Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fuseaux de sommeil(spindles)'
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Scheer-Dorr, Christiane. "Méthodes paramétriques d'analyse du signal EEG : application à la détection, localisation et analyse spectrale de fuseaux de sommeil." Nancy 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NAN10238.
Full textTassin, Valériane. "Nouveaux mécanismes d'action du récepteur mGlu7a dans le thalamus : de la synapse au comportement." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13509/document.
Full textBrain functionning is gouverned by two master forces : excitation, mainly supported by glutamatergic transmission, and inhibition, mainly supported by GABAergic transmission. The mutual and balanced influence of these two forces is instrumental to establish and maintain a physiological neuronal activity, particulary in neuronal networks involving several interconnected brain area and neuron types. The metabotropic glutamate receptor type 7, mGlu7, modulates both glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission, but its precise localization andsynaptic role are still widly unknown. Recently, a genetic mouse model has highlighted mGlu7a receptor's involvement into the functionning of a particular network supporting somatosensory perception during arousal and loss of consciousness during sleep, as well as absence epileptic seizures : the thalamo-cortical network. This thesis aims at understanding physiological functions mediated by the mGlu7a receptor in the thalamo-cortical circuit. I have dissected localization and electrophysiologicalprocesses triggered by the receptor in thalamic synapses. The mGlu7a receptor was proved as essential to control oscillatory rythmes in the thalamus, associated with both sleep-related waves (spindles) and absence epileptic seizures.This receptor was supposed to function only during high neuronal activities. In addition, our study highlights a constitutive activity of mGlu7a receptor in excitatory and inhibitory synapses. It thus exerts a permanent brake on Ca2+ presynaptic entry, which is crucial for neuronal developpement, synaptic transmission, excitability and plasticity. I found that this mechanism modulates glutamate and GABA release, but also short term plasticity in thestudied network. Moreover, mGlu7a receptor slows down the inhibitory tonus in the thalamus and thalamic excitability.Surprisingly for a glutamate receptor, these data suggest that the physiological action of mGlu7a receptor is highly involved in the control of the excitability of inhibitory thalamic and cortical neurons. By decreasing synchronous activities of the network, its action leads in fine to the maintenance of a conscious, awake state of a subject, that is necessary for sensorial informations processing, learning and memory
Normand, Marie-Pier. "Caractéristiques des fuseaux de sommeil chez les gens souffrant d'insomnie." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31465.
Full textThe sleep spindle is a brief oscillatory electroencephalographic event associated with sleep protection. It may be possible that insomnia sufferers (INS), who present less consolidated sleep, have sleep spindles alterations. Sleep spindle plays also a role in sensory inhibition, and thus, could be linked to sleep perception and explain misperception in INS. However, a prior study didn’t find any difference in number or density of sleep spindles between INS and good sleepers (GS). The objective of this project was to determine if differences may be found in sleep spindles characteristics between INS and GS, distinguishing for paradoxical insomnia (PARA-I) and psychophysiological insomnia (PSY-I). Results showed that the duration of sleep spindles in stage 2 is lower for PARA-I than for GS. These results partially support the protective function of sleep spindles. However, in regards of sleep misperception, sleep spindles characteristics do not seem to influence the sensation of being asleep.
Claude, Léa. "Fuseau de sommeil et traitement de l'information nociceptive : études par enregistrements électroencéphalographiques de surface et intracérébraux chez l'Homme." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10159/document.
Full textSleep spindles are generated by thalamic reticular nuclei and transmitted into the thalamo-cortical network during nonREM sleep. They are commonly thought to have a sleep-protecting role by inhibiting sensory inputs. The aim of our work was to test their inhibitory effect on behavioural and evoked responses to nociceptive inputs in humans by conducing three electrophysiological experiments during a whole night of sleep. The first two experiments used thermo-nociceptive laser stimuli delivered during or apart from sleep spindles. Cerebral responses were obtained with surface recordings in healthy subjects, or intracerebral ones in epileptic patients. Results showed no significant difference in arousal reactions and cortical evoked responses to stimuli delivered during or apart from sleep spindles. This was the case on surface recordings as well as on intracerebral ones in which spindles were detected within the thalamus while responses were analysed in the insula, known to systematically respond to nociceptive stimuli. In the third experiment, in order to increase the rate of stimuli, electrical ones were used at nociceptive intensities. The relationship between spindle activity and sensory processing was then investigated with surface high-density recordings in healthy subjects. Evoked responses were present in any case, but of higher amplitude around the initiation of spindle activity. Thus, the spindles inhibitory effect of sensory processing does not seem to apply to nociceptive inputs and the modulation of cortical responses according to the timing of spindle might reflect the influence of the slow oscillation
Godbout, Jonathan. "Critères spatial et spectral pour la détection des fuseaux du sommeil en EEG." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2013. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1173/1/GODBOUT_Jonathan.pdf.
