Journal articles: 'Fynbos ecology – South Africa – Western Cape'

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Mergili, M., and S. Privett. "Vegetation and vegetation-environment relationships at Grootbos Nature Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 38, no. 1 (August 14, 2008): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v38i1.273.

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The private Grootbos Nature Reserve is located at the Western edge of the Agulhas Plain in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, an area characterized by high habitat and floristic diversity. The Reserve is covered in near-natural fynbos shrublands with a few patches of forest and wetland. The main objective of this study was to classify the vegetation into discrete units and relate them to the prevailing environmental conditions. The vegetation was analysed by numerical means (TWINSPAN, DC A, CCA) and mapped on GIS. At the vegetation type level. Forest Thicket and Fynbos formed distinctive clusters, whereas the wetland releves were intermixed, but without relationships to one of these units. Fire incidence served as the major determinant of the forest-fynbos boundary. The Forest Thicket grouping was separated into Thicket (as transitional to fynbos), Afromontane Forest and Milkwood Scrub Forest. Two broad complexes were distinguished within the Fynbos grouping, the Alkaline Sand Fynbos Complex corresponding to Coastal Fynbos. and the Acid Sand Fynbos Complex corresponding to Mountain Fynbos. They discriminated along gradients of pH. soil depth and rock cover. The complexes were further subdivided into formations by using one or a few subjectively chosen dominant species as indicators. The transitions between these formations were rather continuous than discrete. The vegetation type and complex levels correspond well to existing fynbos-wide classifications. Comparing the formations to the results of other vegetation studies is problematic even on the scale of the Agulhas Plain, due to the high regional plant diversity in the Fynbos Biome.

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Oberlander, K. C., L. L. Dreyer, and K. J. Elser. "Biogeographv of Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) in South Africa: a preliminary study." Bothalia 32, no. 1 (September 11, 2002): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v32i1.472.

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Oxalis L , commonly called sorrel,is a large and cosmopolitan taxon that has undergone spectacular speciation within southern Africa (± 270 taxa). and more specifically within the winter rainfall regions of the western Cape Region (CR). The main objective of this study w as to analyse the geographical distribution of Oxalis in South Africa in relation to currently defined phytogeographic units. The observed patterns of biodiversity and endemism within South African members of the genus show interesting disjunctions and concentrations of species. Oxalis is one of the few CR taxa that is shared between the core Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes, and this study therefore provides a novel insight into evolutionary trends across, and not only w ithin. these phvtogeographic units. The major centre for diversity for Oxalis is situated on Table Mountain and the northern areas o f the Cape Peninsula (grid square 3318CD). Subsidiary centres are located in the Clanwilliam/Niewoudtville and Kamiesberg regions. The reported patterns in Western Cape suggest that Oxalis species richness has been generated and retained in areas w hich have been identified as core Fynbos (Table Mountain), Fynbos refugia during interglacials (Kamiesberg). and an ecotonal region which might switch between the two biome types (Clanwilliam/ Niewoudtville). Presumably these three types of areas would provide interesting material for DNA-based phylogenetic work, and a test of the climate change 'species-pump' hypothesis proposed by Midgley et al. (2001).

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Mitchell, D. T., P. G. F. Coley, S. Webb, and N. Allsopp. "Litterfall and Decomposition Processes in the Coastal Fynbos Vegetation, South-Western Cape, South Africa." Journal of Ecology 74, no. 4 (December 1986): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260228.

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SMITH, GIDEON F., and NEIL R. CROUCH. "Crassula ×mortii (Crassulaceae subfam. Crassuloideae), a new natural hybrid between C. perforata and C. rubricaulis from South Africa’s southern Cape." Phytotaxa 487, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.487.1.9.

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In terms of species-level diversity, the genus Crassula Linnaeus (1753: 282) is by far the most diverse in the Crassulaceae within the Flora of Southern Africa region [Namibia, Botswana, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), Lesotho, South Africa] (Tölken 1977a, b, 1985). In this region diversity is highest in the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes, both of which straddle the southern Cape, an area represented in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces.

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Steiner, K. E. "Three new species of Diascia (Scrophulariaceae) from the Western Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 39, no. 1 (August 11, 2009): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v39i1.226.

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Three new annual species of Diascia Link Otto are described from the Western Cape Province of South Africa. D. collina is characterized by greyish magenta flowers with two divergent yellow sacs containing oil-secreting trichomes. It is restricted to granite outcrops in the vicinity of Saldanha Bay, from the West Coast National Park and Langebaan north to Vredenburg. D. pusilla is closely related to D. collina. but differs from that species in having smaller flowers with shorter, ± parallel sacs, and posticous filaments that lack a protuberance where they bend sharply backwards towards the upper lip. It occurs in grey to whitish sands usually near seasonally moist or wet areas. It has not been found more than 35 km from the coast and ranges from Modderrivier, south o f Darling, north to Lambert’s Bay. D. appendiculata is related to D. diffusa (Thunb.) Benth. and is characterized by having small, mainly reddish lilac to greyish magenta flowers, two shallow depressions in the corolla tube at the base of the upper lip, and posticous filaments with sterile appendages. It is known from only six localities in the general vicinity of Citrusdal and occurs in fynbos vegetation on lower mountain slopes or flats, in loose alluvial sands derived from Table Mountain Sandstone.

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Rourke, J. P. "A review of the systematics and phylogeny of the African Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97027.

