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Priyanta, Riswanda Dwiky, Meitini Wahyuni Proborini, and Anak Agung Raka Dalem. "Phosphate Solvent Fungi Exploration and Identification in West Bali National Park Forest Area." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 6, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2019.v06.i01.p21.
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Research on the exploration and identification of phosphate solvent fungi has never been carried out in West Bali National Park (TNBB), therefore researchers aims to explore and identify microscopic fungi to be used as phosphate solvent fungi which later will be taken from each plant soil samples (Lantana camara) that the presence is very common in TNBB. The research was implemented in two stages. The first stage is exploration of soil fungi in the field (TNBB) and identification of fungal species and the second stage is the phosphate solvent fungus test on Pikovskaya media. The results of the identification of the fungi obtained as follow: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus bertholletius, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus isolate 4, Aspergillus isolate 5, Penicillium citrinum, and Trichoderma amazonicum. From the entire types of fungi obtained, there are onlybfour fungi that have the potential as phosphate solvents, namely Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus bertholletius and Penicillium citrinum with the presence of clear zones on Pikovskaya media. Fungi that has the best potential in the process of phosphate dissolution is Aspergillus niger.
Key words: Rhizosfer, Lantana camara, clear zone, phosphate solvent fungus
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Singh, Pummi, Marc Orbach, and Peter Cotty. "Aspergillus texensis: A Novel Aflatoxin Producer with S Morphology from the United States." Toxins 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120513.
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Aflatoxins are carcinogenic metabolites produced primarily by fungi within Aspergillus section Flavi. These fungi infect a wide range of crops in warm regions. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of fungi with S morphology (average sclerotium size < 400 µm) within section Flavi collected from across the United States (US) resulted in the discovery of a novel aflatoxin-producing species, Aspergillus texensis. Aspergillus texensis was isolated from maize grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, and from soils cropped to maize in Texas. Aspergillus texensis produces sparse conidia and abundant sclerotia on various culture media, and on maize. Physiological studies have revealed optimal growth on culture media at 35 °C. All isolates of A. texensis produced B and G aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and aspergillic acid. Aspergillus texensis and A. flavus S strain morphotypes produced similar concentrations of total aflatoxins on maize (p > 0.05). Phylogenetic analyses of aflatoxin-producers based on partial gene sequences of the β-tubulin (0.9 kb), calmodulin (1.2 kb), and nitrate reductase (2.1 kb) genes placed A. texensis in a highly supported monophyletic clade closely related to A. minisclerotigenes and a previously reported unnamed lineage designated Lethal Aflatoxicosis Fungus.
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Varga, J., J. Frisvad, and R. Samson. "A reappraisal of fungi producing aflatoxins." World Mycotoxin Journal 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2008.1094.
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Aflatoxins are decaketide-derived secondary metabolites which are produced by a complex biosynthetic pathway. Aflatoxins are among the economically most important mycotoxins. Aflatoxin B1 exhibits hepatocarcinogenic and hepatotoxic properties, and is frequently referred to as the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen. Acute aflatoxicosis epidemics occur in several parts of Asia and Africa leading to the death of several hundred people. Aflatoxin production has incorrectly been claimed for a long list of Aspergillus species and also for species assigned to other fungal genera. Recent data indicate that aflatoxins are produced by 13 species assigned to three sections of the genus Aspergillus: section Flavi (A. flavus, A. pseudotamarii, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, A. bombycis, A. parvisclerotigenus, A. minisclerotigenes, A. arachidicola), section Nidulantes (Emericella astellata, E. venezuelensis, E. olivicola) and section Ochraceorosei (A. ochraceoroseus, A. rambellii). Several species claimed to produce aflatoxins have been synonymised with other aflatoxin producers, including A. toxicarius (=A. parasiticus), A. flavus var. columnaris (=A. flavus) or A. zhaoqingensis (=A. nomius). Compounds with related structures include sterigmatocystin, an intermediate of aflatoxin biosynthesis produced by several Aspergilli and species assigned to other genera, and dothistromin produced by a range of non-Aspergillus species. In this review, we wish to give an overview of aflatoxin production including the list of species incorrectly identified as aflatoxin producers, and provide short descriptions of the 'true' aflatoxin producing species.
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Mulyana, Nana, Tri Retno Dyah Larasati, Nurhasni Nurhasni, and Meliana Ningrum. "Peningkatan Aktivitas Enzim Selulase dan Produksi Glukosa Melalui Fermentasi Substrat Jerami Padi Dengan Fungi Aspergillus niger yang Dipapari Sinar Gamma." Jurnal Ilmiah Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi 11, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jair.2015.11.1.2695.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan aktivitas enzim selulase dan produksi glukosa dalam substrat jerami padi dengan fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma Chamber 4000A. Kaldu kentang dektrosa (PDB), garam mineral dengan substrat jerami padi 0 dan 5% berat/volum digunakan sebagai medium cair. Fungi Aspergillus niger dalam media agar miring (slent) dipapari dengan iradiasi gamma pada dosis 0 (kontrol),125, 250, 375, 500 dan 625 Gy. Fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma 500 Gy memiliki aktivitas selulase lebih tinggi (2,5 kali) dibanding kontrol (0 Gy) yaitu 2,02 U/ml-2,28 U/ml untuk fungi yang dipapari iradiasi gamma dan 0,60 U/ml-1,12 U/ml untuk kontrol. Pada fermentasi fase padat substrat jerami padi dengan kadar kelembaban awal 81% selama 14 hari menggunakan fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapari sinar gamma 500 Gy dan kontrol. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa fungi Aspergillus niger 500 Gy memiliki aktivitas selulase lebih tinggi (3,9 kali) dibandingkan kontrol yaitu 31,01 U/g untuk fungi yang dipapari sinar gamma dan 7,85 U/g untuk kontrol. Di samping itu, fungi Aspergillus niger (500 Gy) mampu memproduksi glukosa lebih tinggi (2,6 kali) yaitu 125,79 mg/g sedangkan kontrol (0 Gy) adalah 48,00 mg/g. Penggunaan ekstrak enzim kasar yang dihasilkan oleh fungi Aspergillus niger yang dipapar sinar gamma 500 Gy sesuai untuk hidrolisis substrat jerami padi dalam memproduksi glukosa serta mampu meningkatkan aktivitas selulase. Kata kunci : Aspergillus niger, iradiasi gamma, aktivitas selulase, glukosa, fermentasi padat
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Susanti, Yuli, Leka Lutpiatina, and Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti. "Fungi That Produce Toxins in Salted Fish." Tropical Health and Medical Research 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35916/thmr.v1i1.2.
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Salted fish are fish that are processed through a process of salting and drying. The contamination of fungi in salted fish can be caused by prolonged storage. Storage of salted fish that is too long can cause the growth of various fungi. One of the fungi that often grows in salted fish is the fungus of Aspergillus sp. Some species of the Aspergillus sp fungi can produce aflatoxin, one of which is Aspergillus flavus. This study aims to determine the contamination of toxin-producing fungi in salted fish in the traditional Banjarbaru market in Indonesia. The type of research used is descriptive survey. Samples were taken by purposive sampling taken from 5 salted fish sellers each taken 3 different types of salted fish so that the number of samples was 15. The results were obtained from 15 samples examined, 6 positive samples contaminated with Aspergillus flavus fungi, 8 positive samples contaminated with Aspergillus fungi niger, 5 positive samples contaminated with Monilia sitophila fungi, 6 positive samples contaminated with Rhizopus sp fungi, 6 positive samples contaminated with Penicillium sp fungi, and 1 positive sample contaminated with Mucor sp fungi. Based on the results of the study, samples of salted fish contaminated with Aspergillus sp fungi were 73% (11 samples) and no samples were contaminated with Fusarium sp.
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Zainal ariffin, Zaidah. "Aspergillus sydowii Strain SCAU066 and Aspergillus versicolor Isolate BAB-6580: Potential Source of Xylanolytic, Cellulolytic and Amylolytic Enzymes." Science Letters 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/sl.v14i2.9539.