Full textCanu, Marie-Hélène, and Marie-Josèphe Besson. "Rythmes beta d'attention et fuseaux de sommeil : contribution respective des noyaux postérieur et rétuculaire thalamiques." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066049.
Full textPoiseau, Éric. "Traitement du signal appliqué à l'analyse des signaux EEG et ECG enregistrés pendant le sommeil." Compiègne, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993COMPD592.
Full textPécrix, Yann. "Analyse moléculaire de la formation des microgamètes non-réduits chez Rosa spp." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4374.
Full textIn the evolutionary history of plants, polyploidization has been a recurring phenomenon that has shaped the genomes, might have contributed to the occurrence of major evolutionary step and might have facilitated the survival of many plant families during major ecological crises. The main mechanism of polyploidization is sexual polyploidization, which involves the formation of 2n gametes resulting from meiotic division changes. Recently, mutants highly producing 2n gametes have been isolated in A. thaliana. Loss of AtPS1 gene function leads to parallel spindles orientation in meiosis II and loss of AtCYCA1;2/TAM gene function leads to the omission of the second meiotic division. The aim of this PhD project was to identify factors and mechanisms responsible for the 2n gametes formation, using Rosa as a model. This work permitted to: (i) discover an abiotic factor, high temperature, that can induce a high production of 2n gametes, (ii) show that the sensitivity window to this factor is narrow and restricted to meiosis and (iii) reveal that 2n gamete production in inductive condition, results from parallel spindle orientation in meiosis II. To determine molecular mechanisms responsible for their formation, two candidate genes, RhPS1 and RhCYCA1 were identified in Rosa. Analysis of their expression revealed: (i) their high expression level in stamens at meiosis stage in non-inductive condition and (ii) the rapid repression of their transcript levels under inductive condition. Meiotic gene function of RhPS1 was validated by complementation of atps1-1 mutant and by generating a rose transgenic line p35S:: RNAi-RhPS1. According to these results, polyploidization and its mechanisms can now be replaced in the context of the current climate
Barakat, Marc. "Étude multimodale de la consolidation d’habiletés motrices à l’aide de l’IRMf et de l’EEG." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5495.
Full textMotor memory consolidation refers to brain plasticity processes resulting in enduring long-term changes in the neural representations of the learned experiences. One of the paradigms used in the laboratory to study motor consolidation in both its behavioral and neuronal dimensions is the motor sequence learning task. The latter consists in executing the same series of implicitly or explicitly learned movements, and then in looking at the subsequent spontaneous improvement in performance after a period of time without additional practice. On one hand, recent studies have shown that in the case of explicit motor sequence learning, consolidation highly correlated with sleep, and more particularly with N-REM sleep spindles. Even though two types of spindles have been identified (fast and slow spindles), the role of these two sleep features in the consolidation of motor sequence learning is still unclear. In fact, only one study explored this role through artificially altered nights, showing an implication of fast spindles in this process. On the other hand, several functional imaging studies (using functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI] and positron emission tomography [PET] scans), have shown changes in the activity of the cortico-striatal system following the consolidation of an explicitly learned motor sequence. But to this day, no study has yet investigated the relationship between these brain functional changes and the sleep spindles characteristics occurring during the night following the experimental task. The objectives of this study were thus: 1) to determine, through polysomnographic recordings and correlation analysis, the contribution of the two spindle types (i.e. slow and fast) to the consolidation of a newly learned motor sequence task following an unaltered night of sleep, and 2) to explore through correlation analysis, the association between sleep spindles and neuronal changes that occur during consolidation of this motor skill. The results of our first study showed that fast, but not slow, sleep spindles play a role in the motor memory consolidation process. Indeed, statistical analyses revealed a significant increase in the density of fast spindles during the night following the motor sequence learning when compared to the control night. Furthermore, this increase in spindles correlated with the spontaneous gains in performance following sleep. Interestingly, the results of our second study revealed correlations between the amplitude of the spindles during the experimental night on the one hand, the amount of spontaneous gains in performance overnight as well as the changes in the BOLD signal within the cortico-striatal system on the other hand. Taken together, our results suggest a functional link between sleep spindles and both overnight gains in performance and brain correlates reflecting motor memory consolidation of a newly acquired sequence of movements. They also support the notion that fast spindles seem to play a more prominent role in this consolidation process, as they appear to help activate the cerebral network involved in it and thus to improve sleep-dependent motor memory consolidation.