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In Africa the Proteaceae are represented by 16 genera of which two (Dilobeia Thouars. and Malagasia L.Johnson and B.Briggs) are endemic to Madagascar and one (Faurea Harv.) is common to both Madagascar and Africa where it is widespread in forest and savannah woodland from the southern Cape to Eritrea. The remaining 13 genera are Cape-centred (10 are endemic to the western Cape) and with the exception of the monotypic riverine Brabejum L. (Grevilleoideae), are confined to fynbos (heathland) communities on oligotrophic soils. These 12 Cape heathland genera currently assigned to two subtribes (Proteinae and Aulacinae) within the subfamily Proteoideae have all been recently revised or are in the final stages of revision. Preliminary cladistic studies now suggest that they could be arranged in several new subtribes within the subfamily Proteoideae to reflect more accurately their phylogenetic relationships. Using morphological characters in a cladistic analysis, the South African Proteoideae (tribe Proteeae) resolve into two broad groups; Aulax Berg., Faurea Harv. and Protea L. form a weakly supported group while the second, large, well-supported group resolves into two clades in which the heterogeneous Leucadendron R.Br. stands apart while the other clade underpinned by Vexatorella Rourke resolves into two further groups, the ‘Leucospermum group’ and the ‘Serruria group’. The dioecious genera Leucadendron and Aulax previously united in the subtribe Aulacinae have been shown to differ markedly and should probably be placed in separate subtribes. Selection pressure, especially from fire and pollinators, has resulted in major morphological modifications in the 12 fynbos genera from the western Cape.

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Neumann, F. H., L. Scott, and M. K. Bamford. "Climate change and human disturbance of fynbos vegetation during the late Holocene at Princess Vlei, Western Cape, South Africa." Holocene 21, no. 7 (July 18, 2011): 1137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683611400461.

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Pollen analysis of a core in Princess Vlei in the Fynbos Biome near Cape Town gives a 4150 year record of vegetation and climate changes followed by disturbance by colonial settlers since c. 300 years ago. Their impact replaced climate as a major factor in changing the vegetation. The chronology is based on eight radiocarbon dates. Pollen types such as Restionaceae, Ericaceae, and Proteaceae reflect changes in fynbos. Pollen indicators at the bottom of the core suggest drier conditions followed by an increase in Morella, Cyperaceae and Carpacoce pollen, which might indicate moist conditions c. 3400–2600 cal. yr BP. Drier conditions prevail c. 2600–1900 cal. yr BP. Apparent light disturbance after c. 2000 cal. yr BP might be attributed to Khoi herders. Deeper water and damp surroundings are indicated c. 1900–1000 cal. yr BP. The top of the core shows an increase of Poaceae while Restionaceae decrease with anthropogenic disturbance, including the introduction of neophytes such as Pinus ( c. 300 years ago) and Zea mays. Charcoal percentages point to intense fires after the arrival of the Europeans. Water between 105 and 75 cm indicates the development of a floating mat resulting from changes in the hydrological system possibly connected to disturbances by settlers.

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Sieben, E. J. J., L. Mucina, and C. Boucher. "Scaling hierarchy of factors controlling riparian vegetation patterns of the Fynbos Biome at the Western Cape, South Africa." Journal of Vegetation Science 20, no. 1 (February 2009): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.03989.x.

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Lechmere-Oertel, R. G., and R. M. Cowling. "Combining floristic and growth form composition in a gradient- directed vegetation survey of Matjiesrivier Nature Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 30, no. 2 (September 25, 2000): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v30i2.556.

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The floristically complex vegetation of Matjiesrivier Nature Reserve (MNR). which spans the ecotone between the Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Biomes in the eastern Cederberg Mountains, Western Cape, was surveyed using a gradient-directed transect (gradsect). The gradsect was aligned with a topo-ciimatic aridity gradient across MNR. The vegetation was classified using TWINSPAN. based on a combination of floristic and growth form characteristics, and an understanding of the main ecological gradients controlling vegetation distribution. The final classification described seven robust and ecologically meaningful communities that represented a trade-off between statistical rigour and practicality for management. The seven communities were mapped using a geographical information system (GIS).

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Mcdonald, D. J. "Montane flora of the southern Langeberg, South Africa: a checklist of the flowering plants and ferns." Bothalia 29, no. 1 (September 30, 1999): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v29i1.584.

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The flora of the southern Langeberg is rich, w ith 1 228 species and intraspecific taxa (referred to collectively as species) recorded in 361 genera and 105 families. An analysis of the montane flora of the southern Langeberg. Western Cape, South Africa based on an annotated checklist shows that the Asteraceae has the highest number of species per familv (167) and the genus Erica has the most infrageneric taxa per genus (130) as well as the most endemic species (51). One endemic monotypic family, the Geissolomataceae, two endemic genera Geissoloma and Langebergia (Asteraceae) and a total of 167 endemic species are found on the southern Langeberg The plant families of the southern Langeberg flora are ranked according to species-richness of the families and compared with floras of other areas (mainly montane) in the Fynbos Biome and marginally to the east of this biome (the Amatole Mountains). The greatest similarity of ranking is evident betw een the plant families of the southern Langeberg and those of the Cape Hangklip Area.

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Blanckenberg, Michelle, Musa C. Mlambo, Denham Parker, and Cecile Reed. "The negative impacts of fire on the resurrection ecology of invertebrates from temporary wetlands in Cape Flats Sand Fynbos in the Western Cape, South Africa." Austral Ecology 44, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 1225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12800.

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Gibbs Russell, G. E. "Taxonomy of the genus Ehrharta (Poaceae) in southern Africa: the Setacea group." Bothalia 17, no. 1 (October 23, 1987): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v17i1.1016.

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The Setacea species group in the genus Ehrharta Thunb. is differentiated morphologically by the short first sterile lemma and by inflorescences of fewer than 20 spikelets. The Setacea group is composed of two species, each with subspecies linked by intraspecific intermediates: E. rupestris Nees ex Trin. subsp. rupestris; subsp. tricostata (Stapf) Gibbs Russell; subsp. dodii (Stapf) Gibbs Russell and E. setacea Nees subsp. setacea; subsp. scabra (Stapf) Gibbs Russell; subsp. uniflora (Burch, ex Stapf) Gibbs Russell; subsp. disticha Gibbs Russell. All taxa are endemic to the Fynbos vegetation of the south-western Cape Province, with distribution centred in the Caledon degree grid (3419). Parallel trends for plant size and habit, leaf blade width and position, and spikelet size are demonstrated in both species, with similar plant types occurring in similar geographical areas.

