the cured meat products chain. The following topics were faced: 1. study of the composition and dynamic of fungal microflora present on the surface of cured meat products (salami) and the air of seasoning environments taking into account the influence of some process parameters (starter inoculum, curing temperature, stage of seasoning). 2. development of a MALDI TOF MS method for the identification of Penicilium at species level for future direct screening perspectives of the microflora present on cured meat products. 3. comparison and integration of different techniques, as morphological, molecular and mass spectral analysis, for the identification of Penicillium species in cured meat products. 4. evaluation of selected yeasts, isolated from dry-cured ham surface, to compete with P. nordicum and to inhibit OTA accumulation in the perspective of their use as surface starter biocontrol agents.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Maróstica, Junior Mário Roberto 1980. "Biotransformação de terpenos para a produção de compostos de aroma e funcionais." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256710.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientador: Glaucia Maria Pastore
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarosticaJunior_MarioRoberto_D.pdf: 758713 bytes, checksum: a3f5c7bf4942f073b9a52b841245b3e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivos o estudo da biotransformação de terpenos e avaliação de suas propriedades biológicas. A biotransformação de limoneno foi realizada por uma linhagem de Fusarium oxysporum cultivada em manipueira e transferida para meio mineral, sendo o óleo essencial de laranja, um resíduo da indústria do suco de laranja, a fonte do limoneno. Rendimentos da ordem de 450 mg/L de a-terpineol, o principal produto obtido, foram alcançados. Da mesma forma, a biotransformação do citronelol foi conduzida por uma linhagem de Penicillium sp. cultivada em manipueira e transferida para meio mineral. O principal produto obtido foi o cis-óxido de rosa em concentrações da ordem de 70 mg/L. A seleção de microrganismos biotransformadores de limoneno (cuja fonte foi óleo essencial de laranja) a- e b-pinenos (cuja fonte foi terebentina, resíduo industrial da indústria de papel) foi realizada por microextração em fase sólida (MEFS). A técnica mostrou-se eficaz para a recuperação de voláteis presentes no 'heapspace¿ de culturas esporuladas de superfície para a biotransformação. Os microrganismos selecionados por MEFS foram submetidos à biotransformação em cultura líquida e produção da ordem de 50 mg/L de verbenol por Mucor sp. 2276 e 70 mg/L de verbenona resultaram da biotransformação de a- e b-pinenos. Aspergillus sp. 2357 e Penicillium sp. 2360 produziram aproximadamente 90 e 10 mg/L de a-terpineol e álcool perílico respectivamente. A biotransformação de a-farneseno por linhagens de Aspergillus niger gerou compostos nunca relatados anteriormente na literatura. Quatro produtos principais foram obtidos. Apenas um composto pôde ser identificado por meio de CG-EM como 6-OH-farneseno. Análises de CG-olfatometria descreveram 6-OH-farneseno como aroma cítrico impactante. Estudos 'in vitro¿ e 'in vivo¿ com extrato da biotransformação de limoneno por Fusarium oxysporum e com padrões de monoterpenos revelaram o potencial desses compostos em atuarem como antioxidantes, gerando uma possibilidade para esses compostos serem utilizados industrialmente como aromas funcionais
Abstract: The biotransformation of terpenes and their functional properties were investigated in this study. The biotransformation of limonene was done by a Fusarium oxysporum strain grown in cassava waste water and transferred into a mineral medium for biotransformation. The limonene source was an orange essential oil from a orange juice industry. The main biotransformation product was a-terpineol, reaching around 450 mg/L. Similarly, biotransformation of citronellol was conducted by a Penicillium sp. strain grown also in cassava waste water and transferred into a mineral medium. The main product was cis-rose oxide, reaching concentrations higher than 70 mg/L. The screening of microrganisms for biotransformation of limonene (from orange essential oil) and a-, b-pinenes (from turpentine oil, residue from pulp industry) was done by solid phase microextraction (SPME). The technique was effective for the recovery of the volatiles from the headspace of sporulated surface biotransformation cultures. Liquid culture biotransformation experiments performed with the SPME screened strains resulted in the production of 50 mg/L of verbenol by Mucor sp. 2276 and 70 mg/L of verbenone form a-, b-pinenes and 90 mg/L of a-terpineol by Aspergillus sp. 2357 and 10 mg/L of perillyl alcohol by Penicillium sp. 2360. The biotransformation of a-farnesene by Aspergillus niger strains resulted in compounds never described in the literature before. Four main new compounds were obtained. Only one of them could be identified by GC-MS as 6-OH-farnesene. CG-O experiments revealed the impactant citrus aroma of 6-OH-farnesene. 'In vitro¿ and 'in vivo¿ experiments with the limonene biotransformation extract by Fusarium oxysporum and with the monoterpene standards present in the extract revealed the antioxidant potential of these compounds, which open a new perspective for the utilization of these compounds as functional aroma compounds
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Tongo, Murga Fredy Edward. "Diseño de un sistema de costos por órdenes de trabajo para determinar el costo de producción y rentabilidad de la empresa Fundi Metal de la ciudad de Chiclayo 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/2349.

