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Resma B. Vijay, Vedant Kakade, Raj Madhav, Parth Shingote, and Gauri Thorat. "Risk Assessment of Aging G+3 Residential Buildings." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 12, no. 2 (2025): 494–99. https://doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset25122165.
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The structural deterioration of ageing buildings in India presents significant safety hazards, necessitating systematic assessment and intervention measures. This study examines the efficacy of structural audits in evaluating and enhancing the stability of older buildings. The audit methodology encompasses comprehensive visual inspections and advanced non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, including Rebound hammer tests, Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, Carbonation tests, and Half-cell potential tests, to assess structural integrity. The overall health of Buildings based on visual inspection concludes that in the context of Mumbai's Building and Construction Authority (BMC) classification of dilapidated buildings, Raj Laxman A1-B1 & A2-B2 Society falls under the C2B category (requires structural repairs but does not necessitate immediate evacuation of residents) On performing Rebound Hammer Test, it is found that Building A1-B1,17% of total Structural Elements Tested are comes under the fair condition while 83% of them are falls under poor Category and Building A2-B2,8% of total Structural Elements Tested are comes under the fair condition while 92% of them are falls under poor Category of Condition. On performing the UPV Test, it was found that all the tested elements fall under the medium category. Conducted Carbonation test results show that both Buildings A1-B1 and A2-B2 have no carbonation or a negligible depth of carbonation in the concrete. The probability of corrosion in the reinforcement of both Buildings A1-B1 and A2-B2 was approximately 70% as corrosion activity fell between 200mV & 350mV. Audit and Stability reports of both Buildings A1-B1 and A2-B2 prepared on the Visual inspections and NDT findings. Following the repair of the building, on performing Rebound Hammer Test it is found that Building A1-B1,50% of total Structural Elements Tested are comes under the good condition while 50% of them are falls under fair Category and Building A2-B2,60% of total Structural Elements Tested are comes under the good condition while 40% of them are falls under fair Category of Condition. The condition of the building was enhanced after taking up repair work, as suggested.
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Sachchidanand, Saurabh Yadav, Shadab Ahmad, Shahre Alam Khan, and Ms Kajal Singh. "Analysis of (G+3) Hostel Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 4600–4602. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52397.
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Abstract: The principal objective of this project is the comparative study on design and analysis of hostel building (G+3) of area 2050 sqm, by AUTOCAD, STAAD.Pro and ETABS software’s. Our project deals with the plan and style of Hostel Building. Designing involves identifying the forces and stresses which arise within that structure, perform analysis to urge moments and shear forces on different elements of the structure then design the structure for ultimate loads, dead load, wind load, live load, earthquake load (Indian Earthquake zone 3) and moments etc. AUTOCAD, ETABS and STAAD.Pro may be softwares tool to style functional design of plan. Estimation includes finding the quantities of materials required for the development of the structure and requirements of labour etc. During this project work, an effort is formed consistent with Building by laws and style of hostel building as per is: IS-456-2000, IS-1200 and SSR. The layout planning may be a part of urban development it includes planning of hostel houses, commercial complexes, service roads, primary health centers, school...& other amenities sewerage system for whole layout (includes treatment, sewer main, storm water drains), water distribution system. This article includes design & estimation of hostel building in plot of layout planned.
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Meshram, Sohan. "Design and Analysis G+2 Residential Building using BIM." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 4 (2025): 2943–44. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.68861.
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"Building Information Modeling (BIM) has changed the construction industry by combining design, analysis, and project management into one platform. This paper uses BIM to design and analyze a 3-story residential building, focusing on its strength, cost, and environmental impact. We reviewed existing research to highlight BIM's benefits, including automation, error reduction, and teamwork. Our paper shows how BIM improves efficiency, reduces mistakes, and enhances project delivery. “BIM is a powerful tool that helps build better buildings. We used BIM to design a 3-story home and studied its strengths, costs, and environmental impact. Our research shows that BIM makes construction more efficient, reduces errors, and helps complete projects on time." "This study used special software called Building Information Modeling (BIM) to design and analyze a 3- story home. We used Autodesk Revit to create the building's design and structure, and Autodesk STAAD. Pro to test its strength. The building's structure is made of reinforced concrete columns, beams, and floors. We tested it against various loads like weight, wind, and earthquakes. The results showed that the building can withstand these forces. Using BIM software helped us create a detailed and accurate model, making it easier to analyze and design the building. This study shows how BIM can improve the design process for homes, making it faster and more accurate." "We used special software to design and test a 3-story home. We made sure it's strong enough to withstand weights, winds, and earthquakes. The results were good, and we learned that this software can help design homes more quickly and accurately."
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Parekh, Priyanka. "Design and Analysis of G+3 Building by STAAD PRO." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 7 (2023): 1148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23714094714.
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Mr, Ankit Pal1* Mr Arpit Chawda2. "SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF G+3 MULTISTOREY BUILDING WITH AND WITHOUT LEAD RUBBER BEARING SUPPORT USING DESIGN SOFTWARE." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (2018): 282–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1146154.
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The research is conducted with study of existing researches in the field of siesmc behaviour of buildings. Base isolation is one of the technology applied to reduce the effect of earthquake effect. The principle is to disconnect the base of the building from footing ground. The problem is taken as residential building design to withstand building against seismic action. Two types of base are used to analyze and compare building first is building with fixed base and second case is building with lead rubber bearing support. Two software STAAD Pro and SAP 2000 are used to test fixed and lead rubber bearing base buildings. It is first time in India when residential buildings are tested with lead rubber bearing isolation are tested and analyzed for seismic zone V. It is found from results that deflection and stresses analyzed with lead rubber bearing are lesser than fixed base with remarkable margin and it is concluded that research recommends use of lead rubber bearing base isolation for seismic zone V in India.
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Kushwaha, Mr Harsh, and Prof Rahul Sharma. "Analysis of Tall Building by Various Types of Structural Forms under Earthquake Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (2022): 1666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48312.
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Abstract: In the current world scenario, high-rise buildings are favoured due to the rapid rise in land values, land shortages, and to conserve land in rural areas for agricultural use. The construction of high-rise buildings primarily depends on wind and seismic loads. The performance of buildings depends on the structural configuration. The structural system of a high-rise building is designed to work with vertical gravity loads and mainly with lateral loads caused by wind and seismic activity. The structural system consists only of elements designed to transfer loads, all other elements that are not involved in the transfer of loads are called non-structural element. The research assist the analysis of G+16 Storey level with various mode of structural form used in tall building construction. The G+16 Tall building is modelled on CSI ETBAS for Zone 4 under seismic analysis by Response spectrum analysis. The various types of struural form used in the model 1 to model 6. The structural form consists of 1) Moment resisting frame 2) Building with Braced Frame Structure 3) Building with Hull-Core (Tube-in-Tube Structure) 4) Building with Shear Wall 5) Building with Composite 6) Building with Outrigger Structure. The research concluded that the model cases no 3 is optimised under the G+16 Storey building. Other than model 2, 4, 1 & 6 recommended for optimised case in descending order
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Tadakhe,, Saisarthak, Aniket Nikam,, Saurav Bhagat, Sarthak Khalekar, and Sanket Gore. "Design and Analysis G+3 Residential and Commercial Building Using Staad Pro Software." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 04 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem43856.
