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Journal articles on the topic 'Future and forward contracts'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 21 April 2022

Last updated: 30 July 2025

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1

Shin, Yong Jae, and Unyong Pyo. "Liquidity hedging with futures and forward contracts." Studies in Economics and Finance 36, no. 2 (2019): 265–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sef-04-2018-0109.

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Purpose This paper aims to develop hedging strategies using both futures and forward contracts and issuing risky debt when financially constrained firms are forced to operate in long horizon. Design/methodology/approach The authors present a model for developing hedging strategies using both futures and forward contracts and issuing risky debt. A theoretical model employing stochastic differential equations for forward hedging is illustrated with a numerical example over parameter values consistent with the literature. Findings A financially constrained firm with limited cash balance must hedg

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2

Koontz, Stephen R., Michael A. Hudson, and Matthew W. Hughes. "Livestock Futures Markets And Rational Price Formation: Evidence For live Cattle And Live Hogs." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 24, no. 1 (1992): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200026157.

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AbstractThe efficiency of livestock futures markets continues to receive attention, particularly with regard to their forward pricing or forecasting ability. The purpose of this paper is to present a more general theory that encompasses the forward pricing concept. It is argued that futures contract prices for competitively produced nonstorable commodities, such as live cattle and live hogs, follow a rational formation process. Futures contract prices reflect expected market conditions when contracts are sufficiently close to the delivery month that the supply of the underlying commodity canno

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Staudenmayer, Dirk. "The Way Forward in European Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 13, Issue 2 (2005): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2005008.

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The Commission has gone one step further on its way to a coherent European contract law. The Communication ?European contract law and the revision of the acquis: the way forward? shows this already in its title. The Communication deals in particular with the development of the Common Frame of Reference which will serve as a tool to review and revise the contract?law?relevant EC acquis. In addition, it also develops some parameters for the discussion on future optional instruments in European contract law which the contractual parties can choose as the applicable law for cross?border contracts.

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4

Li, Edward Xuejun. "Revealing Future Prospects without Forecasts: The Case of Accelerating Material Contract Filings." Accounting Review 88, no. 5 (2013): 1769–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50505.

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ABSTRACT: Extant research on voluntary disclosure about future prospects has focused on two forward-looking disclosure mechanisms: management forecasts and conference calls. This study examines the accelerated filing of material contracts as another type of future-related disclosure that involves no forecasting. I find that firms are more likely to accelerate material contract filings when forward-looking disclosures could lack credibility or arouse litigation concerns. However, for proprietary cost considerations, firms delay contract filings when facing high (low) product market competition

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5

Karpova, Vlada, Tetjana Serikova, and Viktoriia Tyschenko. "Management of the development of the accounting and tax accounting system for forward and futures contracts." Development Management 17, no. 2 (2019): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/dm.17(2).2019.03.

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In the modern conditions of economic development management in Ukraine, forward and futures contracts allow for reducing risks of price fluctuations that are necessary for economic entities under growing inflation. The number of concluded deals with futures is constantly decreasing, which is influenced by the lack of legal regulation of the taxation of derivatives transactions in Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to determine the directions of development of the tax and accounting system for forward and futures contracts. The subject of the study is the methodical provision of ta

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6

Shakurov, R. S. "The Legal Nature of Deliverable Futures." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)) 1, no. 9 (2024): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2024.121.9.212-220.

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The article studies the legal nature of deliverable futures. The author aims to define a deliverable futures by comparing its legal nature with the nature of the closest financial instrument to it — a deliverable forward. Futures differs from the forward contracts by the obligatory participation of the exchange as a mandatory facilitator in the conclusion and execution of the transaction. It is proposed to consider exchange transactions as a kind of aleatorial contracts, but contrary to bets they are subject to judicial protection under Russian law. The delivery futures is a complex contract,

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7

Chow, Ying-Foon, Michael McAleer, and John Sequeira. "Pricing of Forward and Futures Contracts." Journal of Economic Surveys 14, no. 2 (2000): 215–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00110.

