Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fungi – Hong Kong'

This dissertation is about an important area in the discipline of architectural conservation, and it is cultural Landscape, defined as the combination of built and natural heritage resources. The understanding of the concept of “cultural landscape” is relatively new to Hong Kong, having been formally introduced by Dr. Ken Nicolson in 2002 as part of the syllabus of the postgraduate curriculum of HKU’s Architectural Conservation Programmes (ACP). Today, the people of Hong Kong are more aware of cultural landscape, and the term now appears in government documents. However, the concept has been with Hong Kong for a long time, expressed in the principles of fung shui. Many of Hong Kong’s cultural landscapes are influenced by fung shui and a common feature is fung shui woodland, which will be the focus of this dissertation. Fung shui is a belief system and a traditional form of landscape planning, and villages in Hong Kong and their woodlands are sited according to the principles of fung shui. The purpose of fung shui is clearly described in Yoon (1980). He stated that the aim of Fung Shui, is to maximize the wellbeing of human by maintaining the harmony between human and the nature. It is believed that all matter on the earth; both living and non-living things carry Qi or cosmic breath, which are responsible for ensuring posterity and vitality. Either insufficient or excessive Qi would result in decline and misfortune. In “Venturing Fung Shui Woods (2004)”, it is mentioned that some of the oldest fung shui woodlands in Hong Kong date back to more than 300 years. Fung shui woodland is an important element of rural Hong Kong cultural landscapes representing our traditional belief system and high cultural significance. The author also describes fung shui woodlands as like a living herbarium or plant museum, offering valuable resources for both academic research and nature conservation. A review of the recent literature on fung shui woodland, in Fung Shui View (2012), the authors explain the value of the fung shui woodland is not only in terms of ecological, but also social. From the above publication, it is clear that the fung shui woodland is one of the important cultural landscape elements in Hong Kong, which illustrates our tradition cultural beliefs and the important value of original village settlements.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Conserving ecologically important sites under private ownership has long been the problem to the Government. In Mai Po and Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site, wetland habitat comprises of a number of fishponds under private ownership. The land ownership issue hinders these fishponds from wetland conservation. Conventional conservation approach, which relies on nature reserve designation and land acquisition, is not always applicable due to huge financial implication. To resolve the issue, the Government launched Public-private Partnership Scheme in 2004, to encourage wetland conservation projects on private lands through integration of wetland conservation and development. In recent years, projects applied through Public-private Partnership Scheme have received strong objection from the public and green groups. They criticize the projects will impose potential impacts on wetland habitat and threats on biodiversity values. This study identified the inadequacies of Public-private Partnership Scheme and to analyze the root causes leading to ineffectiveness. The result of evaluation found several inadequacies in Public-private Partnership Scheme, including (i) ignorance of overall biodiversity values; (ii) weak linkage between conservation and development objectives and result in incompatible land uses; (iii) neglected the interest of powerless stakeholders in the design of trade-off and incentives; (iv) lacks of other policies, cross-departmental and regional planning supports; (v) uncertainty in long-term financial arrangement; and (vi) top-down and unidirectional participation process. These inadequacies are further categorized into five root causes leading to ineffectiveness of PPP scheme, including (i) limitations of incentive, (ii) lack of clear conservation targets, (iii) passive and rigid mechanism, (iv) top-down participation process, and (v) project-based policy. Based on these root causes, the Government’s motivation in conservation is much lag behind when compared to the public expectation. Its effort in facilitation is limited and critically influences the effectiveness of Public-private Partnership Scheme. Its passive and supervision role of the Government hinder the mechanism of Public-private Partnership Scheme search for better integration of wetland conservation and development.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