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Fungi is known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. Enzymes produced by fungi are utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries because of their rich enzymatic profile. Filamentous fungi are particularly interesting due to their high production of extracellular enzymes which has a large industrial potential. The aim of this study is to isolate potential soil fungi species that are able to produce functional enzymes for industries. Five Aspergillus species were successfully isolated from antibiotic overexposed soil (GPS coordinate of N3.093219 E101.40269) by standard microbiological method. The isolated fungi were identified via morphological observations and molecular tools; polymerase chain reactions, ITS 1 (5’- TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G3’) forward primer and ITS 4 (5’-TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC-3’) reverse primer. The isolated fungi were identified as Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066, Aspergillus tamarii isolate TN-7, Aspergillus candidus strain KUFA 0062, Aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580, and Aspergillus protuberus strain KAS 6024. Supernatant obtained via submerged fermentation of the isolated fungi in potato dextrose broth (PDB) and extracted via centrifugation was loaded onto specific media to screen for the production of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes. The present findings indicate that Aspergillus sydowii strain SCAU066 and Aspergillus versicolor isolate BAB-6580 have great potential as an alternative source of xylanolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes.
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Bowman, J. C., G. K. Abruzzo, A. M. Flattery, C. J. Gill, E. J. Hickey, M. J. Hsu, J. Nielsen Kahn, et al. "Efficacy of Caspofungin against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 12 (October 2, 2006): 4202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00485-06.
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ABSTRACT The echinocandin caspofungin is a potent inhibitor of the activity of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase from Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus nidulans. In murine models of disseminated infection, caspofungin prolonged survival and reduced the kidney fungal burden. Caspofungin was at least as effective as amphotericin B against these filamentous fungi in vivo.
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Isnawati, Isnawati. "Aktivitas Sellulolitik Fungi Indigenus pada Fermetoge: Pakan Fermentasi Hewan Ruminansia Terbuat dari Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) dan Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays)." Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya 1, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v1n1.p26-31.
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Eceng gondok dan tongkol jagung tergolong bahan bersellulosa. Pada campuran kedua bahan itu terdapat mikroba indigenus. Tujuan pertama riset ini untuk mengetahui aktivitas sellulolitik fungi indigenus yang terdapat pada fermetoge, pakan fermentasi dari campuran eceng gondok dan tongkol jagung. Eceng gondok dipotong dan tongkol jagung dihancurkan sampai berukuran sekitar 1-2 cm, dikukus, dan difermentasi secara alamiah menggunakan mikroorganisme indigenus. Mikroorganisme tersebut diisolasi dari pakan tersebut setiap hari selama 15 hari selama fermentasi berlangsung. Selanjutnya,isolate yang diperoleh dimurnikan, dikarakterisasi, dan diidentifikasi. Terdapat 10 fungi indigenus dalam pakan. Berdasarkan observasi karakteristik mikroskopik dan makroskopik fungi-fungi tersebut meliputi Aspergillus sp1, Rhizopus sp1, Aspergillus terreus, Mucor sp1, Aspergillus sp2, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp1, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sp3, dan Penicillium sp1. Uji aktivitas sellulolitik pada medium spesifik CMC memaparkan bahwa Mucor Sp1, Rhizopus sp1 dan Trichoderma sp1 adalah tiga fungi dengan aktivitas sellulolitik tinggi, karena membentuk zona halo yang luas pada permukaan media setelah diwarnai dengan Congo red 2%.
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Syaukani, Syaukani, Zulia Ananda, Suhartono Suhartono, Sirtina Sirtina, Oviana Lisa, Alfizar Alfizar, and Samingan Samingan. "Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Entomopathogenic Fungal Isolates Using Molecular Approach." Elkawnie 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ekw.v6i2.6549.
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Abstract: Entomopathogenic fungi are essential to consider as one of the biological agents to control termite populations. This research aimed to molecularly identify entomopathogenic fungi isolates in termites based on the ITS rDNA region and to determine the relationship of fungi isolates. Identification was performed by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, electrophoresis, purification, and sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were generated using MEGA X. Molecular identification showed that the ISO1 sample was Penicillium oxalicum, the ISO2 sample was Trichoderma ghanense the ISO3 sample was Aspergillus niger, the ISO4 sample was Aspergillus fumigatus and the ISO5 sample was Aspergillus pseudonomius. The phylogenetic tree showed that the ISO1, ISO2, ISO3, ISO4, and ISO5 samples had the closest relationship with Penicillium oxalicum strain FR6-CGR12, Trichoderma ghanense isolate TM2, Aspergillus niger isolate 77, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus pseudonomius strain DTO 267D6, respectively.Abstrak: Kelimpahan jenis fungi entomopatogen adalah hal yang terpenting untuk dipertimbangkan sebagai agen hayati bagi populasi rayap.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara molekular isolat fungi entomopatogen pada rayap, berdasarkan daerah ITS rDNA dan mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan dari isolat fungi tersebut. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi menggunakan PCR, elektroforesis, purifikasi dan sekuensing. Selanjutnya kontruksi pohon filogenetik menggunakan aplikasi MEGA X. Berdasarkan uji molekular menunjukkan bahwa sampel ISO1 merupakan Penicillium oxalicum.ISO2 merupakan Trichoderma ghanense.ISO3 merupakan Aspergillus niger. ISO4 merupakan Aspergillus fumigatus.ISO5 merupakan Aspergillus pseudonomius.Konstruksi pohon filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa, sampel ISO1 berkerabat dekat dengan Penicillium oxalicum strain FR6-CGR12. Sampel ISO2 berkerabat dekat dengan Trichoderma ghanense isolat TM2. Sampel ISO3 berkerabat dekat dengan Aspergillus nigerisolat 77. Sampel ISO4 berkerabat dekat dengan Aspergillus fumigatus.Sampel ISO5 berkerabat dekat dengan Aspergillus pseudonomius strain DTO 267D6.
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Varga, János, Sándor Kocsubé, Gyöngyi Szigeti, Nikolett Baranyi, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Daniela Jakšić Despot, Donát Magyar, Martin Meijer, Robert A. Samson, and Maja Šegvić Klarić. "Occurrence of black Aspergilli in indoor environments of six countries." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 65, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2450.
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AbstractBlack Aspergilli (Aspergillus section Nigri) are widely distributed in various habitats. They act as food spoilage organisms, human pathogens, and mycotoxin producers and are frequently encountered in indoor environments. Black Aspergilli, specifically A. niger, A. welwitschiae, and A. carbonarius, produce different ochratoxins and fumonisins. Ochratoxins are known to induce renal disorders following inhalation, which necessitates the determination of potential mycotoxin-producing species in our environment. This paper aimed to compare the diversity and species distribution of black Aspergilli in the indoor environments of six different countries using morphological and molecular methods. A total of 178 black Aspergillus isolates were identified from six countries. In contrast with results from previous studies, A. niger was not the only black Aspergillus detected in indoor air. Species distribution differed among countries, although the distribution in European countries (Croatia, Hungary, the Netherlands, and Turkey) with a temperate climate was considerably similar. The highest species diversity was observed in indoor samples from Thailand, while the lowest was found in Algeria. Potentially ochratoxin- and fumonisin-producing fungi were detected in the indoor air of all six countries. Further studies need to clarify the effect of these fungi and their mycotoxins on human and animal health.
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GNIADEK, AGNIESZKA, ANNA B. MACURA, and MACIEJ GÓRKIEWICZ. "Cytotoxicity of the Aspergillus Fungi Isolated from Hospital Environment." Polish Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 1 (2011): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2011-008.
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The majority of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fungi are immunosuppressive agents, and their cytotoxicity may impair defense mechanisms in humans. The objective of the study was evaluation of the cytotoxicity of fungi isolated from an environment where inpatients with impaired immunity were present. The materials comprised 57 fungal strains: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger: Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus ustus isolated from hospital rooms in Cracow. The cytotoxicity of all the strains was evaluated using the MTT test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide). To emphasize the differences in cytotoxicity among the particular strains, variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey's difference test were used. Out of 57 Aspergillus strains tested, 48 (84%) turned out to be cytotoxic. The cytyotoxicity was high (+++) in 21 strains, mainly in A. fumigatus. The least cytotoxic were A. niger fungi, this being statistically significant (p<0,05). To protect a patient from the adverse effects of mycotoxins, not only his or her immunity status should be evaluated but also the presence of fungi in hospital environment and their cytotoxicity should be monitored (possible exposure).
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Seth, RK, S. Alam, and DN Shukla. "Detection of soil fungi from wheat cultivated area." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v43i1.36188.