Laventure, Samuel. "Le rôle du stade 2 du sommeil non-paradoxal et des fuseaux de sommeil dans la consolidation de la mémoire motrice séquentielle." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20618.
Full textChicoine, Marjolaine. "Topographie de l’activité EEG en fuseaux au cours du sommeil chez des enfants et adultes autistes." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9954.
Full textAutism is characterized by poor sleep maintenance. Sleep spindles are electroencephalographic markers representing a sleep protective mechanism. Autistic adults display less spindles than matched controls. This study investigates sleep spindle activity in children and adults with and without autism. The sleep of 34 adults (16 autistics) and 26 children (13 autistics) was recorded. Sleep spindles were counted and compared between groups at prefrontal (Fp1, Fp2) and central (C3, C4) electrodes. Both diagnostic groups showed a similar decrease in sleep spindle with age. Autistic children had significantly less spindles than controls at Fp2 and C4; adults with autism had significantly less spindles than controls at the two central electrodes. Poor sleep in children and adults with autism may be due to impaired protective mechanisms. The developmental pattern of sleep spindle topography suggests an atypical maturational course of the thalamo-cortical loop in autism.
Gaudreault, Pierre-Olivier. "Implication de la connectivité anatomique dans les caractéristiques des fuseaux de sommeil." Thèse, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21763.
Full textTong, Xi (Ellen). "Sleep spindle activity in children with ADHD." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4930.
Full textAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a commonly diagnosed behavioural disorder in children. Evidence suggests that a high proportion of children with ADHD suffer from sleep difficulties and daytime sleepiness. However, the mechanism underlying this deficit in alertness is unknown. Various studies suggest that sleep spindles inhibit arousing sensory input and help preserve sleep. The objective of this study was to compare slow (11-13 Hz) and fast (14-15 Hz) spindle activity between children with ADHD and controls. We expected that compared to controls, children with ADHD would show a lower density (number of spindles per minute of NREM sleep) of slow and fast spindles. We also predicted that children with ADHD will have shorter (sec) fast and slow spindles, lower amplitude (uV) and faster frequency (Hz) than controls. Finally, we expected these effects would be more pronounced in the frontal rather than more posterior derivations of the brain. Overnight sleep recordings were conducted in 18 children diagnosed with ADHD without comorbid psychiatric problems and in 26 healthy controls. The subjects’ ages ranged from 7 to 11 years. An automatic algorithm detected the slow and fast spindles on the frontal, central, parietal and occipital derivations. The results showed that children with ADHD had similar PSG sleep architecture (sleep efficiency, stages of sleep) compared to controls. Sleep spindle activity did not significantly differ between the two groups in terms of number, density, amplitude and length. This study suggests that mechanisms of sleep EEG synchronization, as expressed by the number and density of sleep spindles presently identified in the ongoing EEG, do not differ between children with ADHD and controls.
Latreille, Véronique. "Le sommeil comme marqueur du déclin cognitif dans la maladie de Parkinson." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16049.
