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Journal articles on the topic 'Funnel Beaker Culture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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1

Zaltsman, Edwin. "Pottery of the Funnel Beaker Culture in Settlement Contexts of the North-Eastern Coast of the Vistula Lagoon: Case Studies of Ushakovo and Pribrezhnoye Sites." Baltic-Pontic Studies 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bps-2019-0005.

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Abstract The article characterises new materials obtained in the course of studies of Neolithic (according to the Baltic periodisation) settlements of the Vistula Lagoon coast. These sources according to all their features belong to the Funnel Beaker culture, whose monuments were previously unknown in the region. All Funnel Beaker materials were identified in settlements, the main cultural complexes of which belong to the Primorskaya culture. Small sites of the Funnel Beaker culture existed here before the arrival of the Primorskaya population. In Ushakovo 3, Funnel Beaker pottery were found in the cultural layer in the eastern part of the excavation area, where it lies mainly separate from ceramics of the Primorskaya culture. In Pribrezhnoye, in addition to pottery, traces of two constructions with a double-row pillar wall structure were found. Buildings were of a ground type, elongated, with a width of not more than 3.20 m. Technological and morphological characteristics of ceramic fragments found within the buildings leave no doubt that these complexes belong to the Funnel Beaker culture. Also, two amphorae with typical features of the ‘badenised’ Funnel Beaker culture were revealed here. Funnel Beaker ceramic ware was also found in the cultural layer of settlements. All these materials from the settlements of Ushakovo 3 and Pribrezhnoye are dated in the range of 3500-3100 BC. It is most likely that inconsiderable human groups of the Funnel Beaker culture reached the coastal area around the middle of the 4th millennium BC when local communities of the Neolithic Zedmar culture had existed on this territory for a long time.

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2

Rybicka, Małgorzata, and Andrii Havinskyi. "Trypillia culture pottery imports with attributes of the latest phase of the Trypillia CII stage in the Funnel Beaker culture settlement Zymne, western Ukraine." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 75, no. 1 (December 12, 2023): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/75.2023.1.3473.

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When considering Trypillia Culture imports in the pottery assemblage of the Funnel Beaker Culture settlement in Zymne, many scholars have emphasized the significance of this evidence when conceptualizing connections between communities of both Cultures, and also highlight the chronological aspects of the matter. The available data make it possible to associate pottery assemblage from Zymne with Gordineşti group of the Trypillia CII stage which dates back to the time range from 3300 until 3000/2950 BC and corresponds to occupation phase II of the Funnel Beaker Culture in Gródek.

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3

Havinsky, Andrij. "Ram cult of funnel beaker culture tribes." Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 23 (November 26, 2019): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2019-23-86-105.

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Among the variety of clay products of the Funnel beaker culture, there is almost no zoomorphic plastic. Such items include the handle of the vessels in the form of realistically shaped heads of the ram. And it is the only animal in the Funnel beaker culture, which is somehow expressed. Vessels with handles in a shape of rams and their fragments were found in a small amount. On the large territory, occupied by southeastern group of Funnel beaker culture and where hundreds of settlements are known, most of which were excavated only 60-70 figures were found in twenty sites. On some settlements many of such items were collected. For example, in Gródek (about 30), Zymno (18), Ćmielów (over 10) and on the others – only single finds. Also, on the many capitally examined sites such artifacts are absent. The rams decorated only the handles of jugs and pots. These vessels are usually ornamented. The ornament is constructed according to a clear scheme of world tree: rims are decorated with zigzag line, characteristic for ritual zoomorphic vessels of several agricultural cultures and interpreted as symbol of water. Side walls of the body are ornamented by a vertical ladder, which can be interpreted as grain ear. Paired handles in shape of rams, joined by sacred yoke which embodied sacral content of fertility. Most of the products, usually jars, were found in the storage pits, and some of the pots were found in women's graves. On the settlement of Zymno all figures were found in cultural layers and situated in separate concentrations. Such vessels were sacred – intended for the storage and sowing of grain, as well as for the ritual of praying for rain. Among ancient agricultural tribes, some animals, including ram, embodied the fertility cult and identified with certain forces of nature. The origins of the ram cult in the southeastern group of tribes of Funnel beaker culture are obviously can be found among its nearest neighbors, perhaps Trypillians, where such practices were more advanced. Key words: Funnel Beaker culture, ram cult, ritual, ornament, grain, water.

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4

Horváth, Tünde, Attila Kreiter, and Orsolya Viktorik. "A Vessel of the Funnel Beaker Culture at Salgótarján-Pécs-Kő." Baltic-Pontic Studies 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 177–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bps-2019-0001.

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Abstract This study describes and discusses an old find from a wholly new perspective. The non-local fragment or fragments represent imports or imitations that can be linked to the Funnel Beaker culture and not to Kostolác, Coţofeni, Livezile or Bošáca as originally suggested by József Korek. The hallmarks distinctive to the culture are the ornamented rim exterior and rim interior, the zigzag motif under the rim and the ladder motif on the belly. However, the channelling on the belly is a typical Baden trait, which has not been noted on Funnel Beaker vessels to date. The best and closest analogies can be cited from the Baden settlement at Oldalfala/Stránska–Mogyorós, where they were erroneously identified as Coţofeni/Livezile imports. The occurrence of Funnel Beaker pottery on several sites on the southern fringes of the Western Carpathians suggests a more complex situation; however, their stratigraphic contexts on these multi-period, stratified sites remain unclear due to the field techniques employed during the old excavations. The determination of the exact place of origin is rather difficult within the culture’s vast distribution, although they can most likely be assigned to the Funnel Beaker eastern group, Wiórek phase (IIIB – IIIB-C in the current terminology), whose absolute dates fall between 3700/3600 and 3200 BC. The petrographic analyses revealed that the clay and the tempering agents are of local volcanic origin, providing conclusive evidence that Funnel Beaker vessels had been made locally. In this sense, the pottery fragment discussed here can be best described as a local hybrid product.