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8

MCKENZIE, ANDREW M., BRADLEY J. ISBELL, and B. WADE BRORSEN. "THE COST OF FORWARD CONTRACTING IN THE CIF NOLA EXPORT BID MARKET." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, no. 1 (2019): 164–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2018.30.

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AbstractThe CIF NOLA “river market” represents an important but opaque forward market that serves Gulf exporters and elevators. CIF NOLA bids function similarly to traditional forward contracts; however, like a futures market, firms can offset their forward contractual obligations by offsetting positions in a liquid off-exchange paper market. Analysis shows grain sellers pay a risk premium for fall harvest delivery contracts. However, outside of fall harvest, contract liquidity, coupled with a good institutional balance of long and short market participants, mostly removes the pricing bias com

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R. Ravichandran, Dr. Laxman Rao G. "Taxation Of Permanent Establishments In Epc Contracts The Emerging Trends, Rulings, And The Way Forward- Issues Arising And Judicial Views Under Direct Taxes -An Indian Perspective." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (2023): 5756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1979.

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The importance of taxation of EPC contracts is critical from the point of view of both the Indian economy, for the contribution it makes to economic growth and development. An EPC contract is composed of two parts Activities done outside the country and Onsite- performed within the country. It involves the participation of many international players, who bring different skill sets, with a separate specific scope, woven into an umbrella contract for the final delivery of a project to the customer, there is a tendency for the taxman to try and tax the contract – treating it mainly as a single, t

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Rodriguez, David Esteban, Alfredo Trespalacios, and David Galeano. "Risk Transfer in an Electricity Market." Mathematics 9, no. 21 (2021): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9212661.

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Energy is traded using different products; long-term contracts or electricity forward contracts can assure the future transaction price. However, due to the difficulties in storing electrical energy for long periods and in large amounts, risks must be incorporated when defining contract prices through a Forward Risk Premia (FRP). This study analyzes the transfer of uncertainty from electricity market variables to the FRP in long-term contracts. We evaluate a type of econometric risk with the construction of Autoregressive Distributed Lag contagion models for the FRP using electricity demand, s

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11

Somayeh, Vaezi1 and Nayeb Ali Khalil2*. "JURISPRUDENTIAL AND LEGAL REVIEW OF TRANSACTIONS AND COMPARING IT TO SALE'S PREDECESSOR AND SELLING CREDIT TO CREDIT." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 09 (2017): 3402–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1001021.

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Derivatives are one of the new financial tools designed to control the risk of fluctuations in prices, "Future Agreements" are a widely used form of derivatives, these contracts are stock-driven and standardized, The existence of specific rules of the stock exchange and its standards, and the room for payment, and the guarantee of the form, have reduced the investor's concern and welcomed it. The official use of futures contracts has begun in accordance with the Securities Market Act in 1384, but these new contracts, which are the primary source of the West in Muslim countries, should also be

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12

Kulaga, Е. "Legal regulation of forward contracts in construction investment." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 76 (2023): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.1.32.

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A brief overview of the legal regulation of forward contracts in construction investment is presented. The relevance of their application in modern conditions, taking into account international standards and the EU acquis, to stimulate the attraction of investments in the national economy, create a competitive environment and sustainable growth in the conditions of financial globalization and the development of communication technologies is substantiated. It was found that in order to implement Article 127 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU regarding the improvement

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13

Radnai, M. "Futures and Forward Prices - Theory and Hungarian Experience." Acta Oeconomica 54, no. 2 (2004): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.54.2004.2.2.

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Researchers have examined the difference between forward and futures prices since the introduction of futures contracts. In this paper we derive the explicit formula for stock-index futures prices under the assumptions of lognormal asset prices, determine the relative difference between futures and forward prices, and test the model for BUX contracts traded on the Budapest Stock Exchange between 1997 and 2002.

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14

Hidayat, Bambang, Ayu Rahayu Nurhalizah, Andriani Samsuri, and Eka Nurjannah. "The Concept of Hedging Instrument Forward In Islamic Economic Perspective." JES (Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah) 7, no. 1 (2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jesa.v7i1.282.