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The structural design and analysis of multi-story buildings play a crucial role in ensuring safety, durability, and cost-effectiveness. This project focuses on the design and analysis of a G+3 (Ground plus three floors) residential and commercial building using ETABS and RCDC software. The aim is to develop an efficient, structurally sound, and economically viable design that adheres to the provisions of the Indian Standard Codes, including IS 456:2000 for reinforced concrete structures and IS 1893:2016 for seismic design
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Kumar, Aayush. "Static Analysis and Design of Multistorey (G+3) Residential Building using STAAD Pro." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 5 (2025): 6294–300. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.71654.
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In this project, an attempt is made to analysis and design a multi-storey building (G+3, Residential Building) using STAAD Pro software. In the present scenario, huge numbers of structures have constructed in the world for numerous purposes. These structures have been designed from different techniques such as load bearing wall structures, framed structures, shell structures, composite structures, etc. In the present study has been focused on G+3 stories residential building for evaluate the static responses. The building has been constructed in symmetrical throughout with using framed structures. The study has been opted three steps: 1) Built geometrical and 3D model: the geometrical drawing and 3D model of the building has been done by Auto Cad and Staad Pro., 2) Performed static analysis: the building has been analyzed from Dead load, Live load, Wind load and their possible combinations using by IS codes. 3) Desing: Finally, building has been designed from M20 and M25 grade concrete for checking which structure is more stable and economical.
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Tuleyev, Ali T., Zhassulan A. Omarov, Vladimir A. Lapin, and Yrken S. Aldakhov. "Dynamic testing of a high-rise monolithic building." Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety, no. 5 (October 25, 2024): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/10.37153/2618-9283-2024-5-66-82.
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The task is to determine the dynamic characteristics of a 35-storey monolithic building in the city of Almaty. Dynamic tests were performed using a V-3 inertial vibration machine installed on the building floor. Oscillations were recorded using a digital instrumentation system. The results of dynamic tests of a 35-storey building of a frame-wall structure (monolithic) were obtained. For the first time, vibration periods were obtained for the first three vibration forms of a high-rise building, respectively, 1.38 s; 0.38 s; 0.195 s. Values of accelerations are determined by 3 forms of oscillation of buildings, respectively, 0.016 g, 0.199 g, 0.240 g. Dissipative properties of a high-rise building were estimated (logarithmic decrement of oscillation by oscillation forms 0.08 – 0.22). Somewhat unexpected here was the relatively small magnitude of the logarithmic decrement of the first form – 0.08. The features of the building behavior under dynamic impacts and the assessment of the ability of floor disks to distribute horizontal seismic loads between vertical elements were studied. The RMS acceleration of the first three forms is 0.312 g. After vibration tests, no damage or cracks were noted in the bearing structures of the building. In some partitions, cracks with a small opening are noted, which are formed, as a rule, at the junction of non-bearing structures with bearing ones. Conclusions are drawn about the need to adjust regulatory documents in construction. The results of the work can be used in the design of high-rise monolithic buildings.
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V. Raut, Akshay, and Prof RVRK Prasad. "Pushover Analysis of G+3 Reinforced Concrete Building with soft storey." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 4 (2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11412529.
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Choudhary, Kamlesh Kumar, and Mohammad Yaseen Khan. "A Study between Zone 4 and Zone 5 of G+20 High-Rise Building Using ETABS Software: A Review." International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Topics 5, no. 8 (2024): 88–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13624999.
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These People moved from rural to urban areas as a result of the industrial revolution and population increase, necessitating the development of multi-story buildings for both residential and commercial purposes. Because tall structures are not built to withstand lateral loads sufficiently, the structure collapses completely. Construction of earthquake-resistant buildings takes into account a number of factors, including the building's intrinsic frequency, damping factor, kind of base, significance, and ductility. In order to design earthquake-resistant structures, it is crucial to comprehend seismic analysis and provide safety against the seismic pressures of multi-story buildings. The objectives of the present work are to study the behavior of a multi storied RC building in live structure located in Pune (India) in plan subjected to earth quake load by adopting Response spectrum analysis. In the context of your thesis, this refers to analyzing and comparing the building's response under different seismic zones (Zone 4 vs. Zone 5) to assess how the level of seismicity affects the structural behavior. The present study is limited to reinforced concrete (RC) multi-storey commercial building with two different zones IV & V. The analysis is Carried out with the help of FEM software’s ETABS. G+20 Multi-Storey Building with Basement, 3 podium Floor and 14 storey (Including future expansion). High-rise buildings have unique structural challenges due to their height, especially under seismic loading. Different values of Seismic Zone Factor are taken and their corresponding effects are interpreted in the results.
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Yassin, Amer, and Rifat Resatoglu. "RC BUILDINGS RESPONSE TO EARTHQUAKES: NONLINEAR STATIC ANALYSIS CONSIDERING VARYING SOIL TYPES AND SEISMIC CODES." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 20, no. 3 (2024): 125–44. https://doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2024-20-3-125-144.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) building construction remains predominant in Northern Cyprus, offering resilience against natural disasters when appropriately designed and implemented. This paper presents a seismic analysis of RC building systems across different stories, configurations, and soil classes, according to three seismic design codes: The Northern Cyprus Seismic Code 2015 (NCSC-2015), Eurocode 8 (EC 8), and Turkish Buildings Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018). The study compares regular and irregular forms of Moment Resisting Frame (MRF) and MRF combined with Shear Walls (MRF+SW) systems in various configurations: G+3, G+7, and G+11 for regular buildings, and only G+11 for irregular buildings. Pushover analysis using ETABSv18 was employed to assess base shear, displacement, and plastic hinge behavior. The results indicate that structural regularity enhances resistance and longevity compared to irregular configurations, with shear walls augmenting resistance against earthquake loads in both regular and irregular buildings. Furthermore, soil class emerges as a significant factor influencing results across the codes. While variations among the codes were not consistently observed, EC 8 and TBEC-2018 often appeared more conservative, with TBEC-2018 demonstrating greater adaptability to advanced technologies and a more detailed parameter consideration.
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Bhat, Akeel Firdos, and Er Vikas Kumar. "Comparative Study on Deflection of a Multistoried Building with Shear Wall and Core Wall." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (2022): 3743–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43212.