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5

Brzeska-Zastawna, Agnieszka. "Reutilization of axes made from Jurassic flint in G variant on the example of the materials from site 1 in Książnice Wielkie, Proszowice district, Małopolska Province." Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie 9 (December 31, 2018): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/rechacrac.ns9.10.

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Excavations at the Książnice Wielkie 1 site were carried out in the 1920s by Józef Żurowski. The site is known to Neolithic researchers primarily as a settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture (Burchard, Eker 1964) and as a cemetery of the Corded Ware culture (Machnik 1964). Furthermore, ceramic materials found there became the basis for distinguishing the Wyciąże-Książnice group of the Proto-Baden horizon (Kozłowski 1971; 1989), which refers to the oldest influences from the Baden complex on the local group of the Polgár circle, and the Książnice Wielkie type (Machnik 1966) – the oldest horizon of Corded Ware funerary finds in western Lesser Poland. This article presents the results of analyses of selected flint artefacts – originating from the reutilization of axes – discovered in the context of pottery of the Funnel Beaker culture and the Funnel Beaker-Baden assemblages.

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6

Nowak, Marek, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Magdalenia Moskal-del Hoyo, Aldona Mueller-Bieniek, Magda Kapcia, and Krzysztof Kotynia. "Plants of the Funnel Beaker culture in Poland." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72, no. 1 (2020): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/72.2020.1.005.

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7

Żurkiewicz, Danuta, Mateusz Stróżyk, Aldona Garbacz-Klempka, Marzena Szmyt, and Patrycja Silska. "The earliest traces of metallurgy in Greater Poland." Documenta Praehistorica 50 (July 25, 2023): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.50.9.

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During rescue excavations at Site 1 in Kotowo in 1958, a ceramic tube was discovered in a feature of the Funnel Beaker culture. Currently, XRF analysis suggests that it is a ceramic tuyère associated with copper processing. The feature, radiocarbon dated to 3911–3714 BC (68.3% probability), most likely housed a metalworking workshop. The artefact from Kotowo has several analogues in the Polish lands, mainly from sites of the Lengyel-Polgár culture. With a clear and well-documented cultural context, it testifies to the existence of the oldest metallurgical workshop so far known in the Funnel Beaker culture.

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8

Kośko, Aleksander, and Marzena Szmyt. "Pottery of Pikutkowo Type in the Funnel Beaker Culture: Characteristics, Dispersion and Context." Baltic-Pontic Studies 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 220–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bps-2019-0004.

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Abstract The article discusses the current state of knowledge concerning the set of specific pottery characteristics of the Funnel Beaker culture that constitutes the so-called Pikutkowo stylistics. It is especially strongly represented in Kujawy, where the changes in the Pikutkowo set of characteristics define Phases IIIB and IIIB-C dated to 3700-3200 BC. Already in 3700/3650-3500 BC, Pikutkowo pottery appears not only on the Polish Lowland (including Wielkopolska and central Poland as well as the Chełmno Land and Gostynin Lake District), but also on the old Uplands in the upper Vistula basin. The latest data indicate that at the same time Pikutkowo characteristics are also present in Funnel Beaker assemblages from the Subcarpathian foothills and upper Dniester area. It is argued that this wide distribution delimits the Pikutkowo stylistics space, which was a zone of active circulation of cultural patterns within the Funnel Beaker culture. The culture-forming potential of this zone is best seen in the increased transfer of one of the key technological innovations of the Eneolithic, i.e. copper (including arsenic copper) use and processing.

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9

Matuszewska, Agnieszka, and Marek Schiller. "Is It Just the Location? Visibility Analyses of the West Pomeranian Megaliths of the Funnel Beaker Culture." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 402–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0236.

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Abstract The article attempts to apply visibility analyses to megalithic tombs of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Pyrzyce Plain in north-western Poland. The analyses were carried out on 23 megalithic monuments in order to answer the questions whether the sites chosen by the builders of the Funnel Beaker Culture for the construction of their monumental megalithic tombs were optimal in terms of visibility and whether there is evidence that the megalithic cemeteries may have been constructed with the aim of establishing visual contact with each other and between settlements. Visibility analyses were carried out on a hypothetical landscape model that did not include flora such as forests, grasses or other obstacles in the terrain other than relief, in order to simulate an “open” landscape type. The estimation of parameters such as the visibility and discernibility of megalithic tombs proved that the builders of the Funnel Beaker Culture may indeed have chosen terrain-exposed sites for megaliths. However, other sites have been found that seem to be much more optimal in terms of visibility and terrain exposure than the present ones. Visibility analyses of megalithic cemeteries among themselves did not reveal significant “chains” of visual connections, even though they were located in exposed landscape areas. Investigations of the visual connections between megalithic cemeteries and known settlements of the Funnel Beaker Culture suggested possible visual contacts. The results of these analyses might suggest that a visual connection between cemeteries and settlements could be crucial for the megalithic builders, while it could be almost completely irrelevant between cemeteries.

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10

Rybicka, Małgorzata, and Dmytro Verteletskyi. "Impact of the Baden Complex Upon the Tripolye and Funnel Beaker Cultures in Western Ukraine." Baltic-Pontic Studies 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bps-2020-0003.

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Abstract In scientific literature the discussion over the evident ties between the Baden complex and Tripolye culture dates back to the mid 1990s and is related to Sofievka type complexes. In earlier papers by scholars on TC Stage CII only passing mention was given to Baden influences, the exception being works by Mykhailo Videiko, who paid particular attention to contacts with the Carpathian Basin. He noted their impact upon Troyaniv-Gorodsk type complexes and pointed out the presence of the Baden pottery style in the settlements of the Kasperivtsy-Gordineşti complex. The adoption of Baden traits by communities belonging to the Funnel Beaker and Tripolye cultures in western Volhynia ran along very different lines. The quantity of data on Baden influence upon Funnel Beaker culture communities in the area between the Western Bug, Upper Dniester and Styr rivers remains small.