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Taylor, Peter John, Teresa Kearney, Desire Lee Dalton, Gamuchirai Chakona, Christopher M. R. Kelly, and Nigel P. Barker. "Biomes, geology and past climate drive speciation of laminate-toothed rats on South African mountains (Murinae: Otomys)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 1046–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz134.

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Abstract Mitochondrial DNA sequences (1137 bp) of the cytochrome b gene and craniodental and craniometric data were used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of six putative rodent taxa of Otomys (family Muridae: subfamily Murinae: tribe Otomyini) co-occurring in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 new sequences together with craniodental and craniometric characters of 94 adult skulls reveal the existence of a unique lineage of Otomys cf. karoensis (named herein Otomys willani sp. nov.) from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism in the southern Drakensberg Mountain Range. Craniometric analysis distinguished O. karoensis from O. willani and identified a further four localities in the range of the latter species. We document southern range extensions of both Sloggett’s ice rat, Otomys sloggetti, and the vlei rat Otomys auratus to the Sneeuberg Mountain Range, in addition to appreciable genetic divergence between Sneeuberg and southern and central Drakensberg populations of O. sloggetti. Our results demonstrate parallel patterns of cryptic speciation in two co-occurring species complexes (Otomys irroratus s.l. and O. karoensis s.l.) associated closely with the boundaries of biomes (fynbos vs. grassland biomes) and geological formations (Cape Fold Belt vs. Great Escarpment).

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Visser, J. H., T. J. Robinson, and B. Jansen van Vuuren. "Spatial genetic structure in the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) across the Namaqualand and western Fynbos areas of South Africa — a mitochondrial and microsatellite perspective." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 8 (August 2020): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0154.

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The interplay between biotic and abiotic environments is increasingly recognized as a major determinant of spatial genetic patterns. Among spatial genetic studies, saxicolous or rock-dwelling species remain underrepresented in spite of their strict dependence on landscape structure. Here we investigated patterns and processes operating at different spatial (fine and regional scales) and time scales (using mitochondrial and microsatellite markers) in the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis (Pallas, 1766)). Our focus was on the western seaboard of South Africa and included two recognized biodiversity hotspots (Cape Floristic Region and Succulent Karoo). At fine spatial scale, significant genetic structure was present between four rocky outcrops in an isolated population, likely driven by the social system of this species. At a broader spatial scale, ecological dependence on rocky habitat and population-level processes, in conjunction with landscape structure, appeared to be the main drivers of genetic diversity and structure. Large areas devoid of suitable rocky habitat (e.g., the Knersvlakte, Sandveld, and Cape Flats, South Africa) represent barriers to gene flow in the species, although genetic clusters closely follow climatic, geological, and phytogeographic regions, possibly indicating ecological specialization or adaptation as contributing factors enforcing isolation. Taken together, our study highlights the need to consider both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when investigating spatial genetic structures within species.

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Jaeger, Peter, and Dirk Kunz. "Palystes kreutzmanni sp. n. – a new huntsman spider species from fynbos vegetation in Western Cape Province, South Africa (Araneae, Sparassidae, Palystinae)." ZooKeys 67 (November 10, 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.67.700.

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Fabrizi, Silvia, Jonas Eberle, and Dirk Ahrens. "Unexpected diversity of Hyboserica chafers in South African forest remnants: cladistic analysis, new species and the new genus Leoserica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 950–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly095.

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AbstractA taxonomic revision of Hyboserica uncovers an unexpected diversity of species from Southern African forest remnants. The work results in the description of a new genus, Leoserica gen. nov., a new combination, a new synonymy and 32 new species are described. The lectotypes of Serica capensis and Triodonta caffra are designated. The habitus and male genitalia of all revised species are illustrated. A species distribution map and an identification key to the species are provided. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a deep split into one very diverse eastern clade that is distributed north to Zimbabwe, and one western clade that is restricted to the fynbos of the Cape Region.

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Goldblatt, P., and J. C. Manning. "Systematics of the hypervariable Moraea tripetala complex (Iridaceae: Iridoideae) of the southern African winter rainfall zone." Bothalia 42, no. 2 (December 9, 2012): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v42i2.12.

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Field and laboratory research has shown that the Moraea tripetala complex of western South Africa, traditionally treated as a single species, sometimes with two additional varieties, has a pattern of morphological and cytological variation too complex to be accommodated in a single species. Variation in floral structure, especially the shape of the inner tepals, degree of union of the filaments, anther length and pollen colour form coherent patterns closely correlated with morphology of the corm tunics, mode of vegetative reproduction, and in some instances capsule and seed shape and size. The morphological patterns also correlate with geography, flowering time and sometimes habitat. It is especially significant that different variants of the complex may co-occur, each with overlapping or separate flowering times, a situation that conflicts with a single species taxonomy. We propose recognizing nine species and three additional subspecies for plants currently assigned to M. tripetala. M. grandis, from the western Karoo, has virtually free filaments and leaves often ± plane distally; closely allied M. amabilis, also with ± free filaments and often hairy leaves, is centred in the western Karoo and Olifants River Valley. Its range overlaps that of M. cuspidata, which has narrowly channelled, smooth leaves, linear inner tepals spreading distally and filaments united for up to 1.5 mm. M. decipiens from the Piketberg, M. hainebachiana, a local endemic of coastal limestone fynbos in the Saldanha District, M. ogamana from seasonally wet lowlands, and early flowering M. mutila constitute the remaining species of the complex in the southwestern Western Cape. M. helmei, a local endemic of middle elevations in the Kamiesberg, Namaqualand, has small flowers with short, tricuspidate inner tepals. All but M. amabilis and M. mutila are new species. We divide M. tripetala sensu stricto into three subspecies: widespread subsp. tripetala, subsp. violacea from the interior Cape flora region, and late-flowering subsp. jacquiniana from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding mountains.