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Abstract: To ensure the seismic effectiveness of highrise buildings different systems of lateral restraints are provided e.g., bracings, shear walls, core walls etc. In the present study, deflection of various joints, storeys & also the drifts have been gone through. For this purpose, 3 different models of multi-storeyed buildings were prepared consisting of a G+6 building with shear wall at the centre of edges on exterior walls, G+6 building with a core wall & G+8 building with a core wall were prepared using an integrated building designing software known as ETABS- 2016 (student version). A 3-bay building was modelled using M30 concrete mix and reinforcing steel bars of HYSD 415 for beams, columns, slabs as well as shear walls. After this pier labels were assigned to the shear walls. A variety of load cases like joint loads, dead loads, live loads, wind load in x-direction for terrain category 4, earthquake loads in x & y directions for zone II along with their combinations were assigned. The respective diaphragms were assigned to the three models & analysis was carried out at the end. The table of results was obtained and the deflection analysis was carried out to compare the relative effectiveness of shear walls & core walls at different locations of the multi-storeyed building. The codes taken into consideration during the progress of work were IS 456:2000 for plain and reinforced concrete, IS 875:2015 (Part 1) for wind loads & IS 1893:2002 for earthquake loads. Keywords: Earthquakes, Shear wall, Core wall, Lateral deflection.
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Arunkumar, S., and M.Raffikbasha. "Seismic and Wind Analysis of Hostel Building (G+3) Using STAAD Pro." Journal of Engineering Analysis and Design 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7601816.
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<em>Due to the growing population, it is becoming more difficult to build homes individually because each person needs a vast space. High rise building adaptation has therefore increased. Before a structure is built, it is crucial that civil engineers evaluate and design it. Software is required to obtain precise values for the loads, stresses, and bending moments of a part. STAAD PRO is the programme that can create intricate architectural models. Because of its precision, structural engineers have employed it. STAAD PRO software has examined our building's 120-student capacity model. It has about 60 rooms that were allocated in accordance with norms. According to IS standards, the material qualities of steel and concrete have been allocated. We studied and designed the beams, columns, slabs, and staircase using this software. The outcomes are downloaded from the programme and contrasted with hand computations created in accordance with S:456-2000. Under loads, the structure is secure.</em>
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Roberts, Lois. "Discussion of “Partnering: Building a Stronger Design Team” by Richard G. Weingardt." Journal of Architectural Engineering 3, no. 3 (1997): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(1997)3:3(142).
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Weingardt, Richard G. "Closure to “Partnering: Building a Stronger Design Team” by Richard G. Weingardt." Journal of Architectural Engineering 3, no. 3 (1997): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(1997)3:3(142.2).
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Krishna, Himanshu, and Prince Yadav. "Study the Seismic Behavior of Special Columns in Multi-Story (G+4) Building for Seismic Zone III." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (2022): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46215.
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Abstract: Columns are RC building structural elements that are primarily subjected to axial load and moments as they transport them from the superstructure to the substructure. Columns of various shapes and sizes are used. Popular column shapes include square, rectangular, and circular columns, as well as L-shaped, T-shaped, and (+) shaped columns, which are uncommon but provide more interior space than commonly used column shapes. This study aims to examine the seismic performance of multistory G+4 buildings with Rectangular columns and building with specially shaped columns. According to IS Code 1893(part 1):2016, the proposed buildings are analyzed using equivalent static analysis for zone III in soil condition 3. ETABs are used to analyze the models. After analysis, we conclude that buildings having special columns are safer and have more space as compared to the regular shaped column buildings
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Mohammed, Gazanfer, and Rajashree Chinta Prof. "Analysis Of Multistoried Irregular Building With And Without Floating Column Using Etabs." Journal of Scientific Research and Technology (JSRT) 1, no. 6 (2023): 100–118. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8317104.
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In construction scenario of present days, floating column is growing as a new feature for the reinforced concrete framed buildings in urban regions of India. Generally, in earthquake prone areas such type of practices is undesirable. Use of floating column tends to increase the moments in columns, storey shear and storey drifts, etc. which ultimately decreases the strength of structures. The present study emphasizes to evaluate the presence and absence of floating column in high rise Irregular building for the different cases of RC frames were studied and analysed by dynamic analysis. In present study eight models are used ‘Model 1 (G+14 Irregular building without floating column)’, ‘Model 2 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in ground floor only)’, ‘Model 3 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in second floor only)’, ‘Model 4 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in third floor only)’, ‘Model 5 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in fifth floor only)’. ‘Model 6 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in seventh floor only)’, ‘Model 7 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in ninth floor only)’, ‘Model 8 (G+14 Irregular building with floating column at all four corners in eleventh floor only)’ Seismic analyses of all eight models have been carried out using Response Spectrum Method (RSM) at zone (IV). Further comparisons of results on the basis of parameters such as Storey Drifts, Storey Displacements, etc. for all eight models are executed. This analysis is executed using ETABS 2016 software as per the codal provisions of IS: 1893-2002. In this way floating column structures play a vital role for the occupancy and free circulation feature. Present study claims that the use of floating column in seismically active areas may cause a hazardous damage to the RC frame structures.
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Yassin, Amer, and Rifat Resatoglu. "Nonlinear Static Analysis of RC Buildings: Effects of Soil Type and Seismic Code Differences on Structural Performance." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 35, no. 3 (2024): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.35.3.35817.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) building construction remains predominant in Northern Cyprus, offering resilience against natural disasters when appropriately designed and implemented. The study presents a seismic analysis of RC building models across different soil classes, stories, and configurations, according to multiple seismic design codes: Eurocode 8 (EC8), Northern Cyprus Seismic Code 2015 (NCSC-2015), and Turkish Buildings Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018). This paper compares regular and irregular forms of Moment Resisting Frame (MRF) and MRF combined with Shear Walls (MRF+SW) systems in various configurations. These configurations include G+3, G+7, and G+11 for regular buildings, and only G+11 for irregular buildings. Pushover analysis using ETABSv18 was employed to assess the base shear, plastic hinge behavior, and displacement. The results indicate that the regularity of the structures enhances resistance and longevity compared to irregular configurations, with shear walls augmenting resistance against earthquake loads in both regular and irregular buildings. Furthermore, soil class emerges as a significant factor influencing results across the codes. While variations among the codes were not consistently observed, EC 8 and TBEC-2018 often appeared more conservative, with TBEC-2018 demonstrating greater adaptability to advanced technologies and a more detailed parameter consideration.
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Yassin, Amer, and Rifat Resatoglu. "Nonlinear Static Analysis of RC Buildings: Effects of Soil Type and Seismic Code Differences on Structural Performance." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 36, no. 3 (2024): 111–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.36.3.35817.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) building construction remains predominant in Northern Cyprus, offering resilience against natural disasters when appropriately designed and implemented. The study presents a seismic analysis of RC building models across different soil classes, stories, and configurations, according to multiple seismic design codes: Eurocode 8 (EC8), Northern Cyprus Seismic Code 2015 (NCSC-2015), and Turkish Buildings Earthquake Code 2018 (TBEC-2018). This paper compares regular and irregular forms of Moment Resisting Frame (MRF) and MRF combined with Shear Walls (MRF+SW) systems in various configurations. These configurations include G+3, G+7, and G+11 for regular buildings, and only G+11 for irregular buildings. Pushover analysis using ETABSv18 was employed to assess the base shear, plastic hinge behavior, and displacement. The results indicate that the regularity of the structures enhances resistance and longevity compared to irregular configurations, with shear walls augmenting resistance against earthquake loads in both regular and irregular buildings. Furthermore, soil class emerges as a significant factor influencing results across the codes. While variations among the codes were not consistently observed, EC 8 and TBEC-2018 often appeared more conservative, with TBEC-2018 demonstrating greater adaptability to advanced technologies and a more detailed parameter consideration.