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11

Šumberová, Radka, and Milan Zápotocký. "Kultura nálevkovitých pohárů na silničním obchvatu Kolína (39./38.–35./34. stol. před Kr.). Sídelní síť mikroregionu a ohrazení typu dlouhých mohyl na východě středních Čech / The Funnel Beaker Culture on the Kolín Bypass Road (3900/3800–3500/3400 BC). The settlement network of the micro-region and long barrow-type enclosures in east central Bohemia." Památky archeologické 113, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 45–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/pa2022.2.

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The study analyses the inventory of Funnel Beaker culture finds made during excavations along the route of the Kolín bypass road in 2008–2010. Features from this period were captured at a total of six sites situated along the entire section of the route. Three sites are of a broader, superregional importance. The remains of two long barrow-type enclosures and a sacrifice pit with a Moltzow-type beaker were investigated on area I-9 at the northern edge of the bypass road. The find assemblages from the settlement area on the broad surface of the promontory near Štítary helped identify the earliest phase of the early stage of the Funnel Beaker culture, which is specific to the eastern part of Bohemia. A fortification composed of a palisade and three extremely wide ditches protecting a settlement area of the earliest Funnel Beaker culture and the Baden culture was discovered in the corner of the Elbe terrace south of the Kolín suburb of Šťáralka. The issue of the settlement structure of the local micro-region in the Early Eneolithic is also addressed. The distribution of sites with hierarchical features as indicators of central functions connected with the given locality showed the crucial role played by the space between the lower branches of the Pekelský and Hořanský streams, with the function of a central site apparently being served by a hilltop settlement area at the Hroby site captured in the earlier excavations by F. Dvořák.

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12

Małecka-Kukawka, Jolanta, Stanisław Kukawka, and Kamil Adamczak. "New insights into the use of “imported” flint raw materials in the younger phases of the Funnel Beaker culture in the Starogard Lake District." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 74, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/74.2022.1.2984.

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In recent years, the region of Starogard Lake District in northern Poland has seen a growing interest in the Funnel Beaker culture, including the research on local flintworking, which has fed the discussion on the traffic in “exotic” flint in the younger phases of the Funnel Beaker settlement in the region (3650-3100 calBC). In this study, lithic assemblages from the Starogard Lake District are screened for “imported” flint artefacts to determine the parent rock material used for their production and monitor their frequencies in the local assemblages. By exploring the use-wear analysis results, we also investigate the production and consumption patterns of the local and “imported” flint artefacts from the Chełmno land and the Starogard Lake District. The obtained results were confronted with comparative data from other parts of the Eastern Group and confirming the marginal position of the Eastern Pomerania region in the “exotic” flint trading network during the Funnel Beaker era in Poland.

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13

Molin, Fredrik, and Johan Stenvall. "Keramik och långhus." In Situ Archaeologica 9 (December 31, 2011): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.58323/insi.v9.13324.

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During the field seasons, 2005-2007, the Swedish National Heritage Board in Linköping, examined several Stone Age sites in the province of Östergötland. These belonged to the Central Swedish Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB). The paper mainly focuses on the remains of longhouses and pottery from the documented sites. Three settlements from the Funnel Beaker Culture are presented; Veta outside Mantorp, Kimstad south-west of Norrköping and Kränge outside the city of Linköping. Some interesting TRB pottery came from Ramshäll in central Linköping, which will also be discussed. Previously, TRB pottery has been infrequent in the central part of Östergötland. Several of the pottery finds were analyzed by Ole Stilborg at The Laboratory for Ceramic Research in Lund. Fredrik Hallgren, Uppsala, has briefly commented the fragments from the settlement at Kränge.

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14

Šmíd, Miroslav, Jiří Kala, Marek Lečbych, Petr Limburský, and Jaromír Šmerda. "Sídliště a pohřebiště kultury nálevkovitých pohárů v Dambořicích, okr. Hodonín. Příspěvek k poznání pohřebišť s pohřby v natažené poloze / A Funnel Beaker settlement and cemetery in Dambořice, South Moravia. A contribution to knowledge of cemeteries with burials in an extended position." Archeologické rozhledy 73, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 3–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2021.1.

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The main subject of the article is evidence of settlement and burial activities from the beginning of the Early Eneolithic from Dambořice belonging to the Funnel Beaker culture. From the perspective of the current chronology, this is the early phase of the Baalberg stage of the Moravian – Lower Austrian group of this particular culture. To date, ten settlement features with a representative assemblage of pottery and six graves with burials in an extended position without grave goods have been investigated. The site is another example of only recently recorded burial customs of a local Funnel Beaker group and, simultaneously, an opportunity to present this phenomenon of the Early Eneolithic in Moravia in a broader context. The article includes an evaluation of anthropological material and a presentation of the radiocarbon dates that were acquired from the bones.

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15

Rybicka, Małgorzata, Andryi Hawinskyj, and Dariusz Król. "Lightweight dwellings of the Funnel Beaker Culture from Vynnyky-Lysivka (Western Ukraine) and the phase CII of the Tripolye Culture from Gordinești II-Stînca goală (Northern Moldova) as examples of houses from the late 4 th Millennium BC." Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego 43 (2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/misroa.2022.43.2.

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The paper presents the issue of house constructions from the second half of the 4 th millennium BC in western Ukraine and northern Moldova. While numerous reports concerning the dwellings of the Funnel Beaker Culture from the area east of the Bug River has been published, these accounts did not provide enough information to precisely assess their construction details. The first such structure whose features can be described in detail is the house from the site Lysivka in Vynnyky. The construction of the dwelling was lightweight, analogous to residential structures from the eastern group of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Another debatable topic was the characteristics of houses of the Gordinești group of the Tripolye Culture. Archaeological research at the site of Gordinești II-Stînca goală proved that communities of the late stage of this culture lived in lightweight houses that were built using clay. Neither the residential structures from the Vynnyky-Lysivka site, nor those from the site of Gordineşti II-Stînca goală, should be regarded as analogy to the classical “ploshchadkas” of the Tripolye Culture.

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16

Nowak, Marek. "The Funnel Beaker Culture in Western Lesser Poland: Yesterday and Today." Archaeologia Polona 57 (2019): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa57.2019.006.