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Experiments were conducted to find out different soil fungi from wheat cultivated area during 15 April to 10 May, 2013-2014. The obtained soil fungi from wheat cultivated area were Aspergillus spp., Penicillum spp., Geotrichum spp., Gloesporium spp., Fusarium spp., Mycelia sterilia, Arthrobotrys spp., Cladosporium herbarum in district Allahabad, Various soil fungi from wheat cultivated area from Mirzapur district were which Aspergillus spp., Penicillum spp., Rizoctinia spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp. and In Varanasi district, various soil fungi were obtained also from wheat cultivated area which are Aspergillus spp., Penicillum spp., Rizoctinia spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Alternaria spp., Helminthosporium oryzae, and Humicola grisea. Aspergillus spp. and Penicillum spp. was common fungi presented in three different districts Allahabad, Mirzapur and Varanasi, of Uttar Pradesh.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(1): 149-157, March 2018
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Hadi, Duaa Hassan. "The Effect of Nigella sative Extract on the Fungi that Isolated from Desktop's of the Tables." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences 26, no. 10 (December 23, 2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubpas.v26i10.1849.
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The study included the isolation and diagnosis of the fungi from the Desktop's of the tables (instructers ,medical laboratories). The study appeared many of the different kinds of fungi:(Absidia sp,Candidia sp, Aspergillus sp,Penicillum sp and Alternaria sp)
The rate of appearance of the type of the fungi in Desktop's of the tables instructers is the higher than the Desktop's of the tables of the medical laboratories .
The rate of appearance of the fungi Candidia is recoded 36.8% and Penicillum sp,Aspergillus niger is recoded 21.05% and Aspergillus flavus recoded 5.2 %, Abisidia sp recoded 15.7%.
While in the Desktop's of the tables medical laboratories the fungi Aspergillus terrus is recorded 15.7% and the fungi Absidia ,Candidia, Apergillus niger is recoded 20% , Penicillum sp ,Alternaria sp is recoded 10%.
The study showed the influence of the hot water extract of the Nigella sative the concentration which is used(10,20,30, 40) mg /ml on some of fungi.
The rate of reduction is appeared 100% of the fungi Penicillum sp in the concentration (30,40) mg/ml and the range of the diameter colony of the yeast Candidia albicanis in the concentration 30 mg/ml the (1)cm.
While the fungi Aspergillus niger in the concentration (10,20)mg/ml is given resistance toward the extract 2.
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Steenwyk, Jacob L., Abigail L. Lind, Laure N. A. Ries, Thaila F. dos Reis, Lilian P. Silva, Fausto Almeida, Rafael W. Bastos, et al. "Pathogenic Allodiploid Hybrids of Aspergillus Fungi." Current Biology 30, no. 13 (July 2020): 2495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.071.
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Glampedakis, Emmanouil, Véronique Erard, and Frederic Lamoth. "Clinical Relevance and Characteristics of Aspergillus calidoustus and Other Aspergillus Species of Section Usti." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 2 (June 12, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6020084.
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The Aspergilli of section Usti (group ustus) are represented by over 20 species, of which Aspergillus calidoustus is the most relevant human pathogen. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) caused by these fungi is rare but could represent an emerging issue among the expanding population of patients with long-term immunosuppression receiving antifungal prophylaxis. Clinicians should be aware of this unusual type of IA, which often exhibits distinct clinical features, such as an insidious and prolonged course and a high occurrence of extra-pulmonary manifestations, such as skin/soft tissue or brain lesions. Moreover, these Aspergillus spp. pose a therapeutic challenge because of their decreased susceptibility to azole drugs. In this review, we outline the microbiological and clinical characteristics of IA due to Aspergillus spp. of section Usti and discuss the therapeutic options.
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BATTILANI, PAOLA, AMEDEO PIETRI, TERENZIO BERTUZZI, LUCA LANGUASCO, PAOLA GIORNI, and ZOFIA KOZAKIEWICZ. "Occurrence of Ochratoxin A–Producing Fungi in Grapes Grown in Italy." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.4.633.
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A study was carried out to investigate fungi present on grapes grown in Italy. Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. isolates were identified and studied in vitro, and their ability to produce ochratoxin A (OA) was investigated. The survey involved nine vineyards, three located in northern Italy and six located in southern Italy. In 1999 and 2000, bunches of grapes at different growth stages were collected from all nine vineyards, and berry samples were placed in moist chambers and incubated. The resultant fungal colonies were then transferred to petri dishes containing Czapek yeast agar and incubated at 25°C for 7 days; the fungal isolates were identified and then cultivated in liquid Czapek yeast medium and evaluated for their ability to produce OA. During the survey, 508 isolates were collected, with 477 belonging to Aspergillus spp. and 31 belonging to Penicillium spp. Among the aspergilli, species of the Fumigati, Circumdati, and Nigri sections were identified, with species of the Nigri section (464 isolates) largely predominating; for species of the Nigri section, 108 isolates were uniseriate, 270 were biseriate, and 86 were identified as Aspergillus carbonarius. Black aspergilli isolated over the 2 years of the study showed a very similar pattern. On average, the biseriates represented about 60% of the isolates collected in both years and were followed by uniseriates (21%) and A. carbonarius (19%). The most toxigenic strains proved to be those of A. carbonarius; about 60% of these isolates were OA producers and produced the highest levels of OA. A. carbonarius was more frequent in the south, but in both areas the percentages of OA-producing isolates remained the same.
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Elazab, Nahla Tharwat. "Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi at Al-Qassim Region." Journal of Molecular Biology Research 9, no. 1 (November 15, 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmbr.v9n1p160.
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In recent year’s endophytic fungi has become a major concern on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a wide range of flora which may be a rich source of endophytic fungi so that, the present study involves diversity and bioactivity of the endophytic fungal community in Al-Qassim region from 15 wild plants 162 isolates were obtained and identified. Among them, the most common isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ochraceous and Trichoderma viride, these four endophytic isolates were examined for its antagonistic effect against six phytopathogenic fungi using two different assays, Dual-culture and Culture filtrate. Trichoderma viride recorded the most significant growth inhibition of almost pathogenic fungi followed by the three endophytic Aspergillus spp. In addition, these four endophytic fungi were screened for the production of some extracellular enzymes such as protease, cellulose, amylase, pectinase and xylanase. Our results show the ability of these isolates to produce these extracellular enzymes so this indicated the possible role of endophytic fungi as a biocontrol agent of plant disease.
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Souchie, Edson L., Rosario Azcón, Jose M. Barea, Eliane M. R. Silva, and Orivaldo J. Saggin-Júnior. "Enhancement of clover growth by inoculation of P-solubilizing fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 82, no. 3 (September 2010): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652010000300023.
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This study evaluated the synergism between several P-solubilizing fungi isolates and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve clover ( Trifolium pratense) growth in the presence of Araxá apatite. Clover was sown directly in plastic pots with 300g of sterilized washed sand, vermiculite and sepiolite 1:1:1 (v:v:v) as substrate, and grown in a controlled environment chamber. The substrate was fertilized with 3 g L-1 of Araxá apatite. A completely randomized design, in 8×2 factorial scheme (eight P-solubilizing fungi treatments with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)and four replicates were used. The P-solubilizing fungi treatments consisted of five Brazilian P-solubilizing fungi isolates (PSF 7, 9, 20, 21 and 22), two Spanish isolates ( Aspergillus niger and the yeast Yarowia lipolytica) and control (non-inoculated treatment). The greatest clover growth rate was recorded when Aspergillus niger and PSF 21 were co-inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Aspergillus niger, PSF 7 and PSF 21 were the most effective isolates on increasing clover growth in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Greater mycorrhizal colonization resulted in greater clover growth rate in most PSF treatments. PSF 7 was the best isolate to improve the establishment of mycorrhizal and rhizobia symbiosis.
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YIN, MEI-CHIN, and WEN-SHEN CHENG. "Inhibition of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus by Some Herbs and Spices." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 123–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.1.123.
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The inhibitory effect of water-soluble extracts of garlic bulbs, green garlic, green onions, hot peppers, ginger, Chinese parsley, and basil on the growth of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus was examined. Garlic bulbs, green garlic, and green onions showed an inhibitory effect against these two fungi. The influence of heat, acid, and salt upon the inhibitory effect of these three herbs was further studied. Increasing the temperature from 60 to 100°C resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the inhibitory effect of garlic bulbs against the fungi tested. Green garlic and green onion lost their antifungal activity against A. niger after being treated at 80 and 60°C, respectively. For A. flavus, the inhibitory effect of green garlic declined significantly (P < 0.05) with an increase in temperature. However, the antifungal activity of green onions against A. flavus was heat stable. For both fungi tested in this study, the antifungal activity of these spice plants was not affected by acid treatments at pH values 2,4, or 6, or salt by treatments at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 M (P > 0.05).