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This research aims at explaining more in-depth about Islamic hedging related to the problem of muwa’adah status in Islamic hedging. The use of muwa’adah as an Islamic hedging instrument which promises to carry out transactions in the future, actually still becomes a subject of debate since there are some different opinions about whether or not it is permissible to carry out the concept of muwa’adah in a transaction. This research is descriptive qualitative research and uses qualitative data analysis, by conducting a direct analysis of the hedging scheme through the process of data reduction, d

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15

SILVER, MORRIS. "THE MARKET FOR UNCERTAINTY BEARING IN ROMAN EGYPT." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 57, no. 1 (2014): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2014.00064.x.

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AbstractThis paper (re)calls attention to an unusual, much discussed Roman era Egyptian contract between Tetoueis and Venaphrios for the future delivery of grain. It is argued that the contractual provisions cannot be adequately explained within the framework of strictly credit or strictly commodity purchase instruments. It is shown, however, that sale in advance transactions for grain (and also for wine) can be understood by placing uncertainty in the foreground and viewing them as option contracts. Thus, this paper develops and refines an idea that has lain dormant since being put forward by

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16

Nwedu, Cosmos Nike, and Solomon Amauchechukwu Alo. "Force Majeure in Post COVID-19: The Implication for Future Energy Law Contracts." Global Energy Law and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (2020): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0024.

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The global uproar of coronavirus disease, codenamed COVID-19, remains one greatest challenge at least in our present time. The energy sector, in particular, has faced economic doom, as prices of crude oil dipped flatly below $0 on Monday, 20 April 2020, due to low demand amid containment lockdown measures of various governments worldwide. More-so, the performance of existing energy contracts, especially time-bound oil and gas supply, has become impracticable. This has resulted in contracting parties invoking force majeure clauses as an excuse. There have arisen divergent views as to whether CO

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17

GRINBLATT, MARK, and NARASIMHAN JEGADEESH. "Relative Pricing of Eurodollar Futures and Forward Contracts." Journal of Finance 51, no. 4 (1996): 1499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1996.tb04077.x.

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18

Bundick, Brent, and A. Lee Smith. "The Dynamic Effects of Forward Guidance Shocks." Review of Economics and Statistics 102, no. 5 (2020): 946–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00856.

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We examine the macroeconomic effects of forward guidance shocks at the zero lower bound. Empirically, we identify forward guidance shocks using unexpected changes in futures contracts around monetary policy announcements. We then embed these policy shocks in a vector autoregression to trace out their macroeconomic implications. Forward guidance shocks that lower expected future policy rates lead to moderate increases in economic activity and inflation. After examining forward guidance shocks in the data, we show that a standard model of nominal price rigidity can reproduce our empirical findin

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19

Zaharuddin Abdul Rahman and Maya Puspa Rahman. "An Appraisal of Shari’ah-Compliant Commodity Options for Islamic Banks." Journal of Islamic Finance 12, no. 1 (2023): 83–95. https://doi.org/10.31436/jif.v12i1.749.

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This paper aims to explore the potential structures of Shari’ah-compliant commodity options that would provide better alternatives for market participants in mitigating the risks associated with economic and commercial transactions. It appraises the current commodity options practiced in the conventional market and puts forward five conceptual alternatives in structuring Shari’ah-compliant commodity options while still retaining the main purpose and benefit of commodity options. Several nominated contracts in classical Islamic literature may be used to replicate certain features of conventiona

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20

Zhong, Yubo. "Risk Management and Different Financial Approaches to Reduce Business Risk." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 81, no. 1 (2024): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/81/20241784.

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This article examines three different risk management methods: asset hedging by shorting stocks, cash flow hedging using forward contracts, and futures contracts. The article explains each method's rationale, application, advantages, and disadvantages. By presenting and explaining these methods, this study aims to help readers gain insights into their effectiveness in managing risk in different types of transactions. The content of the article supports the readers to have a better understanding and gives some strategies for risk management, and provides guidance for decision-makers to mitigate

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21

Yun, Won Cheol, and Hyun Jin An. "A Comparative Analysis of Hedging Effectiveness of Won/Dollar Futures and NDF Contracts." Journal of Derivatives and Quantitative Studies 12, no. 2 (2004): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdqs-02-2004-b0004.