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17

Florek, Marek. "Megalithic Cemeteries of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Sandomierz Upland." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72, no. 1 (2020): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/72.2020.1.010.

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18

Jarosz, Paweł, Piotr Włodarczak, and Krzysztof Tunia. "Funnel Beaker Culture tombs in the eastern part of Wodzisław Hummock." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72, no. 1 (2020): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/72.2020.1.014.

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19

Gron, Kurt J., Janet Montgomery, Poul Otto Nielsen, Geoff M. Nowell, Joanne L. Peterkin, Lasse Sørensen, and Peter Rowley-Conwy. "Strontium isotope evidence of early Funnel Beaker Culture movement of cattle." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 6 (April 2016): 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.02.015.

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20

Pozikhovskyi, Oleksandr, and Kamil Karski. "Tripolye Culture Chronology in Volhynia. Remarks Based on Materials from Ostrog-Zeman and Mezhyrich-Mistechko." Baltic-Pontic Studies 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 62–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bps-2019-0003.

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Abstract Authors present results of analysis of the collection of pottery from pit no. 4 in Mezhyrich-Mistechko and pit no. 4 in Ostrog-Zeman. Both sites are located in the middle Horyn basin. The analyzed complexes are important due to the fact the relative chronology of the Malice culture and Lublin-Volhynia culture within western Volhynia and their possible connections with later communities represented by the Funnel Beaker culture and especially the Tripolye culture.

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21

Bakker, Jan Albert, Janusz Kruk, Albert E. Lanting, and Sarunas Milisauskas. "The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East." Antiquity 73, no. 282 (December 1999): 778–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00065522.

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The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles dates to the Funnel Beaker (TRB) culture in Europe and the Late Uruk period in the Near East. Results of excavations and 14C determinations from Poland, Germany, Iraq, Syria and Turkey suggest that the appearance of wheeled vehicles was contemporary in Europe and the Near East.

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22

Gorczyca, Krzysztof. "The Kleczew enclave of the Kujavian long barrows. An overview." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 13 (November 1, 2018): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2005.13.09.

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The article is aimed at general overview o f the long barrows o f the Funnel Beaker Culture discovered in the Kleczew vicinity, Konin district. These tombs are largely destroyed and thus presented analysis is mostly based upon archive materials. According to accounts from the early half of the 19th century, there were 150 tombs in this area. Only 22 of them can be localised at present.

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23

Zakościelna, Anna. "Prepared/abandoned/symbolic? – a monumental grave of the Funnel Beaker culture from Site 3 in Strzeszkowice Duże, Lublin District." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 74, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 411–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/74.2022.1.2992.

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Remains of a monumental structure linked with the Funnel Beaker culture were discovered in Strzeszkowice Duże (Lublin District, Poland) during a rescue excavation carried out prior to investment works (building expressway S19 from Lublin to Kraśnik). The structure did not contain any burial chamber or burial. In one of ditches forming the outline of the construction, there was a hoard of nine artefacts made of Świeciechów flint.

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24

Hawinskyj, Andryi, Małgorzata Rybicka, and Dariusz Król. "Radiocarbon dating of the Funnel Beaker culture settlement in Vynnyky-Lysivka (Western Ukraine)." Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego 42 (2021): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/misroa.2021.42.2.

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In the 1950s, a settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) was discovered on the Lysivka Hill in Vynnyky (Fig. 1), located in the centre of the West Ukrainian territory of this culture (Hawinskyj, Rybicka 2021). Currently, it belongs to a small group of FBC sites in Western Ukraine that have been excavated. The information presented by M. Peleshschyshyn, who conducted excavations in Vynnyky-Lysivka, regarding the relationship between the FBC community and the Tripolye culture (TC) was particularly interesting (see Rybicka 2017). He believed that Vynnyky recorded the coexistence of their population (Peleshschyshyn 1998a, 191). The burnt daub clusters discovered at that time could probably have been the remains of dwellings. The aim of the research carried out since 2016 was to verify the hypotheses of M. Peleshschyshyn (1998a) in the context of the FBC-TC relationship (Hawinskyj, Rybicka 2021) and to establish the date of the settlement usage in Vynnyky-Lysivka. Radiocarbon dating obtained for the samples from the features from the northern zone of the settlement, allow the researchers to be placed Vynnyky-Lysivka in the period 3500–3360 BC and synchronized with the third phase of the southeastern FBC group.

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25

Nogaj-Chachaj, Jolanta. "The stone-packed graves of the Funnel Beaker culture in Karmanowice, site 35." Antiquity 65, no. 248 (September 1991): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080261.

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Three groups of the Funnel Beaker culture in the middle Neolithic have been distinguished in Poland: East, Southeast and Silesian-Moravian (Kowalczyk 1970: Jażdżewski 1984), dated to 5250–4450 b.p. (4095–3245 BC) (Wiślański 1979). The earliest research was carried out on the cemeteries of the East Group, and a variant form, the Kujavian grave type, recognized (FIGURE 1A).Kujavian graves are usually considered to be megalithic (Midgley 1985; Hoika 1990). They have stone-bordered barrows of triangular or trapezoid shape, being on average 50–100 m long and 3.5–15 m wide (Chmielewski 1952; Jażdżewski 1969). The majority of the Kujavian graves had a central grave usually located near the base of the construction. The number of burials varies between one and four, comprising extended inhumation, with the body lying on its back in a shallow pit which was sometimes had oval settings of stones round them (Chmielewski 1952).

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Gaszka, Agata. "Neolithic materials from the main chamber of Ciemna Cave, southern Poland (excavation between 2007 to 2012)." Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 57 (December 2022): 7–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00015229aac.22.001.17455.

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This paper presents the results of the detailed analysis of Neolithic ceramic, stone and bone artefacts found in the main chamber of Ciemna Cave during excavations between 2007 and 2012. The Neolithic materials from Ciemna Cave are connected with Linear Pottery culture, the Lengyel-Polgár cycle (the Malice culture, the Pleszów group, and the Wyciąże-Złotniki group), Funnel Beaker culture and Baden culture. The assemblage is dominated by artefacts linked mainly with the Pleszów group and Baden culture. A noteworthy achievement is the establishment of a stratigraphic correlation between Neolithic materials and artefacts from other archaeological periods. Ciemna Cave is one of Poland’s most influential Neolithic cave sites with numerous diverse Neolithic materials.