Full textParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized principally by its motor symptoms. However, non motor symptoms are frequent in PD and are associated with a poorer prognosis; these include sleep disorders and cognitive impairments. Indeed, prospective studies have shown that over a 10 year period, up to 90% of PD patients will develop dementia. Therefore, identifying clinical risk factors or markers of dementia in PD is essential, notably for early diagnosis, but also to facilitate the development of preventive therapeutic approaches. There is increasing evidence for a relationship between sleep and cognition in normal and pathological aging. Electroencephalographic (EEG) events during non rapid eye movement (N REM), including sleep spindles and slow waves (SW), may contribute to brain plasticity, learning, and memory processes. However, very few studies have investigated the relationships between sleep changes and cognitive decline in PD. The objective of this thesis is to examine whether specific sleep EEG markers are associated with increased likelihood of developing dementia on prospective follow up assessment in PD patients. The first study evaluated baseline N REM sleep SW and spindle characteristics in PD patients according to their cognitive status (presence or absence of dementia) at follow up (mean 4,5 years), along with a group of healthy controls. Compared to PD patients who remained dementia free and controls, PD patients who developed dementia at follow up showed lower baseline spindle density, amplitude, and frequency. Lower spindle amplitude in posterior cortical regions was associated with poorer visuospatial abilities in demented PD patients. SW amplitude was lower in both PD groups at baseline, regardless of dementia status at follow up. The second study examined EEG spectral markers of dementia across three states of consciousness (N REM sleep, REM sleep, and wakefulness) in PD using power spectral analysis. PD patients who developed dementia at follow up showed lower N REM sleep sigma power in parietal areas compared to both PD patients who remained dementia free and controls. During REM sleep, PD patients who converted to dementia showed, at baseline, higher power in delta and theta bands and a higher EEG slowing ratio (increased slow to fast frequencies ratio) compared to PD patients who remained dementia free and controls. In both PD groups, higher slowing ratios in temporal and occipital regions during REM sleep were associated with poor performance on visuospatial tests. Finally, PD patients who later developed dementia showed lower dominant occipital frequency as well as higher delta and slowing ratio during wakefulness compared to PD patients who remained dementia free and controls. This thesis suggests that specific EEG alterations during sleep and wakefulness, mainly in posterior cortical regions, can identify PD patients who will later develop dementia. Sleep spindle activity, as well as REM sleep and wake EEG slowing, could thus serve as additional markers of cognitive decline in PD.
Lafortune, Marjolaine. "Les ondes en sommeil lent au cours du vieillissement normal : marqueurs du processus homéostatique et de la cognition." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10546.
Full textSlow waves (SW) and spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Both types of oscillations are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging as early as middle-age. However, the functional significance of these changes is still unknown. SW are sensitive markers of homeostatic sleep pressure which increases with the duration of wakefulness and decreases with sleep duration. The hypothesis that changes in SW may reflect impaired homeostatic regulation is still a matter of debate in the literature. Furthermore, spindles and SW are both associated with brain plasticity and cognition. Few studies have evaluated the correspondence between NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive functioning in normal aging and the results are inconsistent. The objective of this thesis is to determine how age affects the homeostatic response of SW and to evaluate the association between characteristics of NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive performance in middle-aged and elderly participants. The first study evaluated the impact of 25-hours of wakefulness on SW during daytime recovery sleep in young adults and middle-aged participants. Compared to young adults, middle-aged participants showed lower SW density rebound after sleep deprivation. They also showed reduced enhancement of neuronal synchronization in frontal and prefrontal areas, measured by the SW slope and amplitude. The second study evaluated whether spindles, SW and sleep architecture during baseline sleep predict performance in neuropsychological tests measuring attentional capacities, executive functions and verbal learning among healthy middle-aged and older participants. Only verbal fluency was associated with SW density and SW slope. Thus, SW characteristics do not appear to be a stable marker of cognitive functioning. Compared to SW, spindle characteristics were associated more systematically with cognitive performances and especially with learning abilities and attentional functions. Taken as a whole, this thesis suggests that the lower enhancement of neuronal synchronization in anterior brain regions after sleep deprivation is explained by a reduced synaptic plasticity in middle-aged participants compared to young participants. However, the ability to generate synchronized neuronal activity, as measured by the SW, does not predict the ability to maintain sleep during the day nor cognitive performances consistently. Spindles, in turn, represent a more robust marker of cognitive functioning during normal aging. Spindles may reflect better anatomical/physiological integrity of the neural networks involved in attentional and learning abilities.
Solomonova, Elizaveta. "The embodied mind in sleep and dreaming : a theoretical framework and an empirical study of sleep, dreams and memory in meditators and controls." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20637.
