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Johnstone, Iain Lindsay. "Transformation of Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313341.
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Kramer, Isaac. "Heat shock in Aspergillus nidulans : a molecular study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297992.
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Barnes, D. E. "Studies on the transformation of Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377245.
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Suleman, Essa. "The role of pacC in Aspergillus flavus." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/612.
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Many microorganisms, and in particular fungi, are able to grow over a wide pH range. Thus, these microorganisms must possess some regulatory mechanism or system that senses the environmental pH signal and ensures that gene expression of certain molecules is tailored to the pH of the environment (Penalva and Arst, 2002). In Aspergillus species and several other fungi, pH regulation is mediated by seven genes viz. palA, palB, palC, palF, palH, palI and the global pH regulatory gene, pacC (MacAbe et al, 1996; Negrete-Urtasun, 1999; Denison, 2000). The activated form of the PacC protein activates genes that are required at alkaline pH, e.g. genes coding for alkaline phosphatases, and represses certain genes that are functional at acidic pH, e.g. genes encoding acid phosphatases (Negrete-Urtasun, 1999). PacC (and its homologues) also positively regulates genes involved in penicillin biosynthesis, e.g. the isopenicillin N synthase gene, ipnA, in A. nidulans (Penalva and Arst, 2002). It has also been hypothesised that pacC may negatively regulate aflatoxin biosynthesis, a carcinogenic secondary metabolite in several species of Aspergillus (Keller et al, 1997). To elucidate the role of pacC a novel method of post-transcriptional gene silencing known as RNA interference was utilized. This method involved the cloning of a partial pacC gene fragment first in the forward and then the reverse orientations in a fungal expression cassette to create an RNA interference (RNAi) vector. The unique structure of this vector would allow the cloned fragments to be expressed and the resulting RNA to immediately form a double stranded stem-loop structure or short hairpin RNA (shRNA; McDonald et al, 2005). The formation of this shRNA, in turn, would be responsible for activating the endogenous RNA degradation complexes that would lead to mRNA degradation and subsequent gene silencing (Liu et al, 2003; Kadotoni et al, 2003; McDonald et al, 2005). The results presented here have shown that confirmed pacC RNAi mutants produced aflatoxins irrespective of environmental pH (i.e. the mutants produce aflatoxins under acidic and alkaline conditions). Thus, pacC is essential for pH regulation of aflatoxin production in A. flavus. There are numerous other biological (e.g. presence of oxylipins, lipooxygenases) and non-biological factors (pH, carbon source etc.) which affect maize colonisation and aflatoxin production by A. flavus (Burrow et al, 1996; Wilson et al, 2001; Calvo et al; 2002; Tsitsigiannis et al, 2006). However, all the genetic mechanisms involved have as yet not been identified. It has been shown by Caracuel et al (2003) that pacC acts as a negative virulence regulator in plants and these workers have hypothesised that PacC prevents expression of genes that are important for infection and virulence of the pathogen. Therefore the physiological effects that pacC silencing had on the growth, conidiation and pathogenicity of A. flavus mutants were also investigated. The results of this study showed that pacC does not play a significant role in primary growth and development but does affect conidial production. SEM results showed that mutants have many “open ended” phialides and poorly developed conidiophores. This would suggest that pacC activation of conidial production genes is also required. Furthermore, pacC RNAi silencing severely impaired the ability of the A. flavus mutants to infect and cause damage on maize. The results obtained here are similar to that of pacC null mutants in A. nidulans, C. albicans and F. oxysporum which also exhibited low pathogenicity (Davis et al, 2000; Fonzi, W.A, 2002; Caracuel et al, 2003; Bignell et al, 2005 and Cornet et al, 2005). This study indicates that pathogenicity of A. flavus on maize is directly related to the structural integrity of conidia, which in turn is greatly influenced by PacC. This gene is a global transcriptional regulator and may either repress or activate one or many genes in each of the above pathways (Penalva and Arst, 2002). Studies on the genetic mechanisms of pacC regulation on these pathways are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of activation or repression of these genes.
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Kachapulula, Paul W., and Paul W. Kachapulula. "Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi and Contamination in Zambia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625642.
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Aflatoxins are cancer-causing, immuno-suppressive mycotoxins that frequently contaminate important staples in Zambia including maize and groundnut. Managing aflatoxins begins with understanding the distribution of aflatoxins across the target region. Seventeen percent of crops from markets contained aflatoxin concentrations above allowable levels in Zambia, with the frequency of contamination in groundnut and maize highest in warmest regions of the country.
Proper management of aflatoxin contamination requires a clear understanding of the etiologic agents of the observed contamination. Several species within Aspergillus section Flavi have been implicated as causal agents of aflatoxin contamination in Africa. In Zambia, A. parasiticus was the main etiologic agent of aflatoxin contamination of maize and groundnut, although fungi with S morphology also caused contamination. Aspergillus flavus L morphotype fungi were associated with reduced aflatoxins, suggesting natural biological control by atoxigenic strains may reduce aflatoxin contamination in Zambia.
In addition to maize and groundnut, wild insects, fruits and fish are important sources of food and incomes in Zambia. Unfortunately, both insects and wild plants are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. To evaluate the safety of wild insects and fruit, concentrations of aflatoxins and presence of aflatoxin-producers were assessed. Some species of wild fruits and insects were found to have unsafe levels of aflatoxins suggesting mitigation efforts should target these important foods of Zambia in addition to crops such as groundnut and maize.
New lineages of aflatoxin-producing fungi have been described, and found associated with cases of aflatoxicoses in Kenya and elsewhere. Although A. parasiticus is highly frequent and an important etiologic agent of aflatoxin contamination, it is not known how this fungus is related to similar fungi elsewhere. A multigene phylogenetic analysis revealed at least two new groups divergent from known fungal species whose frequencies need to be modified if aflatoxin contamination of crops is to be reduced.
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Youngchim, Sirida. "Melanization in pathogenic fungi, particularly Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium marneffei." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.416125.
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Newbury, Jane Amanda. "Characterisation of a HSP70 gene in Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241508.
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Soerensen, Tine Kring. "Cloning and characterisation of a gpt gene from Aspergillus niger." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364397.
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Woodcock, Nicola Ann. "Biochemical and physiological responses of Aspergillus nidulans to osmotic stress." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363177.
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Greene, Andrew Vanderford. "Organization of the circadian clock and control of rhythmicity in fungi." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4161.
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Circadian rhythms in biological processes occur in a wide range of organisms and are generated by endogenous oscillators. In Neurospora crassa, the FRQ-oscillator (comprised of FRQ, WC-1 and WC-2) is essential for rhythms in asexual sporulation and gene expression. How this oscillator signals to the cell to control rhythmicity is unknown. Furthermore, under certain growth conditions, rhythms are observed in FRQ-null strains, indicating the presence of one or more FRQ-less oscillators (FLOs). Interestingly, while circadian rhythms are observed in the related Aspergillus spp., they lack the frq gene, leading to the hypothesis that a FLO is responsible for rhythms in Aspergillus. Thus, Aspergillus provides a useful organism to investigate the components of the FLO. To investigate how an oscillator controls circadian output, we characterized the role of N. crassa NRC-2. The nrc-2 gene is under control of the clock and encodes a putative serine-threonine protein kinase. In a NRC-2-null strain cultured in low glucose conditions, FRQ-oscillator-dependent outputs are arrhythmic, but are rhythmic in high glucose. Our data suggests a model whereby NRC-2 relays metabolic information to the FRQ-oscillator to control rhythmic output. To understand the role of FLO(s) in the N. crassa circadian system, we examined regulation of the ccg-16 gene. We show that ccg-16 transcript rhythmicity is FRQ-independent, but WC-1-dependent. Furthermore, in contrast to current models for the FRQ-oscillator, we observed that rhythms in WC-1 protein accumulation persist in the absence of FRQ. These data support a new model involving two oscillators that are coupled through the WC-1 protein and that regulate different outputs. One approach to identify components of the FLO involved characterizing circadian rhythms in Aspergillus spp, which lacks FRQ. We find that A. flavus and A. nidulans, display circadian rhythms in sporulation and gene expression, respectively. Together, these findings provide a foundation for the identification of FLO components in both Aspergillus and N. crassa, that will ultimately lead to an understanding of how a multi-oscillator system can generate and coordinate circadian rhythmicity.
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Kapoor, Anoop. "Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by fungi Aspergillus niger." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0023/NQ30261.pdf.
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Clement, Darren John. "A physiological and genetical study of adaptation to osmotic stress in Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337085.
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Jerrold, Avril Amanda. "Biotransformations of bicyclic ketones by whole-cell preparations of fungi." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361321.
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Ngiam, Celina. "Characterisation of a foldase in the protein secretory pathway of Aspergillus niger." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266738.
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Wheeler, Kerry Anne. "Control of metabolic flux in the quinate utilization pathway of Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294394.
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Almeida, Paula Zaghetto de. "Diversidade do potencial amilolítico em fungos filamentosos: purificação e caracterização de uma glucoamilase de Aspergillus brasiliensis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-15052015-085904/.
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O Brasil apresenta cerca de 10 a 17,6% da biodiversidade mundial e apenas uma fração dela é conhecida. Os fungos filamentosos são bons produtores de enzimas e despertam um grande interesse biotecnológico. O amido é o principal carboidrato de reserva das plantas. Dentre as enzimas amilolíticas estão as glucoamilases, que catalisam a hidrólise das ligações -1,4 e -1,6 das extremidades da cadeia do amido liberando glucose. Neste trabalho foram isolados 25 fungos filamentosos de amostras de materiais em decomposição da Mata Atlântica. Dos micro-organismos com alta atividade amilolítica foram selecionados e identificados Aspergillus brasiliensis e Rhizopus oryzae. Foi realizada a otimização do cultivo e caracterização das amilases do extrato bruto de ambos os fungos. Após a obtenção destes dados foi selecionado A. brasiliensis, pois, sua amilase é mais termoestável e ainda não reportada na literatura. Após purificação a enzima foi identificada como glucoamilase, a qual é monomérica com 69 kDa e contém aproximadamente 21% de carboidratos. Apresenta um domínio de ligação ao amido na porção terminal e estrutura secundária rica em -hélice. Sua atividade ótima ocorre em pH 4,5 a 60°C, seu pI é de 3,21, pode ser ativada com a adição de Mn2+, e é inibida por glucose em concentrações maiores que 0,1 M. A glucoamilase apresenta excelente estabilidade ao pH e boa estabilidade a temperatura (a 50°C mantém 67% de atividade após 7 horas; a 55°C a meia vida é de 147 minutos). Com amido de batata a enzima apresentou as seguintes constantes cinéticas (km 2,21 mg/mL; Vmáx 155 U/mg; kcat 179 s-1; kcat/km 81,06). A glucoamilase foi imobilizada em DEAE-PEG com ativação de 12 vezes e possibilidade de reuso de 10 vezes com perda de apenas 31% de atividade. O derivado demostrou maior facilidade para hidrolisar a amilopectina do que à amilose. Também foi realizada uma análise de neighbor joining, que agrupou a glucoamilase de A. brasiliensis próxima às glucoamilases de espécies de Aspergillus, que são consideradas as mais derivadas.Brazil holds about 10-17.6% of the world\'s biodiversity and just a percentage of it is known. Filamentous fungi are enzyme producers that have great biotechnological application. Starch is the main reserve carbohydrate in plants. Among the amylolytic enzymes there are the glucoamylases, that catalyze the hydrolysis of -1,4 and -1,6 linkages of the end of starch chains, and releases glucose. In this research 25 filamentous fungi from Atlantic forest decaying material samples were isolated. Among microorganisms with high amylolytic activity Aspergillus brasiliensis and Rhizoupus oryzae were selected and identified. The cultivation parameters were optimized and the enzymes of crude extract were characterized. Considering the previous data Aspergillus brasiliensis was selected because its amylases are more thermostable and it has not been described in the literature yet. After purification the enzyme was identified as a glucoamylase, which is monomeric with 69 kDa and about 21% of carbohydrates in its composition. The enzyme has a starch binding domain in the terminal position and its secondary structure is rich in -helix. The optimum pH for glucoamylase activity is 4.5, the temperature is 60ºC and its pI is 3.21. The enzyme can be activated by the addition of Mn+2, and inhibited in concentrations above 0,1M glucose. The glucoamylase has an excellent pH stability and a good temperature stability (at 50ºC 67% of the activity was retained after 7 hours; at 55°C its half-life was 147 minutes). The best kinetic values were obtained with potato starch (km 2.21 mg/mL; Vmax 155 U/mg; kcat 179 s-1; kcat/km 81,06). The glucoamylase was immobilized on DEAE-PEG, with an activation of 12 times and enzyme reuse 10 times with just 31% loss of its activity. The immobilized enzyme has a greater activity on amylopectin than amylose. A neighbor joining analysis with glucoamylases from filamentous fungi species was made and Aspergillus brasiliensis glucoamylase was grouped close to the glucoamylases of Aspergillus species, which are considered the most derivative.