In recent decades, environmental education has gradually gained importance in raising people’s awareness to various environmental problems. It is also an essential tool to encourage the public to take actions actively to solve the environmental problems we now face. In Hong Kong, environmental education is carried out at school and is also provided by different government departments and many different environmental NGOs. Being one of the few local NGOs that focus on butterfly conservation, Fung Yuen Butterfly Reserve also provides a butterfly-oriented environmental education programme for students and the public. Nevertheless, the programme has its weaknesses. Its content is not specific. The programme has been operated for years without review. And, it may not fit the learning needs of today’s students. Another weakness identified is the lack of choice of programme offered by the Reserve. With its unique role in conservation of local butterfly fauna, it is believed that the Reserve has the potential to enhance its role in environmental education. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a diverse series of environmental education programmes that could be implemented in the Reserve in the future. A number of things were done to facilitate the design of these new programmes. Environmental education programmes in local and overseas context were reviewed, particularly those which focus on butterfly and its conservation. These programmes provided examples of programme structures, possible themes and contents, as well as learning activities to be included in the new programmes. Most of them included significant outdoor learning time, with various activities to provide interactive and hands-on experience for participants. These activities include wildlife observation and survey, role-play, game, discussion, and etc. Apart from this, the syllabuses of Biology, Geography and Liberal Studies of the current New Senior Secondary Curriculum of Hong Kong were also reviewed so as to identify the education niche where Fung Yuen Butterfly Reserve could potentially fit in. In addition, a questionnaire interview was conducted with school teachers, understanding what themes, contents and learning activities they would expect in the new programme, as well as to what extent should the new programmes match with the school curriculum. In the study, five new programmes were developed. Three of them are targeted at senior secondary school students of Biology, Geography and Liberal Studies. A less specific programme is proposed for junior secondary students, whose learning needs are easier to fulfil than that of senior ones. Finally, it is proposed to keep the current programme with slight level of modification, for audiences like the general public and primary school students. Last but not least, this study also revealed that there is a lack of environmental education programmes in Hong Kong, particularly those which focused on butterfly. On the other hand, the demand for these programmes is relatively great. This would be a strong support for Fung Yuen Butterfly Reserve to revamp its education strategies and satisfy the observed excessive demand. Finally, further suggestions are also given for the Reserve’s advancement in environmental education.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

Lai, Ka Ho.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 231-241).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Pages
Abstract --- p.i
摘要 --- p.iv
Acknowledgment --- p.vii
Contents --- p.viii
List of Figures --- p.xix
List of Table --- p.xxv
Abbreviations --- p.xxx
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Airborne fungi --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Requirement of water activity for airborne micro-organisms --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Sampling of airborne fungi --- p.5
Chapter 1.4 --- Identification of airborne fungi --- p.10
Chapter 1.5 --- Measurement of diversity of airborne fungi --- p.10
Chapter 1.6 --- Airborne fungi in different environments --- p.13
Chapter 1.7 --- Health hazards from airborne fungi and their metabolites --- p.15
Chapter 1.7.1 --- Health hazards of airborne fungi --- p.15
Chapter 1.7.2 --- Health hazards of mycotoxins --- p.18
Chapter 1.7.3 --- "Mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoyxnivalenol, ochratoxins and citrinin" --- p.21
Chapter 1.8 --- "Aim, objectives and project strategy of this study" --- p.25
Chapter 1.8.1 --- Aim of study --- p.25
Chapter 1.8.2 --- Objectives --- p.26
Chapter 1.8.3 --- Strategy for the study --- p.26
Chapter 1.9 --- Significance of the study --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.30
Chapter 2.1 --- Sampling equipments --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.1 --- The passive sampling methods --- p.30
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Operation of the two passive sampling methods --- p.31
Chapter 2.1.3 --- The active sampling methods --- p.32
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Operation of the two active sampling methods --- p.34
Chapter 2.2 --- Identification of airborne fungi --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Identification by morphological markers --- p.35
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Molecular identification of airborne fungi --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Genomic DNA extraction from fungal biomass --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Cycle-sequencing --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.2.5 --- Sequencing --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.2.6 --- Gel electrophoresis --- p.41
Chapter 2.3 --- "Determination of viable fungal abundance, species richness, species composition and species diversity" --- p.42
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calculation of viable fungal abundance --- p.42
