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Zemánková, M., and A. Lebeda. "Fusarium species, their taxonomy, variability and significance in plant pathology – a review." Plant Protection Science 37, No. 1 (January 1, 2001): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8364-pps.
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Fusarium Link (1809) is an anamorph genus with worldwide distribution and a remarkable degree of biodiversity. Its species are common in soil and have been found on a very wide range of vascular plants. Some specialized species are parasitic on other fungi and or insects. In the system of fungi the genus Fusarium is classified in the class Hyphomycetes which belongs to the Deuteromycotina. Teleomorphs have been placed in the genera Nectria and Gibberella, order Hypocreales (Ascomycetes). The taxonomy of the genus Fusarium is not settled and the number of species and sections varies. A few recent classification systems of this genus exist. Fusarium spp. have mostly been studied in the context of their ability to cause diseases of many economically important crop plants. Some species produce mycotoxins and other metabolites that can be harmful to humans and livestock. There is a wide variability in pathogenicity, and in many Fusarium spp. various formae speciales (f.sp.) and physiological races are known. In this paper a description of the 14 most important soil and plant pathogenic Fusarium spp. is provided.
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Thiessen, Lindsey D., Tyler Schappe, Sarah Cochran, Kristin Hicks, and Angela R. Post. "Surveying for Potential Diseases and Abiotic Disorders of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Production." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 4 (January 1, 2020): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-03-20-0017-rs.
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Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has recently been reintroduced as an agricultural commodity in the United States, and, through state-led pilot programs, growers and researchers have been investigating production strategies. Diseases and disorders of industrial hemp in the United States are largely unknowns because record-keeping and taxonomy have improved dramatically in the last several decades. In 2016, North Carolina launched a pilot program to investigate industrial hemp, and diseases and abiotic disorders were surveyed in 2017 and 2018. Producers, consultants, and agricultural extension agents submitted samples to the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Agronomic Services Division (n = 572) and the North Carolina Plant Disease and Insect Clinic (n = 117). Common field diseases found included Fusarium foliar and flower blights (Fusarium graminearum), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum), and Helminthosporium leaf spot (Exserohilum rostratum). Greenhouse diseases were primarily caused by Pythium spp. and Botrytis cinerea. Common environmental disorders were attributed to excessive rainfall flooding roots and poor root development of transplanted clones.
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Ochoa, J., G. Fonseca, and M. A. Ellis. "First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Babaco (Carica × heilbornii var. pentagona) in Ecuador." Plant Disease 84, no. 2 (February 2000): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.2.199a.
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Babaco, Carica × heilbornii V.M. Badillo var. pentagona (Heilborn) V.M. Badillo, is a fruit native to Ecuador that has great potential as a cultivated crop. Local market demand and strong potential as an export crop have greatly increased interest in babaco production in Ecuador. Although the crop can be produced in open fields, the majority of crop production is in plastic greenhouses. In 1996, a serious wilt disease developed on babaco in several greenhouses, resulting in up to 100% loss of plants. Symptoms first appeared as chlorosis of the lower leaves, followed by defoliation progressing up the stem until the entire plant was defoliated. When cut in cross section, vascular discoloration was observed in the stem. Eventually necrosis and soft rot of the stem occurred and entire plants collapsed. Fungal isolations were conducted from fine feeder roots of diseased plants by soaking root pieces (2 cm long) in a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. Root pieces were cut into smaller sections and placed on potato dextrose (PDA) or corn meal (CMA) agar in petri dishes. Isolations from larger roots, crowns, stems and fruits were made by soaking tissue sections of each plant part in a 2.87% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. Tissue sections were rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. Smaller tissue sections (≈0.125 cm3) were cut from surface-disinfested pieces and placed on PDA and CMA in petri dishes. Cultures were incubated at 20°C. A fungus resembling Fusarium sp. was isolated consistently from infected tissues from all infected plant parts. Based on the morphology of the fungal colony and conidia from monosporic isolations, the fungus was identified as Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend:Fr. (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by growing babaco plants in pots containing an equal mixture of sterilized soil, compost, and sand in the greenhouse. Eight 7-month-old plants were inoculated by placing 40 ml of a suspension (106 conidia per ml) of F. oxysporum in four plastic straws placed in the soil (5 cm depth) at equal distances (5 cm) from the base of each plant. Straws around noninoculated control plants received sterile water. Plants were watered with 400 ml of sterile water daily. Pathogenicity tests were repeated once as described. All inoculated plants developed typical wilt symptoms within 45 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on uninoculated control plants. F. oxysporum was successfully reisolated from infected stem tissues of inoculated plants. Incidence of Fusarium vascular wilt of babaco has continued to increase since 1996 and is currently the major constraint to production. References: (1) P. E. Nelson et al. 1981. Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.
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Gómez, J., J. M. Guerra-Sanz, M. C. Sánchez-Guerrero, Y. Serrano, and J. M. Melero-Vara. "Crown Rot of Zucchini Squash Caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae in Almería Province, Spain." Plant Disease 92, no. 7 (July 2008): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-7-1137b.
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Cucumber, melon, watermelon, and zucchini are intensively cropped in the southern part of Spain where approximately 20,000 ha of the crops are grown in greenhouses. In the spring of 2007, zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo) at the fruit-bearing stage in three commercial plastichouses in Almería exhibited necrosis on the basal stem, wilt, and death. The incidence of dead plants was 20 to 30%. Fusarium solani was consistently isolated from the basal stems of symptomatic plants on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Cultures of six single-hyphal transfers were identified on the basis of molecular sequences and morphological characteristics (2). Sequences of ribosomal DNA from ITS1 region, 5.8S rDNA, and ITS2 were identical for all six isolates of F. solani. The rDNA sequence of isolate Fscl-3 of F. solani was deposited as GenBank Accession No. AM940070. The pathogenicity of these six isolates of F. solani was tested in two experiments conducted in one plastichouse in Almería. Pregerminated seeds of zucchini cv. Consul were sown in 1-liter containers filled with vermiculite on 21 May and 22 June, 2007 (experiments 1 and 2, respectively). Plants at the one- to two-true-leaf stage or younger were inoculated with a soil drench of 2.0 to 8.4 × 105 propagules per ml). One colonized PDA petri plate of each isolate was blended and homogenized in 500 ml of distilled water. Inoculum (50 ml per plant) was poured around the stem of zucchini plants growing in vermiculite. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates with each plot comprising four plants (one plant per container). In both experiments, 12 uninoculated plants of the same cultivar served as controls. Plants were maintained for 1 month following inoculation in a greenhouse with mean temperatures ranging between 20.7 and 24.6°C and 23.3 to 29.8°C for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Wilting first occurred 9 days after inoculation, and 14 days later, all plants inoculated with the F. solani isolates died. Inoculated plants exhibited lesions on the stem base without rot of secondary roots. At the end of the experiment, the uninoculated plants remained asymptomatic. Results of experiment 2, with higher temperatures, were similar. The pathogen was consistently recovered from symptomatic plants in both experiments, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Although F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1 was reported in field squash (C. maxima) in the province of Valencia of east-central Spain (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report of F. solani as the causal agent of crown rot of zucchini plants in plastichouses in the Almería Province of Spain, one of the world's largest concentrations of greenhouses. References: (1) J. García-Jiménez et al. Plant Dis. 81:1216, 1997. (2) C. M. Messiaen and R. Cassini. Taxonomy of Fusarium. Page 427 in: Fusarium: Diseases, Biology, and Taxonomy. P. E. Nelson et al., eds. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 1981.
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Ramírez-Gil, Joaquín Guillermo, and Juan Gonzalo Morales. "Polyphasic identification of preharvest pathologies and disorders in avocado cv. Hass." Agronomía Colombiana 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v37n3.78528.