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Peters, David G. "Characterisation of GATA binding proteins using Aspergillus nidulans as a model organism." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240865.
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Platt, Adam Samuel. "Identification of sequences in the regulatory gene areA responsible for modulating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240910.
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Pollerman, Sarah Elizabeth. "An analysis of the molecular biology of hyphal branching in Aspergillus." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484208.
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Safaie, Mehran. "Genetic control of hyphal cell growth and polarity in Aspergillus nidulans." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341792.
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Kahlert, Stefan. "Identification and characterisation of a specific extracellular component of Aspergillus fumigatus." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336524.
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Santos, JoÃo Evangelista de Ãvila dos. "Potential study of chemical and pharmacological of secundary metabolites of coast cearense fungi: Aspergillus sp." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17209.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorThis study aimed to the chemical and pharmacological research of biodiversity of marine fungi associated with sediment from the coastline of northeastern Brazil, especially the state of CearÃ. From the collection of marine sediments at the beach Pecem - SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante-CE, were cultivated various fungi, of which the strain identified as Aspergillus sp. (BRF 087), showed a preliminary cytotoxic activity. The methodology has been directed in finding secondary metabolites with cytotoxic activity using a kinetic fungus study was grown in four different media, BD (potato dextrose), BDL (potato dextrose and yeast), MPD (malt, peptone and dextrose ) and MntPL (mannitol, peptone and yeast) and in different culture periods (7, 14, 21, 28 days). This procedure resulted in the isolation of nine diketopiperazines two tetrapeptides cycle, 3 derivatives of succinic acid and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, characterized as cyclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) (A-1), cyclo (L-Pro-L -Phe) (A-2), cyclo (4-OH-Pro-Leu) (A-3), cyclo (4-OH-Pro-Phe) (A-4), cyclo (L-Pro-L-tyr ) (A-5), cyclo (L-Leu-L-Val) (A-6), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Val) (A-7), cyclo (L-Phe-L-Leu) (A-8), cyclo (L-Leu-L-Ile) (A-9), cyclo (L-Ile-L-Pro-L-Leu-L-Pro) (A-10), cyclo (Leu-Ile Leu-Phe) (A-11), 2-metilenosuccinic acid (A-12), 3-Methyl-2-metilenosuccinic (A-13), 4-metoxy-2-methylidene-4-oxobutanoic acid (A-14) and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (A-15). The isolation of secondary metabolites was conducted by using usual chromatographic techniques, including chromatography on reverse phase C18 column and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). For structural characterization of the compounds were used customary spectrometric techniques like IR, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), one and two dimensional, and compared with literature data.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal a investigaÃÃo quÃmico-farmacolÃgica da biodiversidade dos fungos marinhos associados a sedimentos da costa litorÃnea do Nordeste do Brasil, e em especial do estado do CearÃ. A partir da coleta de sedimentos marinhos na praia do PecÃm - SÃo GonÃalo do Amarante-CE, foram cultivados vÃrios fungos, dos quais a cepa identificada como Aspergillus sp. (BRF 087), mostrou uma atividade citotÃxica preliminar. A metodologia empregada foi direcionada na busca de metabÃlitos secundÃrios com atividade citotÃxica, atravÃs de um estudo cinÃtico do fungo que foi cultivado em quatro meios diferentes, BD (batata dextrose), BDL (batata dextrose e levedura), MPD (malte, peptona e dextrose) e MntPL (manitol, peptona e levedura) e em diferentes perÃodos de cultivo (7, 14, 21, 28 dias). Este procedimento resultou no isolamento de nove dicetopiperazinas, dois ciclo tetrapeptÃdeos, 3 derivados do Ãcido succinio e o Ãcido p-hidroxifenilacÃtico, caracterizados como ciclo (L-Pro-L-Leu) (A-1), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Fen) (A-2),ciclo (4-OH-Pro-Leu) (A-3), ciclo (4-OH-Pro-Fen) (A-4), ciclo (L-Pro-L-Tyr) (A-5), ciclo (L-Leu-L-Val) (A-6), ciclo (L-Fen-L-Val) (A-7), ciclo (L-Fen-L-Leu) (A-8), ciclo (L-Leu-L-Ile) (A-9), ciclo (L-Ile-L-Pro-L-Leu-L-Pro) (A-10), ciclo (Leu-Ile-Leu-Fen) (A-11), Ãcido 2-metilenosuccinio (A-12), Ãcido 3-metil-2-metilenosuccinio (A-13), Ãcido 4-metoxi-2-metileno-4-oxobutanÃico (A-14) e o Ãcido p-hidroxifenilacÃtico (A-15). O isolamento dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios foi realizado atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas cromatogrÃficas usuais, incluindo cromatografia em coluna de fase reversa C18 e cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE). Para a caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compostos foram utilizadas tÃcnicas espectromÃtricas usuais como infravermelho, espectrometria de massa e ressonÃncia magnÃtica nuclear (RMN), uni e bidimensional, alÃm de comparaÃÃo com dados da literatura.
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Vale, Maria do Socorro. "RemoÃÃo de Cromo e Zinco por Aspergillus niger." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4573.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorOs microrganismos tÃm sido amplamente estudados para remoÃÃo de diversos contaminantes em Ãguas residuÃrias, dentre eles os metais pesados. Este estudo tem como abordagem principal a remoÃÃo de metais tÃxicos pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus niger isolado do efluente de uma indÃstria petroquÃmica. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes: a primeira foi a verificaÃÃo do efeito da toxicidade Zn(II) e Cr(VI) pelo fungo estudado, jà que estes poluentes podem causar distÃrbios Ãs atividades microbianas e vir a comprometer ambientes poluÃdos e a segunda foi a remoÃÃo destes metais por biossorÃÃo utilizando a biomassa na forma de âpelletsâ. Os testes de toxidade foram feitos atravÃs de verificaÃÃo do crescimento do fungo, em meio semi-sÃlido, na presenÃa de diferentes concentraÃÃes dos metais. Os testes de adsorÃÃo foram feitos com os âpelletsâ da biomassa viva e morta. Foram avaliadas as caracterÃsticas de superfÃcie da biomassa atravÃs da determinaÃÃo do ponto de carga zero, identificaÃÃo dos sÃtios de adsorÃÃo da biomassa e anÃlise de microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura. A capacidade de adsorÃÃo da biomassa foi determinada atravÃs de estudos cinÃticos e de equilÃbrio de adsorÃÃo. Os estudos de toxicidade indicaram que o fungo estudado foi mais resistente ao Zn(II) que ao Cr(VI), sendo completamente inibido em concentraÃÃes superiores a 500 mg Zn(II).L 1 e 150 mg Cr(VI).L-1. A concentraÃÃo do ingrediente ativo capaz de inibir 50% do crescimento micelial do fungo està na faixa e 100 a 150 mg.L-1, para os dois Ãons metÃlicos. Na biomassa foi verificada a presenÃa de grupos carboxÃlicos, hidroxil, aminos e fosfatos, indicando que esta pode ser usada para biossorÃÃo de metais. O fungo apresenta estrutura fibrosa, o que favorece a adsorÃÃo de metais. O processo de adsorÃÃo dos metais, tanto pela biomassa viva quanto pela biomassa morta, se ajustou aos modelos cinÃticos pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem e o equilÃbrio seguiu modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich para concentraÃÃes de adsorvato menores que 50mg.L-1 e Freundlich para concentraÃÃes adsorvato superiores 50mg.L-1. Isso sugere o processo de biossorÃÃo dos metais se dà por mecanismos fÃsicos e quÃmicos. Foram encontradas capacidades de sorÃÃo de 1,369 mg Zn(II).g-1 e 1,174 mg Cr(VI).g-1 para biomassa viva e de 3,833 mg Zn(II).g-1 e 4,997 mg Cr(VI).g-1 para biomassa morta. A biomassa morta apresentou maior capacidade de sorÃÃo tanto para Cr(VI) quanto para Zn(II). O fungo Aspergillus niger apresenta potencial para remoÃÃo de Zn(II) e Cr(VI)
Microorganisms have been widely studied for the removal of various contaminants in wastewater, among them heavy metals. This study is the main approach of metal removal by filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger isolated from the effluent of a petrochemical industry. The research was divided into two parts, the first was to check the toxicity effect of Zn (II) and Cr (VI) by the fungus studied, since these pollutants can cause disturbances to microbial activity and eventually jeopardize the polluted environments and the second was the removal of these metals by biosorption using biomass in the form of pellets. The toxicity tests were done by testing the growth of the fungus, in semi-solid in the presence of different concentrations of metals. The adsorption tests were made with the pellets of live and dead biomass. The surface characteristics of biomass were evaluated by determining the point of zero charge, identification of sites of adsorption of biomass and analysis of scanning electron microscopy. To evaluate the adsorption capacity of biomass were performed kinetic studies and equilibrium adsorption. The toxicity studies indicated that the fungus has been studied more resistant to Zn (II) to Cr (VI), being completely inhibited at concentrations above 500 mg Zn (II).L-1 and 150 mg Cr (VI).L-1. The concentration of active ingredient capable of inhibiting 50% of mycelial growth is in the range and 100 to 150 mg.L-1 for the two metal ions. Biomass was observed in the presence of carboxyl groups, hydroxyl, amino and phosphate, indicating that this can be used for biosorption of metals. The fungus has fibrous structure, which favors the adsorption of metals. The adsorption of metals to the living biomass as the dead biomass, fitted kinetic models of pseudo-first order and pseudo second order and the equilibrium followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models for adsorbate concentrations smaller than 50mg.L-1 and the Freundlich model when adsorbate concentrations biggest than 50mg.L-1. This suggests the process of biosorption of metals occurs by physical and chemical mechanisms. Sorption capacities were found to 1,396 mg Zn(II).g-1 and 1,174 mg Cr(VI). g-1 for living biomass and 3,833 mg Zn(II).g-1 and 4,997 mg Cr(VI).g-1 for dead biomass. The dead biomass showed higher sorption capacity for removal of Cr (VI) as Zn (II). The fungus Aspergillus niger has a potential to remove Zn (II) and Cr (VI)
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Belewa, Xoliswa Vuyokazi. "The antifungal activity of an aqueous Tulbaghia violacea plant extract against Aspergillus flavus." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5858.