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Pranveer and Mr Vishnu Kumar. "Planning, Analysis, Design and Estimation of a Residential Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 13, no. 1 (2025): 1133–62. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2025.66517.
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Abstract: One of the main issues facing the nation is its fast expanding population, which requires more facilities due to the limited amount of land available. To some extent, this can be resolved by developing residential buildings. A residential building is any structure that offers lodging, such as private homes, apartments, hotels, dorms, or other types of lodging. In this project, a 40 x 60-foot G+5 residential building with three bedrooms, a hall, and a kitchen will be analyzed and designed in accordance with local guidelines as well as municipal rules and regulations. In accordance with IS 875 (Part-1), IS 875 (Part-2), and IS 875 (Part-3)-1987, gravity loads such as dead loads and live loads are provided for analysis and design utilizing STAAD pro software. Lastly, calculate the building's overall cost.
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Ibrahim, Rayan, Rebecca Jackson, and Erika L. C. King. "Introducing 3-Path Domination in Graphs." Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing 121, no. 1 (2024): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.61091/jcmcc121-10.
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The dominating set of a graph G is a set of vertices D such that for every v ∈ V ( G ) either v ∈ D or v is adjacent to a vertex in D . The domination number, denoted γ ( G ) , is the minimum number of vertices in a dominating set. In 1998, Haynes and Slater [1] introduced paired-domination. Building on paired-domination, we introduce 3-path domination. We define a 3-path dominating set of G to be D = { Q 1 , Q 2 , … , Q k | Q i is a 3-path } such that the vertex set V ( D ) = V ( Q 1 ) ∪ V ( Q 2 ) ∪ ⋯ ∪ V ( Q k ) is a dominating set. We define the 3-path domination number, denoted by γ P 3 ( G ) , to be the minimum number of 3-paths needed to dominate G . We show that the 3-path domination problem is NP-complete. We also prove bounds on γ P 3 ( G ) and improve those bounds for particular families of graphs such as Harary graphs, Hamiltonian graphs, and subclasses of trees. In general, we prove γ P 3 ( G ) ≤ n 3 .
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N, SRAVAN KUMAR. "MODELLING AND LAYOUT OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING USING AUTOCAD AND 3DS MAX." International Research Journal of Education and Technology 6, no. 11 (2024): 1110–13. https://doi.org/10.70127/irjedt.vol.6.issue12.1113.
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Srivastav, Shubham, and Deepak Kumar. "A Research Paper on Residential G+2 Story Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 4701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52494.
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Abstract: The principle objective of this project is to analyse and design a multi-storied building {G + 2(3-dimensional frame)} using STAAD Pro. The design involves load calculations manually and analysing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD-Pro analysis are Limit State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. STAAD. Pro features a state-ofthe-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD. Pro is the professional’s choice. Initially we started with the analysis of simple 2-dimensional frames and manually checked the accuracy of the software with our results.
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Mohammed, Zameer Ahamed J., and Ranjitha S. "Design and Analysis of a Multistorey (G+3) Residential Structure using AUTOCAD & STAAD PRO." Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering and Project Management 7, no. 2 (2024): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12755187.
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<em>For a structural engineer to remain competitive in the continuously expanding industry, time-saving is crucial. In response, an effort is made to use the software program staad pro to study and design a multistory building. When studying a multi-story building, it is important to take into account all potential loading scenarios and ensure that the structure is safe under all circumstances. Numerous techniques exist for analyzing various frames, including the Matrix approach, Kani's method, the cantilever method, and the portal method. The goal of the current project is to design and analyze a multi-story G+3 residential complex with two apartments on each floor. The application of live and dead loads, as well as the design for beams, columns, footing is obtained with its additional features, STAAD Pro outperformed its predecessors and competitors thanks to its ability to share data with other well-known programs like AutoCAD. In summary, staad pro is an extremely effective tool that saves a great deal of time and is highly accurate in designs. Thus, it can be said that the staad pro package is appropriate for use in multistory building design.</em> <em> </em>
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G.Prasanna, Lakshmi* Dr M.Helen Santhi. "SEISMIC EVALUATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH MASONRY WALL USING ETABS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 5, no. 5 (2016): 806–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.51966.
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Past earthquakes showed poor performance of reinforced concrete framed buildings infilled with masonry wall. This study focuses on the evaluation of G+3 storeyed residential Reinforced Concrete (RC) building with brick masonry wall subjected to earthquake load. The influence of masonry on the seismic resistance of RC building is studied. The strut action with different percentage of opening for doors and windows are analysed. The building is assumed to be located in seismic zone III. The building is designed as per IS 456-2000 and the lateral loads are determined as per sixth revision of IS 1893(Part 1)-2002. This study is carried out with nonlinear parameters using pushover analysis in ETABS.
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Tuomi, Tapani, Kari Reijula, Tom Johnsson, et al. "Mycotoxins in Crude Building Materials from Water-Damaged Buildings." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 5 (2000): 1899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.5.1899-1904.2000.
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ABSTRACT We analyzed 79 bulk samples of moldy interior finishes from Finnish buildings with moisture problems for 17 mycotoxins, as well as for fungi that could be isolated using one medium and one set of growth conditions. We found the aflatoxin precursor, sterigmatocystin, in 24% of the samples and trichothecenes in 19% of the samples. Trichothecenes found included satratoxin G or H in five samples; diacetoxyscirpenol in five samples; and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, verrucarol, or T-2-tetraol in an additional five samples. Citrinine was found in three samples. Aspergillus versicolor was present in most sterigmatocystin-containing samples, and Stachybotrys spp. were present in the samples where satratoxins were found. In many cases, however, the presence of fungi thought to produce the mycotoxins was not correlated with the presence of the expected compounds. However, when mycotoxins were found, some toxigenic fungi usually were present, even if the species originally responsible for producing the mycotoxin was not isolated. We conclude that the identification and enumeration of fungal species present in bulk materials are important to verify the severity of mold damage but that chemical analyses are necessary if the goal is to establish the presence of mycotoxins in moldy materials.
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R., Sateesh Kumar, Deepak J., and Srinivas |. T. Prashanth O. "Heat Load Calculations and Duct Design for Commercial Building G 2." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 3, no. 3 (2019): 1253–58. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23309.