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Diseases and disorders are one of the main limitations ofavocado crops for export and national markets. However, theyare poorly studied in tropical countries such as Colombia. Theobjective of this research was to evaluate a polyphasic approachfor the diagnosis of pathologies and disorders associated withavocado cv. Hass in nurseries and crop fields located in Antioquia, Colombia. Results allowed the identification of several diseases and disorders present on different tissues in all stages of plant development. The root rot disease was associated with 10 microorganisms and two abiotic disorders. Different organs and tissues of avocado plants were affected by pathogens such as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, and Phytophthora palmivora. Pathogens that had not been previously reported in Colombia were identified, and among them P. palmivora, Fusarium oxysporum sensu lato, Phytopythium vexans, Phomopsis sp., and Pythium cucurbitacearum stand out. Abiotic disorders such as hypoxiaanoxia, root atrophy, fruit sunburn, and hailstorm damage were also identified. The etiology of peduncle ringing was not identified. Polyphasic diagnosis of pathologies and disorders is an appropriate approach as part of an integrated disease management program in avocado cv. Hass crop. This work is a reference tool on basic aspects associated with the detection of disorders and pathologies in avocado and the taxonomy of the microorganisms involved.
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Zhang, X. Y., J. Hu, H. Y. Zhou, J. J. Hao, Y. F. Xue, H. Chen, and B. G. Wang. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani Causing Fusarium Dry Rot of Carrot in China." Plant Disease 98, no. 9 (September 2014): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0156-pdn.
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Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in China. In August 2008, a disease was observed on carrot in Inner Mongolia. The symptoms appeared as dry rot lesions on root surface, expressing light brown cankers with defined rounded or irregular shapes (1,3). The average disease incidence was up to 80% in Tuo Ke Tuo County. The disease has been a serious problem in these two counties since then, especially where consecutive carrot cropping was practiced. Carrot roots with typical dry rot symptoms were washed with tap water. Root tissues near the margin of necrotic lesions were excised, surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 3 min, and rinsed with sterile distilled water three times. The disinfected tissue was placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in a petri dish. Plates were incubated at 25 ± 1°C in the dark for 4 days. Fusarium single spore isolates were obtained from characteristic colonies (1). Three isolates (CF1, CF2, and CF3) were used for further study. The isolates were identified as Fusarium spp. on the basis of microscopic morphology on PDA. CF1 produced pink pigment, abundant falciform macroconidia of 14.7 to 38.2 × 4.5 to 5.7 μm with 2 to 3 septates, and elliptic microconidia of 7.5 to 15.1 × 3.3 to 5.4 μm with none or one septate. CF2 and CF3 produced light blue pigment, abundant falciform macroconidia of 16.4 to 34.4 × 4.0 to 6.1 μm with 2 to 3 septates, and elliptic microconidia of 6.7 to 10.7 × 3.0 to 4.9 μm with none or one septate. They were further identified and confirmed by PCR. The PCR involved amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA using genomic DNA as the template with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (2). The PCR products were sequenced. BLAST analysis of these sequences against the GenBank database determined the taxonomy of the isolates. The sequence of CF1 was 99% identical to F. oxysporum (Accession No. KC594035); sequences of CF2 and CF3 were 99% identical to F. solani (KC215123). To confirm the pathogenicity of the isolates, mature carrot roots (cv. Hong Ying 2) were inoculated with mycelial plugs (5 mm in diameter) cut from the margin of actively growing colonies on PDA plates. One mycelial plug was placed on each carrot root, with the mycelial side facing the root. PDA plugs were used for controls. Each treatment had five replicates. The inoculated roots were incubated in a humid chamber (90% RH) at 25°C. Four days after incubation, mycelia of the isolates developed and covered most of the surface of carrot roots, and brown rot lesions were observed on all inoculated roots, while the controls remained symptomless. This experiment was repeated. In another trial, carrot seeds (cv. Hong Ying 2) were sown in sterilized soil in pots (30 × 25 cm opening) with 15 seeds per pot. The soil was infested with either CF1, CF2, or CF3 by adding spore suspension to make the final concentration of 1 × 104 CFU/g soil. Plants grown in non-infested soil served as controls. There were three replicates per treatment. All the treated pots were placed in a field. After 13 weeks, the same symptoms of dry rot were observed as previously described. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. The trial was repeated. Symptomatic tissues from the inoculated roots were sampled and the pathogen was re-isolated, and identified using PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum and F. solani causing dry rot of carrot in China. References: (1) H. Abe et al. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan, 48:106-108, 1997. (2) X. Lu. Plant Dis. 97:991, 2013. (3) A. F. Sherf and A. MacNab. Pages 138-139 in: Vegetable Diseases and Their Control. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1986.
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Rampersad, Sephra. "Pathogenomics and Management of Fusarium Diseases in Plants." Pathogens 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050340.
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There is an urgency to supplant the heavy reliance on chemical control of Fusarium diseases in different economically important, staple food crops due to development of resistance in the pathogen population, the high cost of production to the risk-averse grower, and the concomitant environmental impacts. Pathogenomics has enabled (i) the creation of genetic inventories which identify those putative genes, regulators, and effectors that are associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and primary and secondary metabolism; (ii) comparison of such genes among related pathogens; (iii) identification of potential genetic targets for chemical control; and (iv) better characterization of the complex dynamics of host–microbe interactions that lead to disease. This type of genomic data serves to inform host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology for targeted disruption of transcription of select genes for the control of Fusarium diseases. This review discusses the various repositories and browser access points for comparison of genomic data, the strategies for identification and selection of pathogenicity- and virulence-associated genes and effectors in different Fusarium species, HIGS and successful Fusarium disease control trials with a consideration of loss of RNAi, off-target effects, and future challenges in applying HIGS for management of Fusarium diseases.
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Chi, Wei-Chiung, Weiling Chen, Chih-Chiao He, Sheng-Yu Guo, Hyo-Jung Cha, Ling Ming Tsang, Tsz Wai Ho, and Ka-Lai Pang. "A highly diverse fungal community associated with leaves of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis revealed by isolation and metabarcoding analyses." PeerJ 7 (July 9, 2019): e7293. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7293.
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A high diversity of culturable foliar endophytic fungi is known from various mangrove plants, and the core taxa include species from Colletotrichum, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, Phomopsis, Sporomiella, among others. Since a small fraction of fungi is able to grow in culture, this study investigated the diversity of fungi associated with leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis using both isolation and metabarcoding approaches. A total of 203 isolates were cultured from surface-sterilized leaves, representing 47 different fungal species: 30 species from the winter samples (104 isolates), and 26 species from the summer samples (99 isolates). Ascomycota was dominant in both types of leaf samples, while Basidiomycota was isolated only from the summer samples. Drechslera dematioidea (10.58%, percentage of occurrence), Colletotrichum sp. 3 (7.69%) and Alternaria sp. (7.69%) were dominant in the winter samples; Fusarium oxysporum (13.13%), Diaporthe endophytica (10.10%) and Colletotrichum sp. 1 (9.09%) in the summer samples. Overall, Corynespora cassiicola (6.90%), F. oxysporum (6.40%) and Guignardia sp. (6.40%) had the highest overall percentage of occurrence. In the metabarcoding analysis, a total of 111 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from 17 leaf samples: 96 OTUs from the winter and 70 OTUs from the summer samples. Sequences belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected in both samples but the former phylum was dominant over the latter. Based on read abundance, taxa having the highest percentage of occurrence included Alternaria sp. (3.46%), Cladosporium delicatulum (2.56%) and Pyrenochaetopsis leptospora (1.41%) in the winter leaves, and Aureobasidium sp. (10.72%), Cladosporium sp. (7.90%), C. delicatulum (3.45%) and Hortaea werneckii (3.21%) in the summer leaves. These latter four species also had the highest overall percentage of occurrence. Combining the results from both methods, a high diversity of fungi (at least 110 species) was found associated with leaves of A. ilicifolius var. xiamenensis. Many of the fungi identified were plant pathogens and may eventually cause diseases in the host.
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Nelson, P. E., M. C. Dignani, and E. J. Anaissie. "Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 4 (October 1994): 479–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.4.479.