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This study compares the hedging effectiveness of domestic won/dollar futures and foreign non-deferable forward (NDF) contracts. We use an ex ante analysis based on out-of-sample data. In addition, the analysis is based on the inventory hedging scenario, adopted in most of previous studies. We estimated hedge ratios by using the various method of 1 : 1 hedging, ordinary least squares (OLS), and error correction model (ECM). The hedging period is expanded to include one to twelve months‘ In every aspect, the hedging effectiveness of won/dollar futures contract turns out to be better than that of

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22

S, Mahesh K., and B. MAHADEVAPPA. "An Empirical Analysis of Hedged Items and Derivative Instruments Employed for Hedging by Indian Companies." Indian Journal of Accounting 56, no. 1 (2024): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.63637/ija.v56i1.1-17.

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The current study analyzed various hedging instruments and hedged items employed by Indian companies over five years. The data were collected from the annual reports of sample companies consisting of 19 high foreign revenue companies with significant foreign exchange exposure. The study's findings reveal that most Indian companies are exposed to foreign currency risks, and 95% of companies use derivatives to hedge their foreign currency risk. Additionally, 57% of companies used derivatives to hedge against interest rate risk; however, only two-faced commodity risk. Among the different hedging

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23

Abanomey, Walid S., and Ike Mathur. "International Portfolios with Commodity Futures and Currency Forward Contracts." Journal of Investing 10, no. 3 (2001): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.2001.319474.

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24

Puri, Tribhuvan N., George C. Philippatos, and Dosoung Choi. "PRICING OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE FORWARD, FUTURES AND OPTIONS CONTRACTS." Financial Review 22, no. 3 (1987): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.1987.tb01235.x.

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25

Boucher, Janice L., and Mona R. El Shazly. "Market efficiency tests using forward and futures exchange contracts." Global Finance Journal 2, no. 1-2 (1991): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-0283(91)90011-u.

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26

Nelson, Ray D. "Forward and Futures Contracts as Preharvest Commodity Marketing Instruments." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 67, no. 1 (1985): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1240819.

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27

Flesaker, Bjorn. "The relationship between forward and futures contracts: A comment." Journal of Futures Markets 11, no. 1 (1991): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990110111.

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28

Ahmed, Mohamed Mohamud, Carolyne Kimutai Dr., and Grace Kariuki Dr. "FINANCIAL RISK HEDGING AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANK LISTED IN NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE, KENYA." International Journal of Thesis Projects and Dissertations (IJTPD) 13, no. 1 (2025): 15–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14710447.

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<strong>Abstract</strong><strong>:</strong> In Kenya financial institutions play key role in economy development; they receive and lend money to the investors. Due to the nature of their function’s commercial banks face financial risks that originate from the market which affects their financial performance. In the past 10 years, the commercial Banks reported decline of Return on Asset. The hedging techniques are tools used to minimize the financial risks that can affects value of firms. This study's specific goal is to determine whether financial risk hedging and Kenyan commercial banks

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Ansar, Kainat, Mansoor Ahmed, Markus Helfert, and Jungsuk Kim. "Blockchain-Based Data Breach Detection: Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions." Mathematics 12, no. 1 (2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12010107.

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In cybersecurity, personal data breaches have become one of the significant issues. This fact indicates that data breaches require unique detection systems, techniques, and solutions, which necessitate the potential to facilitate precise and quick data breach detection. Various research works on data breach detection and related areas in dealing with this problem have been proposed. Several survey studies have been conducted to comprehend insider data breaches better. However, these works did not examine techniques related to blockchain and innovative smart contract technologies to detect data

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Vedran Uran. "THE TECHNIQUES OF EXERCISING FUTURES AND FORWARDS BY THE HEDGING METHOD." Journal of Energy - Energija 55, no. 5 (2023): 578–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2006555400.