Chapter 2.3.2 --- "Calculation of species number, relative abundance and species diversity" --- p.44
Chapter 2.4 --- "Sampling of airborne, soilborne and dustborne fungi" --- p.45
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Airborne fungal diversity of two storage areas sampled by four methods --- p.45
Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Description of the two sampling sites: mushroom house go-down in CUHK and the storage room in Tsing Yi --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Sampling conditions of the four sampling methods in the two storage rooms --- p.47
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Airborne fungal surveys in the two construction workplaces --- p.51
Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Description of the construction workplaces in Tsing Yi and Castle Peak Road --- p.52
Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Sampling conditions for airborne fungi in the two construction workplaces --- p.58
Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- "Determination of viable fungal abundance, species richness, species composition and species diversity in the two workplaces" --- p.59
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Determination of the airborne fungal communities of the contractor site office with a green roof and the neighbouring government office --- p.60
Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- "Sampling of airborne fungi from a green roof, the indoor environment of the contractor site office with a green roof and the neighboring government office" --- p.62
Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Sampling of soilborne fungi and determination of soil properties of the green roof --- p.62
Chapter 2.4.3.2.1 --- Determination of microbial counts --- p.63
Chapter 2.4.3.2.2 --- Determination of the aerial biomass of plants --- p.64
Chapter 2.4.3.2.3 --- "Determination of soil carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) contents" --- p.64
Chapter 2.4.3.2.4 --- Analysis of soil texture --- p.65
Chapter 2.4.3.2.5 --- Determination of total phosphorus content --- p.66
Chapter 2.4.3.2.6 --- Determination of available nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.67
Chapter 2.4.3.2.7 --- Determination of potassium content --- p.67
Chapter 2.4.3.2.8 --- Determination of soil moisture --- p.68
Chapter 2.4.3.2.9 --- Determination of soil pH and soil electrical conductivity --- p.68
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Dustborne fungi and the properties of the dusts collected from the air-conditioners of the construction workplaces --- p.69
Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- Determination of viable dustborne fungal population --- p.69
Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Composition analysis and toxicities of the air-conditioner dust samples --- p.70
Chapter 2.4.4.2.1 --- "Determination of the contents of three mycotoxins by ELISA: aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxins" --- p.71
Chapter 2.4.4.2.2 --- Determination of mycotoxin citrinin and volatile organic profiles by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- p.73
Chapter 2.4.4.2.3 --- Determination of cytotoxicities of the dust samples --- p.75
Chapter 2.4.4.2.3.1 --- Cell lines and culture conditions --- p.75
Chapter 2.4.4.2.3.2 --- Growth curves of the cell lines --- p.76
Chapter 2.4.4.2.3.3 --- Determination of the cytotoxicities of the dust extracts --- p.77
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Result --- p.78
Chapter 3.1 --- Airborne fungi in the workplaces --- p.78
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by four sampling methods --- p.78
Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the passive sampling methods --- p.78
Chapter 3.1.1.1.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.79
Chapter 3.1.1.1.2 --- Species richness and composition of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the passive sampling methods --- p.81
Chapter 3.1.1.1.3 --- Biodiversity indices of the airborne fungal communities in the two storage rooms collected by the passive sampling methods --- p.85
Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.87
Chapter 3.1.1.2.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.87
Chapter 3.1.1.2.1.1 --- Abundances of airborne fungi in the mushroom house go-down collected by the active sampling methods --- p.88
Chapter 3.1.1.2.1.2 --- Abundances of airborne fungi in the storage room in Tsing Yi collected by the active sampling methods --- p.94
Chapter 3.1.1.2.2 --- Species richness in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.95
Chapter 3.1.1.2.3 --- Species compositions of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.98
Chapter 3.1.1.2.4 --- Biodiversity indices of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the active sampling methods --- p.104
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Airborne fungal surveys in the construction workplaces --- p.106
Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Relative humidity and temperature measured in the two construction workplaces --- p.107
Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Airborne fungi collected at the two workplaces --- p.108
Chapter 3.1.2.2.1 --- Abundances of airborne fungi in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.108