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The modern commercial or office building consists of the HVAC system which is Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioned. In this report, we'll going to identify the purpose and goals of HVAC system, describe HVAC types, describe HVAC parts and describe how this part works together or its working cycle. outsides to air conditioning there are ventilation systems like ceiling fan, fresh air supply and exhaust fan where ceiling fan is used is used to ventilate the air with rotating blades and exhaust fan is used to displace the inside air to the outside environment, fresh air supply is used to displace the inside air to the outside environment by supplying fresh air from the outside air. And also the design of duct by using the heat load calculations based on that how much amount of air to be carried out to gain the required cooling inside the area is determined and also creating the comfortable zone for the humans. R. Sateesh Kumar | J. Deepak | O. Srinivas | T. Prashanth "Heat Load Calculations and Duct Design for Commercial Building G+2" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23309.pdf
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Waqas, Abu. "Analysis of a G+12 3-Dimensional Building Frame considering Green Building and Energy Efficient Technique using Analysis Tool ETABS." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 5 (2019): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.5106.
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Patel, Asst Prof Nirav, and Chhining Lal Thapa Magar. "ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING (B+G+10) WITH FLAT SLABS IN ZONE ‘II’ USING ETABS AND SAFE SOFTWARE." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26197.
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Structural Engineering is a Branch of civil engineering which deals in the determination of behaviour of structures in order to predict the responses of real structures like bridges, Buildings, etc. under the improvement of expected loading and external environment during the service life of the structure. Structural Engineers these days are up against the challenging task of striving for the most efficient and most economical design with accuracy in solution while guaranteeing the final design of a building is serviceable for its design lifetime. In reality it’s very difficult to predict with certainty how much damage a building will experience for a given level of ground motion, because there are number of factors that affect the behaviour of the structural systems. The objective is to emphasize on structural behaviour of a commercial building (basement + ground+10 stories) installed with flat slabs for Bangalore (Zone 2) pertaining to medium soil. The building model is designed and analysed using ETABS (Extended Three dimensional analysis of Building System) and SAFE. ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of buildings. SAFE is the ultimate tool for designing concrete floor and foundation systems. The lateral loads induced from wind and earthquakes in the design and analysis of building is considered. The dead loads are calculated as per IS 875(part 1)-1987, live load is taken as per IS 875(part 2)-1987, earthquake load has been taken as per IS 1893-2002(part 1) and wind load has been taken from IS 875 (part 3)1987. The manual calculations for the design of structural members were compared with the software results which were found to be satisfactory. All the design and detailing procedures for structural members were carried out as per the guidelines of Bureau of Indian Standard code books.
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Kene, Piyush. "A Comparative Study on Analysis of a Conventional Multi-Storey Building & a Monocolumn Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 3851–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35964.
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The comparative study on analysis of RCC Frame structure supported on a single column and multi-column is done in this project. Cost comparison , Ground space comparison is done between RCC single column and RCC multi column structure .This paper presents structural modelling, stress, bending moment, shear force and displacement, deflection design considerations for a structure and it is analysed using STAAD-Pro. Various steps involved in designing of RCC Frame structure supported on a single column and multi-column by using software are Geometric Modelling, providing material properties and sectional Properties, fixing supports and boundary Conditions, providing loads & load combinations, Special Commands, Analysis Specification , Design Command and Report. The influence of plan geometry has an important role in static analysis. Maximum values of stresses, bending moments, shear forces and displacements and deflection are presented. The acting loads considered in the present analysis were dead load, Live load, floor load, and wind load. The project is to planning & analysis by using software for a multi storied building and single column building of G+3, G+7, G+15 floors. The design is done by taking in to account the requirements and standards recommended by IS code and national building rules.
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Prasanth, S., Goutam Ghosh, Praveen Kumar Gupta, Claudia Casapulla, and Linda Giresini. "Accounting for Resilience in the Selection of R Factors for a RC Unsymmetrical Building." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031316.
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Several design codes consider the non-linear response of a building by using one of the most important seismic parameters, called the response reduction factor (R). The lack of a detailed description of the R factor selection creates the need for a deeper study. This paper emphasises a methodology for the selection of a proper R factor based on resilience aspects. Unsymmetrical/irregular buildings have become the most common in recent times due to aesthetic purposes. However, because of the complexity due to the torsional effect, the selection of the R factor is even more difficult for this type of building. Therefore, a high-rise G+10-storey L-shaped building is herein considered. The building has re-entrant corners based on the structural/plan arrangement. Different R factors were used in the building design, considering buildings subjected to both unidirectional and bidirectional seismic loading scenarios. The building response with respect to various R factors (R equal to 3, 4, 5 and 6) in terms of its performance level, functionality, damage ratio and resilience was assessed at two design levels, i.e., design basic earthquake (DBE) and maximum considered earthquake (MCE). The study concludes that, considering the above criteria along with the resilience aspect, a maximum R factor up to 4 can be recommended for unidirectional loading, whereas for bidirectional loading, the maximum recommended R factor is 3.
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Han, Sunghyu. "MDS Self-Dual Codes and Antiorthogonal Matrices over Galois Rings." Information 10, no. 4 (2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10040153.
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In this study, we explore maximum distance separable (MDS) self-dual codes over Galois rings G R ( p m , r ) with p ≡ − 1 ( mod 4 ) and odd r. Using the building-up construction, we construct MDS self-dual codes of length four and eight over G R ( p m , 3 ) with ( p = 3 and m = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ), ( p = 7 and m = 2 , 3 ), ( p = 11 and m = 2 ), ( p = 19 and m = 2 ), ( p = 23 and m = 2 ), and ( p = 31 and m = 2 ). In the building-up construction, it is important to determine the existence of a square matrix U such that U U T = − I , which is called an antiorthogonal matrix. We prove that there is no 2 × 2 antiorthogonal matrix over G R ( 2 m , r ) with m ≥ 2 and odd r.
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Prajapati, Shivam. "“Analysis of Seismic Behaviours of RC Frame Structure With Bracing System and Without Bracing System”." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 1614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43868.
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Abstract: This work time history analysis is carried out for G+23 storey steel frame building with different pattern of bracing system. The member property of beams 300mm X 400mm and columns 300mm X 500mm and ISLB250 sections are used to compare for same patterns of beam, column and bracings. A software package ETABS SOFTWARE is using for the analysis of steel buildings and different parameters are compared. The property of the section is used as IS 456:2016 and per IS 800:2007 which is analysis for various types of bracings like X, V, inverted V, Eccen Forward, Eccen Back and without bracing and Performance of each frame is carried out and studied the comparatively through Response Spectrum Method as per IS:1893:2016. In this study model a G+23 with Square Shape building Plan 52m X 52m, height of each floor is 3.2m and Structure in Etabs software by Response Spectrum Method and Analysis the Earthquake analysis of the Structure in seismic zones III with soil Medium conditions. Parameter Using:Type of Building: RC buildings with and without Steel Bracing System Number of Floors: G+23 (Square Shape Building)Section Property: Beam size 300X400mm, Column size 300X500mm, and ISLB250 sections. Seismic Zone- III, Soil Site factor 2 for Medium Soil, Damping = 5% (as per table-3 clause 6.4.2), Zone factor for zone III, Z=0.16), Importance Factor I=1.5 (Important structure as per Table-6), Response Reduction Factor R=5 for Special steel moment resisting frame Table-7), Sa/g= Average acceleration coefficient (depend on Natural fundamental period)Grade of concrete is considered M25, Grade of Rebar is considered Fe-415, Grade of Steel –Fe-345,Dead Load for Wall = (3.2-0.4) X 0.23X20= 12.88 KN/m
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Drop, Marcin, Xavier Bantreil, Katarzyna Grychowska, et al. "Continuous flow ring-closing metathesis, an environmentally-friendly route to 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylates." Green Chemistry 19, no. 7 (2017): 1647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00235a.