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Supply and demand are always supposed to be balanced due to certain limitations relating to electricity. Electricity prices fluctuate constantly and cannot be determined with complete certainty. The spot market price of electricity is a reflection of the continuous equilibrium among the production and supply of electricity. Due to uncontrolled exposure to the risk of the continual fluctuations of the spot market prices, market participants can incur financial losses. For this purpose, future and forwards have been introduced on the market. Owing to them, market risk can be hedged by employing

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31

Kanapinova, Saule S. "Accounting of contractual obligations in the use of futures contracts." Siberian Financial School, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/1993-4386--2022-1-159-164.

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The use of the concept of accounting for contractual obligations in accounting for transactions of an exchange transaction using futures contracts is a complicated mechanism for reflecting market relations compared, for example, with forward contracts, since this transaction includes, in addition to the buyer and seller of the asset, an exchange that not only standardizes the transaction itself, but also is a guarantor of its execution. In this case, the specifics of the concept of accounting for contractual obligations is that standardized futures contracts contain unchanged terms of a future

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32

Donald, L. Buresh Ph.D. Esq. "Essays on Banking, Investment Banking, Insurance, Mutual Funds, Exchange-Traded Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity Funds, Securitization, Futures/Forward Contracts, and Options Contracts." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 08, no. 03 (2025): 1931–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15118859.

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This Article Discusses The Features Of Banking, Investment Banking, Insurance, Mutual Funds, Exchange-Traded Funds, Hedge Funds, Private Equity Funds, Securitization, Futures/ Forward Contracts, And Options Contracts. The First Essay Outlines The Qualities Of The Banking Industry. The Second Essay Talks About Investment Banking, Defining It, And A Broker-Dealer, And Then Discussing The Risks To The Investment Banking And Broker-Dealer Businesses. The Third Essay Outlines Insurance, Defining It, Listing Its Types, Reviewing The Regulatory Structure, And The Challenges Faced By Insurance Regulat

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33

Talaba, Nurul Anastasya, and Pyung-Hoi Koo. "Portfolio Procurement Strategies with Forward and Option Contracts Combined with Spot Market." Systems 13, no. 3 (2025): 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13030210.

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Increasing supply chain uncertainty due to market volatility has heightened the need for more flexible procurement strategies. While procurement through long-term forward contracts provides supply stability and cost predictability, it limits adaptability. Option contracts offer procurement flexibility, but require additional upfront premiums. Meanwhile, the spot market enables real-time purchasing without prior commitments, enhancing flexibility but exposing buyers to price volatility. Despite the growing adoption of portfolio procurement—combining forward contracts, option contracts, and spot

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Lauro, Arthur, Daniel Kitamura, Waleska Lima, Bruno Dias, and Tiago Soares. "Considering Forward Electricity Prices for a Hydro Power Plant Risk Analysis in the Brazilian Electricity Market." Energies 16, no. 3 (2023): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031173.

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The Brazilian Power System is mainly composed of renewable generation from hydroelectric and wind. Hence, spot and forward electricity prices tend to represent the inherently stochastic nature of these resources, while risk management is a measure taken by agents, especially hydro power plants (HPPs) to hedge against deep financial losses. A HPP goal is to maximize its profit considering uncertainties in forward electricity prices, spot prices, and generation scaling factor (GSF) for years ahead. Therefore, the objective of this work is to simulate the real decision-making process of a HPP, wh

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35

Teng, Ye. "Foreign Exchange Risk Analysis and The Futures Hedging Strategy Construction--- The Case Study of Amazon." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 41 (October 15, 2024): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/sfhnt139.

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This paper explores the foreign exchange risk encountered by Amazon.com Inc. and proposes corresponding futures hedging strategies. With global market uncertainties, foreign exchange risk significantly impacts the financial performance of multinational companies like Amazon. The paper analyzes Amazon's foreign exchange risk factors, highlighting that the primary risks stem from international business revenues and holdings of foreign currency cash equivalents and marketable securities. Based on these risk factors, the study proposes several potential hedging strategies, including forward market

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R. Ravichandran, Dr. Laxman Rao G. "Taxation Of Permanent Establishments In Large Conracts, Epc Contracts-Emerging Global Practices In Taxation, Tax Planning, And Way Forward In Digital World–A Perspective." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (2023): 5743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1978.