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Ariyo, Adeniran Lateef, Makun Hussaini Anthony, and Muhammad Hadiza Lami. "Survey of Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Concentrated Poultry Feed in Niger State, Nigeria." Journal of Food Research 2, no. 2 (March 27, 2013): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v2n2p128.
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In Nigeria, concentrated poultry feed is a vital component of animal production and health but there was no reliable mycogram in Niger state, Nigeria. As a result this study determined the incidence of mycotoxigenic fungi in both commercial and privately milled concentrated poultry feeds. A total of 100 poultry feed samples consisting of 52 privately milled poultry feed and 48 commercial feed samples were collected. Mycoflora in the feed was determined. Nine fungi genera were isolated. The most frequently isolated fungi genera in both privately milled and commercial feed was <em>Aspergillus</em> <em>spp </em>which was about 40% of mould isolate. <em>Penicillium spp </em>is 20% in private feed and 13% in commercial feed. A total of 874 fungi were isolated consisting of 458 fungi species in privately milled feed and 416 fungi species found in commercial feed. Mycotoxigenic fungi genera, <em>Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria</em> were isolated. <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> is the commonest isolated fungi species.
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Adedayo, M. R., M. T. Mohammed, A. E. Ajiboye, and S. A. Abdulmumini. "Pectinolytic activity of aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus grown on grapefruit (citrus Parasidis) peel in solid state fermentation." Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 27, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjpas.v27i2.2.
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The present study was aimed at studying pectinolytic activity of resident fungi isolated from decomposing grapefruit (Citrus parasidis) peels in solid state fermentation. Grape fruit peel was subjected to natural fermentation and the fermenting fungi were isolated, characterized and identified using standard microbiological methods. The isolated fungi were in turn used for fermentation to determine their pectinolytic activity through solid state fermentation technique. Culture parameters such as incubation period, temperature, moisture content and addition of salts supplements were optimized during the research for five days. The identified fungi were Aspergillus Niger and Aspergillus flavus. The peak of pectinolytic activity was at day three of fermentation when the highest pectinase activity of 13.32 μmol/mg/min was recorded for A. Niger and 11.32 μmol/mg/min for A. flavus. Optimum temperature and pH for pectinase activity by A. Niger and A. flavus was at 40 0C and pH 7.5 and 7.7 respectively. The use of salt supplemented substrate did not alter enzyme activity. In conclusion, the isolated fungi could be promising organisms for pectinolytic enzyme production on grape peel as substrate.
Keywords: Grapefruit, Pectinolytic Activity, Fungi, Fermentation, Aspergillus
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Ashan, Hesty Rhauda, Ellyza Nasrul, and Abdul Aziz Djamal. "ASPERGILLUS SP. PADA ULKUS KORNEA." Human Care Journal 5, no. 2 (May 25, 2020): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.32883/hcj.v5i2.737.
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<p><em>Aspergillosis is a disease caused by Aspergillus sp., especially Aspergillus fumigatus which induce granulomatosis inflammation in mucous membranes, eyes, bronchi, ears. Aspergillus sp. microscopically characterized as septate and branched hyphae. Fungal corneal ulcers are more common in tropical climates. Aspergillus sp. is the most common fungi causes corneal ulcer. Risk factors include the use of antibiotics, long-term corticosteroids, trauma, contact lenses, and corneal surgery. 50-year-old female with main complaint: increased redness and pain of the right eye after trauma from twig. Palpebral edema, conjunctival injection, ciliary injection, corneal ulcers, maceration, and impending were found from physical examination of the right eye. Fungal culture on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) culture media found growth of fungi Aspergillus sp. which macroscopically has fertile hyphae on the surface and vegetative hyphae below the surface, and microscopically characterized as septate and branching hyphae. Corneal ulcers in the tropics are mostly caused by fungi. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. is most commonly found in tropical climates, while Candida is more commonly found in cold climates. Diagnosis of corneal ulcer ec Aspergillus sp. is obtained based on history, clinical manifestation and found Aspergillus sp. from fungal culture</em><em>.</em></p>
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Sadia, Ummay, Shamim Shamsi, and Md Abul Bashar. "Prevalence of fungi associated with storage seeds of different maize varieties." Bioresearch Communications 7, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 1010–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v7i2.54376.
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A total of seven species of fungi were isolated from seed samples of maize (Zea mays L.) collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur. Association of fungi with maize seeds was recorded three times viz., within a month after harvest, after three and six months of storage at 25°C and 4°C. The fungal association varied with duration of storage period. Seven fungi viz., Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. niger Van Teighem, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Fsarium verticillioides, Penicillium italicum and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., were isolated from the different maize varieties namely KhaiBhutta, Barnali, Mohor, Bari Misty Bhutta, BHM-3, BHM-5, BM-5, BHM-6, BHM-7, BM-7 and BHM-9. Species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus were predominating fung iwhich increased with the increase of storage period.
Bioresearch Commu. 7(2): 1010-1018, 2021 (June)
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Richard, Glory, and Ebinyo Rebecca Aseibai. "Assessment of Mycological Quality of Groundwater in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria." Sumerianz Journal of Medical and Healthcare, no. 42 (April 7, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjmh.42.73.78.
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This study examined the mycological quality of groundwater in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Triplicate water samples were obtained from 8 locations in the metropolis, and the fungi quality analyzed following standard microbiological procedures. Results showed that total fungi density ranged from 5.2±1.00 x102 to 8.50±0.56 x103 CFU/ml. Analysis of variance indicates statistical variation (p=0.001) across locations with total fungi density exceeding the limit of 102 CFU/ml specified by World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization for potable water in 62.50% of samples. Eight fungi isolates (species) were identified in the study with frequency across the locations as follows: Aspergillus flavus (20.59%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20.59%), Aspergillus niger (20.59%), Cladosporum (5.88%), Fusarium (2.94%), Mucor (8.82%), Penicilium (14.71%) and Rhizopus (5.88%). Of these, Aspergillus species were predominant across the locations. Since groundwater meets diverse purposes, it is essential that it is suitable for the desired use, and this can be done using appropriate technology to make groundwater potable for human consumption.
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Richard, Glory, and Ebinyo Rebecca Aseibai. "Assessment of Mycological Quality of Groundwater in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria." Sumerianz Journal of Medical and Healthcare, no. 42 (April 7, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjmh.42.76.81.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the mycological quality of groundwater in Yenagoa metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Triplicate water samples were obtained from 8 locations in the metropolis, and the fungi quality analyzed following standard microbiological procedures. Results showed that total fungi density ranged from 5.2±1.00 x102 to 8.50±0.56 x103 CFU/ml. Analysis of variance indicates statistical variation (p=0.001) across locations with total fungi density exceeding the limit of 102 CFU/ml specified by World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization for potable water in 62.50% of samples. Eight fungi isolates (species) were identified in the study with frequency across the locations as follows: Aspergillus flavus (20.59%), Aspergillus fumigatus (20.59%), Aspergillus niger (20.59%), Cladosporum (5.88%), Fusarium (2.94%), Mucor (8.82%), Penicilium (14.71%) and Rhizopus (5.88%). Of these, Aspergillus species were predominant across the locations. Since groundwater meets diverse purposes, it is essential that it is suitable for the desired use, and this can be done using appropriate technology to make groundwater potable for human consumption.
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Bhati, Praveesh. "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURES ON THE GROWTH OF FLORAL WASTE DEGRADING FUNGI." Fungal Territory 2, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ft.2019.2.2.12-15.
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The goal of present study was to find out optimum growth temperature of isolated floral waste degrading fungi viz. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternate and Aspergillus terreus. Eleven different temperature range ( 20°C, 22°C, 24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 32°C, 34°C,36°C,38°C,40°C) were selected to find the optimum growth of these fungi on floral extract-basal medium for flask experiments. The optimum growth temperature of all four fungal strains was found at 32°C±1°C. Beside Alternaria alternate, remaining other three selected fungal strains showed growth at all selected temperatures. At optimum growth temperature (32°C±1°C), the highest growth occurred in Aspergillus fumigates and Aspergillus terreus (155 mg/50 ml/7 days) while lowest growth was observed in Aspergillus flavus and Alternaria alternata (140 mg/50 ml/7 days). At minimum selected growth temperature (20°C), maximum growth was found in Aspergillus flavus (45 mg/50 ml/7 days) and lowest growth occurred in Alternaria alternata (35 mg/50 ml/7 days) while at maximum selected growth temperature (40°C) highest growth seen in Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus (30 mg/50 ml/7 days) and no growth recorded in Alternaria alternata (00 mg/50 ml/7 days).