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Phytochemical analysis of both HEA1 and the crude plant extract showed the presence of phenolics, tannins and saponins. Saponins were the predominant secondary metabolites and were mostly abundant in the plant extract and to a lesser extent in the active compound. Steroidal saponins, tannins and phenolics were also detected in the plant extract, but only the phenolics were detected in the active compound. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that those compounds that were not present in the active compound could be removed from the crude extract during the TLC purification process. Investigation on the mechanism of action of the crude plant extract on the sterol production by A. flavus showed that the plant extract affected ergosterol biosynthesis by causing an accumulation of oxidosqualene in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway resulting in a decline in ergosterol production. An oscillatory response in lanosterol production was observed in the presence of the plant extract, which may be an adaptation mechanism of A. flavus to unfavourable conditions and compensation for the loss of enzyme activity which may have occurred as a result of the accumulation of oxidosqualene. The antifungal activity of the plant extract on ergosterol production by A. flavus may also be due to saponins which target the cell membrane and ergosterol production in fungi. The effect of the plant extract on the fungal cell wall of A. flavus also showed that the plant extract caused a decline in β-(1, 3) glucan production by inhibiting β-glucan synthase. The plant extract also affected the chitin synthesis pathway of A. flavus, by causing a decline in chitin production, which was due to the inhibition of chitin synthase. Investigation of chitinase production using 4MU substrates showed that the plant extract caused an accumulation of chitobioses, by activating chitobiosidases and endochitinases. A decline in N-acetylglucosaminidase activity in the presence of the plant extract was observed and this prevented the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The accumulation of chitobiosidase and endochitinase may be as a result of autolysis that may be triggered by A. flavus as a survival mechanism in the presence of the plant extract and as a compensatory mechanism for the loss of β-glucans and chitin. The antifungal effect of the plant extract on various components of the cell wall of A. flavus, makes T. violacea aqueous plant extract an ideal chemotherapeutic agent against both human and plant pathogens of Aspergillus. The broad spectrum of antifungal activity of T. violacea against A. flavus also eliminates any chances of the fungus developing resistance towards it and would make it a candidate for use as a potential antifungal agent. Further identification and possible chemical synthesis is needed to shed light on the safety and efficacy of the active compound for further development as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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Oliveira, ?guida Aparecida de. "?leos essenciais e extratos vegetais de plantas cultivadas no Brasil: impacto no crescimento de Aspergillus ochraceus e Aspergillus carbonarius. 2010." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/796.
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Previous issue date: 2010-02-09Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Essential oils and plant extracts from aromatic plants are recognized for its antimicrobial properties and effectiveness as food antioxidants. The mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi in feed, being particularly harmful to animals and humans. The mycotoxin occurrence happens after an oxidation process, consequently, the oxidation prevention is a way to avoid mycotoxins production, like ochratoxin A, which is a nephrotoxic toxin, mainly produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus carbonarius in tropical areas. There is evidence that syntetic antioxidants can be prejudicial to animals and humans health. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Brazilian plant extracts (essential oils hydrodistillation and hexanic extraction; and vegetal extracts: aqueous and ethanolic) to inhibit the growth of A. ochraceus NRRL 3174 and A. carbonarius RC 2054 (UNRC). A total of 40 plant extracts from ten vegetable species: basil (Ocimum basilicum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), marjoram (Origanum majorana), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), spearmint (Menta piperita) and sweet fennel (Pimpinella anisum) were screened by diffusion agar test for the best results on mycelial growth inhibition. Oregano essential oils (obtained by hydrodistillation and hexanic extraction), the rosemary essential oil and the clove ethanolic extract were chosen to obtain the growth rate and the lag phase at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg on yeast extract-sucrose agar (YES). Strains were centrally inoculated and the radial growth (mm/day) was daily measured. The growth rate decreased as the essential oil concentration increased in all treatments and fungal strains assayed. The oregano essential oil showed the best results among the other essential oils. Comparing all four treatments, the best result was for clove ethanolic extract and the worst one was for oregano essential oil produced by hexanic extraction. The concentration of 600 mg/kg exerted the best inhibitory effect. These results are interesting related to the prevention of fungi contamination in many foods and they could be used instead of synthetic antifungal products. Future studies should be conducted to determine the ability of these oils and extracts to reduce the ochratoxin A production.
?leos essenciais e extratos vegetais de plantas arom?ticas s?o reconhecidos por suas propriedades antimicrobianas e efici?ncia como antioxidante de alimentos. As micotoxinas s?o metab?litos t?xicos produzidos por fungos filamentosos em alimentos, sendo particularmente nocivas a animais e humanos. A ocorr?ncia de micotoxinas ocorre depois de um processo de oxida??o, consequentemente, a preven??o da oxida??o ? um meio de evitar a produ??o de micotoxinas, como a ocratoxina A, que ? uma toxina nefrot?xica, principalmente produzida por Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger e Aspergillus carbonarius em ?reas tropicais. H? evid?ncias de que antioxidantes sint?ticos possam ser prejudiciais ? sa?de animal e humana. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito inibit?rio de plantas arom?ticas brasileiras (?leos essenciais obtidos por hidrodestila??o e extra??o hex?nica; e extratos vegetais: etan?lico e aquoso) sobre o crescimento de A. ochraceus NRRL 3174 e A. carbonarius RC 2054 (UNRC). Um total de 40 extratos de plantas oriundos de dez esp?cies vegetais: manjeric?o (Ocimum basilicum), canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), cravo (Eugenia caryophyllata), cominho (Cuminum cyminum), manjerona (Origanum majorana), noz moscada (Myristica fragrans), or?gano (Origanum vulgare), alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis), hortel? (Menta piperita) e erva-doce (Pimpinella anisum) foram submetidos a uma sele??o pelo teste de difus?o em agar para eleger os que proporcionassem os maiores halos de inibi??o f?ngica. Os ?leos essenciais de or?gano (obtidos por hidrodestila??o e extra??o hex?nica), de alecrim (obtido por hidrodestila??o) e o extrato etan?lico de cravo foram os mais efetivos, e foram ent?o escolhidos para a obten??o dos par?metros de velocidade de crescimento e fase lag nas concentra??es de 0, 50, 100, 150, 300 e 600 mg/kg em placas de Petri contendo meio agar extrato de levedura e sacarose (yeast extract sucrose agar - YES); as cepas foram inoculadas no ponto central, e o crescimento radial da col?nia (mm/dia) foi mensurado diariamente. A velocidade de crescimento diminu?a ? medida que a concentra??o do ?leo essencial aumentava em todos os tratamentos e cepas testadas. O ?leo essencial de or?gano mostrou os melhores resultados dentre os ?leos essenciais. Comparando os quatro tratamentos, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o extrato etan?lico de cravo, e os piores resultados com o ?leo essencial de or?gano obtido por extra??o hex?nica. A concentra??o de 600 mg/kg foi a de maior poder inibit?rio. Esses resultados s?o interessantes na conex?o com a preven??o do crescimento f?ngico em muitos alimentos, e poder?o ser usados em substitui??o dos produtos antif?ngicos sint?ticos. Mais estudos devem ser conduzidos para determinar a habilidade desses ?leos e extratos na redu??o da produ??o de ocratoxina A.
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Fairs, Abbie. "Detection of filamentous fungi in the homes and airways of patients with asthma." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27656.
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Asthma is a heterogeneous condition characterised by variable airflow obstruction, airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. Fungal sensitisation has been associated with asthma severity; and airways colonisation by the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus has been associated with a progressive lung function decline in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Interest in the home environment as a source of fungal exposure is increasing; however, there are still no accepted guidelines or standardised methods for the quantification of indoor fungal levels. We sought to i) investigate typical airborne fungal spore concentrations in homes and to compare exposure levels in asthma patients grouped according to either A. fumigatus sensitisation or sputum culture; ii) fully characterise the fungal biota capable of colonising the airways in patients with asthma; and iii) define the clinical characteristics of fungal colonisation. Aspergillus/Penicillium-type conidia exhibited indoor predominance and independence of season, and were highest in old, terraced, non-insulated properties. A. fumigatus was the predominant fungus isolated from sputum and IgE sensitisation to A. fumigatus was associated with reduced post-bronchodilator FEV1 in patients with asthma. Sputum culture of filamentous fungi was also associated with reduced lung function, with predominant fungi comprising Aspergillus and Penicillium species; notably Penicillium piceum and species of Aspergillus section Nigri. Higher levels of airborne A. fumigatus were detected in homes of asthmatics with a positive sputum culture for A. fumigatus. In conclusion, sensitisation to A. fumigatus and airways colonisation by fungi are associated with reduced lung function in moderate to severe asthma; and this study provides a direct link between home exposure and airways colonisation.
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Sindle, Astrid Elizabeth. "Evaluation of the effect of morphological control of dimorphic Mucor circinelloides on heterologous enzyme production." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1207.
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Lopes, Aline de Souza 1979. "Catalogação das espécies potencialmente toxigênicas das Aspergillus : ocorrência, taxonomia polifásica, distribuição e preservação." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254592.
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Orientador: José Luiz PereiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O gênero Aspergillus é um grupo de fungos que possui diversas espécies produtoras de micotoxinas, distribuídas principalmente em três seções denominadas de Nigri, Flavi e Circumdati. Estudos para isolamento destas espécies estão sendo executados para se conhecer a micobiota e atuar na prevenção e redução da contaminação dos alimentos, principalmente por micotoxinas, como também são úteis nas descobertas de novas espécies. A identificação de fungos, como o gênero Aspergillus sp foi, por muito tempo,realizada através de suas características morfológicas, sendo hoje amparadas por técnicas como a Biologia Molecular, fisiologia e detecção de metabólitos específicos produzidos pelos microrganismos. Com este objetivo, este trabalho apresenta o inicio do levantamento de dados relacionado à ocorrência, caracteres morfológicos, fisiológicos,bioquímicos e moleculares, assim como a distribuição geográfica. A partir do isolamento de 10.048 cepas potencialmente toxigênicos de amostras de café, cacau, castanha do Brasil e frutas secas (tâmaras, uvas passas, figos e ameixas), matérias-primas de projetos desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Microbiologia do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (ITAL), 5.069 destes isolados foram preservadas em sílica gel, exigindo a catalogação dos dados. Neste acervo, a section Flavi predominou com o número de 2.507 culturas (32% destas cepas foram produtoras de aflatoxinas), seguida da section Nigri com 2.078 e 463 da section Circumdati que, somando, contribuiram com 11% de fungos produtores de ocratoxina A. Os Aspergillus da section Nigri apareceram em número considerável em todos os substratos, confirmando a sua predominância destes como contaminantes de alimentos. As amostras de castanha do Brasil contribuíram com o maior número de isolados, principalmente pela biodiversidade da floresta e colheita extrativista. Fungos que apresentaram estruturas diferenciadas, representantes de grupos com mesmas características, toxicidade ou espécies novas foram encaminhados para outros tipos de identificação. Duzentos e setenta e seis culturas foram identificadas por análise molecular, 435 pela extração de seus metabólitos e 87 espécies foram classificadas através da identificação polifásica. A distribuição das culturas apresentou representantes do Norte, Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, sendo que o Pará e Amazonas contribuíram com 2.759, como também culturas originárias de amostras de outros países como Irã,Turquia, Tunísia, EUA, México, Espanha e Argentina. A rotina de uma coleção consiste em novos isolamentos, manutenção do acervo e atualização do banco de dados, um trabalho enriquecedor para a ciência e que nunca se encerra
Abstract: The genus Aspergillus is part of a fungi group with several species that produce mycotoxins, mainly distributed in three sections named Nigri, Flavi and Circumdati. Studies to isolate these microorganism types are being made to know the mycobiota and their function in prevention and reduction of food contamination, mainly by mycotoxins and also to discover new species. The Aspergillus fungi identification was for a long time made by morphological characteristics but now it is supported by techniques such as molecular biology, physiology and detection of microorganism metabolites. With the objective this work presents the beginning of data collection related to the occurrence, morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular, as well as the geographic distribution. From the potentially toxigenic strains isolation of 10,048 samples of coffee, cocoa, Brazil nuts and dried fruit (dates, raisins, figs and prunes) raw materials for projects developed in the Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), 5069 of these isolates were preserved in silica gel, requiring cataloging data. In this collection section Flavi predominates with 2,507 cultures (32% of these strains are aflatoxin producers) followed by section Nigri with 2,078 and 463 of section Circumdati that together, contributes 11% of ochratoxin A fungi producing. The Aspergillus section Nigri showed a considerable number of all substrates, confirming its predominance and resistance as a food contaminant. Brazil nut samples contributed with the largest number of strains due to forest biodiversity and harvest extraction. Fungi that had differentiated structures, group representatives with similar characteristics, toxicity or new species were referred to other types of identification. Two hundred and seventy six isolates were identified by molecular analysis with 435 metabolites, 88 species of Aspergillus showed the two forms, being classified by polyphasic identification. The genus Aspergillus was identified widely from countries such as Iran, Turkey, Tunisia, USA, Mexico, Spain and Argentina. In Brazil there are representatives from the North, Northeast, South and Southeast, and Para and Amazonas states that contributed to 2,759 cultures. The collection routine consists of new insolation, collection maintenance and updating of the database, which is an undending task for the enrichment of science
Mestrado
Ciência de Alimentos
Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos
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Freitas, Patricia Rabelo de. "EFEITO DE ENZIMAS AMILOLÍTICAS DE Aspergillus awamori SOBRE A DIGESTÃO DO AMIDO EM BOVINOS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2012. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2501.