Chapter 3.1.2.2.2 --- Indoor/ outdoor (I/O) ratios of the airborne fungi in the four surveys of the two construction workplace --- p.113
Chapter 3.1.2.2.3 --- Species richness of airborne fungi for the four surveys in the two construction workplaces --- p.114
Chapter 3.1.2.2.4 --- Composition of the airborne fungal communities in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.116
Chapter 3.1.2.2.5 --- Biodiversity indices of the airborne fungal communities collected in the four surveys at the two construction workplaces --- p.121
Chapter 3.1.2.2.6 --- Properties of the identified fungi collected at the two construction workplaces --- p.124
Chapter 3.1.3 --- The relationship between airborne fungal communities of two neighbouring offices in the Tsing Yi site --- p.125
Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Soilborne and airborne fungi of the green roof and their relationship with the indoor airborne fungi of the contractor site office --- p.125
Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- The relationship between indoor airborne fungi collected from the contractor site office and the neighbouring government office --- p.127
Chapter 3.2 --- Dusts in air-conditioner filters of the construction workplace --- p.130
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Microscopic observation of the dust samples --- p.130
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Viable dustborne fungi of the neighboring site offices --- p.132
Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Mycotoxin contents, volatile organic profiles and toxicities of the dust samples" --- p.136
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- "Mycotoxin aflatoxins, ochratoxins and deoxynivalenol contents of the dust samples" --- p.136
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Mycotoxin citrinin contents and the organic profiles of the dust samples determined by GC-MS --- p.138
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Cytotoxicities of the dust samples --- p.156
Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Population growth curves of the cell lines NCI H1299 and MCF-7 --- p.156
Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Toxicities of the dust samples on two cell lines --- p.158
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.163
Chapter 4.1 --- Airborne fungi in the workplace --- p.163
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Biodiversity of airborne fungi collected in the two storage rooms --- p.163
Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Comparison between the airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.164
Chapter 4.1.1.1.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.164
Chapter 4.1.1.1.2 --- Species richness and composition of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.166
Chapter 4.1.1.1.3 --- Species diversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two passive sampling methods --- p.168
Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Comparison between the airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.170
Chapter 4.1.1.2.1 --- Abundance of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.170
Chapter 4.1.1.2.2 --- Species richness and composition of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.174
Chapter 4.1.1.2.3 --- Species diversity of airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the two active sampling methods --- p.176
Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- Comparison between the airborne fungi in the two storage rooms collected by the passive and active sampling methods --- p.178
Chapter 4.1.1.4 --- Conclusion on the study in the two storage rooms --- p.180
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Airborne fungal surveys in the two construction workplaces --- p.181
Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Airborne fungi sampled in the two construction workplaces --- p.182
Chapter 4.1.2.1.1 --- Relative humidity and temperature recorded in the two construction workplaces --- p.182
Chapter 4.1.2.1.2 --- Correlation between the two environmental factors and the abundance of airborne fungi collected --- p.183
Chapter 4.1.2.1.3 --- Airborne viable fungal sampled in the two construction workplaces --- p.184
Chapter 4.1.2.1.3.1 --- Seasonal change of airborne fungi in the two construction workplaces --- p.184
Chapter 4.1.2.1.3.2 --- Comparison on the viable airborne fungal abundance collected in the two construction workplaces --- p.186
Chapter 4.1.2.1.3.3 --- Comparison on the species number and species composition collected in the two construction workplaces --- p.192
Chapter 4.1.2.1.4 --- Comparison between indoor and outdoor airborne fungi of the two construction workplaces --- p.195
Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.1 --- Comparison on the viable airborne fungal abundance collected in the indoor and outdoor environments of the two workplaces --- p.195
Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.2 --- Species number and species composition collected in the indoor and outdoor environments of the two workplaces --- p.197
Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.3 --- Species diversity collected in the indoor and outdoor environments of the two workplaces --- p.201
Chapter 4.1.2.1.4.4 --- Properties of the identified fungi collected in the two construction workplaces --- p.202
Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Relationship between airborne fungal communities of two neighboring offices in the Tsing Yi site --- p.205
Chapter 4.1.2.2.1 --- Soilborne and airborne fungi of the green roof and the airborne fungi of the contractor site office --- p.205
Chapter 4.1.2.2.2 --- Indoor airborne fungi collected from the contractor site office and the neighbouring government site office --- p.206
Chapter 4.2 --- Dusts from air-conditioners of the workplace --- p.207
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparison of dustborne fungal abundances among different locations --- p.208
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Comparison of dustborne fungal abundances on different accumulation times --- p.211
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison of dustborne fungal abundances on the contractor site offices and the government site office in Tsing Yi --- p.212
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Comparison of species composition among dusts from the contractor site offices and the government site offices --- p.213
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Mycotoxins in the dust samples --- p.214
Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Aflatoxin contents of the dust samples --- p.214
Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Deoxynivalenol contents of the dust samples --- p.215
Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Ochratoxin contents of the dust samples --- p.216
Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- Mycotoxin producers in the dust samples --- p.217
Chapter 4.2.6 --- The volatile organic profiles of the dust samples determined by GC-MS --- p.218
Chapter 4.2.7 --- Cytotoxicities of the dust samples --- p.221
Chapter 4.2.8 --- Conclusion on the health hazards from dusts in air-conditioners --- p.223
Chapter 4.3 --- Sampling strategy --- p.223
Chapter 4.4 --- Further investigation --- p.227
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.228
Chapter Chapter 6 --- References --- p.231
Appendices --- p.242
Chapter Appendix 1 --- Relative abundance of the airborne fungal species by the passive sampling method in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.242
Chapter Appendix 2 --- Images of the most abundance fungal species --- p.246
Chapter Appendix 3 --- Relative abundance of the airborne fungal species by the active sampling methods in the four surveys of the two construction workplaces --- p.257
Chapter Appendix 4 --- Details of properties of fungal species identified --- p.260

Ho, Yun Chi Maggie.
"December 2010."
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 211-231).
Abstracts in English and Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese.
ABSTRACT --- p.i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iv
TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.vi
LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xviii
NOTATION --- p.xix
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Significance --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Conceptual framework of study --- p.5
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.9
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9
Chapter 2.2 --- Definition of terms --- p.10
Chapter 2.3 --- Indigenous community and nature reserves --- p.12
Chapter 2.4 --- Opportunities of cooperating with indigenous community in conservation --- p.15
Chapter 2.5 --- Incorporating indigenous knowledge --- p.18
Chapter 2.6 --- Sacred natural sites as traditional conserved areas --- p.21
Chapter 2.7 --- Challenges --- p.26
Chapter 2.7.1 --- Erosion of traditions --- p.26
Chapter 2.7.2 --- Coordination between indigenous population and conservationists --- p.31
Chapter 2.8 --- International trend --- p.33
Chapter 2.9 --- Local experiences in nature conservation --- p.36
Chapter 2.9.1 --- Legislative framework --- p.36
Chapter 2.9.2 --- Types of Protected Areas (PAs) --- p.37
Chapter 2.9.3 --- Community involvement --- p.41
Chapter 2.9.4 --- Privately owned land. --- p.43
Chapter 2.10 --- Summary --- p.45
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.47
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.47
Chapter 3.2 --- Research framework --- p.47
Chapter 3.3 --- Data collection --- p.48
Chapter 3.4 --- Analytical approach --- p.50
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Importance-performance analysis --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Participation level assessment --- p.53
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Background of Study Sites --- p.60
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.60
Chapter 4.2 --- Background information on Long Valley --- p.60
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Geographical settings --- p.60
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Demographic information --- p.61
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Cultural heritages --- p.63
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Agricultural history --- p.66
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Avifauna diversity --- p.67
Chapter 4.3 --- Background information on Fung Yuen --- p.69
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Geographical settings --- p.69
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Demographic information --- p.72