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Giles, Steve S., Alexandra A. Soukup, Carrie Lauer, Mona Shaaban, Alexander Lin, Berl R. Oakley, Clay C. C. Wang, and Nancy P. Keller. "Cryptic Aspergillus nidulans Antimicrobials." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 11 (April 8, 2011): 3669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02000-10.
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ABSTRACTSecondary metabolite (SM) production by fungi is hypothesized to provide some fitness attribute for the producing organisms. However, most SM clusters are “silent” when fungi are grown in traditional laboratory settings, and it is difficult to ascertain any function or activity of these SM cluster products. Recently, the creation of a chromatin remodeling mutant inAspergillus nidulansinduced activation of several cryptic SM gene clusters. Systematic testing of nine purified metabolites from this mutant identified an emodin derivate with efficacy against both human fungal pathogens (inhibiting both spore germination and hyphal growth) and several bacteria. The ability of catalase to diminish this antimicrobial activity implicates reactive oxygen species generation, specifically, the generation of hydrogen peroxide, as the mechanism of emodin hydroxyl activity.
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Hossain, MD, M. Imran, KA Bhuiyan, ME Habib, and M. Ikrum. "Prevalence of Seed Borne Fungi Associated with Chickpea Seeds and Biological and Chemical Control of Fusarium oxysporum Causing Wilt Disease." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, no. 2 (November 29, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i2.39012.
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A total of 20 chickpea seed samples were collected from BARI, Gazipurand different locations of Savar, Dhaka district. Blotter method was used for detection of the associated fungi of chickpea seeds. Altogether 14 fungi comprising 12 genera namely Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Botryti cinerea, Curvularia lunata, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum dematium, Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phasaelina, Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopus stolonifer and Stemphylium sarciniforme were isolated from chickpea seed samples. Among the fungi isolated fungi, F. oxysporumwas most prevalent with an average incidence of 18.95% and found in all the seed samples. The germination of seed samples varied from 55-90 % on blotter. The pathogenic fungi and other storage fungi like Aspergillus caused lower the germination of the seeds.A pathogenicity test was conducted with 20 isolates of F. oxysporum against their origin of chickpea seed samples in pot culture. The pathogenecity ranged from weak to highly pathogenic. The isolates FO 19, FO 17, FO 11 and FO 18 were highly virulent. The isolates FO 9, FO10 and FO 15 were virulent and rest of the isolates were moderately virulent. The isolates FO 2 and FO 3 were weak pathogen.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(2): 45-54 2017
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Ghassan Hadi, Mai Shihah Abdullah, and Rosmilah Misnan. "Protein profile of the most common fungi at Sultan Idris education univer-sity, Malaysia." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2019): 1233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.413.
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Fungi are vital pathogens related to airway and deferent diseases. Exposure to fungi will have adverse effects on human health through severe immune responses. Allergic diseases like allergic rhinitis, asthma, airborne dermatitis, or allergic conjunctivitis. These diseases may well be aggravated by fungi allergens from the natural atmosphere or from the indoor environment in enclosed areas, workplaces and houses. Fungi allergy prevalence for the Malaysian population has yet to be reported. Therefore, information on allergens of fungi species in Sultan Idris Education University (UPSI), Sultan Azlan Shah Campus will be used to profile the nation prevalence on fungi allergy. Hence, the present study is conducted at UPSI to identify the ten most common airborne fungal species as a preliminary work prior to sensitization study on common fungal allergens. Dust was collected from 54 rooms situated within the 3 blocks at UPSI Sultan Azlan Shah Campus buildings using a vacuum cleaner. The sieved dust was cultured using PDA media and incubated at room temperature to propagate pure culture and sent to the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute for identification using PCR. In this study the 10 most common species were identified as, Penicillium simplicissimum, Aspergillus aculeatus, Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae, Ceriporia lacerate, Aspergillus caliodustus, Syncephalastrum sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium sp., and Penicillium canescens. Fungi profile exhibited in this study will lead to a further study on fungi allergy with skin prick test and immunoblotting to be carried out.
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Chhetri, Roshan, and Sanjay Kumar Jha. "SEED MYCOFLORA OF Lens culinaris MEDDIK. FROM DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS AND IN-VITRO INHIBITION USING PLANT EXTRACTS." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 23 (December 5, 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v23i0.20648.
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Nine hundred sixty seeds of lentils (Lens culinaris) from three different storage sources were tested for seed fungi using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and Blotter technique. Thirty five different fungi were isolated, PDA method being better than Blotter technique. Seeds from traditional village storage were found to be more infested with fungi than source local market and source Nepal Agricultural Research Centre (NARC). The fungal infestation on seeds from village storage was 49.37%, source NARC was 44.37% and source local market was 30.31%. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium chrysogenum and Fusarium oxysporum were the fungi having higher incidence and frequency. Surface disinfection by 2% NaOCl reduced the fungal incidence and frequency. The aqueous extract of three plants viz, Ageratum houstonianum, Eclipta prostrata and Vitex negundo at 25%, 50% and 100% concentration were assessed in-vitro for antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium funicola and Fusarium oxysporum. Among these fungi, Alternaria alternata was best controlled by Ageratum houstonianum; Aspergillus niger by Eclipta prostrata; Fusarium oxysporum by Vitex negundo and Ageratum houstonianum. The inhibition increased from lower concentration (25%) to higher (100%).ECOPRINT 23: 19-27, 2016
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Anbu, P., S. C. B. Gopinath, A. Hilda, N. Mathivanan, and G. Annadurai. "Secretion of keratinolytic enzymes and keratinolysis byScopulariopsis brevicaulisandTrichophyton mentagrophytes: regression analysis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w06-067.
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A survey on keratinophilic fungi from poultry-farm soils at Namakkal and from feather dumping soils at Chennai, India, revealed the existence of 34 species of fungi. Most of the fungi exhibited variable efficiency in producing extracellular keratinase when grown in plates with chicken feathers as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. The fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum, Paecilomyces carneus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichoderma viride, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were efficient candidates to degrade the feathers. However, when cultivating the strains in submerged conditions in a medium containing chicken feathers as the sole nutrients source, Aspergillus glaucus, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium solani, and Penicillium citrinum also proved to be potent. Among all species, S. brevicaulis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes produced higher amounts of keratinase in both methods. Conditions for keratinase production were optimized by statistical design and surface plots. The highest keratinase activity was estimated by S. brevicaulis (3.2 KU/mL) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.7 KU/mL) in the culture medium with chicken feathers and shows (79% and 72.2% of degrading ability, respectively).Key words: keratin, keratinase, keratinophilic fungi, regression analysis, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
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LUO, XUEMEI, HONGXIA LI, DAN JIANG, JIEQIN MENG, FAN ZHANG, QING XU, XIUFEN CHEN, CHUNSHENG LIU, and YAOJUN YANG. "Analysis of Fungi on Coix (Coix lacryma-jobi) Seed and the Effect of Its Aqueous Extract on the Growth of Aspergillus flavus." Journal of Food Protection 82, no. 10 (September 23, 2019): 1775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-019.
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ABSTRACT Coix (Coix lacryma-jobi) seeds are susceptible to fungal infections, making their surface fungi complex and diverse. Some fungi can produce mycotoxins under suitable conditions, and fungal growth is closely related to the production of mycotoxins. In this study, the surface fungi of coix seed were identified by Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing. Simultaneously, the fungi cultured by the plate method were identified by microscopy and DNA barcoding; finally, the species of fungi were identified accurately and reliably by combining three methods. The aqueous extract of coix seed was cocultured with Aspergillus flavus spores, and the relationship between the aqueous extract and the growth of A. flavus was studied with the dry weight of mycelium as an indicator. The results showed that there were 89 genera and 96 species of fungi on coix seed, which were mainly distributed in Ascomycota (81.48%) and Basidiomycota (4.08%), and Xeromyces (8.50%), Gibberella (7.25%), and Aspergillus (4.74%) were the predominant genera. Four fungi were isolated from coix seed by plate culture and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, and Rhizopus oryzae by microscopy and DNA barcoding. The aqueous extract of coix seed at low concentrations has a promoting effect on the growth of A. flavus. When the concentration is 3.125%, the promotion effect is the most pronounced, and the promotion rate is 29.17%. These results reveal the diversity of fungi on the coix seed, which can provide a reference for the prevention and control of harmful fungi on coix seed.