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Previous issue date: 2012-05-15Avaliou-se o efeito de uma solução de amilase produzida por Aspergillus awamori sobre a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) de milho. Foram realizados dois experimentos, onde o primeiro a solução de enzima amilase foi aplicada por pulverização em 24g de milho moído (2 mm) e o segundo a solução de enzima amilase foi aplicado no fluido ruminal. Os tratamentos foram: controle (0 enzima), T1 (5Ml de enzima) e T2 (10Ml de enzima) para cada experimento. O ensaio da DIVMS foi obtido usando a técnica de rúmens artificiais adapatada durante os períodos de 15 ; 1,30 , 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas. Para a coleta de líquido ruminal foi utilizado um bovino de peso aproximado de 380 kg. O animal foi mantido em baia e adaptado a dieta durante um período de 10 dias antes do recolhimento do líquido ruminal com acesso livre à água e sal mineral. Para os dois experimentos foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas 3 x 6, com quatro repetições (jarros). As parcelas foram constituídas por milho tratado com três diferentes níveis de enzima e as subparcelas por seis momentos de digestão. Para enzima amilase aplicada no líquido ruminal o resultado de DIVMS para os três tratamentos nos períodos de 3, 6 e 12 horas não diferiram estatisticamente entre si. Entre o tratamento controle e T1 houve diferença significativa nos tempos 15 e 1,30 horas. Foi observado maior DIVMS para o tratamento controle, em relação ao T1, com valores de 54,54% e 49,05 , e não houve diferença nos tempos 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas. Entre o tratamento controle e T2 não houve diferença no tempo 15 e 24 horas. O controle foi superior a T2 28,74% e 10,53%, respectivamente. A DIVMS foi superior para o tratamento controle, indicando que os níveis de 5 e 10 ml de enzimas injectados no fluido ruminal não aumentaram a DIVMS. Para amilase aplicada por pulverização em 24g de milho moído, no tempo de 15 , observou-se que o tratamento controle e T1 não diferiram. No entanto, o T2 melhorou a DIVMS em 55,54%, comparado ao grupo controle. O tratamento T1 aumentou a DIVMS apenas em tempos de 3 e 24 horas de incubação, em relação ao controle. Com a aplicação de 10 ml de enzima, a DIVMS aumentou em todos os tempos de incubação, em comparação com o controle.
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Oliveira, Juliêta Rangel de. "Hidrólise enzimática de nitrilas pelo fungo de origem marinha Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75133/tde-10042013-154445/.
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No presente estudo, uma triagem foi realizada com 12 fungos marinhos Penicillium miczynskii CBMAI 930, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 933, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936, Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Penicillium decaturense CBMAI 1234, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 1235, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237 e Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 1241 para avaliar o potencial enzimático destes micro-organismos frente à fenilacetonitrila 1. Estes micro-organismos foram isolados de esponjas e alga coletadas do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. A triagem foi realizada em meio sólido mineral suplementado com glicose e fenilacetonitrila 1 como única fonte de nitrogênio. Dentre os fungos, 8 adaptaram-se muito bem ao substrato 1 nas respectivas quantidades 5 µL (0,04 mmol), 10 µL (0,08 mmol) e 15 µL (0,12 mmol). Em seguida, a triagem foi realizada em meio líquido (20 µL (0,17 mmol), 40 µL (0,35 mmol) e 60 µL (0,50 mmol) de fenilacetonitrila 1 e obteve um bom crescimento de massa micelial dos fungos. Experimentos realizados na ausência de fenilacetonitrila 1, tanto em meio sólido, quanto em meio líquido, não promoveram o crescimento microbiano, evidenciando que as enzimas capazes de hidrolisarem nitrilas presente no sistema catalítico são construtivas. A fenilacetonitrila 1 foi biotransformada ao ácido 2-(2-hidroxifenil)acético 1b (51% pelo fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 934) por todos os fungos adaptados. Devido ao bom crescimento do fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 934 em meio mineral sólido e líquido na presença de fenilacetonitrila 1, este fungo foi selecionado para promover reações de hidrólise frente a diferentes organonitrilas, arilcetonitrilas: 4-fluorofenilacetonitrila 2, 4-clorofenilacetonitrila 3, 4-metoxifenilacetonitrila 4, 2-metilfenilacetonitrila 5, 3-metilfenilacetonitrila 6, 4-metilfenilacetonitrila 7 aos seus correspondentes ácidos carboxílicos 4-fluorofenilacético 2a (51%), 4-clorofenilacético 3a (55%), 4-metoxifenilacético 4a (43%), 2-metilfenilacético 5a (76%), 3-metilfenilacético 6a (52%) e 4-metilfenilacético 7a (46%), em nitrila alifática, 2-(1-ciclo-hexen-1-il)acetonitrila 8 ao ácido 2-(1-ciclo-hexen-1-il)acético 8a (28%) e nitrila hetero-aromática, 2-cianopiridina 19 a 2-piridinamida 19a. As reações foram acompanhadas por GC-FID e os produtos de biotransformações foram isolados e caracterizados por GC-MS, HRMS, RMN de 1H e de 13C. Este trabalho envolveu o primeiro estudo frente à biotransformação de nitrilas por micro-organismos de origem marinha.In the present study, a screening of 12 marine fungi Penicillium miczynskii CBMAI 930, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 933, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936, Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Penicillium decaturense CBMAI 1234, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 1235, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237 and Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 1241 was done in order to evaluate the enzymatic potential of these microorganisms in phenylacetonitrile 1. These microorganisms were isolated from sponges and algae collected at the north shore of Sao Paulo State. The screening was carried out in solid mineral medium supplemented with glucose and phenylacetonitrile 1 as the only source of nitrogen. Among the fungi, 8 adapted to the subtract really well 5 µL (0,04 mmol), 10 µL (0,09 mmol) and 15 µL (0,13 mmol). Afterwards, a screening was carried out in liquid medium 20 µL (0,17 mmol), 40 µL (0,35 mmol) and 60 µL (0,50 mmol) of phenylacetonitrile 1) and a great mass of the fungi was obtained. The phenylacetonitrile 1 was biotransformed in the acid 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic 1b (51% by the fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 934) by all the adapted fungi. Experiments carried out without phenylacetonitrile 1, both in solid and liquid media did not show microbial growth. Enzymes which hydrolyzed nitriles present in the catalytic system were constructive. Due to the good growth rate of the fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 934 in solid and liquid mineral media in presence of phenylacetonitrile 1, this fungus was selected to promote hydrolysis reactions in different organonitriles, arylacetonitriles: 4-fluorophenylacetonitrile 2, 4-chlorophenylacetonitrile 3, 4-methoxyphenylacetonitrile 4, 2-methylphenylacetonitrile 5, 3-methylphenylacetonitrile 6, 4-methylphenylacetonitrile 7 in their corresponding carboxylic acids 4-fluorophenylacetic 2a (51%), 4-chlorophenylacetic 3a (55%), 4-methoxyphenylacetic 4a (43%), 2-methylphenylacetic 5a (76%), 3-methylphenylacetic 6a (52%) and 4-methylphenylacetic 7a (46%), aliphatic nitrile 2-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)acetonitrile 8 to 2-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)acetic acid 8a (28%) and heteroaromatic nitrile 2-cyanopiridine 19 to 2-pyridinecarboxamides 19a. The reactions were monitored by GC-FID and the biotransformation products were isolated and characterized by GC-MS, HRMS and 1H and 13C NMR. This work involved the first study on the biotransformation of nitriles by marine microorganisms.
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Giraldo, Marielle Aleixo [UNESP]. "Purificação e caracterização bioquímica da invertase extracelular produzida pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus terreus." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87963.
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Os microrganismos, de modo especial os fungos filamentosos, possuem papel fundamental na decomposição de matéria orgânica, sendo interessantes como modelos para realização de diferentes estudos biológicos. Além disso, são de fácil manejo e as condições de cultivo podem ser facilmente adaptadas em laboratório. Outra vantagem é, geralmente, o baixo custo e o fácil acesso aos nutrientes necessários para o crescimento dos mesmos. Entre os microrganismos, os fungos filamentosos têm se destacado na obtenção de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico, como é o caso das invertases, as quais podem ser empregadas nas indústrias de alimentos e bebidas. As invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) são hidrolases que podem ser encontradas em uma grande variedade de organismos, realizando a hidrólise da ligação - D-frutofuranosídica, agindo sobre a sacarose, gerando como produtos D-glicose e D-frutose, em quantidades equimolares. Essa mistura é conhecida como açúcar invertido e é geralmente utilizada pelas indústrias de alimentos. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de invertase extracelular pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus terreus, em fermentação submersa e em fermentação em substrato sólido, bem como purificar e caracterizar a enzima bioquimicamente. Entre os diversos meios de cultura testados em FSbm, a maior produção invertásica foi obtida em meio M5 mantido em agitação orbital (100 rpm) a uma temperatura de 30ºC, por um período de 48 horas de incubação. Já na FSS, o melhor período de incubação foi de 72 horas, também a 30ºC. Entre todas as fontes de carbono testadas, a maior produção invertásica foi obtida utilizandose farinha de centeio para a FSbm e soja moída para FSS. A enzima iv extracelular obtida em FSbm foi purificada 139 vezes com uma recuperação de 11%. A invertase extracelular...
The microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi, have a fundamental role in the decomposition of organic matter, and they are interesting as models for carrying out different biological studies. Moreover, they are easy to handle, and their growing conditions can be easily adapted in the laboratory. Another advantage is, generally, the low cost and easy access to the nutrients needed for their growth. Among the microorganisms, filamentous fungi have been essential in obtaining enzymes of biotechnological interest, such as invertase, which may be employed in the food and beverage industries. The invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) are hydrolases that can be found in a great variety of organisms, performing the hydrolysis of the -D fructofuranosidic bond acting on sucrose, generating products such as D-glucose and D-fructose, in equimolar amounts. This mixture is known as inverted sugar and it is commonly used by food industries. This way, the aim of this work was to study the production of extracellular invertase by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus in submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, as well as its purification and biochemical characterization. Among the various media tested in FSbm, the highest yield of invertase was obtained by using M5 medium under orbital agitation (100 rpm) at 30°C for 48 hours of incubation. In the FSS, the best incubation period was 72 hours, also at 30°C. Among all carbon sources tested, the highest invertase production was obtained using rye flour for FSbm and soybean meal for FSS. The extracellular enzyme obtained from FSbm was purified 139 fold with 11% recovery. The extracellular invertase of A. terreus is a heterodimer of native vi molecular mass of 74.67 kDa consisting of two subunits, one of 46.77 kDa and another of 26.92 kDa determined... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Castro, Fabiane Lucy Ferreira. "Interação entre fungos toxigênicos (Aspergillus flavus e Fusarium verticillioides) e carunchos (Sitophilus zeamais) em amostras de grãos de milho." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-26012012-140354/.