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Akinfenwa, Akeem O., Naeem S. Abdul, Jeanine L. Marnewick, and Ahmed A. Hussein. "Protective Effects of Linearthin and Other Chalcone Derivatives from Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) against UVB Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in Human Skin Cells." Plants 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10091936.

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Skin cells suffer continuous damage from chronic exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) that may result in UV-induced oxidative stress and skin thinning. This has necessitated the formulation of cosmeceutical products rich in natural antioxidants and free radical scavengers. Aspalathus linearis (rooibos) is an endemic South African fynbos plant growing naturally in the Western Cape region. The plant is rich in phenolics and other bioactives with a wide spectrum of health benefits. The chemical study of an acetonic extract of green A. linearis afforded a novel compound named linearthin (1) and two known dihydrochalcones, aspalathin (2) and nothofagin (3). The chemical structure of the novel compound was elucidated based on spectroscopic data analysis. The bio-evaluation of the isolated chalcones in vitro for protection against UVB-induced oxidative stress were systematically assessed by examining cell viability, metabolic activity, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity using HaCaT and SK-MEL-1 skin cells models. It was observed that pre-treatment with tested samples for 4- and 24 h at low concentrations were sufficient to protect skin cells from UVB-induced damage in vitro as evidenced by higher cell viability and improved metabolic activity in both keratinocytes (HaCaT) and melanocytes (SK-MEL-1). The results further show that the pre-treatment regimen employed by this study involved some degree of cellular adaptation as evidenced by higher levels of reduced glutathione with a concomitant decrease in lipid peroxidation and lowered caspase 3 activity. Furthermore, compound 1 was most cytoprotective against UVB irradiation of HaCaT cell line (over 24 h) with an IC50 of 282 µg/mL and SK-MEL-1 cell line with IC50 values of 248.3 and 142.6 µg/mL over 4 and 24 h, respectively. On the other hand, HaCaT cells exposed to 2 over 4 h before UVB irradiation showed the highest degree of cytoprotection with an IC50 of 398.9 µg/mL among the four studied samples. These results show that linearthin (1) and the two glycoside dihydrochalcone of A. linearis have the potential to be further developed as antioxidant cosmeceutical ingredients that may protect skin against UVB-induced damage.

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Hoare, D. B., J. E. Victor, and R. A. Lubke. "Vegetation of the coastal fynbos and rocky headlands south of George, South Africa." Bothalia 30, no. 1 (February 3, 2000): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v30i1.543.

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Community structure and composition of the coastal fynbos and rocky headland plant communities south of George, southern Cape, were studied. Vegetation was analysed using standard sampling procedures of the floristic-sociological approach of Braun-Blanquet. The releve data were subject to TWIN SPAN-based divisive classification, and ordinated by Principal Coordinates Analysis with the aim to identify vegetation coenocline subsequently interpreted in terms of underlying environmental gradients. Most of the sampled vegetation was classified as coastal fynbos. The Leucadendron salignum-Tetraria cuspidata Fynbos Community was found to occupy sheltered habitats, whereas the Relhania calyci- na-Passerina vulgaris Fynbos Community was found in exposed habitats The other two communities characterise strongly exposed rocky headlands. The Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus-Ruschia tenella Community is wind-sheared scrub, and the Gazania rigens- Limonium scabrum Rocky Headland Community is a loose-canopy, low-grown herbland, characterised by the occurrence of partly salt-tolerant and succulent herbs. The ordination of the fynbos communities revealed a horseshoe structure allowing a direct recognition of a coenocline spanning two fynbos communities along the Axis 1 interpreted in terms of exposure to wind and salt spray. A considerable amount of alien plant infestation was also present. This appears to be the largest threat to the continued existence of this coastal fynbos.

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Mcdonald, D. J. "The vegetation of the southern Langeberg, Cape Province. 1. The plant communities of the Boosmansbos Wilderness Area." Bothalia 23, no. 1 (October 10, 1993): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v23i1.798.

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An analysis of the fynbos shrublands and forests of the Boosmansbos Wilderness Area, southern Langeberg, Cape Province, South Africa, is presented. Data were collected at 119 sites in mature fynbos vegetation (10 years old) and at five sites in patches of Afromontane Forest. Emphasis was placed on the fynbos shrublands and sample sites were subjectively located along a transect from south to north across the Langeberg range in the study area. This south to north orientation follows a complex gradient of changes in aspect, slope, geology, soil form and climate. Data were initially analysed using TWINSPAN and the resulting classification refined using Braun-Blanquet procedures. One forest subassociation and 12 fynbos communities were identified and described. A proposed hierarchical classification of the fynbos communities is presented.

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Stock, W. D., and O. A. M. Lewis. "Atmospheric input of nitrogen to a coastal fynbos ecosystem of the south-western Cape Province, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (August 1986): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(16)31519-8.

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Janion-Scheepers, Charlene, Jan Bengtsson, Hans Petter Leinaas, Louis Deharveng, and Steven L. Chown. "The response of springtails to fire in the fynbos of the Western Cape, South Africa." Applied Soil Ecology 108 (December 2016): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.08.001.

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MacPherson, A. James, Lindsey Gillson, and M. Timm Hoffman. "Between- and within-biome resistance and resilience at the fynbos-forest ecotone, South Africa." Holocene 29, no. 11 (July 31, 2019): 1801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862046.