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Potekhina, R. M., Yu V. Larina, Z. Kh Sagdeeva, N. N. Mishina, V. Yu Titova, and A. R. Valiev. "BIODIVERSITY OF MOLD FUNGI IN THE AREAS OF THE CITY OF CHEBOKSARY." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 247, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-247-3-218-222.
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A study of 12 soil samples in the summer period in the districts of the city of Cheboksary was conducted. The aim of the research was to conduct a mycological analysis of the soil and isolate particularly dangerous micromycetes in the urban environment. Soil samples were taken from the Moskovsky, Kalininsky, Leninsky districts of Cheboksary and Marposadsky highway. The pH of the soil environment of the city of Cheboksary was: Embankment of the Moskovsky district – 7.67, Kirovsky – 7.23; Leninsky – 7.28; Marposadskoe highway – 7.51. In mycological analysis of soil samples on agarized media of Chapek, the highest concentration of micromycetes was recorded in soil samples from the Moskovsky district on the Embankment, where the concentration of fungi of the genus Aspergillus fumigates was 27 %, fungi of the genus Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum was 15 %. The soil of the Leninsky district was dominated by fungi of the genus Penicillium, their concentration was 23 %, Aspergillus flavus – 18 %. Isolates of fungi of the genus Penicillium spp. were isolated in the soil of the Kalininsky district, and their concentration was – 7 %, Aspergillus flavus – 21 %. The soil from the Marpasad highway was dominated by fungi of the genus Mucor sp. Testing on Paramecium caudatum infusoria showed that the field isolate of Aspergillus fumigates had toxic properties, the evaluation criterion for biotesting was 38 %. Aspergillus flavus showed a 78 % survival rate when tested on infusoria.
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Khatun, A., S. Shamsi, and MA Bashar. "Diversity of seed borne fungi associated with fourteen varieties of storage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds." Journal of Biodiversity Conservation and Bioresource Management 4, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcbm.v4i2.39846.
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Present paper deals with the occurrence and diversity of fungi on storage cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. 24 species of the fungi were found associated with the seeds of 14 varieties of cotton after 10 months of storage. The isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. niger (Type 1 and Type 2) Van Tiegh, A. ochraceus K. Wilhelm, A. nidulans Eidam, Aspergillus sp.1, Aspergillus sp.2, Aspergillus sp.3, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz & Sacc, C. gossypii Southw., Chaetomium globosum Kunze., Fusarium nivale (Fr.) Sorauer, F. moniliforme J. Shelden, F. oxysporum Schlechtendal, F. fujikuroi Nirenberg, Mucor sp. P. Micheli ex L., Penicillium sp.1 and sp.2 Link, Rhizoctonia solani Khun., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill., Rhizomucor Lucet & Costantin, Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn and Trichoderma viride Pers. The association of fungi with cotton seeds was recorded within two months of harvest, after 6 and 10 months of storage. The association of fungi varied with duration of storage periods. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium sp.1 and Rhizopus stolonifer were found in all the examined varieties. These were the most predominant fungi in terms of prevalence with the increase of storage periods. The fungal association with the seeds of cotton also affected the germination, seedling mortality, height and vigor. The total association of fungi in cotton seeds was the highest in cotton variety CB10 (204) and the lowest in CB8 (71). On the other hand, the total fungal association of Rhizopus stolonifer was the highest (337) and Colletotrichum gossypii was the lowest (1).
J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2018, 4(2): 43-52
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Ntana, Fani, Uffe Hasbro Mortensen, Catherine Sarazin, and Rainer Figge. "Aspergillus: A Powerful Protein Production Platform." Catalysts 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10091064.
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Aspergilli have been widely used in the production of organic acids, enzymes, and secondary metabolites for almost a century. Today, several GRAS (generally recognized as safe) Aspergillus species hold a central role in the field of industrial biotechnology with multiple profitable applications. Since the 1990s, research has focused on the use of Aspergillus species in the development of cell factories for the production of recombinant proteins mainly due to their natively high secretion capacity. Advances in the Aspergillus-specific molecular toolkit and combination of several engineering strategies (e.g., protease-deficient strains and fusions to carrier proteins) resulted in strains able to generate high titers of recombinant fungal proteins. However, the production of non-fungal proteins appears to still be inefficient due to bottlenecks in fungal expression and secretion machinery. After a brief overview of the different heterologous expression systems currently available, this review focuses on the filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus and their use in recombinant protein production. We describe key steps in protein synthesis and secretion that may limit production efficiency in Aspergillus systems and present genetic engineering approaches and bioprocessing strategies that have been adopted in order to improve recombinant protein titers and expand the potential of Aspergilli as competitive production platforms.
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BAQUIÃO, ARIANNE COSTA, MAITÊ M. M. DE OLIVEIRA, TATIANA A. REIS, PATRÍCIA ZORZETE, DANIELLE D. ATAYDE, and BENEDITO CORRÊA. "Monitoring and Determination of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Stored Brazil Nuts." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-005.
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Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is an important commodity from the Brazilian Amazon, and approximately 37,000 tons (3.36 × 107 kg) of Brazil nuts are harvested each year. However, substantial nut contamination by Aspergillus section Flavi occurs, with subsequent production of mycotoxins. In this context, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the presence of fungi and mycotoxins (aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid) in 110 stored samples of cultivated Brazil nut (55 samples of nuts and 55 samples of shells) collected monthly for 11 months in Itacoatiara, State of Amazonas, Brazil. The samples were inoculated in duplicate onto Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus agar and potato dextrose agar for the detection of fungi, and the presence of mycotoxins was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The most prevalent fungi in nuts and shells were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. A polyphasic approach was used for identification of Aspergillus species. Aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The low water activity of the substrate was a determinant factor for the presence of fungi and the absence of aflatoxin in Brazil nut samples. The high frequency of isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus section Flavi strains, mainly A. flavus, and their persistence during storage increase the chances of aflatoxin production on these substrates and indicates the need for good management practices to prevent mycotoxin contamination in Brazil nuts.
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Odetunde, Simeon, Stephen Fapohunda, and Segun Jonathan. "Isolation and Characterization of Fungi strains associated with Mycotoxin Production from Bambara (Vigna subterranea (L) verdc) nuts Recovered in Nigeria." Journal of Tropical Life Science 11, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jtls.11.01.04.
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Fungal contamination of food commodities is a global food security challenge that impacts negatively on the health of consumers. Mycotoxins are produced as secondary metabolites by some pathogenic fungi and may contaminate agricultural products while on the field or during harvesting and storage. A field survey was conducted in order to isolate and identify the mycotoxin-producing fungal strains in Bambara nut collected from major markets in eight States in Nigeria including Oyo, Ogun, Lagos, Ekiti, Kwara, Kogi, Abuja, and Nasarawa. Samples per site were pooled, processed and screened for the presence of mycotoxin-producing fungi by culture technique and intergenic spacer sequencing (ITS). Mycotoxin production was determined using thin layer chromatography (TLC) with scanning densitometer. Twenty-four mycotoxin-producing fungal species were isolated from Bambara samples, which were identified as Talaromyces pinophilus, Macrophomina phaseolina (6), Fusarium oxysporum (2), Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus flavipes, Rhizopus oryzae (2), Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus flavus (2), Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus welwitschiae, Rhizopus microsporus, Ceriporia lacerate and Fusarium verticillioides (accession numbers of MN42329- MN4233323) from Bambara nuts. The genera Macrophomina were the most dominant. Some of the identified fungi are noted for the production of mycotoxins and mycotoxins exert toxic effects on animals and humans. The fungi associated with Bambara nut diseases were identified and can be taken as targets in varietal improvement of Bambara nut for resistance to fungal diseases in Nigeria.
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Subowo, Yohanes Bernard. "JAMUR PEMBENTUK GAHARU SEBAGAI PENJAGA KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP TANAMAN GAHARU (Aquilaria sp)." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 11, no. 2 (December 2, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v11i2.1200.