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Król, Dariusz. "Issues of Spatial Distribution of the Funnel Beaker Culture Barrows Cemeteries in Southeastern Poland." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72, no. 1 (2020): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/72.2020.1.003.

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Jankowska, Dobrochna. "O pochodzeniu pomorskich grobowców bezkomorowych kultury pucharów lejkowatych." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 13 (November 1, 2018): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2005.13.10.

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The article presents a short overview of discussion on the origin of the Funnel Beaker Culture in particular regions of Pomerania. In particular, an origin of the Pomerania long barrows with a stone construction is debated. The study implies that prototypes o f these monuments are to be found in the Lower Elbe region and influences from Kujavia are only detectable in the latest phase. The article tackles also a theory linking an emergence of long barrows with the late Danubian tradition („long houses”).

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Verteletskyi, Dmytro. "Obiekt kultury trypolskiej z etapu CII na stanowisku Liuczyn-Zawidow 3 (Wyżyna Wołyńska, Ukraina)." Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego 41 (2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/misroa.2020.41.1.

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The article introduces new data on rescue research conducted in the Volhynian Upland. The partially destroyed feature of Trypillia culture was accidentally discovered in April 2020. It was decided to explore immediately the feature, as it was threatened with complete destruction. During the surveys materials that have mixed features and are characteristic of several local groups (Brynzeny-Żwanets, Horiv-Nowomalin, Trojaniw) ware recorded in the object as well as outisde of it. However, the predominant attributes affiliate to the Trojaniw group (type Kostianec-Kurgany). Among the materials there were traces of the Funnel Beaker culture (FBK) and Baden culture. Furthermore, a fragment of bone was recorded at the bottom of the object, which was sold by radiocarbon analysis in the Poznan laboratory (4585 + -35 BP).

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Högberg, Anders. "MICRODENTICULATES OF THE FUNNEL BEAKER CULTURE: LITHIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS, USE-WEAR ANALYSIS, AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS." Acta Archaeologica 87, no. 1 (December 2016): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0390.2016.12164.x.

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Włodarczak, Piotr. "Barbara Burchard and studies on the chronology of the Funnel Beaker culture in Lesser Poland." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72, no. 1 (2020): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/72.2020.1.001.

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Kufel-Diakowska, Bernadeta, Beata Miazga, Jeannette Łucejko, Erika Ribechini, and Weiya Li. "Sickles of the Funnel Beaker culture in the light of use-wear and residue analysis." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 71 (2019): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa71.2019.009.

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Gron, Kurt J., Darren R. Gröcke, Mikael Larsson, Lasse Sørensen, Lars Larsson, Peter Rowley-Conwy, and Mike J. Church. "Nitrogen isotope evidence for manuring of early Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture cereals from Stensborg, Sweden." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 14 (August 2017): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.06.042.

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Rybicka, Małgorzata, Ghenadie Sîrbu, Dariusz Król, and Viaceslav Bicbaev. "New Radiocarbon Dates for Stage Cii Tripolye Culture, Northern Moldova." Baltic-Pontic Studies 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bps-2020-0004.

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Abstract According to Tamara Movscha, vessels from the Funnel Beaker culture settlement in Zhvanets can be synchronized with the period of existence of the settlements in Zimno, Leżnica and Gródek. Based on the currently available radiocarbon dates, we can say that the long-term settlements in Gródek and Zimno existed from around 3650 BC. The older phase of the settlement in Gródek is dated to 3650-3400 BC, while the younger ones to 3400-3100 BC. The first is characterized by the presence of imports of tableware with the characteristics of the Brînzeni group dated to 3400-3100 BC. In order to verify the current attempts to position the above at a more precise time, several radiocarbon analyses of the samples from the sites of Brînzeni and Gordinești group in northern Moldova were conducted.

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Nedoluzhko, A. V., E. S. Boulygina, A. S. Sokolov, S. V. Tsygankova, N. M. Gruzdeva, A. D. Rezepkin, and E. B. Prokhortchouk. "Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genome of a Novosvobodnaya Culture Representative using Next-Generation Sequencing and Its Relation to the Funnel Beaker Culture." Acta Naturae 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2014-6-2-31-35.

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The Novosvobodnaya culture is known as a Bronze Age archaeological culture in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia. It dates back to the middle of the 4th millennium B.C. and seems to have occurred during the time of the Maikop culture. There are now two hypotheses about the emergence of the Novosvobodnaya culture. One hypothesis suggests that the Novosvobodnaya culture was a phase of the Maikop culture, whereas the other one classifies it as an independent event based on the material culture items found in graves. Comparison between Novosvobodnaya pottery and Funnelbeaker (TRB) pottery from Germany has allowed researchers to suggest that the Novosvobodnaya culture developed under the influence of Indo-European culture. Nevertheless, the origin of the Novosvobodnaya culture remains a matter of debate. We applied next-generation sequencing to study ~5000-year-old human remains from the Klady kurgan grave in Novosvobodnaya stanitsa (now the Republic of Adygea, Russia). A total of 58,771,105 reads were generated using Illumina GAIIx with a coverage depth of 13.4х over the mitochondrial (mt) DNA genome. The mtDNA haplogroup affiliation was determined as V7, suggesting a role of the TRB culture in the development of the Novosvobodnaya culture and supporting the model of sharing between Novosvobodnaya and early Indo-European cultures.

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Brink, Kristian, Ingela Kishonti, and Ola Magnell. "On the Shore: Life Inside a Palisade Enclosure and Cultural Change during the Middle Neolithic B in Southern Scandinavia." Current Swedish Archaeology 17, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 79–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2009.07.