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The imperative of EPC contracts in today’s race to economic development is a key requirement for any organisation across nations. These contracts are specific to the development of economy, and usually have a two part component set up, one being performed outside the state where the project is being executed and the other at the site of the state where the project is getting executed. POEM, Model conventions-OECD and UN, read with DTAA o determine the formation of a permanent establishment.. EPC contracts are highly competitive and are won against competitive bidding and global tenders, and in

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37

Levy, Azriel. "A note on the relationship between forward and futures contracts." Journal of Futures Markets 9, no. 2 (1989): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990090209.

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38

Flesaker, Bjorn. "Arbitrage free pricing of interest rate futures and forward contracts." Journal of Futures Markets 13, no. 1 (1993): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990130108.

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39

Echaust, Krzysztof. "How Firms Can Hedge Against Market Risk." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 37, no. 1 (2014): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2014-0016.

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Abstract The article presents a problem of proper hedging strategy in expected utility model when forward contracts and options strategies are available. We consider a case of hedging when an investor formulates his own expectation on future price of underlying asset. In this paper we propose the way to measure effectiveness of hedging strategy, based on optimal forward hedge ratio. All results are derived assuming a constant absolute risk aversion utility function and a Black-Scholes framework.

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Morgan, I. G., and E. H. Neave. "A Discrete Time Model for Pricing Treasury Bills, Forward, and Futures Contracts." ASTIN Bulletin 23, no. 1 (1993): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.23.1.2005099.

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AbstractThis paper develops a discrete time model for valuing treasury bills and either forward or futures contracts written against them. It provides formulae for bill prices, forward prices, futures prices, and their conditional variances and risk premiums. The interest rate process is described by a multiplicative binomial random walk whose features conform to some principal characteristics of observed processes. Initial forward rates are constrained to match initially observed term structure data.

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41

Beale, Hugh. "Transnational Contract Law: Lando’s Contribution and the Way Forward." European Review of Private Law 28, Issue 3 (2020): 465–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2020025.

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The lecture outlines how Lando’s thinking progressed, beginning with Private International Law and moving through the harmonization of European Law to, in the later part of his career, the idea of a Global Code. It considers the extent and form of harmonization that has taken place to date, and then the changes that are taking place in transnational contracting and their implications for both the substance and the form of any future harmonizing measures. The lecture concludes by exploring a possible way forward for overcoming differences between the laws for business-to-business contracts, inv

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42

Giruć, Piotr. "Basics on Commodities Risk Management for Grains Trading." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, no. 3 (2016): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.3.02.

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The purpose of the article is to determine the kinds of risk groups existed on cereal market and presenting possibilities of limiting the undesirable phenomena. An issue appears: what way the subjects of cereal market, producers in particular, should alone neutralize the appearing risk, and when should expect support from the state institutions. More often financial instruments find the solution for agricultural hedgers. Derivatives, such as: forward, future and option contracts are transferring the price risk from producers to intermediaries of the market and are improving the flow of contrac

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Islam, Misbahul, and Jayanta Chakraborti. "Futures and forward contract as a route of hedging the risk." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 4 (2015): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i4art6.

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In the present highly uncertain business scenario, the importance of risk management is much greater than ever before. Variations in the prices of agricultural and non-agricultural commodities are induced, over time, by demand-supply dynamics. The last two decades have witnessed many-fold increase in the volume of international trade and business due to the wave of globalization and liberalization sweeping across the world. This has led to rapid and unpredictable variations in financial assets prices, interest rates and exchange rates, and subsequently, to exposing the corporate world to an un

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Bidabad, Bijan. "Bail Financial Sharing (BFS): A Financial Subsystem of Rastin PLS Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 1 (2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i1.266.

