Academic literature on the topic 'Funnelbeaker culture'

The role of non-adults at Ooster-dalfsen during the Funnelbeaker and Single Grave periodsWithin prehistoric archaeology in northwestern Europe there is an ongoing debate about the transition from the Funnelbeaker to the Single Grave culture. The accepted hypothesis, of a gradual transition, is now being called into question by studies that suggest new migrations into Europe. Can burials tell us more about this transition? To answer this question, Funnelbeaker culture burials and Single Grave culture burials from Oosterdalfsen (province of Overijssel, the Netherlands) were examined. The focus was on distinguishing between non-adults and adults based on grave orientation, grave shape and grave goods. The results show that non-adults of the Funnelbeaker culture were often buried with arrowheads. One non-adult Single Grave culture inhumation also contained arrowheads. This may indicate that the roles of non-adults overlapped between these two cultures, supporting a gradual transition from the Funnelbeaker to the Single Grave culture.

Miniature clay axes are among the rarest and most mysterious finds in the culture of Funnelbeaker culture. In the scientific literature, they are mentioned briefly, mainly in the context of the publication of materials with assumptions about their probable purpose. The historiography of these subjects is insignificant; it is limited by several thorough articles with different, often debatable interpretations. Miniature axes appeared in the Eneolithic era and were found over a wide area in various archaeological cultures, often unrelated in time or space. The production of these items is most characteristic of the Funnelbeaker culture, especially for its eastern and south-eastern groups. Importantly, within these groups, small axes are common in particular local areas. In the south-eastern group, the main settlements, with the findings of clay models of axes, are Zymne and Gródek. It can be considered that these were permanent, central settlements, with developed spiritual traditions, which were spread and maintained among the relatives from the adjacent areas. It is obvious that the appearance of clay axes in the Trypillia culture in Volhynia was influenced by Funnelbeaker culture. Both cultures contact actively with each other, especially on the borderlands. Key words: Funnelbeaker culture, a cult of ax, ritual, models, imports.

The south-eastern boundary of the Funnelbeaker culture is defined by the basins of Dnister and Zakhidnyi Bug Rivers within the limits of Lviv and Volyn regions of Ukraine. Its further advance to the east was blocked by the more powerful Trypillia culture. Long-term studying of these cultures shows that the largest number of imports were found at the closest settlements, located between them, on the distance about 30–50 km. However, some items were discovered deeply on the territory of its neighbors (Bronocice, Kamień Łukawski, Zhvanets, Brînzeni). The interrelations between them was peaceful and they did not cause significant changes in the material or spiritual culture of each other. An amount of imports in their environments does not exceed 1 %. These contacts began at around 3700/600 B.C., and continued during the stage CII of Trypillia culture, until the end of the existence of Funnelbeaker culture (2800 B.C.). On Volhynia, in particular in the Goryn and Viliya Rivers basins, these connections were much stronger than in the upper reaches of Dnister and Bug Rivers, which is obviously connected with the ways to the flint deposits, controlled by Trypillia culture. Among the groups of Trypillia culture, which interacted with Funnelbeaker culture, were Koshylivtsi, Brînzeni, Vykhvatyntsi ones and Gorodsk type. Key words: Funnelbeaker culture, Trypillia culture, cultural interrelations, imports, ceramic ware.

Abstract The transition from the late Swifterbant culture to the first appearance of the Funnelbeaker Westgroup raises numerous questions, from cultural discontinuities to gradual transitions. This process describes the transformation from a late mesolithic of hunter‐gatherer societies to a fully neolithic society in Northwestern Europe. The Early Neolithic in this area marks a technological and sociocultural transition zone, which we can identify. Although the first megalithic buildings of the Funnelbeaker Culture were erected around 3600 BC, Swifterbant sites and findings can still be traced. Many studies assume a hiatus between these phases, which is based on a research‐historical but also a conservation‐related problem. With this contribution, we attempt to generate a chronological Bayesian model on the basis of absolute chronological data. The aim is to compare the numerous available radiocarbon data from different periods in one overview. It is a model to visualize discontinuities or overlaps of the currently available data. It becomes apparent that there is a slide overlap between the archaeologically defined chronological phases. This model serves as a basis for further discussion and chronological models.