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In the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa, afrotemperate forest islands persist within a broader landscape of Mediterranean-type fynbos shrubland. The co-existence of these contrasting vegetation types in the same climate space suggests interactions between broad-scale climatic parameters and localised variables (notably local disturbance regimes and catchment hydrology). In this study, palaeoecological data from a fynbos-forest boundary were used to assess the effects of interactions between changes in climate, fire and land use on vegetation dynamics and biome resilience at millennial timescales. Fossil pollen, spores and charcoal were extracted from radiocarbon-dated sediment cores to provide proxies for vegetation, hydrology, large herbivore abundance and fire. Constrained hierarchical clustering (CONISS) was applied to the fossil data to identify distinct vegetation assemblages in the palaeoecological record, and to further elucidate ecosystem trajectories through time. Regional palaeoenvironmental data are also referred to in inferring local and regional environmental changes. We expected to find shifts between fynbos and forest alternate stable states associated with changes in fire and rainfall. More specifically, we anticipated fynbos expansion during drier periods and/or those with more fire, and forest expansion during wetter and/or less fire prone periods. However, the fossil pollen data reveal remarkable stability of the fynbos-forest ecotone over the past 3000 years, despite significant changes in climate, fire and land-use. We found resilience of fynbos was enhanced through internal dynamics, namely, a shift from grassy, fire-prone fynbos in warmer, less seasonal time periods with less summer drought stress, to proteoid fynbos with less frequent fire during times of greater summer drought stress. The emergent properties of the respective fynbos types offset physiological advantages to forest species afforded by changes in the fire-free interval and abundant abiotic resource supply, inhibiting invasion of the former biome by the latter. We suggest these mechanisms require further investigation.

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Mackay, Alex, Zenobia Jacobs, and Teresa E. Steele. "Pleistocene Archaeology and Chronology of Putslaagte 8 (PL8) Rockshelter, Western Cape, South Africa." Journal of African Archaeology 13, no. 1 (November 1, 2015): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10267.

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We report on excavations of a small rock shelter — Putslaagte 8 (PL8) — located on the arid interior fringe of South Africa’s Fynbos biome. The shelter preserves a long sequence of Holocene and late Pleistocene occupation dating back beyond 75,000 years BP. This paper presents data on the technological, faunal and chronological sequence. Occupation is markedly pulsed and includes three late Pleistocene Later Stone Age (LSA) units (macrolithic, Robberg and early LSA), as well as several distinct Middle Stone Age (MSA) components from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3–5. Pulsing may reflect the arid and possibly marginal environments in which the shelter is situated, and to that end some elements of the sequence contrast with occupational patterns towards the coast. Viewed in a regional setting PL8 suggests: 1) complementarity of resource movements between the coast and interior in terminal MIS 2; 2) distinctions in material selection, and possibly technology, between the coast and interior in earlier MIS 2; 3) an MSA lasting to at least 40,000 years before present; 4) a weak Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort in the interior; 5) possibly distinct periods of denticulate manufacture within the MIS 5 MSA; 6) highly localised patterns of material acquisition in the earlier MSA.

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Mcdonald, D. J. "The vegetation of the southern Langeberg, Cape Province. 2. The plant communities of the Marloth Nature Reserve." Bothalia 23, no. 1 (October 10, 1993): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v23i1.799.

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The Marloth Nature Reserve, encompassing the mountain catchments of the southern Langeberg immediately above Swellendam, Cape Province. South Africa, is described. The vegetation of the reserve was sampled along a transect representing the variation in plant communities over the range from the lower south to the lower north slopes. Eighty-three sample sites were subjectively located in mature stands of fynbos vegetation (10 years old). The relev£ data were initially classified using TWINSPAN and then refined by Braun-Blanquet (BB) phytosociological procedures. The Afromontane Forest patches which occur mainly on the lower south slopes were not sampled but are briefly discussed. The fynbos plant communities are described, based on tables, and a hierarchical classification is proposed.

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Carlin, Elisabetta, Gabriella Teren, and Andre Ganswindt. "Non-Invasive Assessment of Body Condition and Stress-Related Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Concentrations in African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Roaming in Fynbos Vegetation." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050814.

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Fynbos is a unique endemic vegetation type belonging to the Cape Floral Kingdom in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, representing the smallest of the six floral kingdoms in the world. Nowadays, only a few game reserves in this region support populations of African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and thus, little information exists regarding the suitability of the nutritionally poor Fynbos vegetation for these megaherbivores. Using already established non-invasive methods, the monitoring of individual body conditions and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations, as a measure of physiological stress, was performed to examine a herd of 13 elephants in a Western Cape Province Private Game Reserve, during two monitoring periods (April and June 2018), following a severe drought. The results indicate that overall median body condition scores (April and June: 3.0, range 2.0–3.0) and fGCM concentrations (April: 0.46 µg/g dry weight (DW), range 0.35–0.66 µg/g DW; June: 0.61 µg/g DW, range 0.22–1.06 µg/g DW) were comparable to those of other elephant populations previously studied utilizing the same techniques. These findings indicate that the individuals obtain sufficient nutrients from the surrounding Fynbos vegetation during the months monitored. However, a frequent assessment of body conditions and stress-associated fGCM concentrations in these animals would assist conservation management authorities and animal welfare practitioners in determining ways to manage this species in environments with comparably poorer nutritional vegetation.

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Cowling, R. M., and W. J. Bond. "How small can reserves be? An empirical approach in Cape Fynbos, South Africa." Biological Conservation 58, no. 3 (1991): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(91)90094-p.

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Holmes, Richard T., Bernhard D. Frauenknecht, and Morné A. Du Plessis. "Breeding System of the Cape Rockjumper, a South African Fynbos Endemic." Condor 104, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.188.