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In 2006 a palisade enclosure dated to the late Middle Neolithic was excavated at Bunkeflostrand, Malmö, Sweden. The excavation of pits and wells containing flints, animal bones and pottery revealed a wide range of activities at the site, which is exceptional in comparison with most other palisade enclosures of southern Scandinavia. Palisade enclosures have emerged as places of great significance to our understanding of cultural relations traditionally associated with the transition from the Funnel Beaker culture to the Battle Axe culture. The results of the excavation at Bunkeflostrand and other palisade enclosures in the region can be used to understand social relations and cultural change in the Middle Neolithic in southern Scandinavia.

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Nowak, Marek. "The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46-7.

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The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).

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Nowak, Marek. "The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)." Documenta Praehistorica 46 (December 6, 2019): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.46.7.

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The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).

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Nowak, Marek. "Do 14C dates always turn into an absolute chronology? The case of the Middle Neolithic in western Lesser Poland." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.15.

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In the late 5th, 4th, and early 3rd millennia BC, different archaeological units are visible in western Lesser Poland. According to traditional views, local branches of the late Lengyel-Polgár complex, the Funnel Beaker culture, and the Baden phenomena overlap chronologically in great measure. The results of investigations done with new radiocarbon dating show that in some cases a discrete mode and linearity of cultural transformation is recommended. The study demonstrates that extreme approaches in which we either approve only those dates which fit with our concepts or accept with no reservation all dates as such are incorrect.

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Nowak, Marek. "Do 14C dates always turn into an absolute chronology? The case of the Middle Neolithic in western Lesser Poland." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 240–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.44.15.

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In the late 5th, 4th, and early 3rd millennia BC, different archaeological units are visible in western Lesser Poland. According to traditional views, local branches of the late Lengyel-Polgár complex, the Funnel Beaker culture, and the Baden phenomena overlap chronologically in great measure. The results of investigations done with new radiocarbon dating show that in some cases a discrete mode and linearity of cultural transformation is recommended. The study demonstrates that extreme approaches in which we either approve only those dates which fit with our concepts or accept with no reservation all dates as such are incorrect.

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Wojciechowski, Włodzimierz. "Grobowce megalityczne na przedpolu Sudetów." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 13 (November 1, 2018): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2005.13.12.

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A cemetery of megalithic long barrows of the so-called Kujavia type was discovered in autumn of 1995 near Muszkowice in the foothills of the Sudety Mountains. It consists of 6 trapezoidal structures made of stone and sand. It has been the first megalithic cemetery discovered in south-west Poland to date. Only one of the barrows (No. 2) has been partly excavated so far. Its dimension, use of stones as a building material and unchambered construction resemble similar structures known from Pomerania (the Łupawa type). The barrow has been dated back to the Funnel Beaker Culture.

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Persson, Per. "Släktskap och neolitiska kulturer." Primitive Tider, no. 14 (December 11, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/pt.7217.

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Kinship and Neolithic cultures. As a result of their alkaline soil, due to limestone bedrock, the two Swedish islands of Öland and Gotland, are locations where bone is well preserved. Stable isotope investigations have shown that there were two contemporary populations during Middle Neolithic on the islands. One population was buried in megalithic graves, and shows evidence of a subsistence lifestyle with high proportion of terrestrial food, most probable from agriculture. The other population has had a lifestyle based on marine subsistence, and buried their dead in earth graves at shore sites. Ancient DNA investigations now show that the two populations may also have different origins. The hunter-gathers of the ”Pitted Ware Culture” might descend from a Mesolithic population, while the supposed farmers buried in the megaliths and affiliated with the ”Funnel Beaker Culture”, are more likely to descend from immigrants that arrived in the Ewarly Neolithic and brought agriculture to the islands.

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Nielsen, Nina. "Ormslev-dyssen – en dysse uden høj? – Fritstående dysser i tragtbægerkulturen." Kuml 52, no. 52 (December 14, 2003): 125–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v52i52.102641.