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Agarwood is economical important non forest timber product. The objective of this research was to obtain fungi that have ability to effectively infect and form agarwood.The fungi were isolated and selected from agarwood for effective infection studies.Ten isolates were successfully isolated, they were belonging to Aspergillus (JG5, JG17,KT17, JG31, JG32, JG21, JG19), Penicillium (JG4), Fusarium (JG12, JG18). Four isolates were successful form effective infection and they identified as Aspergillus sp JG17, Aspergillus sp JG31, Aspergillus sp JG32 and Fusarium sp JG12. They produced secondary metabolite. The Fusarium sp JG12 was the most effective strain produced agarwood and form resin gaharu on Aquilaria beccariana after 4 months inoculation. The size of agarwood formed was 2,96 cm in length and 0,16 cm wide. It is recommendedto use this strain for effective formation of agarwood.Key words: isolation, fungi, agarwood, Fusarium
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Ulfimaturahmah, Fitria Ayudi, Ratna Stia Dewi, and Ajeng Arum Sari. "Aspergillus sp. For Indigosol Blue and Remazol Brilliant Blue R Decolorization." BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.3.1795.
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Synthetic dyes are artificial dyes manufactured by Industry and commonly used for the textile industry. These dyes had potentially caused an environmental problem. Many types of dyes are recalcitrant and have toxic properties for living organisms. It can be removed by decolorization method, especially a biological decolorization by fungi. Fungi were chosen due to the ability to degrade toxic components. Aspergillus sp. is the fungi which commonly used for dye decolorization. It might be caused that Aspergillus sp. is one type of fungi lived in the textile waste and expected not to die in the dye decolorization treatment. The purpose of this research was to investigate the ability of the mycelia pellets of Aspergillus sp to decolorized Indigosol Blue dye and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dye. This research showed that mycelial pellets of Aspergillus sp. had high activity of decolorization of Indigosol Blue dye up to 85.37% and RBBR dye up to 80.21% and caused low pH value after 24 hour incubation time compared to the control solution.
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Hadiyanti, Ratna, Deden Zamzam Badruzzaman, Wowon Juanda, and Yuli Astuti Hidayati. "KAJIAN POTENSI EKSTRAK BUAH MENGKUDU (Morinda citrifolia) SEBAGAI DESINFEKTAN ALAMI TERHADAP JAMUR PADA RUANG PENYIMPANAN SUSU." Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 1, no. 1 (October 7, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jthp.v1i1.23852.
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Morinda citrifolia can be used as a natural disinfectant on the milk storage space because it has an anti-fungal compound. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential of Morinda citrifolia extract as a natural disinfectant to fungi in the milk storage room, is reviewed from a decrease in the number of mushrooms and identification of the type of fungi before and after the use of Morinda citrifolia extracts. The study was conducted experimentally using a complete random design (CRD) with four treatments of P0 (without using Morinda citrifolia), P1 (15% concentration of Morinda citrifolia extract), P2 (20% concentration of Morinda citrifolia extract), P3 (concentration 25% of Morinda citrifolia extracts) and six times the replay. The observed is a decrease in the number of fungi, identifying the type of fungi before the use of Morinda citrifolia extract, identification of the type of fungi after the use of Morinda citrifolia extract. The results showed that Morinda citrifolia extract had a noticeable effect on decreasing the number of fungi in the milk storage room, with a consecutive drop percentage of P0 = 25,12%, P1 = 58,12%, P2 = 61,89%, P3 = 70,59%. The result of identification of fungi type on milk storage Chamber is Cephalosporium sp, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium digitatum, Mucor sp. The decrease in the amount of the type of each fungus is Cephalosporium sp (68,13%), Aspergillus ochraceus (88%), Aspergillus flavu (87,94%), Penicillium purpurogenum (85,71%), Penicillium digitatum (95.73%), Mucor sp (59,57%).
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Hwang, Lee, Park, Lee, Oh, Oh, and Shin. "New Peptides from The Marine-Derived Fungi Aspergillus allahabadii and Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis." Marine Drugs 17, no. 9 (August 21, 2019): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17090488.
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Four new peptides were isolated from the culture broths of the marine-derived fungi Aspergillus allahabadii and A. ochraceopetaliformis. Based on the results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses, two compounds (1 and 2) from A. allahabadii were determined to be cyclopentapeptides, while those from A. ochraceopetaliformis were a structurally-related cyclodepsihexapeptide (3) and its linear analog (4). In addition to the presence of a D-amino acid residue, the almost reversed sequence of peptides in 3 and 4, relative to those of the 1 and 2, is notable. These new compounds exhibited moderate inhibition against the enzyme sortase A as well as a weak inhibition against isocitrate lyase (2).
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Rodrigues, Igor Vinícius Pimentel, Katia Regina Assunção Borges, Marcos Antonio Custódio Neto da Silva, Maria do Desterro Soares Brandão Nascimento, Juliano dos Santos, Alexandre Santana Azevedo, and Geusa Felipa de Barros Bezerra. "Diversity of Soil Filamentous Fungi Influenced by Marine Environment in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil." Scientific World Journal 2020 (May 1, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3727453.
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Introduction. In recent decades, there has been an intensification of environmental problems, which are becoming increasingly critical and frequent due to population growth. Microorganisms, including soilborne fungi, play an essential role in maintaining and balancing the environment. One of the most impacted ecosystems in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, is the Jansen Lagoon State Park, an important tourist spot, which has suffered anthropogenic actions such as the dumping of household waste (sewage) in its body of water. As a consequence, these pollutants can accumulate in the adjacent soil, since the body of water is near this substrate. The objectives were to isolate and identify filamentous fungi from the soil of the Jansen Lagoon State Park. Methods. Monthly soil samples were collected and later processed using the modified suspension technique according to Clark (1965). Results. The isolated genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Absidia, and Fusarium. Aspergillus is the fungal genus of greater dominance in the soil of the Jansen Lagoon State Park. Aspergillus niger was the dominant species (37%), followed by A. tamarii (21.6%). Conclusion. The main isolated fungi from the Jansen Lagoon State Park were Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tamrii. These fungi can be used as biological markers of pollution and as biodegraders and/or bioremediators to improve the area studied.
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S., Rajeswari, Umamaheswari S., D. Arvind Prasanth, and Rajamanikandan K. C. P. "BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS (SS03) AGAINST CLINICAL ISOLATES." International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016.v8i9.11466.
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<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant <em>Moringa oleifera </em>Lam. collected from the Omalur region, Salem district.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The endophytic fungi were isolated from stem, leaves, flowers and calyx of <em>Moringa</em> <em>oleifera</em> by surface sterilization method. The samples were surface sterilized by immersing it in 70% ethanol for 5 seconds followed by 4% sodium hypochlorite for 90 seconds and then a final rinsing in sterile distilled water. Then fungal biomass was extracted for intracellular metabolites by using ethyl acetate as solvent. The crude extract was filtered, and the filtrate was dried under vacuum at 40 °C. The filtrate was analyzed for antimicrobial activity. The fungi which showed the maximum activity was identified and the metabolite present in the ethyl acetate extract was characterized and identified by GC-MS and NMR analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The predominant endophytic fungi isolated belongs to the genera of <em>Aspergillus spp, Aspergillus flavus,</em> <em>Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus terreus </em>and dematiaceous fungi namely<em> Bipolaris spp. </em>From this <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> showed the highest zone of inhibition was observed against <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>and<em> Bacillus</em> 22 mm and strain of <em>Candida tropicalis </em>19 mm. The efficiency of the bioactive compound was identified by GC-MS and NMR analysis and found to be Fenaclon, (R)(-) 14 methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol, Trans-β-farnesene (E)-β-farnesene, 9-Octcadecene,1,1, Dimethoxy</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study results indicate that the bioactive metabolites produce the endophytic fungi <em>Aspergillus flavus</em><strong> </strong>could be promising source as antimicrobial agents.</p>
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Khan, Ishrat, Wan-Lin Xie, Yu-Chao Yu, Huan Sheng, Yan Xu, Jia-Qi Wang, Sanjit Chandra Debnath, et al. "Heteroexpression of Aspergillus nidulans laeA in Marine-Derived Fungi Triggers Upregulation of Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Genes." Marine Drugs 18, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18120652.