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Biodiversity --- p.73
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.76
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Roles of Stakeholders --- p.78
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction : --- p.78
Chapter 5.2 --- Current management framework : --- p.78
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Role of government --- p.81
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Role of NGOs --- p.86
Chapter 5.2.3 --- Role of local community --- p.97
Chapter 5.2.4 --- Role of private sector --- p.98
Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.99
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Community participation level assessment --- p.102
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.102
Chapter 6.2 --- Community participation on the two sites --- p.103
Chapter 6.2.1 --- Long Valley --- p.103
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Fung Yuen --- p.113
Chapter 6.2.3 --- Summary --- p.125
Chapter 6.3 --- Motivation for participation --- p.126
Chapter 6.3.1 --- Long Valley --- p.126
Chapter 6.3.2 --- Fung Yuen --- p.128
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Summary --- p.129
Chapter 6.4 --- Identifying participation level --- p.130
Chapter 6.5 --- Suggestions for improvement --- p.134
Chapter 6.5.1 --- Structure --- p.135
Chapter 6.5.2 --- Conservation --- p.139
Chapter 6.5.3 --- Ecotourism --- p.144
Chapter 6.6 --- Summary --- p.147
Chapter Chapter 7 --- Performance of MA scheme --- p.150
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction : --- p.150
Chapter 7.2 --- Public perception --- p.150
Chapter 7.3 --- NGOs´ة staffs --- p.160
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Involvement of locals --- p.162
Chapter 7.3.2 --- Management --- p.167
Chapter 7.4 --- Summary --- p.172
Chapter Chapter 8 --- Sustainable ma framework --- p.175
Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.175
Chapter 8.2 --- Current situation --- p.175
Chapter 8.3 --- Challenges --- p.178
Chapter 8.3.1 --- Interest of landlords --- p.178
Chapter 8.3.2 --- Bureaucratic problem --- p.180
Chapter 8.3.3 --- Inadequate institutional support --- p.183
Chapter 8.3.4 --- Development pressure --- p.185
Chapter 8.3.5 --- Absence of ecological baseline data --- p.187
Chapter 8.3.6 --- Rapid change of personnel --- p.188
Chapter 8.4 --- Opportunities --- p.189
Chapter 8.4.1 --- Adaptive management --- p.189
Chapter 8.4.2 --- Community participation --- p.191
Chapter 8.4.3 --- Trust fund --- p.192
Chapter 8.5 --- Summary and suggestions for improvement --- p.194
Chapter Chapter 9 --- Conclusion --- p.199
Chapter 9.1 --- Introduction --- p.199
Chapter 9.2 --- Summary of findings --- p.200
Chapter 9.2.1 --- Roles of stakeholders --- p.200
Chapter 9.2.2 --- Community participation level --- p.202
Chapter 9.2.3 --- Performance of MA --- p.204
Chapter 9.2.4 --- Suggestions for improvement --- p.206
Chapter 9.3 --- Limitations of the study --- p.208
Chapter 9.4 --- Suggestions for future study --- p.209
Bibliography --- p.211
Appendices --- p.232

碩士
中原大學
企業管理研究所
93
In the past, mostly research focused on high technology industries, very few on Chinese Trading Business Group which established as purchasing agency for earning trading commission simply. Result in the global trading environment is changed so quickly, especially for the severe competition among cross-strait three territories of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, business operation has been gradually extended widely to the downstream clients and global logistics stirred as a tendency. Therefore, to survey how the traditional trading enterprise to stick out their simple type of trading agency and successfully develop for global logistics by conspicuous new business type with lasting core competence becomes the presently critical issue. This research was established by method of case research as aimed at the outstanding in global retail logistic operation and achieved remarkable performance by over ten years’ continue for core expansion being the leading trading enterprise of Test Rite International Co., Ltd. in Taiwan and the global top Chinese trading enterprise of Li & Fung Co. in Hong Kong. Through deep interview and generally collection of all relative data to verify and analyze the influence on group’s excellent performance with core competency, expansion model and supply chain strategy, we obtained important results as below: 1.Core competency influenced expansion models - we found the more core expansion relied on core competency of capability resource. 2.Core expansion model influenced supply chain strategy - whole expansion model was more suitable to integrated supply chain strategy. 3.Core expansion influenced global trading group performance - by whole expansion achieved better group performance. 4.Core competency influenced supply chain strategy - adopted core competency possessed functional resource was helpful to adopted integrated supply chain strategy. 5.Core competency was related to global trading group performance – adopted core competency of capability resource achieved better group performance. 6.Supply chain strategy was related to global trading group performance – adopted integrated supply chain strategy achieved better group performance.