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Li, L., H. Yang, Q. Chen, and X. Liu. "A STATISTICAL TEXTURE FEATURE FOR BUILDING COLLAPSE INFORMATION EXTRACTION OF SAR IMAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-871-2018.
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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) has become one of the most important ways to extract post-disaster collapsed building information, due to its extreme versatility and almost all-weather, day-and-night working capability, etc. In view of the fact that the inherent statistical distribution of speckle in SAR images is not used to extract collapsed building information, this paper proposed a novel texture feature of statistical models of SAR images to extract the collapsed buildings. In the proposed feature, the texture parameter of G<sup>0</sup> distribution from SAR images is used to reflect the uniformity of the target to extract the collapsed building. This feature not only considers the statistical distribution of SAR images, providing more accurate description of the object texture, but also is applied to extract collapsed building information of single-, dual- or full-polarization SAR data. The RADARSAT-2 data of Yushu earthquake which acquired on April 21, 2010 is used to present and analyze the performance of the proposed method. In addition, the applicability of this feature to SAR data with different polarizations is also analysed, which provides decision support for the data selection of collapsed building information extraction.
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Quadri, Shabbir Ahmed, Moinuddin, Faisal, et al. "Development of Laminar Box Setup for DSSI Analysis of G+3 Building with Isolated Foundation." Emperor Journal of Applied Scientific Research 02, no. 08 (2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35338/ejasr.2020.2803.
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Prashant, Gusain, Mahara Solindar, Thakur Riya, Vikramaditya Singh Rajkumar, Ramching Sharad, and Teri Tassar. "Structural Analysis and Design of a G+3 Residential Building: A Comparative Study in Dehradun." Research and Review: Journal of Structural and Building Construction 1, no. 2 (2025): 14–18. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15385906.
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<em>This paper presents a theoretical exploration of the structural analysis and design process for a G+3 (Ground plus three floors) residential building. The core objective is to compare traditional manual calculation techniques with the capabilities of structural analysis software (specifically STAAD Pro). The analysis considers fundamental load types: gravity loads (dead and live loads, following Indian Standard IS 875) and lateral loads, particularly seismic forces evaluated using the Equivalent Static Method outlined in IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016. Key structural elements like slabs, beams, and columns are designed based on the Limit State Method principles from IS 456:2000. The study contrasts the conceptual basis and application of manual methods (such as Kani's method for gravity frames and the Portal Frame method for lateral loads) against the computational power and precision offered by software. The findings generally show a conceptual alignment between the approaches, affirming the value of understanding manual methods while underscoring the significant advantages of software in handling complex analyses and optimizing designs in contemporary structural engineering.</em> <em> </em>
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БАБЕНКО, ОЛЕКСІЙ, ДМИТРО СТЕПАНОВ та НАТАЛІЯ СТЕПАНОВА. "МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЖИТЛОВОЇ БУДІВЛІ ЗА УМОВ РІЗНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ТЕПЛОВОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 337, № 3(2) (2024): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2024-337-3-3.
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The paper presents the results of modeling the process of energy consumption in public, residential, and commercial buildings as a result of the use of various sources of thermal energy. Buildings with such energy sources as: a) a low-temperature gas boiler with a capacity of up to 120 kW for the needs of heat supply of a residential building and freon air conditioning systems for the needs of cooling the building; b) a gas condensing boiler with a thermal capacity of up to 120 kW with a temperature regime of 55/45°C for heat supply and freon air conditioning systems for cooling; c) reversible heat pumping unit of the “ground-water” type with a temperature regime of 35/28°C for the needs of the heating and cooling system and a reversible heat pumping machine with a regime of 55/45°C for the needs of hot water supply; d) a reversible air-to-air heat pump for heating and cooling systems and electric boilers for hot water supply; e) a biomass solid fuel boiler with manual fuel loading with a heat output of more than 100 kW for heat supply and freon systems for cooling; f) a fuel pellet boiler with automatic mechanized fuel loading with a heat output of more than 100 kW for building heating and cooling and freon systems for cooling; g) centralized heating system of the building. The results of calculations of the specific primary energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions for each of the above heat sources are presented. It is established that biomass boilers have the lowest values of primary energy consumption and specific greenhouse gas emissions. The lowest efficiency is achieved by a district heating system with a centralized energy source. The modeling was conducted for the climatic conditions of Vinnytsia. At the same time, the disadvantage of using solid fuel boilers is the limitation of their use in densely populated areas, which is explained by the complexity of flue gas cleaning and regular biomass supply. Therefore, it has been determined that the most efficient source of thermal energy for buildings of various types to achieve the standardized energy efficiency indicators is a ground-to-water heat pump system. This installation, along with providing buildings with thermal energy, allows for cooling in the warm season, operating in reverse mode.
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NI, J. Q., A. J. HEBER, T. T. LIM, C. A. DIEHL, R. K. DUGGIRALA, and B. L. HAYMORE. "Hydrogen sulphide emission from two large pig-finishing buildings with long-term high-frequency measurements." Journal of Agricultural Science 138, no. 2 (2002): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859601001824.
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Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a common toxic air pollutant and is emitted from decomposing manure at animal facilities. However, there have been only a few studies of H2S emissions from animal buildings, especially those involving long-term, high-frequency measurements. In the current study, H2S emissions from two, 1000-head pig-finishing buildings in Illinois, USA, were monitored with a high-frequency measurement system for 6 months in 1997 during two, partial, pig-growth cycles. Air sample streams were continuously taken from the pit headspace, and the pit and wall fan exhaust air. Hydrogen sulphide concentration was measured at each location with H2S converters and sulphur dioxide (SO2) analysers during 16 or 24 sampling cycles per day, resulting in 4544 sampling cycles and 219 days of reliable data. Building ventilation rate was the summation of pit fan and wall fan airflow rates. Airflow rates of the underfloor manure pit fans were measured directly with full-size impeller anemometers or calculated from airflow/voltage relationships of the fans. Airflow rates of the wall fans were calculated from fan operation and differential static pressure data and fan performance curves. Mean H2S emission was 0·59 kg/day per building, 0·74 g/day per m2 of pit surface area, or 6·3 g/day per animal unit (AU = 500 kg animal weight). The determination of H2S emission per AU was restricted to 193 days when building occupancy was at least 700 pigs per building. Higher temperatures and building ventilation rates resulted in significantly higher H2S emissions per AU.