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To cover producers and consumers against future prices fluctuation risk, depositors can forward-purchase raw materials or products to be delivered at a specified time in the future through Bail Financial Sharing (BFS). Bail Financial Sharing is a subsystem of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) banking system, and in this regard, instructions, organization and application methods, and electronic devices and contracts are similar to the context defined in the Base System of Rastin PLS banking system. Bail Financial Sharing (BFS) enjoys from Bail Certificate innovation, which can play an import

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Aguiar, Odilon Felipe Tavares, and Jonathan Dias Ferreira. "ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN TRADE STRATEGIES WITH FORWARD CONTRACTS ON THE CHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE AND ON THE SPOT MARKET IN CASCAVEL, BRAZIL." Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente 12, no. 4 (2019): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.17765/2176-9168.2019v12n4p1487-1505.

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In the wake of frequent variables that interfere with the agricultural market, rural agents (producers) suffer liabilities due to their decisions, especially at the moment of commercialization. The forward market is precisely a strategy that may reduce the risks in oscillating prices of commodities and makes way towards the future formation of prices. Current paper compares the commercialization of soybeans in the forward and spot markets in terms of prices practiced between the harvest years 2011/2012 and 2016/2017. Data provided by the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) were used as reference for

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Nowak, Piotr, and Michał Pawłowski. "Application of the Esscher Transform to Pricing Forward Contracts on Energy Markets in a Fuzzy Environment." Entropy 25, no. 3 (2023): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25030527.

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The paper is dedicated to modeling electricity spot prices and pricing forward contracts on energy markets. The underlying dynamics of electricity spot prices is governed by a stochastic mean reverting diffusion with jumps having mixed-exponential distribution. Application of financial mathematics and stochastic methods enabled the derivation of the analytical formula for the forward contract’s price in a crisp case. Since the model parameters’ incertitude is considered, their fuzzy counterparts are introduced. Utilization of fuzzy arithmetic enabled deriving an analytical expression for the f

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Ruchi Mangharamani and Prof.(Dr.) Arpit Jain. "AI & Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts: The Future of Transparent and Fraud-Proof Medical Cost Negotiation." International Journal for Research Publication and Seminar 16, no. 1 (2025): 229–37. https://doi.org/10.36676/jrps.v16.i1.44.

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The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology is revolutionizing medical cost negotiations by introducing fraud-proof, transparent, and automated smart contracts. This paper explores how AI-driven analytics, when combined with blockchain-enabled smart contracts, can foster transparent, efficient, and fraud-proof mechanisms for negotiating medical costs. AI algorithms analyze vast datasets to determine optimal pricing models, predict cost fluctuations, and detect anomalous patterns that may indicate fraudulent activities. Simultaneously, blockchain provides an immuta

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Ebrahim, M. Shahid, and Shafiqur Rahman. "On the pareto-optimality of futures contracts over Islamic forward contracts: implications for the emerging Muslim economies." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 56, no. 2 (2005): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.09.007.

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Kahar, Fahira Shahdzul, Dilla Syadia Ab Latiff, and Murni Zarina Mohamed Razali. "The Psychological Contract Theory on Student Retention: A Systematic Literature Review." Information Management and Business Review 16, no. 3S(I)a (2024): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v16i3s(i)a.4138.

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The purpose of this article is to cover the themes central to psychological contract theory as well as its impact on student retention. While psychological contract theory has been extensively studied and applied in work-related settings, its influence in educational settings has not been fully explored. To address this gap, this study collected and analyzed data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data was collected from studies published between 2013 and 2023, resulting in the analysis of 24 eligible papers from various academ

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Yang, Ziyun. "Customer concentration, relationship, and debt contracting." Journal of Applied Accounting Research 18, no. 2 (2017): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jaar-04-2016-0041.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of a firm’s customer base concentration on its loan contract terms and how this effect varies with the strength of its customer relationship. Design/methodology/approach This study is an archival research based on a sample of US public firms that have loan contract data between 1990 and 2008. Major customer sales data are used to construct customer concentration and customer relationship measures. A debt contract model is employed to relate loan spread and other contract terms to customer concentration and relationship. Findings This s

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