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There are several taxonomic systems available for identifying Fusarium species. The philosophy used in each taxonomic system is discussed as well as problems encountered in working with Fusarium species in culture. Fusarium species are toxigenic, and the mycotoxins produced by these organisms are often associated with animal and human diseases. The implications for the association of the carcinogens, fumonisins, produced by Fusarium moniliforme and other Fusarium species with human diseases are discussed. Foreign-body-associated fusarial infection such as keratitis in contact lens wearers, onychomycosis, skin infections, and disseminated multiorgan infections are discussed. Disseminated fusarial hyalohyphomycosis has emerged as a significant, usually fatal infection in the immunocompromised host. Successful outcome is determined by the degree of immunosuppression, the extent of the infection, and the presence of a removable focus such as an indwelling central venous catheter. These infections may be clinically suspected on the basis of a constellation of clinical and laboratory findings, which should lead to prompt therapy, probably with one of the newer antifungal agents. Perhaps the use of such agents or the use of colony-stimulating factors may improve the outcome of this devastating infection. However, until new approaches for treatment develop, effective preventive measures are urgently needed.
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Rahman, MA, ZR Moni, MA Hussen, and TH Ansari. "Prevalence Of Fungal Diseases In Medicinal Plants In Northern Region Of Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i2.45306.
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A season wise survey was conducted on the fungal diseases of some important cultivated medicinal plants in two consecutive years 2014 and 2015 in the northern region of Bangladesh. Eleven fungal diseases namely root rot (Fusarium solani) and leaf blight (Alternaria alternata) of Ashwagandha, leaf spot (Curvularia lunata) and collar rot (Fusarium oxysporium) of Alovera, powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) and root rot (Fusarium oxysporium) of Tulsi, collar rot (Fusarium oxysporium) and leaf spot (Collettotrichum gloeosporioides) of Kalmegh, tuberous rot (Fusarium solani) and stem rot (Fusarium oxysporium) of Satamuli, and root rot (Fusarium solani) of Basak were recorded. Most of the diseases were found in the rainy season’s comparative to other seasons. Among all the above-mentioned diseases, the powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) of Tulsi was found mainly in winter season. With the spreading of these fungal diseases on medicinal plants could be a set back to the industry associated with the formulation of its medicinal products. Therefore, this work may encourage other researchers to study these diseases further for development of proper management.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 197-212 (2019)
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Moretti, Antonio. "Taxonomy of Fusarium genus: A continuous fight between lumpers and splitters." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 117 (2009): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0917007m.
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The genus Fusarium comprises a high number of fungal species that can be plant-pathogenic, causing diseases in several agriculturally important crops including cereals, and also can be harmful for humans and animals since many of them are toxigenic. The identification of mycotoxigenic Fusarium species still remains a most critical issue, given that the number of species recognized in the genus has been constantly changing in the last century in accordance with the different taxonomic systems. Together with the morphological identification, current criteria for Fusarium species identification are also based on biological and phylogenetic species recognition. However these criteria rarely agree to each other. Therefore, it is still a charming scientific challenge to ascertain the taxonomic status of Fusarium species, which in the years have been continuously 'splitted' and 'lumpered' by scientists. The major cases of the taxonomic debates amongst the Fusarium community will be here discussed.
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Nelson, P. E., M. C. Dignani, and E. J. Anaissie. "Taxonomy, biology, and clinical aspects of Fusarium species." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 4 (1994): 479–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.4.479-504.1994.
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Ali, Shahin S., G. B. Sunil Kumar, Mojibur Khan, and Fiona M. Doohan. "Brassinosteroid Enhances Resistance to Fusarium Diseases of Barley." Phytopathology® 103, no. 12 (December 2013): 1260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-13-0111-r.
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Fusarium pathogens are among the most damaging pathogens of cereals. These pathogens have the ability to attack the roots, seedlings, and flowering heads of barley and wheat plants with disease, resulting in yield loss and head blight disease and also resulting in the contamination of grain with mycotoxins harmful to human and animal health. There is increasing evidence that brassinosteroid (BR) hormones play an important role in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stress agents and this study set out to determine if and how BR might affect Fusarium diseases of barley. Application of the epibrassinolide (epiBL) to heads of ‘Lux’ barley reduced the severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium culmorum by 86% and reduced the FHB-associated loss in grain weight by 33%. Growth of plants in soil amended with epiBL resulted in a 28 and 35% reduction in Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) symptoms on the Lux and ‘Akashinriki’ barley, respectively. Microarray analysis was used to determine whether growth in epiBL-amended soil changed the transcriptional profile in stem base tissue during the early stages of FSB development. At 24 and 48 h post F. culmorum inoculation, there were 146 epiBL-responsive transcripts, the majority being from the 48-h time point (n = 118). Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis validated the results for eight transcripts, including five defense genes. The results of gene expression studies show that chromatin remodeling, hormonal signaling, photosynthesis, and pathogenesis-related genes are activated in plants as a result of growth in epiBL.
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Fuchs, J. G., Y. Moënne-Loccoz, and G. Défago. "Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Strain Fo47 Induces Resistance to Fusarium Wilt in Tomato." Plant Disease 81, no. 5 (May 1997): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.492.
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Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo47 controls the incidence of Fusarium wilt. Four bioassays in which a strain of the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fo47 were not in direct contact were developed to evaluate whether Fo47 could induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants. Fo47 and the pathogen were separated either physically or in time. Bio-assays were carried out under hydroponic conditions (two bioassays), in potting mix, or in autoclaved soil. Strain Fo47 protected tomato against Fusarium wilt in all four bioassays. Inoculation with Fo47 increased chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, and β-1,4-glucosidase activity in plants, confirming the ability of Fo47 to induce resistance in tomato. This report is the first to demonstrate that a nonpathogenic strain of F. oxysporum can induce resistance to Fusarium wilt in tomato plants. This result has important practical implications for biocontrol of tomato diseases under commercial conditions.
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Pentury, Cahterine, Antonius Suparno, and Eko Martanto. "Tanggap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tomat yang Diinokulasi FMA dalam Pengendalian Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici)." Cassowary 1, no. 2 (July 6, 2018): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/casssowary.cs.v1.i2.17.
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The Wilt in tomato plants is caused by Fusarium oxysporum sp. Lycopersici. Fusarium oxysporum is soil borne which causes considerable losses. FMA as a biological agent provides an alternative opportunity to control root diseases such as fusarium. The purpose of this study was to study the treatment of FMA inoculation which is appropriate while controlling the damage of tomato plants caused by fusarium. The research design used was the experimental method in Completely Randomized Design. The results showed that the treatment of mycorrhizae inoculated one week before planting and continued with fusarium inoculation at the time of planting showed good results in inducing the resistance of tomato plants to fusarium disease. This is evidenced by root colonization in tomato plants by 53% and the average intensity of attacks by 3.14%. The mycorrhizal treatment inoculated one week before planting and followed by fusarium inoculation at planting also showed good results in increasing the growth of tomato plants compared to other treatments applied by mycorrhiza.
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Ploetz, Randy C. "Fusarium-Induced Diseases of Tropical, Perennial Crops." Phytopathology® 96, no. 6 (June 2006): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0648.
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The world's oldest ecosystems are found in the tropics. They are diverse, highly evolved, but barely understood. This and subsequent papers describe diseases of tropical, perennial plants that are caused by Fusarium spp. Many of these are economically significant, difficult to manage, and of scientific interest. Some represent coevolved patho-systems (e.g., Panama disease, tracheomycosis of coffee, fusariosis of pineapple, and Fusarium wilt of oil palm), whereas others may be new-encounter diseases or are caused by generalist pathogens (cushion gall of cacao). New vector relationships are evident in other pathosystems (e.g., mango malformation), and two or more pathogens have been shown to cause some of the diseases (Panama disease and tracheomycosis of coffee). More work on these pathosystems is warranted as they could reveal much about the evolution of plant pathogens and the important diseases they cause.
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Shurigin, V., D. Egamberdieva, S. Samadiy, G. Mardonova, and K. Davranov. "Endophytes from Medicinal Plants as Biocontrol Agents against Fusarium Caused Diseases." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 82, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj82.04.041.
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Gopi, R., Shweta Singh, and Chandramani Raj. "Status of Fusarium diseases of crop plants in North East India." Indian Phytopathology 72, no. 4 (June 20, 2019): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42360-019-00148-3.