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Abstract Breeding ecology and behavior of the Cape Rockjumper (Chaetops frenatus), a ground-nesting passerine endemic to the mountain fynbos of South Africa, were studied for three years near Cape Town. Breeding groups occupied exclusive 4–11 ha territories, and consisted of a breeding pair and often 1–2 additional individuals, which were usually, but not exclusively, offspring of the adult pair from the preceding breeding season. Supernumerary individuals of both sexes participated in territorial defense and alarm calling and in the feeding of nestlings and fledglings of the breeding pair. Supernumerary females also helped with nest building and incubation. These findings confirm earlier suppositions that the Cape Rockjumper is a socially monogamous, cooperative-breeding species, with offspring remaining in their home territory for at least one year during which they assist their parents in raising additional offspring. New information is also presented on other aspects of the breeding biology of this little-studied species. Sistema Reproductivo de Chaetops frenatus, un Ave Endémica de los Fynbos de Sudáfrica Resumen. Durante tres años se estudió la ecología reproductiva de Chaetops frenatus, un paserino que anida en el suelo, y que es endémico de los fynbos montañosos de Sud-Africa, en las cercanías de Cape Town. Los grupos reproductivos ocupan de forma exclusiva territorios de 4–11 ha, y están compuestos por una pareja reproductiva y en muchos casos con 1 a 2 individuos adicionales, que muchas veces, aunque no siempre, constituyen la progenie del par adulto de la época reproductiva anterior. Individuos supernumerarios de ambos sexos participan en la defensa del terrirorio con cantos de alerta, así como en la alimentación de los polluelos y volantones del par reproductivo. Las hembras supernumerarias también ayudan en la construcción del nido e incubación. Estos hallazgos confirman suposiciones anteriores que Ch. frenatus es un ave monógama social de reproducción cooperativa, cuya descendencia permanece en el territorio parental por lo menos un año, período durante el cual asisten a sus progenenitores en criar a la siguiente camada. Se presenta además nueva información sobre otros aspectos de la biología reproductiva de esta especie tan poco estudiada.

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Davis, G. "Description of a proteoid-restioid stand in Mesic Mountain Fynbos of the south-western Cape and some aspects of its ecology." Bothalia 18, no. 2 (October 23, 1988): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v18i2.1050.

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A description of the community and its climatic and edaphic environments is given for a stand of Mountain Fynbos vegetation codominated by Leucadendron xanthoconus and Chondropetalum hookerianum. The paper categorizes aspects of the study site either according to existing classifications, or by comparison with other fynbos systems. Comparison of rainfall and temperature data with those collected at an agricultural research station in the region indicated high variability in the spatial and temporal pattern of precipitation, and an air temperature regime which was influenced by the topography. Analysis of vegetation data revealed a species richness lower than other fynbos communities, but a species turnover of similar magnitude. A list of flowering plants and ferns found in the stand is appended. The soil of Table Mountain Group origin comprised a colluvial A -E horizon with a well defined stone-line, and residual B and C horizons of shale origin. It had low pH and nutrient status, with a high measured concentration of aluminium, especially in the B horizon.

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Privett, S. D. J., R. M. Cowling, and H. C. Taylor. "Thirty years of change in the fynbos vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, South Africa." Bothalia 31, no. 1 (September 17, 2001): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v31i1.509.

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This study used permanently marked 50 m: sites, surveyed at a 30 year interval, to provide a descriptive account of the temporal change in the fynbos vegetation of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. South Africa. Management records were used to examine the role of post-fire age. fire frequency and intensity, as well as biotic interactions (competition from overstorey proteoids and alien plants) in influencing vegetation composition over this time period. The mean similarity in species composition of sites between surveys was 62%, indicating an average of nearly 40% turnover in species over the 30 year period. The main causes of this change included differences resulting from different stages in the post-fire succession as well as the impact of differential fire regimes (especially frequency effects). Competition from serotinous Proteaceae. which proved highly mobile after fire, as well as invasive Australian acacias also impacted on the composition of the vegetation over time. The study demonstrated that fynbos communities are temporally dynamic and that the changes over time in species composition are caused by a variety of processes. The study also provided evidence for the role of temporal diversity in contributing to the high species diversity in fynbos systems.

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O'Callaghan, M. "The ecology of the False Bay estuarine environments, Cape, South Africa. 1. The coastal vegetation." Bothalia 20, no. 1 (October 18, 1990): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v20i1.903.

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The vegetation in and around eleven estuaries flowing into False Bay was surveyed during 1980 and 1981. Use was made of colour aerial photographs and a combination of dominance and phytosocioiogical techniques. Of the communities established, three are aquatic and four are described as emergent or wetlands. Of the terrestrial communities, five are described as fynbos and four occur on coastal sands. One community consists solely of alien plants. The communities thus classified generally compare well with those discussed by other workers in the area. However, differences due to the destruction and disturbance of the vegetation are commented upon.

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Klak, C., and P. V. Bruyns. "Notes onRuschia dichroa(Aizoaceae): An Endemic to the Arid Mountain Fynbos of the Western Cape, South Africa." Haseltonia 21 (December 2015): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2985/026.021.0108.

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Van Wyk, B.-E. "Studies in the genus Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae). 2. Three new species of the section Telina from the Cape Province." Bothalia 19, no. 1 (October 18, 1989): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v19i1.932.

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Three new species of the section Telina (E. Mey.) Benth of Lotononis (DC.) Eckl. Zeyh. are described: L. azureoides B-E. van Wyk, L. gracilifolia B-E. van Wyk and L. lamprifolia B-E. van Wyk. These species appear to be very rare and are known from only a few localities in marginal fynbos areas of the south-western and southern Cape.

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Lemaire, Benny, Samson B. M. Chimphango, Charles Stirton, Suhail Rafudeen, Olivier Honnay, Erik Smets, Wen-Ming Chen, Janet Sprent, Euan K. James, and A. Muthama Muasya. "Biogeographical Patterns of Legume-Nodulating Burkholderia spp.: from African Fynbos to Continental Scales." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 17 (June 17, 2016): 5099–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00591-16.