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Geller, Pamela L. "Building Nation, Becoming Object: The Bio-Politics of the Samuel G. Morton Crania Collection." Historical Archaeology 54, no. 1 (2020): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41636-019-00218-3.
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Boonyapinyo, Virote, and Norathape Choopool. "Seismic Performance and Cost Evaluations of Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Various Ductility in Moderate Seismic Zone." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 08, no. 02 (2014): 1450005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431114500055.
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This study is focused on the effects of the new standard of the building design under seismic loading in Thailand (DPT 1302-52) on cost estimates and the seismic performance of nine-story reinforced concrete apartment buildings with various ductility in moderate seismic zone and a gravity load designed (GLD) building. Both the nonlinear static pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses are applied. Comparisons of performance point (PF) evaluation of studied frames are investigated by three different methods, namely, capacity spectrum method (CSM), inelastic demand diagram method (IDDM), and nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) method. Five selected ground motion records are investigated in the analyses. In order to examine the influence of design ductility classes, the seismic forces on moment resisting frame buildings are defined according to the new standard of the building design under seismic loading in Thailand with ductility from 8, 5, and 3, corresponding to special ductile frame (SDF), intermediate ductile frame (IDF), and ordinary ductile frames (ODF), respectively. For the cost estimates, ODF is the most expensive among ODF, IDF, and SDF. Costs of SDF and IDF in Chiang Mai are quite similar. The results show that SDF is more ductile than that of ODF, however, the strength of SDF is less than ODF. The results indicate that all frames including GLD are able to withstand a design earthquake. The study also found that the average ductilities at the failure state for SDF, IDF, ODF, and GLD are 1.45, 1.42, 1.28, and 1.17, respectively. The average PGAs at the failure state for SDF, IDF, ODF, and GLD are 0.85 g, 0.83 g, 0.63 g, and 0.35 g, respectively when these buildings have the volumetric ratio of horizontal confinement within joint panel greater than 0.003. Moreover, at the failure state of GLD with volumetric ratio of horizontal confinement within joint panel less than 0.003, the average PGA is only 0.17 g which is lower than the design earthquake of PGA of 0.39 g in the draft DPT. The SDF and IDF are the two best options in consideration of cost and seismic performance.
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Ranjan, Amay Kumar, and Dipali Jaiswal. "An Experimental Approach on Design Analysis of G+ 3 Multistory Building using Staad-Pro and Autocad." International Journal of Research 11, no. 3 (2024): 162–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10854554.
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<em>Structural planning and analysis is an art and science of designing with economy, elegance and sturdiness. Structural designing requires an in-depth structural analysis on which the planning is predicted, to compete within the ever competitive market, The use of software can save many-man hours and efforts in structural analysis and an effort was made in the present study to achieve this objective. Study deals with the planning and analysis of G+3 multi-storey building using AutoCAD and Staad-Pro software. The building consists of a parking space on the ground floor and the other three units i.e. one unit of 2BHK and two units of 1BHK on the first second and third floor. The drafting and detailing work was completed using AutoCAD software and thereafter the entire design work was completed using “Staad-Pro v8i ss6. Manual analysis of seismic load is compared preferably with the results of software and thus it's concluded that Staad-Pro is suitable tool that may save considerable time and gives sufficiently accurate results.</em>
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CARBONE, LISA, and LEIGH COBBS. "INFINITE DESCENDING CHAINS OF COCOMPACT LATTICES IN KAC–MOODY GROUPS." Journal of Algebra and Its Applications 10, no. 06 (2011): 1187–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219498811005130.
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Let A be a symmetrizable affine or hyperbolic generalized Cartan matrix. Let G be a locally compact Kac–Moody group associated to A over a finite field 𝔽q. We suppose that G has type ∞, that is, the Weyl group W of G is a free product of ℤ/2ℤ's. This includes all locally compact Kac–Moody groups of rank 2 and three possible locally compact rank 3 Kac–Moody groups of noncompact hyperbolic type. For every prime power q, we give a sufficient condition for the rank 2 Kac–Moody group G to contain a cocompact lattice [Formula: see text] with quotient a simplex, and we show that this condition is satisfied when q = 2s. If further Mq and [Formula: see text] are abelian, we give a method for constructing an infinite descending chain of cocompact lattices … Γ3 ≤ Γ2 ≤ Γ1 ≤ Γ. This allows us to characterize each of the quotient graphs of groups Γi\\X, the presentations of the Γi and their covolumes, where X is the Tits building of G, a homogeneous tree. Our approach is to extend coverings of edge-indexed graphs to covering morphisms of graphs of groups with abelian groupings. This method is not specific to cocompact lattices in Kac–Moody groups and may be used to produce chains of subgroups acting on trees in a general setting. It follows that the lattices constructed in the rank 2 Kac–Moody group have the Haagerup property. When q = 2 and rank (G) = 3 we show that G contains a cocompact lattice Γ′1 that acts discretely and cocompactly on a simplicial tree [Formula: see text]. The tree [Formula: see text] is naturally embedded in the Tits building X of G, a rank 3 hyperbolic building. Moreover Γ′1 ≤ Λ′ for a non-discrete subgroup Λ′ ≤ G whose quotient Λ′ \ X is equal to G\X. Using the action of Γ′1 on [Formula: see text] we construct an infinite descending chain of cocompact lattices …Γ′3 ≤ Γ′2 ≤ Γ′1 in G. We also determine the quotient graphs of groups [Formula: see text], the presentations of the Γ′i and their covolumes.
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Bhawsar, Piyush, and Dr Umesh Pendharkar. "A Comparative Study of the Seismic Behaviour of G+20 Storey Symmetrical Buildings Constructed with Light Weight Concrete and Normal Weight Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 10 (2023): 2070–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56399.
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Abstract: Concrete with a density of less than 2000 kg/m^3 is considered lightweight concrete. Structural lightweight concrete (SLWC) is used to reduce the dead load of concrete structures. The purpose of this research is to examine and compare the results of SLWC made with scoria and normal weight concrete (NWC) and normal and light weight concrete(NAL) multistorey buildings. Multistorey buildings are often constructed of ordinary concrete, steel, and other materials. They are subjected to heavy loads, requiring heavy construction that may not be cost-effective. In this paper, a G+20multistorey plan symmetrical building is analysed using the response spectrum method with SLWC and NWC. Bending moment, shear force, storey shear, storey drift, and storey displacement are considered. The results of the NWC and SLWC and NAL buildings are compared . Concluding the research work that when comparing symmetrical plan area cases of normal concrete, light weight concrete and combination of normal and light weight concrete for all the result parameters, light weight concrete seems to be very efficient and most favorable case. Hence should be recommended when this type of construction procedure will be adopted, i.e. always use building with lightweight concrete
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Dudhal, Mr Vaibhav B. "Effect of Variation in Shapes of High Rise Structures on Resistance against Seismic Loads." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (2023): 1659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53943.