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The Ormslev Dolmen – a free-standing dolmen?Free-standing dolmens in the Funnel Beaker CultureThe Ormslev dolmen – which has the appearance of a free-standing dolmen – is situated near Ormslev Stationsby, west of Aarhus in Jutland (fig. 1). The chamber was excavated for the first time around 1870. In 1975 a second excavation was carried out by Torsten Madsen from Moesgaard Museum, because of the threat from ploughing to the surrounding area. This excavation concentrated on the area east and south of the dolmen, where stones and pottery had been ploughed up. The area north and west of the dolmen was too disturbed – the stone packing around the chamber had totally disappeared. The Ormslev dolmen was erected on a terrace in a sloping piece of land adjacent to an area that lay under water, as part of the Brabrand Fjord, during the Stone Age.The dolmen is situated on a small hillock with its entrance to the east. The chamber consists of six orthostats and two capstones in addition to two, or possibly four, entrance stones (fig. 2). The orthostat furthest from the entrance is 1.5 m in width, the opening about 0.5 m across, and the length of the chamber is 2.4 m. The ground plan of the chamber is thus best described as slightly trapezoid.In front of the chamber entrance – at a distance from it of 3-4 m – a 2 m wide, curving stone packing consisting of one to two layers of hand-to-head sized stones was found (fig. 3). At the time of the excavation this layer was approximately 9 m long, but originally it presumably continued in both directions. No kerbstones or traces of a stone circle were found.Under the stone packing different sorts of pits were found; IA, IB and IC without finds, HY and HZ containing potsherds. Three cooking pits (HV, HW and HX) were also found (fig 2).When the chamber was excavated in the 19th century the finds included a small clay vessel and two flint daggers, all of which can be dated to the early Bronze Age. During the excavation in 1975 some flint artefacts dating to the late Mesolithic and Neolithic appeared in the area outside the chamber. Most of the finds, however, consisted of pottery. In all some 950 potsherds – probably representing 35-40 vessels – were found. The pottery is very fragmented. The surface is in many cases eroded and only a small number of sherds can be pieced together into larger parts or almost entire vessels.The pottery can be divided into an early group dating from the early Middle Neolithic (MNA I-MNA II B perhaps MNA III) i.e. 3300-3000 BC and a late group which primarily dates from the latest part of the Funnel Beaker Culture (MNA IV-V) i.e. 2900-2800 BC, but which also contains a few later potsherds.The early pottery is primarily represented by pedestal bowls, funnel beakers, and carinated vessels. The best preserved vessel is a carinated vessel ornamented with vertical stripes and different motives made of rows of chevrons (fig. 4d)The funnel beakers are of different types, the most remarkable being a very coarsely tempered beaker ornamented with deep circular impressions at the rim and vertical stripes on the belly and at least two thin ritual funnel beakers ornamented with finely incised vertical lines (fig. 4g). Other sherds are decorated with whipped cord, incised or impressed lines and rows of chevrons, and two sherds are decorated with indented impressions. One of the pedestal bowls is decorated with a pattern of cross-hatched rhomboids, and there is a carinated vessel with “hanging” triangles on the shoulder (fig. 4)The late Funnel Beaker pottery consists of funnel-necked bowls, simple bowls and bucket-shaped vessels. The vessels are in several cases very coarsely tempered and have a simple decoration consisting of finger and nail impressions normally placed under or on the rim, as well as finger grooves and horizontal rows of impressions (fig. 5a). In addition two vessels are ornamented with the characteristic “hanging” triangles made of small, fine impressions (fig 5c). All the pottery dates from the latest part of the Funnel Beaker Culture except a sherd with an unusual decoration probably dating from the transition to the Single Grave Culture (MNB, fig. 5d) and a vessel with a distinct foot dating from the Late Neolithic. Fragments of five clay discs, one of them perforated, were also found at the Ormslev dolmen. The discs can possibly be assigned to the late Funnel Beaker Culture, although the dating is somewhat uncertain because of the high degree of fragmentation.The late Funnel Beaker pottery, apart from the distinct-foot vessel and the MNB-sherds, was found spread under or near the stone packing in front of the chamber as well as in the pits HZ and HY. A few early sherds were also found in this area. Most of the early sherds, however, were concentrated in the area just south of the chamber entrance.The pottery found under the stone packing represents a clearing of the chamber which probably took place in the Late Neolithic. The early pottery found south of the entrance, however, represents the sacrificing of vessels during MNA I-II; a common ritual during this period of time. Sherds from the possible transitional MNB vessel and the distinct-foot vessel are found among the early vessels by the chamber entrance. Their appearance in this layer, on the original surface, is striking, and it indicates that no significant sedimentation can have taken place from the MNA I to the Late Neolithic. Another explanation could of course be that the layer covering the early pottery was somehow removed before the later sherds were deposited, but it was not possible to confirm this during the excavation.All traces of the primary burials were gone at the time of the second excavation and the erection of the dolmen can thus only be dated through the earliest pottery – MNA I – which gives an ante quem date of the structure. The megalithic grave was used several times during the Middle Neolithic Funnel Beaker Culture, and as late as the early Bronze Age the dolmen was still used for burials. Most of the dolmens in Denmark have no visible traces, today, of having had barrows over them, and the earth around the chamber only covers the lowest part of the orthostats. Traditionally these dolmens have been explained as structures which have lost their covering mounds because of erosion caused by wind and weather, roots, animals and ploughing. However, the number of free-standing dolmens is much too high to be explained only by erosion or human interference. And as several other observations indicate that free-standing dolmens were in fact a regular type of grave during the Funnel Beaker Culture it is time to reconsider the previous general opinion. First of all the free-standing chambers are not evenly distributed over the country although there does not seem to be any reason for assuming regional differences in the process of barrow destruction. For instance in Djursland a large number of graves of this type can be seen in the landscape.Secondly, in Denmark only dolmens - primarily extended or polygonal ones - are free-standing while the passage graves are always found in barrows. It has been argued that if the destruction of barrows had been caused by natural processes it would be remarkable that it had not affected the passage graves. Although this argument carries conviction it must also be taken into consideration that a passage grave is a much more complex monument than a dolmen and that the differences in the degree of earth-covering therefore in part could be due to the differences in construction.Several dolmens today have absolutely no traces of earth-covering, and because of their situation and other circumstances it is reasonable to believe that they have always been free-standing. This is for instance the case regarding the largest round dolmen in Denmark, Poskær Stenhus, Djursland, and also Stenhuset at Strands, Djursland, which is placed on the top of a hill (fig. 6). Another example is the long-dolmen at Gunderslevholm, Sealand where the kerbstones stand neatly in such a way that if a barrow had once been removed from the dolmen the process would have had to involve thorough cleaning-up of the area between the kerbstones!Finally, free-standing dolmens are a phenomenon known all over Europe where megalithic monuments were built, e.g. the famous Irish portal-tombs (fig. 8). Moreover, the fact that the free-standing megalithic monuments in other countries, for instance England, seem, like those in Denmark, to have a regional distribution, indicates that the distribution itself is significant.The challenge is to prove that dolmens that appear today to be free-standing have in fact never been covered with a barrow. Only a small number of dolmens in Denmark have been scientifically excavated, and just a few of these have been free-standing dolmens; one of these being the Ormslev dolmen.The barrow is usually placed between the chamber and a circle of kerbstones, and the placement of the kerbstones is thus essential in the assessment of a free-standing dolmen. At the Ormslev dolmen it was not possible to find any traces of kerbstones – maybe because they have always been absent. Instead the disposition of pottery outside the chamber turned out to be of great importance. From the fact that late pottery was found within the stone packing and all the way to the entrance stones of the dolmen it can be seen that this area must always have been accessible and cannot have been covered with a mound. If there once was a barrow the kerbstones must therefore have been placed very close to the chamber, with the layer of sacrificed pottery lying outside the kerbstones. A barrow with such a small diameter would have required a solid circle of kerbstones with dry walling. No trace whatsoever of this was found. Finally it should be noted that there may actually not have been sedimentation to the south of the entrance. If this is the case the Ormslev dolmen cannot have been covered with a mound, as soil would then have been washed out and deposited outside the kerbstones. All things considered it is thus reasonable to assume that the Ormslev dolmen was never covered with a barrow.Other excavated dolmens have provided even better examples of free-standing dolmens. The best example from Denmark is one of the Tustrup dolmens in Djursland. From the stratigraphical observations as well as finds of pottery it can clearly be proved that it has never been covered with a mound. Paradoxically, in 1994 the dolmen was reconstructed in such a way that the area between the chamber and the 2 m high kerbstones was filled in with soil (fig. 7). The intention was to restore its “original” appearance as in the Stone Age!At the Sarup area on Funen a number of free-standing dolmens have been excavated. While some proved always to have been free-standing, others had been covered with earth at a later date. This situation can also be observed in cases of other dolmens in Denmark. The later building of barrows is perhaps to be seen in connection with the transition from the building of dolmens to the erection of the closely sealed passage graves. This distinctly marks a change in mortuary practice and it is possible that at the time when closed chambers became the prevailing way of building megalithic monuments some of the originally free-standing dolmens were covered with earth.Also outside Denmark excavations of megalithic monuments have proved that the chambers were originally free-standing, for instance the Trollasten dolmen in Scania, Sweden, or most of the megalithic chambers at the Carrowmore cemetery in North-western Ireland.All these indications, arguments, and not least well-documented examples of free-standing megalithic monuments – in Denmark as well as in other parts of Europe – justify the conclusion that free-standing dolmens were a regular type of grave during the Funnel Beaker Culture. Nina NielsenAfdeling for Forhistorisk ArkæologiAarhus UniversitetMoesgård