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ABSTRACTRhizobia of the genusBurkholderiahave large-scale distribution ranges and are usually associated with South African papilionoid and South American mimosoid legumes, yet little is known about their genetic structuring at either local or global geographic scales. To understand variation at different spatial scales, from individual legumes in the fynbos (South Africa) to a global context, we analyzed chromosomal (16S rRNA,recA) and symbiosis (nifH,nodA,nodC) gene sequences. We showed that the global diversity of nodulation genes is generally grouped according to the South African papilionoid or South American mimosoid subfamilies, whereas chromosomal sequence data were unrelated to biogeography. While nodulation genes are structured on a continental scale, a geographic or host-specific distribution pattern was not detected in the fynbos region. In host range experiments, symbiotic promiscuity ofBurkholderiatuberumSTM678TandB.phymatumSTM815Twas discovered in selected fynbos species. Finally, a greenhouse experiment was undertaken to assess the ability of mimosoid (Mimosapudica) and papilionoid (Dipogonlignosus,Indigoferafilifolia,Macroptiliumatropurpureum, andPodalyriacalyptrata) species to nodulate in South African (fynbos) and Malawian (savanna) soils. While theBurkholderia-philous fynbos legumes (D.lignosus,I.filifolia, andP.calyptrata) nodulated only in their native soils, the invasive neotropical speciesM.pudicadid not develop nodules in the African soils. The fynbos soil, notably rich inBurkholderia, seems to retain nodulation genes compatible with the local papilionoid legume flora but is incapable of nodulating mimosoid legumes that have their center of diversity in South America.IMPORTANCEThis study is the most comprehensive phylogenetic assessment of root-nodulatingBurkholderiaand investigated biogeographic and host-related patterns of the legume-rhizobial symbiosis in the South African fynbos biome, as well as at global scales, including native species from the South American Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. While a global investigation of the rhizobial diversity revealed distinct nodulation and nitrogen fixation genes among South African and South American legumes, regionally distributed species in the Cape region were unrelated to geographic and host factors.

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Stynder, Deano D. "The diets of ungulates from the hominid fossil-bearing site of Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa." Quaternary Research 71, no. 1 (January 2009): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.06.003.

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AbstractThe dietary regimes of 15 ungulate species from the middle Pleistocene levels of the hominid-bearing locality of Elandsfontein, South Africa, are investigated using the mesowear technique. Previous studies, using taxonomic analogy, classified twelve of the studied species as grazers (Redunca arundinum, Hippotragus gigas, Hippotragus leucophaeus, Antidorcas recki, Homoiceras antiquus, Damaliscus aff. lunatus, Connochaetes gnou laticornutus, Rabaticerus arambourgi, Damaliscus niro, Damaliscus sp. nov., an unnamed “spiral horn” antelope and Equus capensis), one as a mixed feeder (Taurotragus oryx) and two as browsers (Tragelaphus strepsiceros and Raphicerus melanotis). Although results from mesowear analysis sustain previous dietary classifications in the majority of cases, five species were reclassified. Three species previously classified as grazers, were reclassified as mixed feeders (H. gigas, D. aff. lunatus and R. arambourgi), one previously classified as a grazer, was reclassified as a browser (the “spiral horn” antelope), and one previously classified as a mixed feeder, was reclassified as a browser (T. oryx). While current results broadly support previous reconstructions of the Elandsfontein middle Pleistocene environment as one which included a substantial C3 grassy component, the reclassifications suggest that trees, broad-leaved bush and fynbos were probably more prominent than what was previously thought.

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Linder, H. P. "Vegetative morphology and interfire survival strategies in the Cape Fynbos grasses." Bothalia 20, no. 1 (October 18, 1990): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v20i1.902.

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It is shown that there is a wide range of structural variation in the habit of the Arundineae and Ehrharteae of the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Region (Cape Province, South Africa). Structural differences in the bases of the fynbos grasses have been classified into four groups: swollen, knotty tillering, weak and annual. Variation in the position of the innovation buds occurs with one group having basal perennating buds, implying that all the culm material is annual, while the second group has cauline innovation buds, leading to the development of a divaricate perennial herb. The recognition of caducous, mesic (orthophyllous) and sclerophyllous leaf blades is also possible, based on leaf morphology and anatomy. These variations in growth forms allow the classification of the Cape grasses into five guilds adapted for survival in the dense fynbos vegetation that develops between the well-spaced fires in these heathlands. The following guilds have been recognized: competition avoiders that grow on rock ledges and outcrops where competition from shrubby vegetation is reduced; reseeders, that survive the protracted interfire period as seed; geophytes, that survive this period as underground organs; coppicers, that survive as small plants; and competitors, that grow tall by means of cauline innovation buds, and so are able to compete with the shrubby heath vegetation.

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Cousins, S. R., E. T. F. Witkowski, M. F. Pfab, R. E. Riddles, and D. J. Mycock. "Reproductive ecology of Aloe plicatilis, a fynbos tree aloe endemic to the Cape Winelands, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 87 (July 2013): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.02.174.

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Cocks, M. P., and W. D. Stock. "Heat stimulated germination in relation to seed characteristics in fynbos legumes of the Western Cape Province, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 63, no. 3 (June 1997): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30724-9.

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Hope, Allen, Noah Albers, and Ryan Bart. "Characterizing post-fire recovery of fynbos vegetation in the Western Cape Region of South Africa using MODIS data." International Journal of Remote Sensing 33, no. 4 (November 2, 2011): 979–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.543184.

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40

Van Wyk, B.-E. "Studies in the genus Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae). 1. Three new species of the section Aulacinthus from the Cape Province." Bothalia 18, no. 1 (October 23, 1988): 31–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v18i1.978.

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Three new species of the section Aulacinthus (E. Mey.) Benth. of Lotononis (DC.) Eckl. Zeyh. are described: L. comptonii B-E. van Wyk. L. dahlgrenii B-E. van Wyk and L. dissitinodis B-E. van Wyk. These species are related to L. gracilis (E. Mey.) Benth. and L. rigida (E. Mey.) Benth. and are all endemic to marginal fynbos areas of the south-western Cape. The section now comprises seven species.

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Stiller, Michael. "New macropterous leafhopper genera and species within the tribe Bonaspeiini from the Fynbos biome of South Africa (Insecta, Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae)." African Invertebrates 62, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 1–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.62.54721.