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Fungi are a prospective resource of bioactive compounds, but conventional methods of drug discovery are not effective enough to fully explore their metabolic potential. This study aimed to develop an easily attainable method to elicit the metabolic potential of fungi using Aspergillus nidulans laeA as a transcription regulation tool. In this study, functional analysis of Aspergillus nidulans laeA (AnLaeA) and Aspergillus sp. Z5 laeA (Az5LaeA) was done in the fungus Aspergillus sp. Z5. Heterologous AnLaeA-and native Az5LaeA-overexpression exhibited similar phenotypic effects and caused an increase in production of a bioactive compound diorcinol in Aspergillus sp. Z5, which proved the conserved function of this global regulator. In particular, heteroexpression of AnLaeA showed a significant impact on the expression of velvet complex genes, diorcinol synthesis-related genes, and different transcription factors (TFs). Moreover, heteroexpression of AnLaeA influenced the whole genome gene expression of Aspergillus sp. Z5 and triggered the upregulation of many genes. Overall, these findings suggest that heteroexpression of AnLaeA in fungi serves as a simple and easy method to explore their metabolic potential. In relation to this, AnLaeA was overexpressed in the fungus Penicillium sp. LC1-4, which resulted in increased production of quinolactacin A.
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IBRAHIM, Amany G., and Lujin S. AL-GHAMDI. "Bioremediation of Phenol by Mutated and Immobilized Aspergillus and Penicillium Species." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 11, no. 4 (December 24, 2019): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb11410581.
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Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates epoxies, bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs. In order to increase the biodegradation of phenol by fungi, fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus terreus), were isolated from different contaminated sites in Saudi Arabia such as Jeddah Governate, the second industrial city of Jeddah, some garbage collection places, gas stations and Red Sea), then screened for phenol degradation. For the first time in Saudi Arabia, biodegradation of phenol by fungi is improved by mutation as well as immobilization of fungi above calcium alginate. The isolated fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium griseofulvum and Aspergillus terreus), were mutated physically (UV) and chemically (Ethidium bromide), also immobilized in alginate beads and its phenol degradation efficiency was observed. The degradation was increased many fold after immobilization, but after mutation some mutants appeared highly degradation rate for the phenol such as Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium griseofulvum but Aspergillus terreus appeared highly degradation rate for the phenol only after exposure to UV for 5 and 10 mins only than the wild strains. In addition, phenol degradation was increased with increase the fungal disk size of the tested strains.
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Matei, Gabi Mirela, Sorin Matei, Maria Pele, Flavia Dumitrescu, and Adrian Matei. "Invertase Production by Fungi, Characterization of Enzyme Activity and Kinetic Parameters." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 10 (November 15, 2017): 2205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.10.5856.
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The present paper presents the results of research carried out on 14 fungal isolates of various origins aiming to select new efficient sources for invertase production for further biotechnological application. Aspergillus flavus presented the highest protein content and Aspergillus niger, the most intense invertase activity. The relationship between enzyme concentration and enzymatic activity at 0.25 mM mL-1sucrose as substrate assayed for successive decimal dilutions of Aspergillus niger enzyme ranging from 0.1 to 1mlLrevealed a linear correspondence between 0.1 and 0.5mL. The kinetic parameters Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximal velocity (Vmax) for invertase activity of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Aspergillus wentii and Rhizopus stolonifer were calculated. The determination coefficients R2 calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots presented values very close or equal to 1.
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Jaggi, Tavleen Kaur, Soo Kai Ter, Micheál Mac Aogáin, and Sanjay H. Chotirmall. "Aspergillus-Associated Endophenotypes in Bronchiectasis." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 42, no. 04 (July 14, 2021): 556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730947.
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AbstractBronchiectasis is a chronic condition of global relevance resulting in permanent and irreversible structural airway damage. Bacterial infection in bronchiectasis is well studied; however, recent molecular studies identify fungi as important pathogens, either independently or in association with bacteria. Aspergillus species are established fungal pathogens in cystic fibrosis and their role is now increasingly being recognized in noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. While the healthy airway is constantly exposed to ubiquitously present Aspergillus conidia in the environment, anatomically damaged airways appear more prone to colonization and subsequent infection by this fungal group. Aspergilli possess diverse immunopathological mechanistic capabilities and when coupled with innate immune defects in a susceptible host, such as that observed in bronchiectasis, it may promote a range of clinical manifestations including sensitization, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Aspergillus bronchitis, and/or invasive aspergillosis. How such clinical states influence “endophenotypes” in bronchiectasis is therefore of importance, as each Aspergillus-associated disease state has overlapping features with bronchiectasis itself, and can evolve, depending on underlying host immunity from one type into another. Concurrent Aspergillus infection complicates the clinical course and exacerbations in bronchiectasis and therefore dedicated research to better understand the Aspergillus-host interaction in the bronchiectasis airway is now warranted.
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Krnjaja, Vesna, J. Levic, Zorica Tomic, Lj Stojanovic, S. Trenkovski, Zorica Nesic, and G. Marinkov. "The presence of potential toxigenic fungi in animal feed with particular rewiev on species of genera Aspergillus and Fusarium." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 1-2 (2007): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702095k.
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The presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera was investigated in 72 samples of different kinds of animal feed. A total five genera of fungi were isolated and identified with followed degree of frequency: Aspergillus (79,17%), Rhizopus (70,83%), Penicillium (68,06%), Fusarium (51,39%) i Mucor (30,56%). The most frequent of the species of fungi from genera Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated: A. flavus (73,61%), A. fumigatus (31,94%), A. ohraceus (23,16%), A. niger (4,17%), F. verticillioides (36,11%), F. proliferatum (15,28%) i F. subglutinans (2,78%).
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Kadaifciler, Duygu Göksay, and Rasime Demirel. "Fungal contaminants in man-made water systems connected to municipal water." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 2 (March 2, 2018): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.272.
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Abstract Water-related fungi are known to cause taste and odor problems, as well as negative health effects, and can lead to water-pipeline clogging. There is no legal regulation on the occurrence of fungi in water environments. However, much research has been performed, but further studies are needed. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the fungal load and the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi in man-made water systems (for homes, hospitals, and shopping centers) connected to municipal water in Istanbul, Turkey. The mean fungal concentrations found in the different water samples were 98 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL in shopping centers, 51 CFU/100 mL in hospitals, and 23 CFU/100 mL in homes. The dominant fungal species were identified as Aureobasidium pullulans and Fusarium oxysporum. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and ochratoxigenic Aspergillus westerdijkiae were only detected in the hospital water samples. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cladosporium cladosporioides were also detected in the samples. The study reveals that the municipal water supplies, available for different purposes, could thus contain mycotoxigenic fungi. It was concluded that current disinfection procedures may be insufficient, and the presence of the above-mentioned fungi is important for people with suppressed immune systems.
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Egbuta, Mary Augustina, Mulunda Mwanza, Patrick Berka Njobeh, Judith Zanele Phoku, Cynthia Adaku Chilaka, and Micheal Francis Dutton. "Isolation of Filamentous Fungi Species Contaminating Some Nigerian Food Commodities." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 1 (October 14, 2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n1p38.
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<p>Samples of maize, rice, cocoa and cocoa-based powder beverage) collected from different stores and markets in south-western Nigeria were screened for filamentous fungi contamination using conventional and molecular methods. Samples were cultured aseptically on potato dextrose agar (PDA), ohio agricultural experimental agar (OEASA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Czapek Yeast Agar (CYA) prior to fungi isolation. Conventional methods comprising of macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of isolated fungi species were implemented in the analysis for identification of fungi species. Molecular method of identification involved DNA extraction, Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) using ITS-1/ITS-4 primer pair and nucleotide sequencing. Results obtained indicated a range of filamentous fungi genus including <em>Aspergillus</em>, <em>Penicillium</em>, <em>Fusarium</em>, <em>Alternaria,</em> <em>Cladosporium</em> and <em>Rhizopus</em> contaminating the food commodities with <em>Aspergillus</em> and <em>Penicillium</em> species dominating most of the samples. High incidences were recorded for <em>Aspergillus flavus</em>, <em>Aspergillus niger</em> and <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em> in most of the samples screened. The occurrence of these filamentous fungal species pose a reason for concern as most of these fungal species are known producers of toxic substances. This study was carried out to contribute to mycological screening of different Nigerian food commodities for a variety of filamentous fungi species.</p>