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Foi pesquisada a habilidade de carunchos Sitophilus zeamais em veicular esporos de Aspergillus flavus e Fusarium verticillioides e a conseqüente produção de micotoxinas. Grãos de milho foram mantidos em frascos conectados por uma mangueira formando um sistema fechado (lados A e B) e divididos em seis grupos: G1 (milho + caruncho - Lado A); G2 (Milho + A. flavus - Lado A); G3 (milho + A. flavus + caruncho - Lado A); G4 (milho + F. verticillioides - Lado A), G5 (milho + F. verticillioides + caruncho - Lado A) e G6 (milho + A. flavus + F. verticillioides + caruncho - Lado A). O lado B continha grãos estéreis. Após 10, 20 e 30 dias de incubação foram realizadas: pesagem, atividade de água, microbiota fúngica, determinação de micotoxinas, análise nutricional, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e PCR-RT em tempo real. Frente aos resultados obtidos constata-se a importância do Sitophillus zeamais como vetor de fungos e a importância de boas práticas de manipulação e armazenamento de grãos, visando reduzir os riscos de contaminação e deterioração.The weevils Sitophilus zeamais ability was examined to propagate spores of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and the production of mycotoxins. Corn grains was conserved in flasks connected by a rubber to form a closed system (side A and B) and divided in six groups: G1 (corn + weevil - side A); G2 (corn + A. flavus - side A); G3 (corn + A. flavus + weevil - side A); G4 (corn + F. verticillioides - side A), G5 (corn + F. verticillioides + weevil - side A) e G6 (corn + A. flavus + F. verticillioides + weevil - side A). The side B contained sterile grains. After 10, 20 and 30 days of incubation were realized: weighing, activity water, mycoflora, determination of mycotoxins, nutritional analysis, scanning electron microscope and Real time PCR-RT. In front of the results was observed the importance of Sitophilus zeamais like a fungus vector and the importance of Good Manufacturing Practices and Stores of grains, to reduce the risks of contamination and deterioration.
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Massocco, Marina Martinêz. "Ocorrência de fungos toxigênicos e aflatoxinas em pisciculturas do estado de São Paulo: rações e espécies comerciais de pescado de cultivo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-14032017-091458/.
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O estudo teve por finalidade avaliar a contaminação por aflatoxinas (AF) em três espécies de peixes no Estado de São Paulo, avaliando também a micobiota e a ocorrência das toxinas nas rações. Foram coletadas amostras de ração, em uso e em estoque, e amostras dos peixes lambari (Astyanax altiparanae), matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) e pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) em cinco pisciculturas localizadas no Estado de São Paulo. As amostras de ração foram avaliadas quanto à contaminação fúngica, classificando os Aspergillus quanto à espécie e ao potencial toxigênico. A contagem de bolores variou de 1,0 x 102 UFC/g até 4,0 x 104 UFC/g, sendo o maior valor encontrado em rações em uso. A atividade de água variou de 0,45 a 0,72. Na análise da micobiota da ração, o gênero Aspergillus foi encontrado em 100% das amostras avaliadas, além dos gêneros Penicillium, Fusarium e Cladosporium. Dentre os isolados de Aspergillus seção Flavi, 84,2% produziram aflatoxinas. Foram identificadas diferentes espécies de Aspergillus, sendo 42,1% classificados como Aspergillus flavus. A detecção e quantificação de aflatoxinas foram efetuadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) em amostras de ração, tecido muscular e fígado dos peixes. AFB1 e AFG2 foram detectadas em 8,34% e 16,67% das amostras de ração, respectivamente. No tecido muscular, apenas uma amostra apresentou 5,4 µg AFM1/kg. Nas amostras de fígado, 50% apresentaram AFM1, variando de 2,3 a 17,1 µg/kg, e 16,67% apresentaram AFB1 em níveis de 8,9 a 12,7 µg/kg. Embora tenham sido encontrados níveis baixos de aflatoxinas na ração das propriedades investigadas, a detecção nos tecidos dos peixes sugere que os animais ingeriram a toxina em algum momento. Assim, pode-se concluir que o risco de contaminação por aflatoxinas em pisciculturas no estado de São Paulo existe e deve ser controlado.The study aimed to evaluate the contamination by aflatoxins (AF) in three species of fish in the state of Sao Paulo, evaluating also the mycobiota and the occurrence of toxins in feed. It were collected feed samples, in use and stored, and fish samples: lambari (Astyanax altiparanae), matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in five fish farming from state of Sao Paulo. Feed samples were evaluated for fungal contamination, classifying Aspergillus at species and their toxigenic potential. The mold count ranged from 1.0 x 102 CFU/g to 4.0 x 104 CFU/g, and the highest value was found in feed in use. The water activity ranged from 0.45 to 0.72. Regarding mycobiota analysis, the genus Aspergillus was found in 100% of the samples, as well Penicillium, Fusarium and Cladosporium genus were noted. Among the isolates of Aspergillus section Flavi, 84.2% produced aflatoxins. Different Aspergillus species were identified, with 42.1% classified as Aspergillus flavus. The detection and quantitation of aflatoxins in feed samples, fish muscle and fish liver were performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). AFB1 and AFG2 were detected in 8.34% and 16.67% of feed samples, respectively. In fish muscle, only one sample showed 5.4 µg AFM1/kg. In the liver samples, 50% presented AFM1, ranging from 2.3 to 17.1 µg/kg, and 16.67% had AFB1 at levels from 8.9 to 12.7 µg/kg. Despite the low levels of aflatoxin in the fish feed from the investigated properties, the detection in fish tissues suggests that animals could have ingested the toxin anytime. Thus, it can be concluded that the risk of aflatoxin contamination in fish farming in the state of Sao Paulo exists and it must be controlled.
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Coelho, Ednei da Assunção Antunes. "Efeitos da radiação gama e feixe de elétrons sobre amostras de castanhas-do-Brasil inoculadas artificialmente com Aspergillus flavus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-18062013-084844/.
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Apesar da perda econômica, representada pela contaminação por fungos toxigênicos em castanhas-do-Brasil, um importante produto extrativista da região Norte do Brasil, estudos realizados ainda são incipientes quanto ao controle da contaminação por fungos aflatoxigênicos utilizando métodos como radiação gama (R.G) e, sobretudo, feixe de elétrons (F.E). Esses fatos motivaram a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama e da aplicação de feixe de elétrons em amostras de castanha-do-Brasil inoculadas artificialmente com Aspergillus flavus. Para atingir tal objetivo, foram estudadas 50 amostras de castanha-do-Brasil, previamente, inoculadas com suspensão de esporos de A. flavus e, posteriormente, incubadas a 30 ºC em ambiente com umidade relativa controlada a 93 %. Após 15 dias de incubação, as amostras foram divididas em 5 grupos que receberam as seguintes doses de radiação: controle (0 kGy), 5 e 10 kGy F.E, 5 e 10 kGy R.G. A micobiota foi realizada através de diluição seriada, com semeadura em superfície utilizando ágar batata. Os resultados demonstraram que o tratamento com F.E utilizando a dose de 5 kGy e 10 kGy resultou na redução de crescimento de A. flavus em 74% (37/50) e 94% (47/50) das amostras. Quanto às amostras tratadas com R.G na dose de 5 kGy e 10 kGy não ocorreu crescimento fúngico em 92% (46/50) e 100% (50/50) delas. A pesquisa de aflatoxinas mostrou que doses de F.E de 5 kGy e 10 k Gy reduziram os níveis de AFB1 em 53,32% e 65,66%, respectivamente. Por sua vez, a aplicação de raios gama nas doses de 5 e 10 kGy reduziu os níveis das toxinas em 70,61% e 84,15 % respectivamente. Tal resultado pode ser atribuído a maior penetrabilidade da radiação gama. Análise sensorial demonstrou maior aceitação das amostras irradiadas com F.E e R.G na dose de 10 kGy. Concluímos que, apesar de a análise sensorial ter demonstrado perda de algumas características organolépticas, ambos os processos de radiação foram eficazes na redução da contagem de A. flavus e dos níveis de aflatoxinas.Despite the economic loss represented by contamination by toxigenic fungi in Brazil nuts, a major product of extractive Northern of Brazil, studies are still preliminary as the control of contamination aflatoxigenic fungal using methods such as gamma radiation (G.R) and mainly, electron beam (E.B). These facts motivated this research, which aimed to evaluate the effects of gamma radiation and application of electron beam in samples of Brazil nut artificially inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. This goal, we were studied 50 samples of the Brazil nut previously inoculated with spores of A. flavus and subsequently incubated at 30 °C in relative humidity controlled at 93%. After incubation, period of 15 days, the average water activity of the samples was 0.80, the samples were divided into 5 groups that received the following doses of radiation: control (0 kGy), 5 and 10 kGy 5 E.B and G.R. The mycobiota was performed by serial dilution, plated on surface using potato dextrose agar. The results demonstrated that treatment with E.B using a dose of 5 kGy and 10 kGy resulted in reduced growth of A. flavus in 74% (37/50) and 94% (47/50) of samples. The samples treated with G.R at the dose of 5 kGy and 10 kGy no fungal growth occurred in 92% (46/50) 100% (50/50) of. The study of aflatoxins showed that doses of E.B of 5 kGy and 10 kGy reduced levels of AFB1 at 53.32% and 65.66% respectively. The application of gamma rays at doses of 5 and 10 kGy reduced levels of toxins in 70.61% and 84.15% respectively. This result may be attributed to higher penetrability of gamma radiation. Sensory analysis showed greater acceptance of the judges for the samples irradiated with E.B and G.R at the dose of 10 kGy. We concluded that although sensory analysis have demonstrated some loss of organoleptic characteristics, both processes of radiation were effective in reducing the count of A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination.
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Ferranti, Larissa de Souza. "Aspergillus section Nigri produtores de fumonisina B2 isolados de castanha-do-brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42132/tde-23042013-081849/.
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A castanha-do-brasil é uma planta de grande importância econômica na região da Amazônia. Os baixos níveis tecnológicos característicos de sua cadeia produtiva e as condições inadequadas de manejo da matéria prima, favorecem o aparecimento de contaminação por fungos produtores de micotoxinas. A fumonisinas B2 (FB2) é uma micotoxina produzida por espécies de Fusarium e Aspergillus section Nigri, e é motivo de preocupação para a saúde humana e de animais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o potêncial toxigênico quanto à produção de fumonisina B2 das cepas de A. section Nigri isolados de castanha-do-brasil e verificar a contaminação desse alimento por essa micotoxina. De um total de 200 cepas de A. section Nigri testadas quanto à capacidade de produção de fumonisina B2, apenas 39 cepas (19,5 %) produziram FB2, cento e trinta e oito (69 %) não foram produtoras de fumonisina B2 e 23 cepas (11,5 %) apresentaram picos menores que o limite de detecção. Das 100 amostras de castanha-do-brasil analisadas, nenhuma estava contaminada por fumonisina B2.Brazil nut is a plant with vast economic importance in the Amazon region and is an important product exported by Brazil. However, low levels of technology, and inadequate management of raw material favor the appearance of contamination by fungi that produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fumonisin B2 (FB2) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species and Aspergillus section Nigri, and is of concern for human health. The aim of this study was to assess the toxigenic potential for fumonisin B2 production by Aspergillus section Nigri strain isolated from brazil nut and check the contamination of food by this mycotoxin. From a total of 200 strains of Aspergillus section Nigri tested for the ability to produce fumonisin B2, only 39 strains (19.5 %) were producing FB2, 138 (69 %) were not producing fumonisin B2, and 23 strains (11.5 %) showed peaks less than the detection limit. Of the 100 samples of brazil nuts analyzed, none were contaminated with fumonisin B2.
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Chilton, Ian James. "Analysis of the sltA (stzA) gene and its orthologues in Aspergillus nidulans and other filamentous fungi." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/297439.
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Generation and phenotypic analyses of stzA gene deletion strains of Aspergillus nidulans implies that stzA is allelic to sltA, with the encoded transcription factor regulating tolerance to cations, DNA-damaging agents and high arginine concentrations. The similar severe sensitivity of a sltA1 mutant (GO281) and stzA deletion mutants to these stresses indicated that the premature termination codon in sltA1 represents a total loss-of-function mutation. It was also verified that StzA has no regulatory role in the utilisation of carbon sources. Findings were supported by phenotypic analyses of recombinant progeny resulting from sexual crosses between sltA1 and sltA+ strains. Bioinformatic analysis of genes involved in the osmotic stress response revealed that their promoters were significantly enriched for StzA binding site motifs compared to those of the control group, indicating that StzA may regulate many of these genes that comprise the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) pathway. Although this pathway is activated by fludioxonil, stzA deletants and stzA+ strains showed similar sensitivities to this fungicide. Phenotypic analyses indicate that StzA does not regulate tolerance to sources of oxidative stress, non-ionic osmotic stress or components of the Cell Wall Integrity (CWI) pathway. A. nidulans StzA appears to have no role in cellulase or xylanase expression as revealed by the results of a dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. Trichoderma reesei ace1 deletant and wild-type strains showed similar sensitivities to cations, DNA-damaging agents, arginine, neomycin, acidic and alkaline pH. These results confirm that A. nidulans StzA and T. reesei Ace1 regulate the distinct phenotypes of abiotic stress tolerance and cellulase and xylanase expression, respectively, despite these two proteins sharing 58% overall amino acid similarity. All twenty-nine StzA orthologues identified are restricted to filamentous ascomycetes of the Pezizomycotina subphylum and may therefore represent specific and novel antifungal drug targets. The C-termini of StzA proteins are highly variable in both length and sequence, with no apparent conservations in amino acids or predicted secondary structure. This region is considered most likely to influence the divergent functions of StzA proteins. Conservations of individual residues in the N-termini correspond to conserved secondary structure (alpha helices) among StzA proteins, implying shared functions for StzA proteins in this region. Regulators of two major nitrogen metabolic pathways (CpcA and AreA) may regulate stzA expression. Statistically significant putative CpcA binding sites were positionally conserved in 26 out of 29 stzA orthologue promoters, indicating an interaction between stzA and CpcA, a transcription factor that mediates the cross pathway control of amino acid biosynthesis. REALALE sequences, likely to be of retrotransposon origin, containing putative overlapping binding sites for StzA and AreA, were found in eleven stzA promoters of the Eurotiomycetes class, indicating an interaction between stzA and the global nitrogen metabolite repressor AreA. Intriguingly, REALALE-containing promoters identified across the genome of A. nidulans were significantly enriched for StzA binding site motifs when compared to a control group of genes. Hence, REALALE may have regulatory significance that extends to other A. nidulans genes.
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Neff, Scott Andrew. "Chemical investigations of secondary metabolites from selected fungi and from peanut seeds challenged by Aspergillus caelatus." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2750.
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Many years of study have revealed that fungi are excellent sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Some of these secondary metabolites possess therapeutic qualities that improve the quality of life for millions of people. Such metabolites include well known classes such as the penicillins, cephalosporins, and statins, yet many fungi remain underexplored as sources of biologically active metabolites. The research described in this thesis employs an ecology-based approach to targeting fungi for chemical investigation, and describes studies of fungi from two niche groups, fungicolous/mycoparasitic and endophytic fungi, as possible sources of new secondary metabolites with biological activities. In a parallel project, the structures of bioactive compounds isolated from peanut seeds that had been subjected to fungal attack were elucidated in the pursuit of compounds with beneficial bioactivities.
Mycoparasitic fungi are those that colonize other fungi by parasitizing the host, often leading to damage to the host fungus. Fungicolous fungi are those that colonize other fungi, but have not been proven to be true mycoparasites. The damage often caused by colonization of host fungi indicates that mycoparasitic and fungicolous fungi can produce antifungal compounds. Chemical investigations of such fungi described in this thesis afforded 37 compounds of various biosynthetic types, seven of which were new. Many of these compounds show antifungal, antimicrobial, and/or cytotoxic effects. Endophytic fungi live asymptomatically within plant tissues and in some cases may provide benefits to the host plant through the production of secondary metabolites. Chemical investigations of corn, wheat, and sorghum endophytes led to the isolation and characterization of 21 compounds, seven of which were new. Many of the endophyte metabolites encountered in this work showed antifungal, antimicrobial, and/or cytotoxic effects. The compounds isolated from peanut seeds were produced in response to fungal attack by an Aspergillus caelatus strain. All of these compounds were stilbene-derived phytoalexins, which are considered to be inducible chemical defenses whose production is elicited or enhanced upon microbial attack. Further studies of these newly identified compounds and their production could lead a a better understanding of how the plant defends itself. Such knowledge could enable researchers to manipulate this mechanism to obtain greater peanut resistance to invasion by pests. Additionally, the health benefits from related stilbene-derived compounds (e.g. resveratrol) from peanuts and other plants have been widely established. Knowledge about the presence of compounds of this type could add to the importance of peanut crop production. The compounds identified in this work were isolated using multiple chromatographic techniques, and the structures were established based on analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data combined with MS, chemical derivatizations, and/or optical measurement data. Absolute configuration assignments were achieved by application of Mosher's Method, CD spectral analysis, and/or chemical derivatizations. Details of the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of these compounds are presented in this thesis.
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Giraldo, Marielle Aleixo. "Purificação e caracterização bioquímica da invertase extracelular produzida pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus terreus /." Araraquara [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87963.
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Orientador: Luis Henrique Souza GuimarãesBanca: Rosimeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues Pietro
Banca: Douglas Chodi Masui
Resumo: Os microrganismos, de modo especial os fungos filamentosos, possuem papel fundamental na decomposição de matéria orgânica, sendo interessantes como modelos para realização de diferentes estudos biológicos. Além disso, são de fácil manejo e as condições de cultivo podem ser facilmente adaptadas em laboratório. Outra vantagem é, geralmente, o baixo custo e o fácil acesso aos nutrientes necessários para o crescimento dos mesmos. Entre os microrganismos, os fungos filamentosos têm se destacado na obtenção de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico, como é o caso das invertases, as quais podem ser empregadas nas indústrias de alimentos e bebidas. As invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) são hidrolases que podem ser encontradas em uma grande variedade de organismos, realizando a hidrólise da ligação - D-frutofuranosídica, agindo sobre a sacarose, gerando como produtos D-glicose e D-frutose, em quantidades equimolares. Essa mistura é conhecida como açúcar invertido e é geralmente utilizada pelas indústrias de alimentos. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de invertase extracelular pelo fungo filamentoso Aspergillus terreus, em fermentação submersa e em fermentação em substrato sólido, bem como purificar e caracterizar a enzima bioquimicamente. Entre os diversos meios de cultura testados em FSbm, a maior produção invertásica foi obtida em meio M5 mantido em agitação orbital (100 rpm) a uma temperatura de 30ºC, por um período de 48 horas de incubação. Já na FSS, o melhor período de incubação foi de 72 horas, também a 30ºC. Entre todas as fontes de carbono testadas, a maior produção invertásica foi obtida utilizandose farinha de centeio para a FSbm e soja moída para FSS. A enzima iv extracelular obtida em FSbm foi purificada 139 vezes com uma recuperação de 11%. A invertase extracelular... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The microorganisms, especially filamentous fungi, have a fundamental role in the decomposition of organic matter, and they are interesting as models for carrying out different biological studies. Moreover, they are easy to handle, and their growing conditions can be easily adapted in the laboratory. Another advantage is, generally, the low cost and easy access to the nutrients needed for their growth. Among the microorganisms, filamentous fungi have been essential in obtaining enzymes of biotechnological interest, such as invertase, which may be employed in the food and beverage industries. The invertases (EC 3.2.1.26) are hydrolases that can be found in a great variety of organisms, performing the hydrolysis of the -D fructofuranosidic bond acting on sucrose, generating products such as D-glucose and D-fructose, in equimolar amounts. This mixture is known as inverted sugar and it is commonly used by food industries. This way, the aim of this work was to study the production of extracellular invertase by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus in submerged fermentation and solid state fermentation, as well as its purification and biochemical characterization. Among the various media tested in FSbm, the highest yield of invertase was obtained by using M5 medium under orbital agitation (100 rpm) at 30°C for 48 hours of incubation. In the FSS, the best incubation period was 72 hours, also at 30°C. Among all carbon sources tested, the highest invertase production was obtained using rye flour for FSbm and soybean meal for FSS. The extracellular enzyme obtained from FSbm was purified 139 fold with 11% recovery. The extracellular invertase of A. terreus is a heterodimer of native vi molecular mass of 74.67 kDa consisting of two subunits, one of 46.77 kDa and another of 26.92 kDa determined... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Kubová, Natália. "Analýza mykotoxinů z biologických matric pomocí biomembrán a kapilární elektroforézy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-401913.
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This thesis summarizes knowledge about mycotoxins, with focus to ochratoxin A. It also summarizes its tolerable levels of food intake, detoxification and analytical methods for mycotoxins. The work also includes a chapter describing liposomes that were used for the analysis of ochratoxin A by liposomal electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (LECK). The practical part includes the analysis of ochratoxin A from Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm and Aspergillus melleus Yukawa fungi cultivated on a rye and optimization of the method for analysis of ochratoxin A based on liposomes of different compositions. By capillary zone electrophoresis, ochratoxin A is not sufficiently separated and detected in the extracted mixture; conversely, when liposome solutions are used, different migration behavior can be achieved while stabilizing ochratoxin A in solution due to amphiphilic interactions between mycotoxins and liposomes. Therefore, the LEKC method was used for this work. The most suitable liposome composition has been shown to be molar ratios of 25% cholesterol (membrane stabilization) / 50% 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine (main zwitterionic lipid) / (25% 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol)-3-phospho-L-serine (introduction of negative charge).
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Garber, Nicholas Paul. "Aflatoxin-Producing Fungi Associated With Sugarcane: Host Relations, Persistence in the Environment, and Relationships within Aspergillus Section Flavi." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301668.
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Aflatoxin is a carcinogenic mycotoxin. Aflatoxin contamination of susceptible crops is the product of communities of Aspergillus section Flavi and average aflatoxin-producing potential of these communities influence aflatoxin contamination risk. In 2004 and 2005, Sugarcane producing counties in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas (RGV) had unique aflatoxin-producing communities containing Aspergillus parasiticus. Sugarcane fields or those rotated for less than two years had Aspergillus section Flavi communities dominated by A. parasiticus. A. parasiticus was rarely detected in long-term rotation fields and not detected in counties without sugarcane crops. Aflatoxin-producing fungi infecting RGV sugarcane stems ranged from 52 - 95% A. parasiticus in hand-collected samples and billets for commercial planting, respectively. Identical A. parasiticus fungi found in Japan caused aflatoxin contamination of raw sugar there. Population genetics and phylogenetics were used to characterize a global sampling of 112 A. parasiticus and identify geographic distributions and crop associations within the species. One population shows clear association with sugarcane and is distributed to Asia, Africa and North America, implicating human involvement in its distribution. A. parasiticus populations from maize and peanut have broad geographic distribution but crop specific lineages and/or populations were not detected. One A. parasiticus population isolated from maize has a distribution limited to Mexico. A phylogeny generated from a partial nitrate reductase gene resolves a lineage that correlates with the sugarcane population and suggests crop association and geographic distribution may drive divergence within A. parasiticus. Crop associations shape fungal communities and must be considered for aflatoxin management. Native food enthusiasts in Arizona conduct public millings of wild- and landscape-collected mesquite pods (Prosopis spp.) to produce mesquite flour, which is often consumed in the same localities where it is produced without conventional food safety inspection. Aflatoxin was found in imported, domestic, and non-commercial mesquite flour batches, with 10% above the FDA action level for human food (>20 ppb), and 95% could not be exported to Europe (>2 ppb). Aflatoxin content in Tucson was largely explained (63%) by harvest date with those harvested later yielding more aflatoxin. Lateral flow aflatoxin assay of mesquite flour proved viable for lab and public testing.
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Bahri-Esfahani, Jaleh. "Fungal transformation of phosphate minerals." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/944bbfa4-4899-429c-be2b-b057d2d10773.
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Silva, Eloisa Aparecida da [UNESP]. "Aspergillus niger e Glomus clarum incrementam a disponibilidade de fósforo em Latossolos sob Urochloa brizantha." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106186.
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Os solos de regiões tropicais apresentam alta capacidade de fixação de fósforo, processo que resulta na sua baixa disponibilidade para as plantas. Como o fósforo nas culturas é indispensável, justificam-se estudos relacionados à maximização do aproveitamento do fósforo não lábil do solo por meio de microrganismos solubilizadores de fosfato e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de averiguar os efeitos de Aspergillus niger Tiegh e de Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck em dois latossolos com diferentes teores de óxidos de ferro e alumínio e no crescimento de Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf, visando o aproveitamento do fósforo não lábil do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em condições naturais de luz e temperatura, com solo não esterilizado, empregando vasos plásticos com capacidade para 30 dm3 de solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 6 repetições e esquemas fatoriais diferenciados. Para as variáveis da caracterização química do solo e as variáveis microbiológicas do solo utilizou-se o fatorial 5x2x7, correspondendo aos tratamentos: épocas, solos e inoculação com 5, 2 e 7 níveis, respectivamente. Os níveis de épocas foram: 0, 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o corte de uniformização e os níveis de solo foram LVdA e LVd1. O tratamento inoculação contou com os níveis: controle fosfatado, controle não fosfatado, A. niger 19, A. niger 26, G. clarum, G. clarum + A. niger 19, G. clarum + A. niger 26. Fósforo total, fósforo inorgânico e fósforo orgânico foram avaliados no esquema fatorial 2x2x7 com os mesmos tratamentos do esquema anterior, porém com apenas dois níveis para épocas: 180 e 360 dias. O fósforo disponível total e o fósforo não lábil foram analisados no esquema fatorial 2x7 ao final do experimento com os níveis de solo e inoculação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso el
The tropical soils have high phosphorus fixation capacity, a process that results in low availability to plants. As the phosphor in the cultures is essential, justifies related studies to maximize the use of non-labile soil phosphorus by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger and Glomus clarum Tiegh Nicol. & Schenck in two soils with different levels of iron and aluminum oxides, and the growth of Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf, targeting the use of non-labile soil phosphorus. The experiment was conducted under natural conditions of light and temperature, with non-sterile soil, using plastic pots with a capacity of 30 dm3 of soil. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replications and differentiated factorial schemes. The variables for the soil chemical and microbiological characterization were analyzed in the 5x2x7factorial scheme, corresponding to the treatments: time, soil and inoculation, with 5, 2 and 7 levels, respectively. The levels of time were 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after the uniformity cut, and the soil were LVdA and LVd1. The inoculation treatment levels included: control phosphate, no phosphate control, A. niger 19, A. niger 26, G. clarum, G. clarum + A. niger 19 and A. niger 26+G. clarum. Total phosphorus, inorganic and organic phosphorus were evaluated in a 2x2x7 factorial, with the same treatments as the previous scheme, but with only two levels for time: 180 to 360 days. The total available phosphorus and the non-labile phosphorus were analyzed in a 2x7 factorial scheme, at the end of the experiment, using the same levels of soil and inoculation as described. The plant variables were analyzed in a 2x7 factorial with the same levels of soils and inoculation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Silva, Eloisa Aparecida da. "Aspergillus niger e Glomus clarum incrementam a disponibilidade de fósforo em Latossolos sob Urochloa brizantha /." Ilha Solteira, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106186.
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Orientador: Ana Maria Rodrigues CassiolatoBanca: katia Luciene Maltoni
Banca: Francisco Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Júlio César Lima Neves
Banca: Edson Luiz Souchie
Resumo: Os solos de regiões tropicais apresentam alta capacidade de fixação de fósforo, processo que resulta na sua baixa disponibilidade para as plantas. Como o fósforo nas culturas é indispensável, justificam-se estudos relacionados à maximização do aproveitamento do fósforo não lábil do solo por meio de microrganismos solubilizadores de fosfato e fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de averiguar os efeitos de Aspergillus niger Tiegh e de Glomus clarum Nicol. & Schenck em dois latossolos com diferentes teores de óxidos de ferro e alumínio e no crescimento de Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf, visando o aproveitamento do fósforo não lábil do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em condições naturais de luz e temperatura, com solo não esterilizado, empregando vasos plásticos com capacidade para 30 dm3 de solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 6 repetições e esquemas fatoriais diferenciados. Para as variáveis da caracterização química do solo e as variáveis microbiológicas do solo utilizou-se o fatorial 5x2x7, correspondendo aos tratamentos: épocas, solos e inoculação com 5, 2 e 7 níveis, respectivamente. Os níveis de épocas foram: 0, 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o corte de uniformização e os níveis de solo foram LVdA e LVd1. O tratamento inoculação contou com os níveis: controle fosfatado, controle não fosfatado, A. niger 19, A. niger 26, G. clarum, G. clarum + A. niger 19, G. clarum + A. niger 26. Fósforo total, fósforo inorgânico e fósforo orgânico foram avaliados no esquema fatorial 2x2x7 com os mesmos tratamentos do esquema anterior, porém com apenas dois níveis para épocas: 180 e 360 dias. O fósforo disponível total e o fósforo não lábil foram analisados no esquema fatorial 2x7 ao final do experimento com os níveis de solo e inoculação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso el
Abstract: The tropical soils have high phosphorus fixation capacity, a process that results in low availability to plants. As the phosphor in the cultures is essential, justifies related studies to maximize the use of non-labile soil phosphorus by phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger and Glomus clarum Tiegh Nicol. & Schenck in two soils with different levels of iron and aluminum oxides, and the growth of Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf, targeting the use of non-labile soil phosphorus. The experiment was conducted under natural conditions of light and temperature, with non-sterile soil, using plastic pots with a capacity of 30 dm3 of soil. The experimental design was completely randomized with six replications and differentiated factorial schemes. The variables for the soil chemical and microbiological characterization were analyzed in the 5x2x7factorial scheme, corresponding to the treatments: time, soil and inoculation, with 5, 2 and 7 levels, respectively. The levels of time were 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after the uniformity cut, and the soil were LVdA and LVd1. The inoculation treatment levels included: control phosphate, no phosphate control, A. niger 19, A. niger 26, G. clarum, G. clarum + A. niger 19 and A. niger 26+G. clarum. Total phosphorus, inorganic and organic phosphorus were evaluated in a 2x2x7 factorial, with the same treatments as the previous scheme, but with only two levels for time: 180 to 360 days. The total available phosphorus and the non-labile phosphorus were analyzed in a 2x7 factorial scheme, at the end of the experiment, using the same levels of soil and inoculation as described. The plant variables were analyzed in a 2x7 factorial with the same levels of soils and inoculation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Santos, Mário Ferreira Conceição. "Estudo químico dos fungos endofíticos Phomopsis sp., Guignardia sp., Aspergillus niger e Aspergillus sp., associados à espécie vegetal Hancornia speciosa (Apocinaceae)." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2011. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/6151.
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This work describes the isolation of endophytic fungi from plant species Hancornia speciosa and led to the isolation of 14 pure strains. Of which 4 were selected for the chemical study. The chemical study allowed identied 12 substances isolated from fungi Phomopsis sp., Guignardia sp., Aspergillus niger e Aspergillus sp., grown in different culture medium. The crude extracts of fungus Phomopsis sp., grown in PDB
medium led to isolation of five compounds, 5- methylmelein, nectriapyrone, succnic acid, 5-hydroxylmethylmelein and a diketopiperazine. Already when the same fungus was grown in ME medium, led to isolation of two compounds, tyrosol and
tryptofol. The crude extract of Guignardia sp grown in ME medium led to isolation of compound salicylic acid, which has a plant for ecological importance.The crude extract of Aspergillus niger, grown in PDB medium led to isolation of compounds pyrophen and nigragillin. Already when the same fungus was grown in ME medium, led to isolation of compound itaconic acid. And of crude extract of Aspergillus sp., grown in ME medium was identification of their major compound kojic acid, which was quantified by HPLC in the crude extract (0.7 mg/g of crude extract). O crude extract was tested for its antioxidant activity with DPPH, NO. and H2O2, and exhibited
significantly potent inhibition of NO (IC50 de 150 μg/mL) production, showed taht this fungi it owns big biotchenology potential. The structures of these substances were
established by spectroscopic methods, including the application of bidimensional NMR techniques, mass spectrum and comparison with published data.Este trabalho descreve o isolamento de fungos endofíticos da espécie vegetal Hancornia speciosa, o qual conduziu a 14 linhagens puras, dos quais quatro foram selecionados para o estudo químico. O estudo químico possibilitou foi identicar 12 substâncias, isoladas dos fungos Phomopsis sp., Guignardia sp., Aspergillus níger e Aspergillus sp., cultivados em diferentes meios de culturas. O extrato bruto do fungo Phomopsis sp cultivado no meio liquido PBD levou ao isolamento de cinco compostos, 5- metilmeleína, nectapirona, ácido succínico, 5-hidroxilmetilmeleína e uma dicetopiperazina. Já o mesmo fungo quando cultivado no meio líquido-ME, levou ao isolamento de dois compostos, tirosol e triptofol. O estudo do extrato bruto de Guignardia sp., cultivado no meio liquido ME conduziu ao isolamento do composto ácido salicílico, o qual tem um importancia ecológica para planta. O extrato bruto do fungo Aspergillus niger cultivado no meio liquido PBD levou ao isolamento dos compostos pirofen e nigragillin. Já o mesmo fungo quando cultivado em extrato de malte, levou ao isolamento do ácido itacônico. E do extrato bruto do fungo Aspergillus sp., cultivado no meio liquido PBD foi identificada a substância majoritária ácido kójico, a qual foi quantificada por CLAE no extrato bruto (0,7g/ g de extrato bruto). O extrato desse fungo foi testado quanto a sua atividade antioxidante com DPPH, NO. , e H2O2, e mostrou uma forte atividade de inibição da produção de NO (IC50 de 150 μg/mL), indicando que este fungo possui grande potencial biotecnológico. As estruturas das substâncias foram determinadas por métodos espectrométricos, incluindo RMN bi-dimensional, espectros de massas e comparação com a literatura.