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Two new genera of macropterous leafhoppers, tentatively included in the tribe BonaspeiiniZahniser and Dietrich (2013) from the Fynbos biome of south-western parts of South Africa, are described. These are Retevolatusgen. nov. with type species R. flexiverpussp. nov., R. semicurviverpussp. nov. and R. subspiniverpussp. nov. and Flavorubivolatusgen. nov. with type species F. glabriverpussp. nov. and F. tensiverpussp. nov. and F. curtiverpussp. nov. Collection records and distribution modelling confirmed that species of both genera occur within a confined region of south-western parts of South Africa.

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42

CURTIS, ODETTE, ROBERT E. SIMMONS, and ANDREW R. JENKINS. "Black Harrier Circus maurus of the Fynbos biome, South Africa: a threatened specialist or an adaptable survivor?" Bird Conservation International 14, no. 4 (November 25, 2004): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270904000310.

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Black Harrier Circus maurus is a rare southern African endemic that may have lost over 50% of its core breeding habitat in the last century as a result of extensive land transformation by agriculture, invasive alien vegetation and urbanization in the Fynbos biome. We partially surveyed both the western (Swartland) and southern (Overberg) coastal plains of south-western South Africa, over 3 years (2000–2002) for breeding Black Harriers, and found a distinctly polarized distribution. Nests were concentrated either along the coastal strip or inland in montane habitats, and generally absent from heavily cultivated and transformed inland plains areas. Limited evidence (direct observations, prey remains) suggests that harriers forage in cereal croplands but generally do not breed in these modified environments. We recorded breeding success at nests in coastal (Dune Thicket) and montane (Mountain Fynbos) habitats. Harriers bred successfully along the coast and nests were aggregated in loose colonies around wetlands. Harriers in montane environments bred poorly, took a wide range of prey, and were subject to high levels of nest predation. We propose that Black Harriers have been displaced from lowland Renosterveld and Fynbos habitats (characterized by better foraging and nesting opportunities), primarily by the advent and spread of cereal agriculture. The conservation and future research implications of this hypothesis are discussed.

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Radloff, F. G. T., L. Mucina, W. J. Bond, and P. J. le Roux. "Strontium isotope analyses of large herbivore habitat use in the Cape Fynbos region of South Africa." Oecologia 164, no. 2 (August 4, 2010): 567–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1731-0.

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Duncan, G. D., and T. J. Edwards. "Three new species of Lachenalia (Hyacinthaceae: Massonieae) from Western and Northern Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 36, no. 2 (August 21, 2006): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v36i2.353.

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This is the sixth in a series of papers on Lachenalia, towards a revision of the genus. Three new species are described. L. lutea from the southwestern part of the Western Cape, L. cernua from the southern Cape Peninsula and the Worcester Valley of the Western Cape, and L. nardousbergensis from the Bokkeveld Plateau of the Northern Cape, and the Nardousberge and Middelburg Plateaus of the Western Cape.

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Coppins, B. J. "Two New Species of Micarea From South Africa." Lichenologist 31, no. 6 (November 1999): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1999.0234.

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AbstractTwo new species of Micarea are described from South Africa: M. almbornii Coppins, on loose sandstone from Stellenbosch (Western Cape) and M. endoviolascens Coppins, on damp soil from Transvaal. A note is given on Lecidea geïna Stizenb.

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Kirejtshuk, A. G., A. H. Kirk-Spriggs, and P. Audisio. "The Meligethes of the M. pubescens species-group from Southern Africa (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae, Meligethinae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 29, no. 2 (1998): 169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631298x00276.

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AbstractThe known Southern African species of the pubescens species-group in the genus Meligethes Stephens, 1830, are revised. A diagnosis of the M. pubescens species-group is given and eight new species are described from South Africa, Namibia and Botswana: M. argentarius sp. n. (Eastern Cape Province, Kwa-Zulu Natal), M. aurivestis sp. n. (Western Cape Province), M. eremita sp. n. (Namibia, Northern Cape), M. hermanniae sp. n. (Western Cape Province), M. massivus sp. n. (Northern Transvaal), M. namakwaensis sp. n. (Namaqualand, Western Cape Province, and southern Namibia), M. pecten sp. n. (Western Cape Province, Free State), and M. rufofuscus sp. n. (Namibia, Botswana, and northern South Africa). Redescriptions and line drawings of male and female genitalia, legs and habitus of M. pubescens Reitter, 1872, M. translatus Grouvelle, 1913, M. confertus Reitter, 1872, M. plumbeus Reitter, 1872, M. fuerschi Spornraft & Audisio, 1995 (= M. antlia Kirejtshuk, 1996, syn. n.), M. marshalli Grouvelle, 1915, and ecological data on most of the species dealt with (all probably using Sterculiaceae of the genus Hermannia as larval host-plants) are also included.

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Cousins, S. R., E. T. F. Witkowski, and D. J. Mycock. "Seed storage and germination in Kumara plicatilis, a tree aloe endemic to mountain fynbos in the Boland, south-western Cape, South Africa." South African Journal of Botany 94 (September 2014): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.003.

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Cupido, C. N. "Campanulaceae: A new species of Wahlenbergia from Western Cape, South Africa." Bothalia 41, no. 1 (December 13, 2011): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v41i1.40.

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Okanga, Sharon, Graeme S. Cumming, Phillip A. R. Hockey, and Jeffrey L. Peters. "Landscape structure influences avian malaria ecology in the Western Cape, South Africa." Landscape Ecology 28, no. 10 (October 8, 2013): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9949-y.

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Swanepoel, David, Les G. Underhill, Doug M. Harebottle, Marius J. Wheeler, and AJ Williams. "Waterbirds at the Theewaterskloof Dam, Western Cape, South Africa, 1993–2005." Ostrich 77, no. 3-4 (November 2006): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/00306520609485529.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fynbos ecology – South Africa – Western Cape'

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