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Guan, Yi Ming, Jin Chao Deng, Ying Ying Ma, Yu Li, and Ya Yu Zhang. "Seed-Associated Fungal Diversity and the Molecular Identification of Fusarium with Potential Threat to Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in China." Plant Disease 104, no. 2 (February 2020): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-19-1817-re.
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The utility of traditional methods for detecting seed-borne fungi is limited by the fact some fungi are unculturable or difficult to isolate. The seed-borne pathogens affecting Panax ginseng cultivation have not been fully characterized. Seed-borne fungi can be identified based on the high-throughput sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicons. A hierarchical clustering tree diagram analysis based on operational taxonomic units revealed a relationship between the seed-borne fungi and the region from which the seeds were collected. This study analyzed the fungal diversity on 30 ginseng seed samples from the main ginseng-producing areas of China. The 50 most abundant genera were identified including those responsible for ginseng diseases, Fusarium, Alternaria, Nectria, Coniothyrium, Verticillium, Phoma, and Rhizoctonia. Fusarium species, which are the primary causes of root rot, were detected in all seed samples. The results of a phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seed-borne fungal species originating from the same region were closely related. Fungi on ginseng seeds from eight different regions were divided into eight clades, suggesting they were correlated with the local storage medium. A total of 518 Fusarium isolates were obtained and 10 species identified, all of which can be detrimental to ginseng production. Pathogenicity tests proved that seed-borne Fusarium species can infect ginseng seedlings and 2-year-old ginseng root, with potentially adverse effects on ginseng yield and quality.
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Rogues, A. M., C. Quesnel, P. Revel, J. Saric, and J. P. Gachie. "Potted plants as a potential reservoir of Fusarium species." Journal of Hospital Infection 35, no. 2 (February 1997): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(97)90107-9.
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FLOREA, Antonia, and Carmen PUIA. "Alternaria Genus and the Diseases Caused to Agricultural and Horticultural Plants." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 77, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2020.0034.
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This work is a bibliographic approach to the historical and most recent taxonomy on Alternaria genus. The genus Alternaria consists largely of species of saprophytic, endophytic and parasitic fungi. The United States Fungal host index ranks the genus Alternaria on the 10th place based on the number of host plants, with over 4,000 species. Govind et al. (2016) tells us that most species of this genus are missing the sexual form, with the exception of a few species, which have, in addition to the anamorphic form, the telemorphic form. With the discovery of several species and due to the superficiality of past research, the inclusion of this genus in the taxonomy has become problematic. At the beginning, the taxonomic classification was performed according to the morphology of the species. This bibliographic approach wants to clarify some of the aspects concerning the old and actual taxonomy ambiguities of Alternaria genus. The method used is consulting the scientific literature. The present reclassification of the species was performed by analysing the DNA of each species in 2013 by Woudenberg et al. and fit the Alternaria species in 25 sections. In 2016 Lawrence et al. added 2 other sections and in 2019 Ghafri et al. forms a new section based on the new species Alternaria omanensis. In conclusion Alternaria genus is now divided in 28 sections, each section contains species that are genetically related. Even though most of the ambiguities have been clarified at present, there are still ambiguities regarding the species within and between sections.
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Mandalà, Giulia, Silvio Tundo, Sara Francesconi, Federica Gevi, Lello Zolla, Carla Ceoloni, and Renato D’Ovidio. "Deoxynivalenol Detoxification in Transgenic Wheat Confers Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight and Crown Rot Diseases." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 5 (May 2019): 583–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-18-0155-r.
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Fusarium diseases, including Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR), reduce crop yield and grain quality and are major agricultural problems worldwide. These diseases also affect food safety through fungal production of hazardous mycotoxins. Among these, deoxynivalenol (DON) acts as a virulence factor during pathogenesis on wheat. The principal mechanism underlying plant tolerance to DON is glycosylation by specific uridine diphosphate–dependent glucosyltransferases (UGTs), through which DON-3-β-d-glucoside (D3G) is produced. In this work, we tested whether DON detoxification by UGT could confer to wheat a broad-spectrum resistance against Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. These widespread Fusarium species affect different plant organs and developmental stages in the course of FHB and FCR. To assess DON-detoxification potential, we produced transgenic durum wheat plants constitutively expressing the barley HvUGT13248 and bread wheat plants expressing the same transgene in flower tissues. When challenged with F. graminearum, FHB symptoms were reduced in both types of transgenic plants, particularly during early to mid-infection stages of the infection progress. The transgenic durum wheat displayed much greater DON-to-D3G conversion ability and a considerable decrease of total DON+D3G content in flour extracts. The transgenic bread wheat exhibited a UGT dose–dependent efficacy of DON detoxification. In addition, we showed, for the first time, that DON detoxification limits FCR caused by F. culmorum. FCR symptoms were reduced throughout the experiment by nearly 50% in seedlings of transgenic plants constitutively expressing HvUGT13248. Our results demonstrate that limiting the effect of the virulence factor DON via in planta glycosylation restrains FHB and FCR development. Therefore, ability for DON detoxification can be a trait of interest for wheat breeding targeting FHB and FCR resistance.
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Shaban, W. "STUDIES ON Fusarium oxysporum DISEASES OF SWEET BASIL PLANTS IN ISMAILIA GOVERNORATE." Journal of Plant Production 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2008.126214.
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ABDEL-MONAIM, Montaser Fawzy, and Mamdoh Ewis ISMAIL. "The Use of Antioxidants to Control Root Rot and Wilt Diseases of Pepper." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 2, no. 2 (June 13, 2010): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb223699.
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Ten isolates of Fusarium spp. were isolated from pepper plants collected from different locations in New Valley Governorate, Egypt. Fusarium solani isolate FP2 and F. oxysporum isolate FP4 were highly pathogenic isolates but the other isolates moderate or less pathogenic to pepper plants (cv. 'Anaheim-M'). The four antioxidant compounds (coumaric acid, citric acid, propylgalate and salicylic acid each at 100 and 200 ppm) were evaluated for their in vitro and in vivo agonist to Fusarium pathogenic isolates caused root rot and wilt diseases in pepper plants. All tested antioxidant compounds reduced damping-off, root rot/wilt and area under root rot/wilt progress curve when used as seed soaking, seedling soaking, and soil drench especially at 200 ppm under greenhouse and field conditions compared with untreated plants. All chemicals increased fresh and dry weight of seedling grown in soil drenching or seed treatment with any antioxidants. At the same time, all tested chemicals significantly increase plant growth parameters i.e plant length, plant branching, and total yield per plant in case of seedling soaking or soil drench. In general, propylgalate at 200 ppm was more efficient in reducing infection with damping-off, root rot and wilt diseases as well as increasing the seedling fresh weight, dry weight, plant length, plant branching, number of pod plant-1 and pod yield plant-1. On the other hand, all tested antioxidants had less or no effect on mycelial dry weight and mycelial leaner growth. On the contrary, all chemicals much reduced spore formation in both Fusarium species at 100 or 200 ppm and the inhibitory effect of antioxidants increased with increasing their concentrations.
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Abdesselem, Si Mohammed, Hamini Kadar Nisserine, Kihal Mebrouk, Eddine Henni Jamal, Sanchez Jos eacute, Gallego Eduardo, and Antonio Garrido Cardenas Jos eacute. "Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from tomato plants in Algeria." African Journal of Microbiology Research 10, no. 30 (August 14, 2016): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2016.8161.
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Balykin, Aleksey, and Leonid Shashkarov. "INFLUENCE OF SEED TREATMENT AND VARIETY ON PLANTS DAMAGE OF SPRING BY ROOT ROTS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 4 (April 12, 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-16-19.