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Abstract: When a building is carried by Heavy Loads, which includes both Earthquakes and wind loads, a major building collapse occurs. Many modern buildings are involved in the value of buildings, and it is very difficult to plan with a standard design. This inconsistency is the cause of building collapse due to flexible loads. As a result, thorough research is needed to achieve high performance and even poor configuration. The impact of vertical alignment and bulk instability on multi-storey buildings under flexible loads is investigated in this work. Three RC building frames have been selected, and it is recommended that all framed and modified frames be analyzed. The ETABS analysis system is recommended to be analyzed by all parties to determine all migrations. The 3-D frames of the G + 20 floor with the same height arrangement across its entire length and the exact uneven configuration starting on the 9th floor are considered in this study. It is suggested that the responses of all previous frames are limited to all upload combinations. The reaction spectrum analysis method is proposed to detect lateral loads and floor checks of all three frames due to earthquake loads, and IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 recommends dynamic analysis (direct dynamic analysis).
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Reshi, Sameer Ahmad, and Bharmjeet Singh. "A Study on Seismic Response of RCC Buildings on Hill Slopes Using STAAD.Pro." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (2022): 2909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41932.
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Abstract: The majority of India's hilly regions are prone to earthquakes. A building on a steep slope is distinct from other structures. That is to say, structures that are to be constructed on hilly terrain have a higher risk factor of falling prey to seismic activities as compared to their counterparts built on a rather plainer terrain. The numerous floors/storeys of such a structure step back towards the hill slope, and buildings may also have setbacks. As such, the column of a hill structure sits at different heights on the angle of the terrain; its analysis differs from that of buildings on level ground. The current study looked at G+3 and G+4 structures with different slope angles, such as 00 , 7.50 , 150 , 22.50 , and 300 . Both Step back and Step back & set back types of building configurations have been studied in this paper. The earthquake forces are calculated according to IS: 18932002; the structures are situated in seismic zone IV, with a damping ratio of 5%. Linear Static and Linear Dynamic methods were employed to conduct the seismic study. To investigate the influence of shifting column heights in the ground level due to sloping ground, a 3-dimensional analytical model of building plan was created and the same was studied using the structural analysis application "STAAD.Pro." To quantify the effects of diverse sloping terrain, response parameters like top storey displacement, base shear, shear in bottom storey column, and time period were thoroughly studied. It has been discovered that short columns on the elevated side of the terrain/slope experience a greater shear force as compared to columns of increased height on the lower side of the terrain. Under earthquake stresses, Step back & Setback structures showed better resilience to seismic forces as compared to Step back buildings. Step back setback buildings have substantially lower base shear and top floor displacement than setback buildings on sloping land. Keywords: Earthquake, Slope, STAAD.Pro, Step back, Step back & set back
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Khadra, Alaa, Jan Akander, Xingxing Zhang, and Jonn Are Myhren. "Assessing the Economic and Environmental Dimensions of Large-Scale Energy-Efficient Renovation Decisions in District-Heated Multifamily Buildings from Both the Building and Urban Energy System Perspectives." Energies 18, no. 3 (2025): 513. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030513.
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The European Union (EU) has introduced a range of policies to promote energy efficiency, including setting specific targets for energy-efficient renovations across the EU building stock. This study provides a comprehensive environmental and economic assessment of energy-efficient renovation scenarios in a large-scale multifamily building project that is district-heated, considering both the building and the broader urban energy system. A systematic framework was developed for this assessment and applied to a real case in Sweden, where emission factors from energy production are significantly lower than the EU average: 114 g CO2e/kWh for district heating and 37 g CO2e/kWh for electricity. The project involved the renovation of four similar district-heated multifamily buildings with comparable energy efficiency measures. The primary distinction between the measures lies in the type of HVAC system installed: (1) exhaust ventilation with air pressure control, (2) mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, (3) exhaust ventilation with an exhaust air heat pump, and (4) exhaust ventilation with an exhaust air heat pump combined with photovoltaic (PV) panels. The study’s findings show that the building with an exhaust air heat pump which operates intermittently with PV panels achieves the best environmental performance from both perspectives. A key challenge identified for future research is balancing the reduced electricity production from Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants within the energy system.
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Ting, Sharon Shu Sze, Roslinda Ali, Noraini Marsi, et al. "Utilising Different Ratios of Plastic Waste Composition to Produce an Ecobrick as a Sustainable Building Material." Journal of Advanced Research Design 131, no. 1 (2025): 76–89. https://doi.org/10.37934/ard.131.1.7689.
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One of the most important building materials in construction is brick. Nevertheless, the production of brick brings more disadvantages than advantages to the environment and human health. Ecobrick has been identified as one of the tools that can be used as a sustainable building material in construction. In general, an ecobrick is a recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle filled with mixed inorganic waste such as used plastic, packaging or other wastes to a set density. The aim of this research is to determine the best ratio of plastic waste in PET bottles to produce ecobrick as a construction material. This research was conducted to evaluate the strength of the different density ratios of plastic waste in PET bottles in terms of compressive strength, drop impact resistance and flexural strength. A total of seven ecobrick samples with density ratios of 0 g/ml, 0.15 g/ml, 0.25 g/ml, 0.35 g/ml, 0.45 g/ml, 0.55 g/ml and 0.65 g/ml were prepared. The samples were tested using compressive tests, drop tests, flexural tests and failure analysis. The tests revealed that the optimum density ratio of an ecobrick is 0.45 g/ml. Subsequently, 3-unit and 6-unit blocks were developed to test the strength of the ecobrick with a density ratio of 0.45 g/ml. This was done to investigate the feasibility of ecobrick as a construction material. The compressive strength for the 6-unit ecobrick was 9272.13 N while the compressive strength for the 3-unit ecobrick was 3649.03N. It can thus be concluded that a combination of ecobrick units provides greater compressive strength which makes it suitable as construction material.
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Bhavani Nithya R, Ram Prakash M, Mr.Saravanaraja R, and Dr.Thirumalai Raja K. "Study of Concrete Frame Structure of Commercial Building with Floating Column." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 2 (2023): 824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i02.090.
Full textAbstract:
The planning process is the art and science of design with the construction that is economical, robust and durable. This project is primarily based on code Design and Analysis of Frame Buildings. The entire standard planning and design process requires thinking, knowledge, and reflection. Analysis and design of G+2 storey commercial buildings using IS criteria. Analysis and all samples were generated by and analyzed by STAAD Pro. software. All the drawing and detailing was done by AutoCAD, which was also the basis for the conversion of structure to analysis and design in STAAD Pro. Floors, beams, stairs, etc. in this project. It design adopts the IS: 456-2000. Consider the difference between the positions of members pursuant to IS; 875-1987 (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3). Therefore, the construction of buildings has been planned as per the Indian National Building Code.