According to data of analysis of materials from the settlement of Kozyna, process of Enolitization of Sub-Carpathian region began about 4500–4400 BC and it is associated with the arrival of bearers of Trypillia culture (Stage A) on these lands. Contacts with bearers of Malitska and Tiszapolgár cultures were confirmed. About 4400–4300 BC in Sub-Carpathians Trypillia culture with polychrome painting and in-depth ceramic ornament of Nezvysko II type (stage BI) existed. Trypillian population of this region had contacts with Tiszapolgár culture. At the period between 4200–4000 BC, this territory was densely populated by Trypillians of Zalischyky group (stage B1–BII). Its representatives contacted with Malitska and Liublin-Vohlynian cultures, as well as with Tiszapolgár culture. Approximately about 4000 BC in the area of modern Gorodenka district settlements from the phase I of Shypyntsi group of Nezvysko III type (stage BII) existed. They were not found in northern part of Sub-Carpathian region. Bearers of this group penetrated to the territory of Goryn’ (Bodaky), Podillia (Goloskiv) and further – to Middle Bug region (Voroshylivka). They had contacts with Liublin-Volhynian culture. Around 3900–3800 BC in southern part of Sub-Carpathian and Podillia regions settlements of Shypyntsi group of Tripillia culture (stage CI) existed. Representatives of this group had contacts with Bodrogkeresztúr culture. About 3800 BC expansion of Bădragii group of Trypillia culture began. Its “imports” were found in Bilche-Zolote–Verteba II and Bilyi Potik in Podillia. Around 3600 BC (beginning of CII stage), migration of Brînzeni group of Trypillia culture began. Under its influence Koshylivtsi one was formed. Bearers of Brînzeni traditions reached Volhynia. Close and distant contacts with the Funnelbeaker culture began. About 3300 BC (stage CII) bearers of Trypillia culture almost completely abandoned painted ceramic ware. It was replaced by corded and stamped ornament (Gordineşti-Kasperivtsi-Erbiceni group) and covering of the surface with red paint (Trojaniv group in Volhynia). Contacts with Funnelbeaker and Baden cultures are continued. Key words: Trypillia, Eneolithic, ceramics, “import”, ornamentation, contacts.

In Lavenstedt, County Rotenburg (Wümme), research excavations by the Institute of Historical Coastal Research of Lower Saxony, and the County Archaeology of Rotenburg (Wümme) during the years of 2009 to 2012 revealed a well and the remains of a house of the Funnelbeaker culture, amid several other finds in an area of about 620m2. This is the first time a house plan of this period has been discovered, which differs from the building style known from Flögeln, Pennigbüttel and Visbek. Another novelty is the documentation of a well, the first evidence of such an infrastructural construction during the Early Neolithic in this region. Based on the finds, the site can be tentatively dated to 3200 BC. (FM)

The Novosvobodnaya culture is known as a Bronze Age archaeological culture in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia. It dates back to the middle of the 4th millennium B.C. and seems to have occurred during the time of the Maikop culture. There are now two hypotheses about the emergence of the Novosvobodnaya culture. One hypothesis suggests that the Novosvobodnaya culture was a phase of the Maikop culture, whereas the other one classifies it as an independent event based on the material culture items found in graves. Comparison between Novosvobodnaya pottery and Funnelbeaker (TRB) pottery from Germany has allowed researchers to suggest that the Novosvobodnaya culture developed under the influence of Indo-European culture. Nevertheless, the origin of the Novosvobodnaya culture remains a matter of debate. We applied next-generation sequencing to study ~5000-year-old human remains from the Klady kurgan grave in Novosvobodnaya stanitsa (now the Republic of Adygea, Russia). A total of 58,771,105 reads were generated using Illumina GAIIx with a coverage depth of 13.4х over the mitochondrial (mt) DNA genome. The mtDNA haplogroup affiliation was determined as V7, suggesting a role of the TRB culture in the development of the Novosvobodnaya culture and supporting the model of sharing between Novosvobodnaya and early Indo-European cultures.

The territory of the basins of the upper reaches of the Dnister and the Western Bug is the extreme south-eastern border of the Funnelbeaker culture (FBC) on the border with the Trypillian culture. Starting from the end of the 19th century. More than 300 sites related to the FBC were found here, which in general makes it possible to talk about the level of settlement of this territory. Among the excavated settlements, Zymne, Lezhnytsia, Tadani, Mali Hrybovychi, Vynnyky-Zhupan, Vynnyky-Lysivka, etc. stand out. They in general reveal the character of the FBC in the interfluve of the mentioned rivers. In terms of the history of research and historiography, the time of the second half of the 20th century can be called the «period of M. Peleshchyshyn», who was, in fact, the only specialist in problematic of FBC on the territory of Ukraine. The resumption of systematic field studies of the FBC started in 2010 with the excavations of the Kotoryny settlement on the right bank of the Dnister in the immediate border area with the Trypillian culture. Since 2013, the study of the FBC settlement complex in Vynnyky near Lviv lasted without interruption. Several ground dwelling structures were discovered here, in particular constructions with clay walls. A significant number of storage pits were recorded. Defensive structures in the form of a ditch and a palisade in Vynnyky on Lysivka Mount became an important discovery, which has started a discussion about the nature of relationships within the community and with the nearest neighbors. One of the greatest achievements during this time was a series of absolute dates obtained from Zymne, Kotoryny, Vynnyky-Lysivka, Vynnyky-Zhupan, the synchronous border Trypillian settlements of Bilshivtsi, Kurgany-Dubova, Novomalyn-Podobanka, Myrogoshcha, further ones – Brînzeni, Gordinești, etc. This dating, in comparison with the relative chronology, allows us to talk about the time of the appearance of representatives of the FBC, the stages of functioning of this culture, and the chronology of their relationships with other adjacent cultures in the Upper Dnister and Western Bug regions. A significant number of "imported" ceramics of the Trypllian culture indicate the peculiarity of the contacts of the FBC on its southeastern borderland, which is particularly reflected in ceramics of a syncretic character. Keywords: Funnelbeaker culture, dwelling, contacts, absolute dating, defensive constructions.

AbstractThis paper deals with Dutch flint axe depositions associated with the Middle Neolithic Funnelbeaker Culture (Trichterbecher Kultur – TRB). Large flint axes were acquired as finished products from southern Scandinavia and were deposited in specific, waterlogged places in the landscape. The application of new empirical research techniques has revealed unexpected patterns of use and treatment of these axes. Moreover, contextual analysis shows significant differences in terms of size and wear patterns compared with axes retrieved from megalithic tombs. The evidence strongly suggests that the observed differences may have been linked to completely different use-lives between the two classes of axes. Drawing on ethnographic analogy, it will be argued that the large flint axes deposited in natural places in the landscape became animated with special powers through the act of production. Given the highly ritualized treatment that accompanied their exchange, they must have played an important role in TRB cosmology.

A new house plan of the Funnel(-neck-)beaker west group from Visbek (Lkr. Vechta) During construction works at Visbek-Uhlenkamp II the archaeological excavation firm denkmal3D discovered a Neo - lithic micro-region – consisting of a settlement and burials – hitherto unknown in northwest Germany with the only exception of Flögeln. Apart from the two already known megalithic tombs »Pastors Kamp« and »Stippers Höhe« there are two flat graves and a house plan of the Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture. The two flat graves are covered with cobble stones in the regionally typical way. The house plan can be associated typologically with the houses with wall trenches of the type Flögeln of the Funnelbeaker west group. The pottery dates the house and flat graves to the phase Brindley 4. Furthermore, the close similarity of some vessels from the house and the burials indicates that they belong to the same settlement phase. Translation: M. Struck

De la fin du Ve au début du IIIe millénaire av. n. è., le Nord de l’Europe centrale est occupé par le vaste complexe culturel des Gobelets en Entonnoir. L’Allemagne centrale, zone carrefour située entre les rivières Elbe et Saale, mêle les influences du groupe méridional de ce complexe et de la culture de Michelsberg. Afin d’appréhender l’exploitation animale dans cette région et connaître son évolution, la faune inédite des deux enceintes fossoyés Wallendorf « Hutberg » et Salzmünde « Schiepzig » est étudiée dans ce travail, puis comparée à 29 corpus publiés. Il apparaît que l’économie alimentaire se base sur l’élevage. Les bovins sont la première ressource de produits d’origine animale, suivis des moutons. Le chien et le cheval domestique sont peu fréquents. La chasse, la pêche et la collecte de bivalves sont rarement pratiquées dans cette région,exceptés sur quelques sites spécialisés. Les bovins et les moutons ont été élevés en vue d’une exploitation mixte, bien que certains sites soient spécialisés dans un produit (viande, lait, force,toison). Sur la majorité des sites, la castration des bovins a été pratiquée pour obtenir de la viande tendre et/ou pour avoir des animaux dociles pour la traction. Au moins au cours du Bernburg, les béliers ont également été castrés, pour l’exploitation bouchère et/ou textile. Les porcs ont été élevés pour l’apport en viande tendre. La cynophagie et l’hippophagie ont été pratiquées sur certains sites. Alors que la taille des bovins s’accroît à la fin du IVe millénaire en raison d’un plus grand nombre de taureaux castrés, celle des porcs diminue, ce qui pourrait être causé par une sélection d’individus plus rentables. Le traitement des carcasses et les pratiques alimentaires sont détaillés pour Wallendorf et Salzmünde. Le statut de plusieurs sites a été évalué, les sites producteurs apparaissent moins nombreux que les sites consommateurs. Enfin, les pratiques symboliques, recherchées au travers des récurrences, se manifestent surtout comme dépôts intentionnels en contexte funéraire<br>The North of central Europe is occupied by the Funnelbeaker culture from the end of the 5th to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. Central Germany, at the crossroads between the rivers Elbe and Saale, blends influences of the Southern group with the Michelsberg culture. In order to apprehend animal exploitation and its evolution in this region, new data are investigated for the enclosures Wallendorf “Hutberg” and Salzmünde “Schiepzig” and then compared to the published data of 29 other sites. It turns out that the subsistence strategy is based on farming. Cattle followed by sheep supply most of animal derived products; dog and domestic horse are uncommon. Hunting, fishing and bivalve gathering are rather unusual in this region, except for a few specialized sites. Cattle and sheep were raised for mixed exploitation, although some sites were dedicated to a product (meat, milk, power, hair). On various sites bulls were castrated to gettender meat and/or docile animals for traction. At least during the Bernburg, rams were also castrated for meat and/or textile exploitation. Pigs were raised to provide a supply of tender meat and on a few sites dog and horse meat were also eaten. While the size of cattle increases at the endof the 4th millennium owing to a greater number of oxen within the herd, pig size decreases probably due to selection of individuals with higher potential. Butchery and food practices are detailed for Wallendorf and Salzmünde. The evaluation of site status indicates that producer sites are less common than consumer sites. Finally, symbolic practices, researched through recurrences, appear mostly as intentional deposits in a funerary context