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The article discusses the issues of root rot, leaf and stem diseases (septoria, powdery mildew, rust) during tillering-exiting the tube, fusarium and smut during heading, depending on varietal characteristics and seed dressing in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic. Margarita, Simbirtsit and Prokhorovka varieties were studied. The second factor is seed treatment in three grades: 1. Without treatment (control one). 2. Seed treatment with Benlat. 3. Seed treatment with Nano-Gro. The results of the analysis of lesions by root rot, leaf and stem diseases (septoria, powdery mildew, rust) during tillering-exiting the tube, fusarium and smut during heading are presented. The effect of Nano-Gro in combination with the seed dresser Benlat was also studied. It has been shown that pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with Nano-Gro solution helps to reduce damage by root rot, leaf and stem diseases (septoria, powdery mildew, rust) during tillering-exiting the tube, fusarium and smut during ear formation in spring wheat.
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Bretag, TW, and MI Mebalds. "Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from Cicer arietinum (chickpea) grown in north-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 1 (1987): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870141.
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Several diseases, Botrytis grey mould, Fusarium wilt, Rhizoctonia root rot, Phoma blight and Sclerotinia stem rot, affecting chickpea grown in north-western Victoria were identified. Although the diseases Fusarium oxysporum and Phoma medicaginis) were are caused by different fungi, they can all cause chickpea plants to wilt and are therefore easily confused. Some pathogens (Ascochyta pisi, Botrytis cinerea, seed-borne and seed transmission may be an important factor in their spread. Pathogenicity studies showed that chickpea plants were also susceptible to common fungal pathogens of field peas and medics.
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Mazur, S., J. Nawrocki, and J. Kućmierz. "Fungal diseases of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivated in the south region of Poland." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10483-pps.
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The investigations carried out in the last years showed that weather conditions were conductive to growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Poland. Our experiments started since 2000 on two cultivars Myles and Sanford. Evans replaced cv. Sanford in second year. The results pointed to the cv. Myles as generally healthiest and the percentage of infested plants was 3.2% in the first year and 0.92% in the next year. The experiment showed that the most important threats for plants during vegetation season were fungi from the genus Fusarium and Rhizoctonia solani, isolated most often from roots. The basal parts of the stems affected mainly Alternaria genus. Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium avenaceum and Alternaria sp. attack most frequently pods and seeds.
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Hanson, L. E. "First Report of Fusarium Yellows of Sugar Beet Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Michigan." Plant Disease 90, no. 12 (December 2006): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1554b.
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Fusarium yellows of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.Fr. f. sp. betae (Stewart) Snyd & Hans., has been a long-term problem in the western United States (3) and recently was reported in Minnesota and North Dakota (4). This disease is typified by interveinal yellowing and wilting of the foliage. Roots have no external symptoms but show internal vascular discoloration. In 2005, 12 sugar beet roots from Michigan with yellows-type symptoms were received by the author. Isolations were made from the cortical and vascular tissue of the crown and tap root. Fusarium spp. isolates were obtained from 10 of the beets, and 16 isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of morphology and pigmentation on potato dextrose agar and spores and phialides on carnation leaf agar (2). F. oxysporum isolates were tested for pathogenicity by dipping roots of 5-week-old susceptible sugar beet plants (FC716) in a suspension of 104 spores per ml for 8 min, 10 plants per isolate. Two known pathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. betae, Fob13 and Fob216c (4), were used for comparison. For a negative control, plants were dipped in sterile water. Beets were planted in Cone-tainers (3.8 cm diameter × 21 cm) containing pasteurized potting mix. Plants were placed in a greenhouse at 24 to 27°C and fertilized with 15-30-15 fertilizer every 2 weeks to avoid chlorosis from nutrient deficiency. Plants were rated weekly for foliar symptoms for 6 weeks using a Fusarium yellows rating scale of 0 to 4 in which 0 = no disease and 4 = complete plant death (1). After the final rating, plants were removed from soil and the tap root examined for root symptoms. Root segments were surface disinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and cultured on potato dextrose agar to confirm presence of the pathogen. The experiment was done twice. Seven F. oxysporum isolates tested caused typical Fusarium yellows symptoms including interveinal yellowing, stunting, and wilting of inoculated plants. Pathogenic isolates were obtained from 7 of the 10 beets that yielded F. oxysporum. Symptoms were indistinguishable from those caused by Fob13 (average ratings ranged from 1.8 to 2.4) and milder than those caused by Fob216c (average rating 3.1). No interveinal chlorosis or wilting was observed on the control plants. Isolations from inoculated plants provided F. oxysporum cultures morphologically similar to those used in inoculation by the methods of Nelson et al. (2). No F. oxysporum was isolated from control plants. To my knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum causing Fusarium yellows on beet in Michigan. References: (1) L. E. Hanson and A. L. Hill. J. Sugar Beet Res. 41:163, 2004. (2) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983. (3). C. L. Schneider and E. D. Whitney. Fusarium Yellows. Page 18 in: Compendium of Beet Diseases and Insects. C. L. Schneider and E. D. Whitney, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (4) C. E. Windels et al. Plant Dis. 89:341, 2005.
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Baayen, R. P. "RESISTANCE MECHANISMS OF PLANTS TO ROT AND WILT DISEASES CAUSED BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 325 (December 1992): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1992.325.97.
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Chehri, Khosrow. "Molecular identification of pathogenic Fusarium species, the causal agents of tomato wilt in western Iran." Journal of Plant Protection Research 56, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2016-0024.
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AbstractFusarium species are causal agents of fungal diseases occurring frequently in numerous agriculturally important plants, including potato, garlic and are one of the common pathogens of tomato, causing root rot in the west part of Iran. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to isolate and identify disease-causing Fusarium species from infected tomatoes based on the morphological and molecular characteristics. Twenty-five isolates of Fusarium were obtained from infected root of tomato plants collected from the fields in different regions of western Iran. Based on morphological features, the strains were classified into four following Fusarium species: F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The phylogenetic trees based on tef1 and tub2 dataset clearly distinguished closely related species. All of the isolates were evaluated for their pathogenicity on healthy tomato seedlings in the greenhouse. This is the first report on molecular identification of Fusarium species isolated from tomato plants cultivated in Iran.
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Ferraz, Hélvio Gledson Maciel, Renata Sousa Resende, Patrícia Ricardino Silveira, Camila Cristina Lage Andrade, Elisângela Aparecida Milagres, José Rogério Oliveira, and Fabrício de Ávila Rodrigues. "Rhizobacteria induces resistance against Fusarium wilt of tomato by increasing the activity of defense enzymes." Bragantia 73, no. 3 (August 8, 2014): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.0124.
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Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol), is one of the most important diseases that affect tomato yield worldwide. This study investigated the potential of three antagonists, Streptomyces setonii (UFV 618), Bacillus cereus (UFV 592) and Serratia marcescens (UFV 252), and as positive control the hormone jasmonic acid (JA), to reduce Fusarium wilt symptoms and to potentiate the defense enzymes in the stem tissues of tomato plants infected by Fol. The seeds were microbiolized with each antagonist, and the soil was also drenched with them. The plants were sprayed with JA 48 h before Fol inoculation. The area under the Fusarium wilt index progress curve was reduced by 54, 48, 47 and 45% for the UFV 618, JA, UFV 592 and UFV 252 treatments, respectively. The three antagonists, and even the JA spray, efficiently reduced the Fusarium wilt symptoms on the tomato plant stems, which can be explained by the lower malondialdehyde concentration (an indication of oxidative damage to lipids in the plasma membranes) and the greater activities of peroxidases, polyphenoloxidases, glucanases, chitinases, phenylalanine ammonia-lyases and lipoxygenases, which are commonly involved in host resistance against fungal diseases. These results present a novel alternative that can be used in the integrated management of Fusarium wilt on tomatoes.
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Anjaiah, Vanamala, Pierre Cornelis, and Nico Koedam. "Effect of genotype and root colonization in biological control of fusarium wilts in pigeonpea and chickpea byPseudomonas aeruginosaPNA1." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-011.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa PNA1, an isolate from chickpea rhizosphere in India, protected pigeonpea and chickpea plants from fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and Fusarium udum. Inoculation with strain PNA1 significantly reduced the incidence of fusarium wilt in pigeonpea and chickpea on both susceptible and moderately tolerant genotypes. However, strain PNA1 protected the plants from fusarium wilt until maturity only in moderately tolerant genotypes of pigeonpea and chickpea. Root colonization of pigeonpea and chickpea, which was measured using a lacZ-marked strain of PNA1, showed tenfold lower root colonization of susceptible genotypes than that of moderately tolerant genotypes, indicating that this plantbacteria interaction could be important for disease suppression in this plant. Strain PNA1 produced two phenazine antibiotics, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and oxychlororaphin, in vitro. Its Tn5 mutants (FM29 and FM13), which were deficient in phenazine production, caused a reduction or loss of wilt disease suppression in vivo. Hence, phenazine production by PNA1 also contributed to the biocontrol of fusarium wilt diseases in pigeonpea and chickpea.Key words: biocontrol, fusarium wilts, phenazines, Pseudomonas.