Full text

Abstract:

El presente trabajo de investigación fue realizado en la empresa Fundi Metal, cuya actividad principal es la fundición de hierro fundido gris y aleaciones no ferrosas como el bronce, aluminio y zamak; de acuerdo a las indicaciones de sus clientes, esto evidencia que es una empresa cuyo proceso productivo induce a la adecuación o implementación de un sistema de costo por órdenes de trabajo. El objetivo general de la presente investigación consiste en el diseño de un sistema de costos por órdenes de trabajo, adaptado a la naturaleza de las operaciones de fabricación de la empresa. Para ello utilizaremos la metodología básica a un nivel descriptivo y un diseño no experimental, con entrevista y observación como técnicas de investigación. En base a ello se observó que la empresa solo identifica los costos de materiales y mano de obra, no considerando el control de los costos indirectos. Finalmente se obtuvo el costo de producción y la incidencia en la rentabilidad.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Ljiljana, Janjušević. "Biološka aktivnost i hemijski sastav ekstrakata odabranih autohtonih makrogljiva." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=104929&source=NDLTD&language=en.

Full text

Abstract:

Prema postavljenim ciljevima u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji sakupljeno je i determinisano ukupno sedam vrsta autohtonih gljiva sa područja Fruške gore, Tare i Vršačkog brega, pet lignikolnih ‐ Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurocybella porrigens, Stereum hirsutum, Stereum subtomentosum i Trametes versicolor, i dve terikolne ‐ Amanita strobiliformis i Hydnum repandum. Utvrđena je njihova biološka aktivnost (antiradikalska, antioksidativna, antimikrobna, anti‐acetilholinesterazna i citotokisčna) spram hemijskog sastava njihovih vodenih (H₂O), etanolnih (EtOH), metanolnih (MeOH) i polisaharidnih (PSH) ekstrakata. Analiza hemijskog sastava odabranih vrsta uključila je određivanje hemijske karakterizacije PSH ekstrakata ‐ FTIR analizom, određivanje fenolnog profila ‐ HPMC/MS‐MS, sadržaja organskih kiselina ‐ HPLC, sadržaja masnih kiselina ‐ GC‐FID i sadržaja biogenih elemenata ‐ AAS. Spektrofotometrijskim metodamaodređen je ukupan sadržaj proteina i ukupan sadržaj fenola i flavonoida. Prema antiradikalskoj aktivnosti OH^{• ,}O2^•‐, OH^•, Asc^•, DPPH^• i ABTS^•+ izdvojili su se ekstrakti lignikolnih vrsta: MeOH ekstrakt vrste P. porrigens, H₂O ekstrakt P. porrigens, MeOH ekstrakt T. versicolor, H₂O ekstrakt S. hirsutum, MeOH ekstrakt S. subtomentosum i H₂O ekstrakt B. adusta, navedenim redom. Najjaču antioksidativnu aktivnost dobijenu FRAP i polarografskom HPMC metodom ispoljili su PSH i H₂O ekstrakti terikolne vrste A. strobiliformis. Antimikrobna aktivnost analiziranih ekstrakata određena je ispitivanjem antibakterijskog, antifungalnog i antiviralnog potencijala, pri čemu se izdvojila vrsta H. repandum ispoljavajući najbolji efekat na Gram‐pozitivne i Gram‐negativne bakterije i na sve analizirane fitopatogene izolate (Fusarium i Alternaria) i T. versicolor na analizirani bakteriofag. Anti‐acetilholinesterazna aktivnost određena je testovima in solid i in liquid, a najbolji procenat inhibicije AChE ispoljili su EtOH ekstrakti vrsta S. hirsutum, B. adusta, S. subtomentosum i T. versicolor. Citotoksična aktivnost ekstrakata određena je MTT testom, a prema najboljoj ispoljenoj aktivnosti izdvojili su se MeOH ekstrakt P. porrigens i ekstrakti B. adusta, H₂O i EtOH. Citotoksična aktivnost ovih lignikolnih vrsta naročito je izražena nakon 72 h. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata, gde su se istakle različite vrste i njihovi različiti ekstrakti u primenjenim testovima, jasno je da biološka aktivnost i hemijski sastav zavise od porekla, vrste i tipa ekstrakta analiziranih gljiva. Na osnovu tipa rastvarača odnosno ekstrakata vrsta, koje su pokazale najbolju aktivnost spram pomenutih testova i na osnovu dobijenih korelacija kao i na osnovu detektovanih jedinjenja, pretpostavljamo da su za ispoljene aktivnosti u najvećoj meri odgovorna fenolna jedinjenja i polisaharidi. Ispoljeni biopotencijal analiziranih vrsta gljiva upućuje na njihovu potencijalnu upotrebu kao funkcionalne hrane i nutraceutika, kao i u biokontroli fitopatogena.