Full textBouchard, Maude. "Dynamique de connectivité fonctionnelle et modulation expérimentale des oscillations cérébrales en sommeil dans le vieillissement." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24813.
Full textSleep is a state of consciousness which shows a great potential in the clinical field. For instance, sleep has become a tool in the early diagnosis of certain neurodegenerative processes, as well as in the treatment of various physiological and psychological disorders. Its potential could even be increased via brain stimulation. Although the brain is a major communication center, sleep research has mainly focused on static measures of sleep. The study of the patterns of communication between the different regions of the brain nevertheless allows us to infer on their functional utility in humans. What if these patterns of communication allowed a more integrated understanding of sleep changes throughout life and their consequences during aging? This thesis investigates, from an innovative and dynamic angle, the interaction of neuronal activity and experimental modulation of sleep in normal aging. Using electroencephalography, functional connectivity is assessed at the scale of sleep stages and cycles, at the scale of the slow wave itself, and from an experimental perspective using the transcranial alternating current stimulation. The results in our first two studies demonstrate changes in EEG functional connectivity during sleep in aging while our third study showed the possibility of experimentally modulating functional connectivity as well as brain oscillations in the same population. At the sleep stage scale, the brain of older individuals is more connected during slow wave sleep and less connected during lighter sleep, compared to young adults. These age differences are predominant at the beginning of the night. Our results also demonstrate a decrease in functional connectivity associated with the slow wave depolarization phase in older individuals. In the young ones, brain connectivity associated to a slow wave is markedly increased. Functional connectivity during slow wave depolarization is also affected by the simultaneous presence of sleep spindles, suggesting either the admixture of their networks or the establishment of those underlying spindle occurrence. We also demonstrate, through the use of novel metrics, the presence of two types of slow waves, each endowed with specific connectivity dynamics. This suggests the presence of distinct functional implications. These slow waves types could also be inherently modulated by distinct physiological processes. During a nap, the use of transcranial alternating current stimulation has made it possible to experimentally modulate sleep spindles, their coupling with the slow waves, and functional connectivity in older individuals. These results, although modest, demonstrate the promising aspect of non-pharmacological sleep modulation. This thesis provides an integrated view of functional connectivity changes in aging and also demonstrates the feasibility of experimental sleep modulation in older individuals. The lack of network flexibility that we described in the older population in term of connectivity could underlie changes in sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes. The implications of our results is relevant to the study of sleep-dependent plasticity processes.
Martin, Nicolas. "Changements corticaux et sous-corticaux des événements du sommeil lent au cours du vieillissement." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13744.
Full textAs demonstrated by recent advancements in the field of neuroscience, sleep is an active and dynamic state in which cohesive neural oscillations organize brain functions. Sleep spindles and slow waves are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and are used as markers on the electroencephalogram to characterize the underlying neural activity. Because of their implication in sleep and cognitive processes, these oscillations are particularly relevant in aging research, as functional challenges to sleep and memory are well known among this population. Normal aging not only reduces the characteristics of NREM sleep oscillations, but it also modifies anatomical and functional measures of brain integrity. Local regulation of NREM sleep oscillations have recently been described, yet few evidence is currently available on this process in aging. The present work aims to characterize the relationship between sleep neurophysiology, normal aging and regional brain activity with the assessment of the topography and hemodynamics of NREM sleep oscillations throughout adulthood. In a first study, sleep spindle density, duration, amplitude and frequency will be assessed in three age groups in relation to brain topography using electroencephalography. In a second study, hemodynamic responses to slow wave events and their modulation by amplitude will be assessed in two age groups using electroencephalography combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our results can be summarized as follows: 1) age effects on sleep spindle characteristics showed an intriguing dichotomy between anterior and posterior cortical areas; 2) hemodynamic variations related to slow waves were observed in a wide array of cortical and subcortical regions in older individuals. These results suggest the functional reorganization of neural activity during NREM sleep throughout adulthood, support NREM sleep oscillations as useful and sensible biomarkers of brain aging, and promote further research on age-related changes in synaptic plasticity, cell restoration and sleep maintenance.
Morin, Amélie. "Le rôle du sommeil et du simple passage du temps dans la consolidation de l'apprentissage d'habiletés motrices." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17026.
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