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Wilczyński, Jarosław, Marek Nowak, Aldona Mueller-Bieniek, Magda Kapcia, and Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo. "Unexpected discovery of the Funnel Beaker culture feature at the Kraków Spadzista (Kraków-Zwierzyniec 4) site." Folia Quaternaria 87 (2019): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/21995923fq.19.001.11494.

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Rybicka, Małgorzata. "Chronology of the Funnel Beaker Culture Settlement in Western Ukraine in the Context of Radiocarbon Dating." Archaeologia Polona 57 (2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa57.2019.007.

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Kadrow, Sławomir. "The Concept of the ‘Stage of Reduction and Concentration of Settlements’ in Neolithic Studies." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 1, 2020): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.13.

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The paper analyses the meaning of the ‘stage of reduction and concentration of settlements’ and its place in the evolving structure of a Neolithic settlement system. It considers whether this stage of the development of the settlement system was a specific event, limited only to the evolution of a Funnel Beaker Culture settlement in south-eastern Poland, or whether it was a structural element in other areas too. Analysis of the collected cases, representing various geographical zones, cultural traditions and time horizons, allows us to formulate a thesis that describes the transformation of large settlements (from central places to the stage of reduction and concentration) were caused by internal social conflicts, rather than by climate or economic changes.

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Żurkiewcz, Danuta, Jakub Niebieszczański, and Cezary Bahyrycz. "The First Megalithic Long Barrows of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Central Greater Poland in Sobota." Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 72, no. 1 (2020): 333–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/sa/72.2020.1.015.

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Brinkkemper, Otto. "An outline of the subsistence and site location of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) in the Netherlands." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.07.303.

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Lepionka, Hubert. "Neolithic Flint Axes Made from Cretaceous flint of the Bug and Neman Interfluve in the Collection of the Museum of Podlasie in Bialystok." Archaeologia Polona 56 (January 1, 2018): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23858/apa56.2018.010.

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The aim of the article is to present and characterize the collection of flint axes made of Cretaceous flint from the interfluve of the Bug River and Neman that morphologically resemble the forms from the Neolithic cultures of the Polish Lowland (the Funnel Beaker Culture, Globular Amphorae Culture and Corded Ware Cultures). This group of objects consists of 10 items found in the Podlasie region. The presented axes are a small part of a large collection (50 flint axes) exhibited in the Museum of Podlasie in Bialystok. A new term for local Cretaceous flint has been introduced for the purpose of this study. Until now, this type of flint was known as Northeastern Flint, and although research to define this term has been done, it has never been fully finalized. Because of that, the author of this study has coined a new and more suitable term: Cretaceous flint from the interfluve of the Bug River and Neman. This includes a group of Cretaceous flints from the Podlasie area and contains all the local variations of it: Mielnik flint, Rybniki flint, flint from the Cretaceous beds and marls and Krasne Siolo flint

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Williams, Frank L’Engle, Zdeněk Tvrdý, and David Parma. "Craniofacial pathologies in an early adolescent from the Funnel Beaker site of Modřice, Czechia." Anthropological Review 86, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.86.1.01.

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Abstract:

Several craniofacial pathologies are present in an early adolescent from a cemetery (n = 22) associated with a Neolithic Funnel Beaker culture in Modřice, Czechia. The objective of the study was to document anomalies on the Modřice 3871 cranium, with an emphasis on investigating whether the mid-sagittal suture exhibited synostosis or bridging to account for the visible scaphocephaly. All available cranial and postcranial elements of the Modřice 3871 early adolescent were examined macroscopically. The cranial vault was subjected to radiography and compared to macroscopic views. Modřice 3871 is estimated to age to 12–14 years. Macroscopic examination and radiography support a diagnosis of mid-sagittal bridging rather than synostosis for this slender and anteroposteriorly elongated cranium. In comparison, the anterior sagittal, coronal and lambdoidal sutures are completely unfused. Craniofacial asymmetry, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis of the temporal and the presence of multiple wormian bones indicate additional maturational disruptions. The scaphocephaly observed in Modřice 3871 is not severe compared to modern clinical manifestations of craniosynostosis. Radiocarbon dated to 3,700–3,600 years BCE, Modřice 3871 presents one of the oldest recorded cases of scaphocephaly. The elongated vault is probably not the result of head-binding given the dearth of anthropogenic cranial reshaping in the Neolithic of Europe. This study adds to the growing recognition of prehistoric and historic craniofacial anomalies which will likely continue as additional human remains are excavated. In addition, the study increases the understanding of the lived experience of prehistoric individuals experiencing visible craniofacial pathologies such as cranial asymmetry and scaphocephaly.

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