According to the set aims of the presented PhD thesis, seven autochthonous fungal species from the region of Fruska Gora, Tara and Vršac Mountains were collected and determined: five lignicolous ‐ Bjerkandera adusta, Pleurocybella porrigens, Stereum hirsutum, Stereum subtomentosum and Trametes versicolor, and two terricolous ‐ Amanita strobiliformis and Hydnum repandum. Biological activity of these species (antiradical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐ acetylcholinesterase and cytotoxic) was determined in relation to the chemical composition of the extracts, aqueous (H₂O), ethanolic (EtOH), methanolic (MeOH) and polysaccharide (PSH). Analysis of the chemical content of analyzed species included chemical characterization of PSH extracts – by FTIR analysis, determination of phenolic profile ‐ by HPMC/MS‐MS, content of organic acids ‐ by HPLC, fatty acid content ‐ by GC‐FID and content of biogenic elements ‐ by AAS. Spectrophotometric methods were applied for determination of the content of total proteins, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to the antiradical activity obtained towards OH^•, О2^•‐, OH^•, Asc^•, DPPH^• and ABTS^•+ extracts of lignicolous species were singled out: P. porrigens (MeOH extract), P. porrigens (H₂O extract), T. versicolor (MeOH extract), S. hirsutum (H₂O extract), S. subtomentosum (MeOH extract) and B. austa (H₂O extract), respectively. The highest antioxidant activity obtained by FRAP and the polarographic HPMC method was exhibited for PSH and H₂O extracts of the terricolous species A. strobiliformis. The intimicrobial activity of analyzed extracts was determined by examination of antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potentials, whereby the species H. repandum was separated by exhibiting the best effect on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, and all the analyzed hytopathogenic isolates (Fusarium, Alternaria) and T. versicolor against analyzed bacteriophage. Anti‐cetylcholinesterase activity was determined by tests in solid and in liquid, while the best percent of AChE inhibition was showed by EtOH extracts of the species S. hirsutum, B. adusta, S. subtomentosum and T. versicolor.bThe cytotoxic activity of extracts was determined by MTT assay, and according to the best activity, the MeOH extract of P. porrigens, and H₂O and EtOH extracts of B. adusta were distinguished particularly after 72 h. Based on the results obtained, favoring different species and their different extracts in the applied tests, it is clear that the biological activity and chemical composition depend on the origin, species and type of extract of the analyzed fungi. Based on the type of solvent or extract of the species that showed the best activity in relation to the above tests and on the basis of the obtained correlations as well as on the basis of the detected compounds, we assume that the phenol compounds and polysaccharides are responsible for the activities performed.Demonstrated bio‐potential of analyzed fungal species indicates their potential use as functional foods and nutraceutics, as well as in the biocontrol of phytopathogens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Nyinawabali, Félicie. "A survey of fungi and mycotoxins in selected food commodities from Rwanda." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8701.