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R, Dhaya. "Flawless Identification of Fusarium Oxysporum in Tomato Plant Leaves by Machine Learning Algorithm." December 2020 2, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jiip.2020.4.004.
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In the olden days, plant diseases could be measured by visual observation and based on the level and severity of the symptoms on plant leaves. Over the day, it became a high-level degree of complexity due to the huge volume of cultivated plants. Now a day, the diseases are very different due to diverted manure procedures, and its diagnosis will be very tough even experienced farmers and agronomists too. Even though, after diagnosis, there is a lack of perfect remedy or mistaken treatment for that. The plants are affecting by many vascular fungal diseases which are widespread in many crops. Fusarium wilt (FW) is one of the fungal diseases in many plants. Mostly the tomato, sweet potatoes, tobacco, legumes, cucurbits plants are affected by this Fusarium oxysporum (FO) disease often due to its soil. The main goal of this research article is used to determine FO disease in the tomato plant leaves. Besides, the proposed algorithm constructs model with two times classifying and identifying the disease for better accuracy. The open database consists of 87k images with 60% affected leaves images, 40% healthy plant leaves too. Our proposed hybrid algorithm is found the disease with 96% accuracy with the huge amount of dataset.
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Al-marri, Masoud J., Osman A. Elsharief Abdalla, Sheeja Thomas, Mohammed Al-Masri, Mohammed I. Abubaker, Mohamed M., Hichem R., and Mohamed mahomoud Mazen. "Impact of Irrigation Method on Root Rot and Wilt Diseases in Tomato Under Net Greenhouse in the State of Qatar." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 8 (October 25, 2018): 1452–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v8i1.7771.
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The study involved the relationship among two irrigation methods; Subsurface Buried Diffuser (SBD) and Conventional Drip irrigation (DI) and their impact on the survival of healthy tomato plant . Tomato plant irrigated with SBD and DI methods were subjected to survey of root or shoot systems fungal diseases and infected vs. healthy Tomato plant survival incidence percentage were recorded. Surveyed tomato plant showing, root rot and wilt symptoms were subjected to isolation trails for the purpose of isolation of the causal organisms. Rhizospheric samples of different healthy and diseased plants were collected at flowering growth stage for determining the frequency occurrence of different fungi associated with the root region of healthy and infected roots of tomato plants under both irrigation methods. It was observed that the Tomato plants irrigated under DI method were more prone to fungal infection than that of SBD method. Pathogenic fungi that contributed in reducing the survival of tomato plant were high in rhizospheric soil irrigated with DI irrigation Method as compared to SBD irrigation method. The root fungal pathogens isolated from rhizospheric soil were Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus spp., and Pythium spp., which recorded in high frequency comparing with other microorganisms. The genus Fusarium represented in highest records followed by the genus Rhizoctonia and Pythium respectively at all assayed samples.
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Someya, N., N. Kataoka, T. Komagata, K. Hirayae, T. Hibi, and K. Akutsu. "Biological Control of Cyclamen Soilborne Diseases by Serratia marcescens Strain B2." Plant Disease 84, no. 3 (March 2000): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.3.334.
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Cyclamen plants were treated with a highly chitinolytic bacterium, Serratia marcescens strain B2, and then challenge inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani sclerotia or Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis conidia. The bacterium suppressed these fungal diseases of cyclamen plants, especially the damping off caused by R. solani, in a greenhouse. Strain B2 survived at approximately 106 to 107 CFU/g in soil for 4 months after the initial application under greenhouse conditions. Chitinolytic enzymes and antifungal low-molecular-weight compounds were present in filtrates of S. marcescens B2, which suppressed germination of R. solani sclerotia in vitro.
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Arie, Tsutomu. "Fusarium diseases of cultivated plants, control, diagnosis, and molecular and genetic studies." Journal of Pesticide Science 44, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.j19-03.
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María I, Dinolfo, Castañares Eliana, and Stenglein Sebastián A. "Fusarium–plant interaction: state of the art – a review." Plant Protection Science 53, No. 2 (February 10, 2017): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-pps.
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One of the most important genera able to develop diseases in cereals is Fusarium which not only produces losses by the fungal presence but also mycotoxin production harmful to human and animal consumers. In the environment, plants are continuously threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the latter, pathogens gained importance mainly due to their ability to affect the plant fitness. To protect against potential attacks, plants have developed strategies in which phytohormones have an essential role. In plant–pathogen interactions, salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonates are the most important, but there are also auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, and peptide hormones involved in plant defence. The interaction between Fusarium species and plants used as models has been developed to allow understanding the plant behaviour against this kind of pathogen with the aim to develop several strategies to decrease the Fusarium disease effects.
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Kaushal, Manoj, Rony Swennen, and George Mahuku. "Unlocking the Microbiome Communities of Banana (Musa spp.) under Disease Stressed (Fusarium wilt) and Non-Stressed Conditions." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030443.
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We assessed the diversity, structure, and assemblage of bacterial and fungal communities associated with banana plants with and without Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) symptoms. A total of 117,814 bacterial and 17,317 fungal operational taxonomy units (OTUs) were identified in the rhizosphere, roots, and corm of the host plant. Results revealed that bacterial and fungal microbiota present in roots and corm primarily emanated from the rhizosphere. The composition of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere, roots, and corm were different, with more diversity observed in the rhizosphere and less in the corm. However, distinct sample types i.e., without (asymptomatic) and with (symptomatic) Fusarium symptoms were the major drivers of the fungal community composition. Considering the high relative abundance among samples, we identified core microbiomes with bacterial and fungal OTUs classified into 20 families and colonizing distinct plant components of banana. Our core microbiome assigned 129 bacterial and 37 fungal genera to known taxa.
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Singh, U. P., V. N. Pandey, K. G. Wagner, and K. P. Singh. "Antifungal activity of ajoene, a constituent of garlic (Allium sativum)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 1354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-172.
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Ajoene, a compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum L.), inhibited spore germination of some fungi, namely, Alternaria solani, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria triticina, Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium lini, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium semitectum, and Fusarium udum, which cause serious diseases in some important crop plants in India. The compound was very effective in checking spore germination at a concentration of 25 μg/mL in some of the above fungi and, in most cases, there was 100% inhibition of germination at 100 μg/mL. It is quite likely that the compound may be useful in controlling disease(s) under field conditions.
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Morcia, Caterina, Giorgio Tumino, Giulia Gasparo, Caterina Ceresoli, Chiara Fattorini, Roberta Ghizzoni, Paola Carnevali, and Valeria Terzi. "Moving from qPCR to Chip Digital PCR Assays for Tracking of some Fusarium Species Causing Fusarium Head Blight in Cereals." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091307.
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Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is one of the major diseases affecting small-grain cereals, worldwide spread and responsible for severe yield and quality losses annually. Diagnostic tools, able to track Fusarium species even in the early stages of infection, can contribute to mycotoxins’ risk control. Among DNA-based technologies for Fusarium detection, qPCR (single and multiplex assays) is currently the most applied method. However, pathogen diagnostics is now enforced by digital PCR (dPCR), a breakthrough technology that provides ultrasensitive and absolute nucleic acid quantification. In our work, a panel of chip digital PCR assays was developed to quantify Fusarium graminearum, F.culmorum, F. sporotrichioides, F. poae and F. avenaceum. The primers/probes combinations were evaluated on pure fungal samples with cdPCR technique, in comparison with the qPCR approach. Moreover, the cdPCR assays were applied to quantify Fusarium in durum wheat and oat samples, naturally contaminated or spiked with fungal DNA. For a better evaluation of infection level in plants, duplex assays were developed, able to co-amplify both plant and fungal DNA. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study directed to the application of digital PCR to Fusarium diagnosis in plants.
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Normand, Anne-Cécile, Sébastien Imbert, Sophie Brun, Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi, Erja Chryssanthou, Sophie Cassaing, Christine Schuttler, et al. "Clinical Origin and Species Distribution of Fusarium spp. Isolates Identified by Molecular Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry: A European Multicenter Hospital Prospective Study." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040246.
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Fusarium spp. are widespread environmental fungi as well as pathogens that can affect plants, animals and humans. Yet the epidemiology of human fusariosis is still cloudy due to the rapidly evolving taxonomy. The Mass Spectrometry Identification database (MSI) has been developed since 2017 in order to allow a fast, accurate and free-access identification of fungi by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization—time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Taking advantage of the MSI database user network, we aim to study the species distribution of Fusarium spp. isolates in an international multicenter prospective study. This study also allowed the assessment of the abilities of miscellaneous techniques to identify Fusarium isolates at the species level. The identification was performed by PCR-sequencing and phylogenic-tree approach. Both methods are used as gold standard for the evaluation of mass spectrometry. Identification at the species complex was satisfactory for all the tested methods. However, identification at the species level was more challenging and only 32% of the isolates were correctly identified with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) DNA database, 20% with the Bruker MS database and 43% with the two MSI databases. Improvement of the mass spectrometry database is still needed to enable precise identification at the species level of any Fusarium isolates encountered either in human pathology or in the environment.
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Jamarun, Nurbailis, Rummah Yulisyah, and Novri Nelly. "Eksplorasi Jamur-Jamur yang Berasosiasi dengan Penyakit Mati Meranting pada Tanaman Kakao di Kota Padang." JPT : JURNAL PROTEKSI TANAMAN (JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jpt.5.1.1-11.2021.
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Branch dieback is one of the primary diseases in cacao plants. The disease affects young shoots and twigs, causes leaves to die, and leaves them bare, interfering with photosynthesis. This study aimed to determine the causative pathogens in Padang City. The locations were: Sungai Sarik Kuranji, Lubuk Minturun Koto Tangah, and Teluk Kabung Bungus. The locations have the following criteria: age ? three years, the number of plants at the location ? 50 individuals, and found symptoms of branch dieback. The research used descriptive methods. The sample represented 10% of the total number of plants at the location, was collected randomly. The results found four species of fungi associated with the disease, namely Oncobasidium theobromae, Botrydiplodia theobromae, Fusarium decemcellulare, and Fusarium sp1.
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Díaz Arias, M. M., G. P. Munkvold, and L. F. Leandro. "First Report of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Root Rot on Soybean (Glycine max) in the United States." Plant Disease 95, no. 10 (October 2011): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0346.
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Fusarium spp. are widespread soilborne pathogens that cause important soybean diseases such as damping-off, root rot, Fusarium wilt, and sudden death syndrome. At least 12 species of Fusarium, including F. proliferatum, have been associated with soybean roots, but their relative aggressiveness as root rot pathogens is not known and pathogenicity has not been established for all reported species (2). In collaboration with 12 Iowa State University extension specialists, soybean roots were arbitrarily sampled from three fields in each of 98 Iowa counties from 2007 to 2009. Ten plants were collected from each field at V2-V3 and R3-R4 growth stages (2). Typical symptoms of Fusarium root rot (2) were observed. Symptomatic and asymptomatic root pieces were superficially sterilized in 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and placed onto a Fusarium selective medium. Fusarium colonies were transferred to carnation leaf agar (CLA) and potato dextrose agar and later identified to species based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Of 1,230 Fusarium isolates identified, 50 were recognized as F. proliferatum based on morphological characteristics (3). F. proliferatum isolates produced abundant, aerial, white mycelium and a violet-to-dark purple pigmentation characteristic of Fusarium section Liseola. On CLA, microconidia were abundant, single celled, oval, and in chains on monophialides and polyphialides (3). Species identity was confirmed for two isolates by sequencing of the elongation factor (EF1-α) gene using the ef1 and ef2 primers (1). Identities of the resulting sequences (~680 bp) were confirmed by BLAST analysis and the FUSARIUM-ID database. Analysis resulted in a 99% match for five accessions of F. proliferatum (e.g., FD01389 and FD01858). To complete Koch's postulates, four F. proliferatum isolates were tested for pathogenicity on soybean in a greenhouse. Soybean seeds of cv. AG2306 were planted in cones (150 ml) in autoclaved soil infested with each isolate; Fusarium inoculum was applied by mixing an infested cornmeal/sand mix with soil prior to planting (4). Noninoculated control plants were grown in autoclaved soil amended with a sterile cornmeal/sand mix. Soil temperature was maintained at 18 ± 1°C by placing cones in water baths. The experiment was a completely randomized design with five replicates (single plant in a cone) per isolate and was repeated three times. Root rot severity (visually scored on a percentage scale), shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were assessed at the V3 soybean growth stage. All F. proliferatum isolates tested were pathogenic. Plants inoculated with these isolates were significantly different from the control plants in root rot severity (P = 0.001) and shoot (P = 0.023) and root (P = 0.013) dry weight. Infected plants showed dark brown lesions in the root system as well as decay of the entire taproot. F. proliferatum was reisolated from symptomatic root tissue of infected plants but not from similar tissues of control plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. proliferatum causing root rot on soybean in the United States. References: (1) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (2) G. L. Hartman et al. Compendium of Soybean Diseases. 4th ed. The American Phytopathologic Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2006. (4) G. P. Munkvold and J. K. O'Mara. Plant Dis. 86:143, 2002.
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Trapero-Casas, A., and W. J. Kaiser. "A Vascular Wilt of Turnsole Caused by Fusarium oxysporum." Plant Disease 82, no. 9 (September 1998): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.1063d.
Full textAbstract:
Turnsole (Chrozophora tinctoria) is a common spring-summer weed in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and other dry-land crop production areas in southern Spain. Under field conditions, this weed often develops a general wilt and eventual death associated with a vascular discoloration of stems and roots. Diseased turnsole plants frequently occurred together with chickpea plants affected by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, a major disease of chickpea crops in southern Spain (1). Isolations from roots, stems and leaf petioles of turnsole plants consistently yielded F. oxysporum, and it was morphologically similar to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. To test the pathogenicity of this fungus, germinated and previously surface-sterilized seeds of turnsole and chickpea cultivar Blanco Lechoso were planted in a greenhouse soil mixture artificially infested with four isolates of F. oxysporum from turnsole and two isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, one of them inducing the wilt syndrome and the other causing yellowing (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted following the standard inoculation method used for F. oxysporum in chickpea (1). Inoculated and control plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 15 to 30°C. Isolates of F. oxysporum from turnsole caused wilt symptoms and death of turnsole plants within 2 months, but chickpea isolates did not affect turnsole. Conversely, chickpea plants were affected only by the two isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris from chickpea. All diseased chickpea and turnsole plants exhibited typical vascular discoloration. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from the vascular tissues of roots, stems, and leaf petioles of affected plants. Based on these results, the fungus causing wilt of turnsole was identified as a forma specialis of F. oxysporum different from the chickpea wilt pathogen. Since the Fusarium wilt diseases of turnsole and chickpea are caused by different pathogens, the occurrence of F. oxysporum causing wilt of turnsole in the field can not be used to forecast Fusarium wilt of chickpea, but it may be considered as a potential biocontrol agent of this weed under field conditions. This is the first report of F. oxysporum causing wilt of turnsole. Reference: (1) A. Trapero-Casas and R. M. Jiménez-Díaz. Phytopathology 75:1146, 1985.
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Antonopoulos, D. F., K. Elena, and E. C. Tjamos. "First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Alfalfa in Greece." Plant Disease 87, no. 6 (June 2003): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.6.751b.
Full textAbstract:
In August 2000, samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants cv. Iliki showing wilt symptoms consistent with those reported for Fusarium wilt (1) were collected from an alfalfa field of the Agricultural University of Athens. Symptoms of the disease were chlorosis, yellowing, premature defoliation, wilting, vascular discoloration (dark brown), stunting, and death of plants. Fusarium oxysporum was isolated from the stems of diseased plants. Fresh cultures of the isolated fungus on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media developed whitish purple mycelium, short phialides, microconidia, and later, macroconidia and chlamydospores matching the description of F. oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. medicaginis (Weimer) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans. (2). The fungus was maintained on PDA cultures at 4°C. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in a greenhouse (12-h photoperiod at 25 to 32°C) on alfalfa Greek cv. Iliki. An aqueous suspension of 107 microconidia per ml was prepared, and roots of 7-week-old seedlings were dipped for 20 min and then returned to pots. Within 15 days, all inoculated plants exhibited typical Fusarium wilt symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Four weeks after inoculation, almost all plants were dead. Control seedlings (root-dipped for 20 min in sterile distilled water) remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from the symptomatic seedlings, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Weimer (3) first described Fusarium wilt of alfalfa and identified the causal organism as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis. Cross-artificial inoculation to cotton plants cv. Myrto, Christina, and Acala CJ2 was also performed, but none of the cultivars developed any macroscopic symptoms of the disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of alfalfa Fusarium wilt in Greece. Although the pathogen was located in a rather isolated spot of alfalfa cultivation in Attica County, the occurrence of the pathogen and its importance in other alfalfa growing regions of Greece will be investigated. References: (1) D. C. Erwin. Fusarium wilt. Pages 33–34 in: Compendium of Alfalfa Diseases. 2nd ed. D. L. Stuteville and D. C. Erwin eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1990. (2) W. C. Snyder and H. N. Hansen. Am. J. Bot. 27:64, 1940. (3) J. L. Weimer. J. Agric. Res. 37:419, 1928.
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Schiwek, Simon, Lukas Beule, Maria Vinas, Annette Pfordt, Andreas von Tiedemann, and Petr Karlovsky. "High-Resolution Melting (HRM) Curve Assay for the Identification of Eight Fusarium Species Causing Ear Rot in Maize." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040270.
Full textAbstract:
Maize plants are often infected with fungal pathogens of the genus Fusarium. Taxonomic characterization of these species by microscopic examination of pure cultures or assignment to mating populations is time-consuming and requires specific expertise. Reliable taxonomic assignment may be strengthened by the analysis of DNA sequences. Species-specific PCR assays are available for most Fusarium pathogens, but the number of species that infect maize increases the labor and costs required for analysis. In this work, a diagnostic assay for major Fusarium pathogens of maize based on the analysis of melting curves of PCR amplicons was established. Short segments of genes RPB2 and TEF-1α, which have been widely used in molecular taxonomy of Fusarium, were amplified with universal primers in a real-time thermocycler and high-resolution melting (HRM) curves of the products were recorded. Among major Fusarium pathogens of maize ears, F. cerealis, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. equiseti, F. poae, F. temperatum, F. tricinctum, and F. verticillioides, all species except for the pair F. culmorum/F. graminearum could be distinguished by HRM analysis of a 304 bp segment of the RPB2 gene. The latter two species could be differentiated by HRM analysis of a 247 bp segment of the TEF-1α gene. The assay was validated with DNA extracted from pure cultures of fungal strains, successfully applied to total DNA extracted from infected maize ears and also to fungal mycelium that was added directly to the PCR master mix (“colony PCR”). HRM analysis thus offers a cost-efficient method suitable for the diagnosis of multiple fungal pathogens.
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Bruton, B. D., and M. E. Miller. "Occurrence of Vine Decline Diseases of Melons in Honduras." Plant Disease 81, no. 6 (June 1997): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.696c.
Full textAbstract:
A survey of vine decline diseases of melons (Cucumis melo L.) was conducted on three geographically separate farms (12 fields) in the area of San Lorenzo, Honduras, during the spring of 1996. Symptoms were typical of the vine declines in that the leaves began yellowing and collapsing in the crown just prior to harvest and the decline radiated outward. Crown lesions, typical of many of the vine declines, were observed infrequently. Most plants exhibited no crown lesion. Roots exhibited brown lesions and root corking, and were generally lacking root hairs, although the roots were not macerated. Fruit were small sized, low in sugars, and sunburned. Isolations were made from the crown area, primary root, and secondary roots of affected plants by excising 3- to 5-mm pieces and surface sterilizing for 30 to 60 s with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four tissue pieces from each plant part were placed on 2.0% water agar plus 0.1 g of streptomycin sulfate per liter and their identity maintained. Plates were examined for fungal growth daily for 5 days and hyphal tips from all colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar and Synthetischer nährstoffärmer agar (2) to allow for sporulation. Rhizoctonia solani Kühn was the predominant fungus isolated from affected plants in several fields, with an incidence as high as 75%. A Pythium sp. was isolated from primary and secondary roots of 50% of the plants on the Santa Rosa farm. Vines exhibiting tan to light brown crown lesions either on one side of the vine or encompassing the crown, but without gumming, always produced colonies of Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wollenweb. emend. W. C. Snyder & H. N. Hans. was isolated from roots of more than 30% of the plants, although this is not unusually high. Crown lesions typical of charcoal rot were observed in some fields, with Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich being isolated from 65% of the plants in one field. Charcoal rot was a minor problem in all fields but one. Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm was not isolated from any of the plants. A Stagonospora-like fungus, which has been demonstrated recently as a potential contributor to vine decline (1), was isolated on 17% of the plants from five fields on the Embarcadero Farm. Monosporascus cannonballus Pollack & Uecker was isolated infrequently in one field on the Santa Rosa Farm. This is the first report of M. cannonballus and a Stagonospora-like fungus in Honduras. References: (1) M. E. Miller et al. Phytopathology 86:S3, 1996. (2) H. I. Nirenberg. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. Land Forstwirtsch. Berlin-Dahlem. 169:1, 1976.
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Aravena, Ricardo, Ximena Besoain, Natalia Riquelme, Aldo Salinas, Miryam Valenzuela, Eduardo Oyanedel, Wilson Barros, et al. "Antifungal Nanoformulation for Biocontrol of Tomato Root and Crown Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici." Antibiotics 10, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091132.
Full textAbstract:
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are the most cultivated and important vegetable crop in the world. These plants can wilt during crop growth due to fusarium wilt (fusariosis), a disease that damages tomato vascular systems. The Fusarium isolated and analyzed in this work correspond to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. The isolates were molecularly identified, and analysis was done on the in vitro effects of the nanoemulsions (previously obtained from extracts of Chilean medicinal plants of the genera Psoralea and Escallonia) to inhibit mycelial and conidial germination of the isolates. Subsequently, the nanoemulsions were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for preventive control of fusariosis in the root and crown, with high levels of disease control observed using the highest concentrations of these nanoemulsions, at 250 and 500 ppm.
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Georgieva, Olga, Natalia Karadzhova, and Slavka Kalapchieva. "Application of biological products at cultivation of garden pea Pisum sativum l." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 29 (June 7, 2021): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.29.014.
Full textAbstract:
The possibilities of using the biological products “Trichodermine” (Trichoderma viride Pers ex Fr.), “Gliocladine” (Gliocladium virens Miller et al.) and the mycorrhizal activator “Rhizo VAM Basic” (Glomus intraradices Schenck&Smith) for control of fungal diseases in garden pea and and their impact on the biometric indicators of young plants were studied. Biological preparations based on antagonistic fungi Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium virens improve the phytosanitary condition of the plants, the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices stimulates the formation of the root system and tuber formation, but has a weak fungicidal effect against Fusarium wilt in this culture. The experiment was performed on an artificial infectious background by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. pisi (Hal.) Raillo, isolated from diseased plants. The effect of application of the biological products“Trichodermine” and “Gliocladine” is 34-68%, from “Rhizo VAM Basic” - 8% compared to the infected control. The combined application of biological preparations with fungicidal and mycorrhizal action significantly protects the crop from infection with the causative agent of Fusarium wilt of garden pea.