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Altenbach, Kirsten. "Development and analysis of recombinant fluorescent probes for use in live cell imaging of filamentous fungi." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4739.
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The molecular cloning and subsequent engineering of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequoria victoria allowed a novel approach to the investigation of cell signalling. GFP and its mutants can now not only be used to target specific organelles in living cells but also function as a basis for a variety of sensors for biologically important ions and molecular interactions. GFP-based Ca2+- sensors have been successfully used for studies in mammalian and plant cells. In filamentous fungi, however, they have not yet been reported to work. Since only little is known about calcium signalling in filamentous fungi, this project aimed to improve existing GFP-based Ca2+- sensors by exchanging the original fluorophores for improved versions and expressing those in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. During this project, the donor and acceptor fluorophores of 3 existing Ca2+-FRETprobes based on cameleons and troponin C-sensors, have been changed, 2 novel positive FRET controls have been designed and these , as well as donor and acceptor fluorophores alone, have been expressed in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. The probes were assessed using different imaging techniques, such as conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and spectral imaging using a Leica TSC SP5 confocal and IRIS, a novel spectral imaging device designed at Heriot Watt University. Problems were encountered that prevented FRET analysis using CLSM and IRIS. These were due mainly to the difference in expression level of the constructs and the distribution of the emission bandpasses of the IRIS system. Analysis of the spectral data obtained on the Leica confocal system and analysis of the FLIM results, however, revealed significant differences between the donor only and the positive FRET controls. Spectra of the positive FRET controls and the Ca2+-sensitive probes showed emission peaks of both the donor and the acceptor fluorophores upon excitation of the donor fluorophore alone while analysis of the FLIM results revealed an additional decay component in the positive FRET controls. Both results are very strong indicators that we can detect FRET in living hyphae of Aspergillus niger transformed with the probes designed during this project.
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Siqueira, Ana Claudia Rodrigues de. "Bioprocessos fermentativos, purificação, caracterização e estabilização de peptidase secretada pelo fungo Aspergillus terreus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60138/tde-21062013-132538/.
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Os fungos filamentosos são utilizados em larga escala na produção de produtos biotecnológicos na indústria devido a sua versatilidade e um dos exemplos são as peptidases que representam uma das principais classes de enzimas hidrolíticas. As peptidases são hidrolases que catalisam a quebra das ligações peptídicas das proteínas e que nos microrganismos são responsáveis por funções fisiológicas e patológicas, além de ter muitas aplicações em diversos campos industriais. Neste estudo foram analisados diferentes bioprocessos fermentativos para produção de peptidases pelo fungo Aspergillus terreus. Este microrganismo foi capaz de produzir peptidases em ambos os bioprocessos, sólido ou submerso, obtendo melhor performance e o pico de produção no bioprocesso fermentativo sólido de valor 677U/mL, nas condições 5g de farelo de trigo, 72 horas, 30°C e 75% de umidade. Utilizando o bioprocesso fermentativo submerso também obtivemos resultados satisfatórios com pico de atividade de 360U/mL, nas condições de meio padrão suplementado com Caseína 0,5%, 72 horas e 35°C. A caracterização bioquímica parcial dos extratos dos dois bioprocessos mostrou semelhanças entre algumas características das enzimas produzidas como a faixa extensa de pH ótimo abrangendo regiões ácidas, neutra e alcalinas, temperatura ótima pontual de 55°C e perfil de inibição pelo PMSF e EDTA. Contudo, os perfis de estabilidade (pH e temperatura) e comportamento frente a adição de íons apresentaram respostas diferentes entre si, o que sugere a produção de enzimas diferentes produzidas pelo mesmo fungo em meios distintos. A microencapsulação por Spray Drying como processo de estabilização foi satisfatória obtendo rendimentos de 37,5-58,2% e com níveis acima de 50% de atividade enzimática. Em contrapartida, a imobilização enzimática demonstrou ser eficaz na etapa de ligação ao suporte, mas não foi capaz de estabilizar a enzima presente no extrato, o que ficou caracterizado pela perda de atividade proteolítica.Filamentous fungi are extensively used in the production of biotechnological products in industry because of their versatility and one of the examples are peptidases which constitute a major class of hydrolytic enzymes. The peptidases are hydrolases which catalyze the cleavage of peptide bonds of proteins and microorganisms that are responsible for the physiological and pathological roles, in addition to having many applications in various industrial fields. This study evaluated various bioprocesses for fermentative production of peptidases by the fungus Aspergillus terreus. This microorganism was able to produce peptidase in both bioprocess, solid or submerged, achieving better performance in the solid bioprocess with peak of production of 677U/mL under the conditions 5g wheat bran, 72 hours, 30°C and 75% humidity . Using submerged fermentation bioprocess we also obtained satisfactory results with peak of activity of 360U/mL with conditions of standard medium supplemented with 0.5% casein, 72 hours and 35°C. Biochemical characterization of the two partial purified extracts showed similarities between some characteristics of the enzymes produced, as large optimum pH range spanning regions acidic, neutral and alkaline point temperature optimum of 55 ° C and the inhibition profile of PMSF and EDTA. However, the stability profiles (pH and temperature) and behavior in addition ions showed different responses to each extract, which suggests the production of different enzymes in different ways. Microencapsulation by Spray Drying and stabilization process was obtaining satisfactory yields of 37.5 to 58.2%, with levels above 50% of enzyme activity. In contrast, the enzyme immobilization step was effective in bonding the support, but was not able to stabilize the enzyme present in the extract, which was characterized by the loss of proteolytic activity
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Oriol, Eric. "Croissance de aspergillus niger sur milieu solide : importance de l'eau et de l'activite de l'eau." Toulouse, INSA, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ISAT0017.
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Le, Thanh Toan, Trong Ky Vo, Thi My Linh Nguyen, Phuong Linh Trieu, Van Toan Ngo, and Huy Hoang Nguyen. "Efficacy of CaCl2 against some important postharvest fungi on orange, chilli and Cavendish banana fruits." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33348.
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Fruit rot caused by Aspergillus niger or Colletotrichum musae is an important post-harvest disease on orange, chilli and Cavendish banana fruits. The use of synthetic fungicides has been a traditional strategy for the management of the fruit rot disease, but these chemicals adversely affect human health and environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of CaCl2 on in vitro hyphal growth and in vivo lesion inhibition. First, aqueous solutions of CaCl2 at three concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 mM were assessed for their inhibitory effect against hyphal growth in vitro. Next, mature fruits were immersed into a solution of 20 mM CaCl2 for 20 - 30 s, then inoculated by a pathogen suspension at the density of 106 conidia mL-1 and observed for 12 days. The results showed that 20 mM CaCl2 was the most effective concentration in antifungal assay to Aspergillus isolated from orange rot. The treatment of CaCl2 continued to gain efficacy on limiting lesions’ development on orange fruits until 12 days after inoculation (DAI). On chilli, CaCl2 at concentrations of 20 and 40 mM inhibited well on the growth of Aspergillus hyphae isolated from chilli rot. However, calcium treatment was not effective on chilli fruits. On Cavendish banana, solutions of CaCl2 at concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 mM highly limited fungal growth of Colletotrichum in vitro conditions. The application of CaCl2 solution could inhibit anthracnose lesion length of Cavendish banana variety, but its efficacy did not prolong until 6 DAI. In general, the good results were obtained from the 20 mM CaCl2 in almost all the studied assays. Management of rot diseases on fruits by employing 20 mM CaCl2 could be suitable to replace the current hazardous agro-chemicals.Thối trái do nấm Aspergillus niger hay nấm Colletotrichum musae là bệnh sau thu hoạch thường gặp trên cam, ớt và chuối già. Thuốc trừ nấm tổng hợp là biện pháp truyền thống quản lý bệnh thối trái nhưng lại ảnh hưởng bất lợi đến sức khỏe con người và môi trường. Vì vậy, mục tiêu của nghiên cứu là đáng giá ảnh hưởng của CaCl2 đối với sự sinh trưởng in vitro của nấm và sự ức chế vết bệnh ở điều kiện in vivo. Đầu tiên, dung dịch CaCl2 ở các nồng độ 20, 40 và 60 mM được sử dụng để đánh giá khả năng ức chế sự sinh trưởng in vitro của nấm bệnh. Tiếp theo, trái trưởng thành được nhúng vào dung dịch CaCl2 20 mM trong 20 - 30 s, rồi lây nhiễm với huyền phù mầm bệnh ở mật số 106 bào tử mL-1 và quan sát đến 12 ngày. Kết quả cho thấy CaCl2 20 mM có hiệu quả ức chế tốt đối với nấm Aspergillus phân lập từ bệnh thối trái cam. CaCl2 tiếp tục thể hiện hiệu quả ức chế bệnh trên trái cam đến 12 ngày sau lây bệnh. Trên ớt, CaCl2 20 và 40 mM cho hiệu quả ức chế sự phát triển nấm Aspergillus phân lập từ bệnh thối trái ớt. Tuy nhiên, xử lý CaCl2 không mang lại hiệu quả mong đợi trên trái ớt. Trên chuối già, dung dịch CaCl2 ở các nồng độ 20, 40 và 60 mM ức chế tốt sợi nấm Colletotrichum trong điều kiện in vitro. Dung dịch canxi có thể ức chế vết bệnh thán thư trên chuối già, nhưng hiệu quả không kéo dài đến 6 ngày sau lây bệnh. Nhìn chung, các kết quả tốt đều đạt được khi xử lý bằng CaCl2 20 mM ở hầu hết các thí nghiệm. Việc kiểm soát bệnh thối trái bằng CaCl2 20 mM có thể thay thế cho hóa chất nông nghiệp độc hại hiện nay.
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Hagen, Silke. "Identification of fungal constituents that determine the sensitivity of fungi towards the antifungal protein (AFP) of Aspergillus giganteus." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=982087810.
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Giancoli, Ágata Cristiane Huppert. "Caracterização genético-molecular de linhagens com duplicação cromossômica em Aspergillus nidulans." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11137/tde-10112004-151313/.
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A pesquisa de linhagens com duplicação cromossômica, como a linhagem A de Aspergillus nidulans, teve oseu início no final da década de 1970. Durante este período foram isolados da linhagem A, diversos variantes deteriorados, que foram caracterizados genética e citologicamente. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, as analises genéticas demonstraram que os determinantes de deterioração ou segmentos de inserção de V5, V101, V102, V103 e V104 estão localizados nos grupos de ligação VIII, III, IV, VII e I respectivamente. As análises citogenéticas revelaram diversas alterações no ciclo celular e migração nucleares nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento. A duplicação cromossômica da linhagem A e os variantes deteriorados foram investigados a nível molecular, por técnica de PCR. Os resultados mostraram que o segmento de inserção consiste de um provável Elemento de Transposição, denominado de MATE, o qual é característico do fungo Aspergillus nidulans. Os segmentos de inserção analisados apresentam características típicas de MATE, como o motivo Spe que é encontrado por toda seqüência dos Elementos MATE.The research with chromosome duplication strains, as strain A of Aspergillus nidulans, began during the 70's, with isolation of several deteriorates variants of strain A and characterization by genetic and cytological analysis. In this work the genetic analysis has demonstrated that the deterioration determinant or insertion sequence in V5, V101, V102, V103 and V104 deteriorates variants are located in the linkages groups VIII, III, IV, VII and I, respectively. The cytological analyses have demonstrated changes in cellular cycle and nuclear migration in initial phases of development. The chromosome duplication of strain A and the deteriorated variants were investigated by PCR with designed primers to mobile elements, what have resulted in the identification of the transposable element MATE, mainly by great similarity with "Spe" motif sequence that is described as essential in activity of these elements.