Full text

Abstract:

M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology)
A study was conducted to determine the extent of fungi and mycotoxins contamination of Rwandan selected food commodities. A total of one-hundred food samples including maize, rice, cassava, beans and peanuts were collected from all five provinces of Rwanda and analysed. Mycological data obtained revealed a high level of contamination of common toxigenic fungi belonging mainly to the Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. Accordingly, Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent fungal contaminant in maize (90%), while A. carbonarius was mainly concentrated in peanuts at an incidence rate of 70%. Aspergillus fumigatus was mostly found in cassava (85%) in combination with Penicillium decumbens at the rate of 70%, meanwhile P. citrinum was found at an incidence rate of 80% in rice. The genus Fusarium was dominantly present with F. verticillioides and F. graminearum found in all analysed commodities. A toxigenicity study was also conducted to evaluate the capacity of these fungi recovered to produce their respective mycotoxins. Certain species such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolated from these commodities produced the aflatoxins (AFs). Other Aspergillus spp. such as A. carbonarius produced ochratoxin A (OTA) and F. verticillioides and F. graminearum also showed their capacity in producing different mycotoxins viz: zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FBs) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The analysis of mycotoxins in these commodities was performed following thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data obtained revealed that peanuts and maize were the most contaminated with mycotoxins at incidence rates of 85 and 80%, respectively, and at the highest contamination levels. The highest AF-contaminated commodity was maize from Western province (range: 1.3-3219.6 μg/kg; mean: 829.3 μg/kg) followed by peanut from the same region whose mean level found was 401.5 μg/kg (range: 3.2–1755.8 μg/kg). Ochratoxin A was also found in peanuts with a mean concentration of 302.6 μg/kg, while DON was found at the highest level of 419.6 μg/kg in a rice from Kigali-city. Maize was the main substrate for FBs (mean: 134 μg/kg; max: 4591 μg/kg). Zearalenone was also recovered from samples but at a low incidence rate of 40% with the highest level of 5.2 μg/kg recorded. It was also observed that 65% of samples analysed were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Panzo, Josue Domingos. "The incidence of fungi and their mycotoxins in Angolan food and crops with particular reference to maize." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5344.

Full text

Abstract:

M.Tech.
Fungi and their mycotoxins are major contaminants of cereals and maize which is the major staple food for Angolan population. The consumption of fungal and mycotoxins contaminated maize can induce health problems as these mycotoxins are known to induce immune suppression and other chronic diseases known as mycotoxicoses. In addition, to these mycotoxins also induce chronic diseases such as cancers of various types (liver, oesophageal, brain). Mycotoxins also immensely affect organs such as fragility and haemorrhage in tissues, liver-necrosis, bile-duct proliferation, caustic effects, intestinal haemorrhage and diarrhoea, adenomatosis, tremors, inco-ordination, mania, coma, photosensitization, sloughing of the extremities, nephrosis, uremia, infertility, prolonged oestrus, huge implications and infections in people with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- AIDS. There is a very little known about the incidence of mycotoxins in Angola, which are associated with Food, Environment and Health. Therefore, the aim of this scientific novel study in history of Angola was to analyse maize samples obtained from major markets in Angola and to establish their quality with regard to mycotoxins and fungi and well as to establish possible links to the prevalent diseases as well as chronic diseases recorded among Angolan populations. To attain these aims, 60 samples of maize were randomly selected and purchased from open rural and nonregulated informal (dusty and food exposed to open air) markets around Luanda, Angola. Luanda, being the capital city of Angola was found to be the best place to sample, because of the presence of huge markets in which food products as well as maize produced in different provinces are delivered and sold to its high population. Thus, sampling in these markets was representative of the whole country and the results obtained give an approximate the status of the quality of maize consumed in different parts of Angola. The result from this study approximates the status of possible health risks that consumers can be exposed due to consumption of these mycotoxins. The samples were analysed in the Food Environmental and Health Research Laboratories at the University of Johannesburg for fungi and mycotoxins contamination using fungal screening methodologies. In terms of mycotoxins extraction, a multi-mycotoxin (solvent-solvent) extraction, solid phase extraction using SAX column for fumonisins (FBs) and immuno-affinity column (VICAM) were used for confirmation of results. Normal thin layer chromatography (TLC), reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RPTLC) (both for FBs confirmation), fluorometer “VICAM” and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were techniques used for mycotoxins detection, identification and quantification. From the results obtained in this study, fungal isolation revealed contamination of the three most important toxigenic species: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium spp.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Ndlovu, Christopher Sandile. "Fungi and mycotoxins in South African forage crops and silage." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/718.

Full text

Abstract:

Several countries have enacted regulations on tolerance limits for common mycotoxins because of the hazardous nature and widespread occurrence of these fungal secondary metabolites in agricultural commodities. Screening of agricultural commodities destined for animal consumption for the presence of mycotoxins is now becoming a prerequisite in several countries as a means of minimizing ingestion of these toxins. Silage samples were analyzed for pH, % dry matter (DM) content, and the presence of total fungi, yeasts and the types of lactic acid bacteria present. The samples were also analyzed for mycotoxins that have been reported to commonly occur in silage. The pH of the samples was found to be acidic ranging from pH 3.4 to 4.7, with few samples having pH values above 6. There was a significant difference in the % DM content amongst the sampling regions. There was no significant difference in the extent of fungal contamination amongst the different regions. Aspergillus fumigatus was the predominant species from all the samples. Most of the yeast species were isolated from the Bergville region. The yeast species isolated from all samples were Trichosporon, Cryptococcus and Candida species, which are all regarded as nonlactate fermenters. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri were the only two lactic acid producers isolated from the samples. Aflatoxins, citrinin and patulin were the most predominant toxins in the samples. Ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol was not detected in all samples using thin layer chromatography, while the latter two toxins were only detected in two samples using VICAM fluorometry. The level of fumonisins that was found in the forage crops used for silage production was fairly low with the highest level being 9.36 ppb. Most of the mycotoxin extracts were found to reduce the % cell viability of human lymphocytes after 18 hours of incubation as determined by the MTT assay.
Professor Mike Dutton Mr. F. E. Van Zyl

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Berka, Njobeh Patrick. "The prevalence and health effects of fungi and mycotoxins in food commodities from Cameroon." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8609.

Full text

Abstract:

D.Tech. (Biomedical Technology)
To determine the quality of human food commodities commonly consumed in Cameroon, various districts in the western highland (Bamenda and Kumbo) and tropical rain forest (Douala and Yaounde) regions were sampled. Two mycological investigations were conducted to evaluate the incidences of mycotoxigenic fungi (95 samples) and mycotoxins (82 samples). Serial dilution of ground samples was employed to isolate fungi, subculture on various culture media and fungal species were identified morphologically followed by molecular phylogenetic approach. In general, data obtained indicate samples from various geographical regions showed no consistent variation with regard to the type of fungal species. The mycobiota of food materials were characterized by a diversity of fungal species with the predominance of Aspergillus (125 isolates) followed by Penicillium (94 isolates) and Fusarium (52 isolates). The less predominant genera include Rhizopus (14 isolates) and the Alternaria (9 isolates). Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus occurred in 53 and 44% of the samples, respectively, with higher frequencies in maize than peanuts or beans and absent in rice, pumpkin seed and cassava products. Aspergillus fumigatus was detected in 20% of samples and A. niger in 18% of the samples. Aspergillus isolated less frequently included A. carbonarius A. awamori, A. oryzae and A. tamarii, A. pseudotamarii, A. ochraceus, A. ostianus, A. avenaceum, A. oryzae and A. variabile. Consistent results were observed for A. tamarii, A. pseudotamarii, A. ochraceus and A. ostianus with respect to substrate specificity. While A. tamarii, A. pseudotamarii and A. ochraceus were isolated only from peanuts, A. ostianus strains occurred only in bean samples. Penicillium contamination was dominated by P. polonicum and P. crustosum with incidence rates of 43 and 41%, respectively, with highest contamination levels registered in samples from Yaounde. Penicillium citrinum, P. purpurogenum, P. islandicum, P. aurantiogriseum, P. expansum were also inconsistently isolated from food samples. There was a relatively low incidence of Penicillium spp. in pumpkin seed and fermented cassava product samples.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Landgraf, Maria [Verfasser]. "Detection of food relevant filamentous fungi by real time PCR / vorgelegt von Maria Landgraf." 2006. http://d-nb.info/98023946X/34.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Phillice, Mamphuli Azwifaneli. "A survey of fungi and mycotoxins in food in the rural homes of Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/924.

Full text

Abstract:

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal world-wide, serving as seed for growers, food for man and livestock as well as an industrial raw material. Unfortunately, it is also a suitable substrate for growth, development and activity of spoilage fungi. Fungal growth is a major problem in cereal grains throughout the world and may lead to poor quality of the products, as well as adverse effects to human and animal health due to mycotoxin production. Maize is usually harvested at high moisture content and then dried to bring down the moisture content to a safe level before storage. Delay in drying to safe moisture levels increases risks of mould growth and mycotoxin production. In rural villages maize is dried using only sun drying and they rely on sacks, thatched silo and drums as their storage facilities. This is insufficient to prevent damage by insects, rain, and rodents, which in turn allows fungi to invade these storage facilities. Maize was sampled in two rural areas of Venda (Limpopo Province) and the percentage moisture content was determined and then screened for total fungal contamination. The samples were also analysed for mycotoxins that have been reported to commonly occur in maize. There was no significant difference in the extent of fungal contamination in Mapate and Folovhodwe villages. Of the fungal species detected, Aspergillus species were the most common with Aspergillus flavus being the most predominant. On analysis by the multi-mycotoxin screen, aflatoxin had the highest incidence amongst mycotoxin, followed by T-2 toxin. However on using the VICAM method of analysis aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and fumonisin were the most predominant mycotoxins in the samples, while zearalenone toxin was also amongst predominant mycotoxins but with the highest level of 0.1 ppm. Most of the mycotoxin-containing extracts were found to reduce the % cell viability of human lymphocytes, after 24 hours of incubation as determined by the methyl thiazole tetrazolium salt assay. vii In conclusion the co-occurrence of these toxins in maize and maize meal may highlight the problems associated with the intake of numerous toxins that could in turn lead to more adverse health effects such as liver, oesophageal, breast and cervical cancer, male reproductive tract damage and gynacomastasia. There is, therefore, need to disseminate information to these people, using simplified methods such as programs on radio and televisions on mycotoxin hazards and discussion on the issue should also feature regularly on daily newspapers and magazines, about the dangers and management aspects of mycotoxins, and the susceptible produce.
Prof. M. F. Dutton Mr. F. E. van Zyl

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fungi as food'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles