Journal articles on the topic 'G.A. Serlachius Oy'

O presente trabalho foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras, no período de fevereiro a junho de 2002, com os objetivos de avaliar para o arroz (Oriza sativa L. cv. Jequitibá), cultivado em solos de várzea inundados, a resposta à adubação potássica e a contribuição das formas de K na nutrição, e estimar os níveis críticos do nutriente nos solos e na planta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x5, com quatro repetições, sendo quatro solos de várzea [Neossolo Flúvico (RU), Gleissolo Háplico (GX), Gleissolo Melânico (GM) e Organossolo Mésico (OY)] e cinco níveis de saturação por K da CTC potencial (natural, 4, 6, 8 e 10%). As saturações naturais foram de 1,49, 1,65, 1,30 e 1,55% para os solos RU, GX, GM e OY, respectivamente. Inicialmente, amostras suficientes de 4 dm³ dos solos receberam correção com calcário para elevar a V a 50% e incubados por 30 dias. Em seguida, amostras de 3 dm³ dos solos receberam os tratamentos com potássio e uma adubação básica com macro e micronutrientes e foram incubados por mais 30 dias em vasos com capacidade para 5 dm³. No final desse período, os solos foram inundados onde se cultivaram duas plantas de arroz por vaso, nas quais avaliaram-se os teores foliares de K no florescimento e a produção de grãos no final do ciclo. Em subamostras obtidas dos solos dos vasos antes e após o cultivo, analisaram-se as formas de potássio: K total (Ktot), K não-trocável (Knt), K trocável (Ktr), K em solução (Ksol) e K disponível pelo extrator Mehlich 1 (K M1). Pelos resultados, verificou-se que o arroz respondeu em produção de grãos à adubação potássica em todos os solos estudados. Houve aproveitamento do Knt pela cultura, embora o Ktr tenha sido a forma que mais contribuiu no suprimento do nutriente. As saturações críticas por K para 90% da produção máxima foram 4,0, 8,1, 7,8 e 4,4% para os solos RU, GX, GM e OY, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, os níveis críticos foliares de K foram 9,6, 11,1, 10,2 e 11,5 g kg-1.

The Xi'an Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology has developed a small sample 14C dating facility consisting of a Wallac 1220 Quantulus™ liquid scintillation spectrometer, and a miniature benzene synthesis line based on the synthesis procedures used at the Australian National University (ANU). This line can produce ca. 0.3-ml benzene samples, which are then measured for 14C activity using 0.3-ml Teflon vials developed by Wallac Oy. The counting performance of the Quantulus™ spectrometer using 0.3-ml vials has been evaluated, and a potential age limit of ca. 45,000 BP has been obtained for samples containing up to 250 mg carbon. This dating facility fills the gap between large sample (2.4–6 g carbon) and microsample (<1 mg carbon) handling to form a 14C dating method sequence.

Perunatärkkelysteollisuuden sivutuotteena syntyvästä solunesteestä saadaan perunaproteiinia saostamalla valkuaisfraktio lämmön ja pH:n säätelyn avulla. Proteiinin valmistus olisi kausiluonteista tehtaan toimiessa syksyisin. Toistaiseksi soluneste levitetään pelloille. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin ravintoaineiden kokonais- ja ohutsuolisulavuus sioilla ja käyttömäärä soijarouheen korvaajana lihasikojen ruokinnassa. Sulavuuskokeessa oli neljä ohutsuolikanyloitua 60 kg painoista leikkosikaa. Koemallina oli 4*2 change-over. Tutkittu valkuaisrehu, kotimainen kuivaamaton perunaproteiini (Finnamyl Oy) tai kuivattu perunaproteiinivalmiste (Avebe Feed, Hollanti) oli sikojen ainoa valkuaisen ja aminohappojen lähde. Ruokintakokeessa oli 112 lihasikaa pariruokinnalla painovälillä 27-110 kg. Imisät ja leikot kasvatettiin erikseen. Ohrapohjaisissa rehuissa korvattiin 0, 25, 50 tai 75 % soijarouheen valkuaisesta kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin valkuaisella. Sioilla oli kaksivaiheruokinta (1,5-3,2 ry/d). Kuivaamattomassa perunaproteiinissa oli kuiva-ainetta noin 200 g/kg, raakavalkuaista 650 g/kg ka ja lysiiniä 8,8 g/100 g raakavalkuaista. Se oli tahmaantuvaa massaa, jonka käsittely oli vaikeaa. Ravintoaineiden kokonaissulavuus oli huonompi kuin kuivatun perunaproteiinin. Erityisesti kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin raakavalkuainen suli huonommin kuin kuivatun (83,3 % vs. 95,0 %, P<0,10). Tämän vuoksi kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin rehuyksikköarvo oli pienempi kuin kuivatun (0,87 vs. 1,01 ry/kg). Kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin lysiinin, metioniinin ja treoniinin ohutsuolisulavuus oli 72,1 %, 74,8 % ja 68,5 % ja kuivatun perunaproteiinin vastaavasti 89,5 %, 93,5 % ja 89,3 % (P<0,05). Kasvatuskokeessa soijarouheen valkuaisen korvaaminen perunaproteiinin valkuaisella ei vaikuttanut sikojen päiväkasvuun tai kasvatusaikaan. Siat kasvoivat 986 g, 1009 g, 1007 g ja 1003 g/d korvattaessa soijan valkuaisesta 0, 25, 50 ja 75 % perunaproteiinilla. Rehuhyötysuhdetta perunaproteiinin käyttö paransi suoraviivaisesti (2,59, 2,49, 2,50 ja 2,45 ry/kg, P<0,001). Perunaproteiini ei vaikuttanut sikojen ruhon lihaprosenttiin (59,0, 59,5, 59,5 ja 58,9 %). Kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin aminohappojen sulavuus vastasi ohran aminohappojen sulavuutta, mutta siinä oli sulavaa lysiiniä noin 41 g/kg ka, eli enemmän kuin soijarouheessa. Syynä kuivaamattoman perunaproteiinin kaupallista valmistetta huonompaan aminohappojen sulavuuteen voivat olla haitta-aineet tai prosessointiolosuhteet. Lihasikojen ruokinnassa kuivaamattomalla perunaproteiinilla voidaan korvata 75 % soija-rouheen valkuaisesta, jolloin sen käyttömäärä rehun kuiva-aineesta on noin 11 % alkukasvatuksessa ja 7 % loppukasvatuksessa. Perunaproteiinin kuiva-ainepitoisuutta tulisi pienentää, jotta rehu olisi juoksevaa. Perunaproteiinilla olisi arvokkaan valkuaiskoostumuksensa takia käyttöä porsasrehuissa. Tätä tarkoitusta varten rehu tulisi kuivata.

Elintarviketeollisuusliiton toimialayhdistys Öljynpuristamoyhdistys on aloittamassa EU:n sisämarkkinoille suunnattua menekinedistämisrahoitusta rypsiöljyn tiedotus- ja menekinedistämisohjelmalle Suomessa. Ohjelman tavoitteena on parantaa rypsiöljyn imagoa, lisätä tietämystä sen hyvistä ominaisuuksista sekä lisätä rypsiöljyn kulutusta.Yleinen kiinnostus terveyttä kohtaan ja terveyttä edistävien tuotteiden kysyntä lisääntyvät. Elintarviketeollisuuden tuotekehityksessä pyritään vastaamaan kysynnän tuomiin haasteisiin tarjoamalla uusia innovatiivisia ratkaisuja. ”Joskus parhaat asiat ovat nenämme alla.” Näin voidaan sanoa rypsiöljystä. Sen hyvät ravitsemukselliset ominaisuudet on tieteellisesti osoitettu ja sen käyttömahdollisuudet ovat monipuoliset. Lisäksi rypsiöljyn mieto maku antaa tilaa ruoka-aineiden omille mauille ja aromeille.Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön Tietopalvelukeskuksen julkaiseman Ravintotaseen mukaan suomalaisten keskimääräinen kasviöljyjen kulutus vuonna 2003 oli 5,3 kg ja siitä rypsiöljyn osuus oli noin 75 %. Suomessa käytetään keskimäärin kasviöljyjä 14,5 g eli ruokalusikallinen henkeä kohden päivässä. Vuosittain toistettavien AC Nielsenin Markets Trends -tilastojen mukaan Suomen vähittäismyynnissä olevien kasviöljyjen myynti on tasaantunut ja rypsiöljyn myynti on vähentynyt viime vuosina.Kolmivuotinen rypsiöljyn tiedotus- ja menekinedistämisohjelma ”Rypsiöljy – liian hyvää ollakseen totta” alkaa vuoden 2006 keväällä. Vuotuinen budjetti on 250 000 euroa, josta EU:n osuus on 50 %, Suomen valtion 20 % sekä toimialan 30 %. Öljynpuristamoyhdistyksen, jonka jäseniä ovat Ravintoraisio Oy ja Mildola Oy, lisäksi hankkeessa on mukana MTK. Ohjelman käytännön toteutuksesta vastaa mainostoimisto Recommended Finland Oy.Euroopan Unioni täydentää maatalouspoliittisia järjestelmiään maataloustuotteiden ja elintarvikkeiden menekinedistämisohjelmilla. Unioni rahoittaa kokonaan tai osittain toimenpiteitä, joiden tarkoituksena on antaa tietoa EU:n maataloustuotteista ja elintarvikkeista tai edistää niiden myyntiä niin sisämarkkinoilla kuin ns. kolmansissa maissa eli EU:n ulkopuolella. Lainsäädäntö on ollut voimassa vuosituhannen vaihteesta ja ensimmäiset hankkeet on aloitettu vuonna 2001.Neuvoston asetuksen mukaan EU voi osallistua sellaisten toimien rahoittamiseen, jotka liittyvät PR-toimintaan, menekinedistämiseen ja tiedotukseen, ja niillä pyritään erityisesti tuomaan esille EU:n tuotteiden parhaat puolet kuten laatu, hygienia, elintarvikkeiden turvallisuus, ravintoarvo, merkinnät, eläinten hyvinvointi ja elintarviketuotannon ympäristöystävällisyys. Muita toimia ovat osallistuminen erilaisiin tapahtumiin ja messuille sekä tiedotuskampanjat, jotka koskevat suojattuja alkuperänimityksiä ja maantieteellisiä merkintöjä sekä aitoja perinteisiä tuotteita, EU:n laatu- ja merkintäjärjestelmiä ja luonnonmukaista maataloustuotantoa. Tietoa voidaan jakaa myös EU:n määritetyllä alueella tuotettujen laatuviinien (tma-laatuviinit) järjestelmästä, ja tuotteiden menekkiä voidaan edistää luotaamalla uusia markkinoita.

Hiehojen ongelmana on ruhojen rasvoittuminen alhaisissa teuraspainoissa. Teurastamoiden tavoitteena on saada ruhoja, joissa pintarasvan määrä on vähäinen ja teuraspaino korkea. Näiden tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi on ruokintaan suositeltu lisävalkuaista erityisesti loppukasvatuksen ajaksi. Luonnonmukaisessa tuotannossa sallittuja lisävalkuaislähteitä ovat herne ja rypsipuriste. Tämä tutkimus selvitti herneen ja rypsipuristeen vaikutukset hereford (hf)-hiehojen kasvuun sekä ruhon ja lihan laatuun, kun väkirehuseoksen valkuaispitoisuus oli joko 17 % tai 20 %.Kokeeseen otettiin 20 hf-lehmävasikkaa, jotka painoivat kokeen alkaessa keskimäärin 258 kg. Koe tehtiin Pohjois-Karjalan ammattiopisto Kiteen opetusmaatilan navetassa. Luonnonmukaisesti viljelty herne ja siirtymävaiheen ohra olivat Kiteen opetusmaatilan viljelyksiltä. Rypsipuristeen kokee-seen toimitti Mildola Oy. Kokeessa oli kaksi väkirehuseosta, ohra+rypsipuriste (Rp) tai ohra+herne (He). Väkirehuseoksen valkuaispitoisuus oli keskinkertainen (K, 17 % KA:ssa) tai runsas (R, 20 % KA:ssa). Hiehot saivat väkirehuseosta 2 kg KA/pv koko kokeen ajan. Karkearehuna oli luonnonmukaisesti viljelty apilapitoinen säilörehu vapaasti. Teuraspainotavoite oli 210 kg. Hiehot teurastettiin Kiteen opetusteurastamossa.Säilörehun KA-pitoisuus oli 300 g/kg ja D-arvo 74,9 %. KA-kilo sisälsi raakavalkuaista 128 g ja OIV:sta 90 g. Ohran valkuaispitoisuus oli 152 g/kg KA, OIV-pitoisuus 105 g/kg KA ja energiapitoi-suus 1,08 RY/kg KA. Vastaavat arvot rypsipuristeelle olivat 361, 157 ja 1,08 ja herneelle 228, 122 ja 1,15. Väkirehu-% oli keskimäärin 28. Dieetin valkuaispitoisuus oli K-ruokinnoilla keskimäärin 13,8 % ja R-ruokinnoilla 14,6 %. Säilörehun syönti oli keskimäärin 4,93 kg KA/pv. Kaikki hiehot saavuttivat tavoiteteuraspainonsa. Koe kesti keskimäärin 129 pv. RpR-hiehoilla kasvatuskausi oli keskimäärin 18 pv lyhyempi kuin RpK-hiehoilla. Väkirehuseoksen runsaampi rypsipuristepitoisuus tehosti kasvua 184 g/pv, kun vaikutus herneellä oli lievästi päinvastainen. Nettokasvu oli keskimäärin 656 g/pv. Kaikki ruhot rasvoittuivat. Ruokintojen vaikutus arvopalasaantoihin oli marginaalinen. Rasvaa rypsipuristeella ruokitun hiehon ruhonpuolikkaasta leikattiin keskimäärin 2 kg enemmän kuin herneellä ruokitun hiehon ruhonpuolikkaista. Väkirehun alhaisempi valkuaispitoisuus rypsipuristeella ruokittaessa paransi lihan mehukkuutta, kun vaikutus herneellä oli päinvastainen. Kaikkien ruhojen tervaliha-% oli 0.Hiehojen kasvu oli keskimäärin 1125 g/pv ja ne saavuttivat teuraspainotavoitteensa keskimäärin 10,5 kuukauden iässä. Dieettien kokonaisvalkuaispitoisuus jäi alle 15 % vaikka väkirehuseos sisälsi 20 % raakavalkuaista. Kaikki ruokinnat täyttivät luonnonmukaisen tuotannon vaatimuksen väkirehu-karkearehusuhteesta. Rypsipuriste osoittautui hernettä paremmaksi valkuaislähteeksi paremman tuotantovaikutuksensa vuoksi. Herneen saatavuus ja hinta määrännevät käytännössä sen käyttömahdollisuudet lihanautojen ruokinnassa.

Phytoplasmas are specialised bacteria that are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and insects. These bacteria have resisted all attempts of cell-free cultivation. Genome research is of particular importance to analyse the genetic endowment of such bacteria. Here we review the gene content of the four completely sequenced ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma’ genomes that include those of ‘Ca.P. asteris’ strains OY-M and AY-WB, ‘Ca.P. australiense,’ and ‘Ca.P. mali’. These genomes are characterized by chromosome condensation resulting in sizes below 900 kb and a G + C content of less than 28%. Evolutionary adaption of the phytoplasmas to nutrient-rich environments resulted in losses of genetic modules and increased host dependency highlighted by the transport systems and limited metabolic repertoire. On the other hand, duplication and integration events enlarged the chromosomes and contribute to genome instability. Present differences in the content of membrane and secreted proteins reflect the host adaptation in the phytoplasma strains. General differences are obvious between different phylogenetic subgroups. ‘Ca.P. mali’ is separated from the other strains by its deviating chromosome organization, the genetic repertoire for recombination and excision repair of nucleotides or the loss of the complete energy-yielding part of the glycolysis. Apart from these differences, comparative analysis exemplified that all four phytoplasmas are likely to encode an alternative pathway to generate pyruvate and ATP.

NONSPECIFIC IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIVITY IN RATS EXPOSED TO HYPOCALORIC DIET DURING PREGNANCY AND THEIR OFFSPRINGSirenko V.A.Inflammation as a manifestation of local tissue damage is a basis of a nonspecific component of the systemic immune response. Immune system mainly provides afferentation of information with cytokines which can be tracked to assess immune response. The study involved trials on 30 nonlinear pregnant rats (WAG/G Sto population) and their offspring. The levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) in the blood serum were determined by immune-enzyme method using the sets of reactants of BEST Vector (Novosibirsk, the Russian Federation) and the sets of reactants of (Elisa Kit) Ani Biotech Oy, Orgenium laboratories Business Unit (Finland) according to the instructions attached.Taking into consideration the disembodied data in the literature, dedicated to studying the issues, related to peculiarities of the immune system ontogenesis and orientation of immune responses, appearing secondary to pathological changes during perinatal and early periods of post-natal development, it is essential to clarify the role of the immune system in the mechanisms of damage of the pancreas structure and function. Assessment of the role of effector cytokines imbalance in immune reactions in rats exposed to hypocaloric diet during pregnancy and in their offspring, in comparison to the control, showed a significant imbalance of regulatory cytokines with a primary increase in IL-12 content, a decrease in IL-4 in rat mothers and 2-month-old infant rats, a decrease in both IL-12 content, and IL-4 in 1-month-old infant rats, demonstrating involvement in pathogenesis of damage of the pancreas and further development of chronic pancreatitis as both specific (Th-1) and nonspecific (macrophageal) cellular link of immunity. The latter is probably associated with an impairment of intercellular interaction, first of all, due to a decrease in functional activity of macrophages – cells of effectors, modulators of an immune response and sources of regulatory cytokines. Keywords: hypocaloric diet, cytokines, nonspecific immunologic reactivity, pancreas. СТАН НЕСПЕЦИФІЧНОЇ ІМУНОЛОГІЧНОЇ РЕАКТИВНОСТІ ЩУРІВ, ЯКІ ПЕРЕБУВАЛИ НА ГІПОКАЛОРІЙНІЙ ДІЄТІ ПІД ЧАС ВАГІТНОСТІ, ТА ЇХ ПОТОМСТВАСіренко В.А.Запалення як прояв місцевого пошкодження тканин, є основою неспецифічної компоненти системної імунної відповіді. З боку імунної системи аферентація інформації здійснюється головним чином цитокінами, за допомогою яких можна простежити шлях реалізації імунної відповіді.Обсяг дослідження включав експерименти на 30 нелінійних вагітних щурах (популяції WAG / G Sto) та їх потомстві. Рівні ІЛ-4 і ІЛ-12 в сироватці крові визначали імуноферментним методом за допомогою наборів реактивів фірми «Вектор Бест» (Новосибірськ, Росія) і наборів реактивів фірми (Elisa Kit) Ani Biotech Oy, Orgenium laboratories Business Unit (Finland) відповідно до доданих інструкцій. При з'ясуванні ролі дисбалансу ефекторних цитокінів крові в реалізації імунних реакцій щурів, що перебували на гипокалорийной дієті під час вагітності, та їх потомства в порівнянні з контролем, встановлено: наявність істотного дисбалансу регуляторних цитокінів з переважним збільшенням вмісту ІЛ-12, зниженням - ІЛ-4 у щурів - матерів і 2-х місячних щурят, зниження як змісту ІЛ-12, так і ІЛ-4 у 1-місячних щурят, що свідчить про залучення в патогенез ушкодження підшлункової залози і розвитку хронічного панкреатиту в подальшому, як специфічного (Тh 1) так і неспецифічного (макрофагального) клітинної ланки імунітету. Останнє, ймовірно, пов'язано з порушенням міжклітинної взаємодії за рахунок, в першу чергу, зниження функціональної активності макрофагів - клітин ефекторів, модуляторів імунної відповіді і джерел регуляторних цитокінів.Ключові слова: гіпокалорійная дієта, неспецифічна імунологічна реактивність, цитокіни, підшлункова залоза. СОСТОЯНИЙ НЕСПЕЦИФИЧЕСКОЙ ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕАКТИВНОСТИ КРЫС, НАХОДИВШИХСЯ НА ГИПОКАЛОРИЙНОЙ ДИЕТЕ ВО ВРЕМЯ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ, И ИХ ПОТОМСТВАСиренко В.А.Воспаление как проявление местного повреждения тканей, является основой неспецифической компоненты системного иммунного ответа. Со стороны иммунной системы афферентация информации осуществляется главным образом цитокинами, с помощью которых можно проследить путь реализации иммунного ответа.Объем исследования включал эксперименты на 30 нелинейных беременных крысах (популяции WAG / G Sto) и их потомстве. Уровни ИЛ-4 и ИЛ-12 в сыворотке крови определяли иммуноферментным методом с помощью наборов реактивов фирмы «Вектор Бест» (Новосибирск, Россия) и наборов реактивов фирмы (Elisa Kit) Ani Biotech Oy , Orgenium laboratories Business Unit (Finland) в соответствии с прилагаемыми инструкциями. При выяснении роли дисбаланса эффекторных цитокинов крови в реализации имунных реакций у находившихся на гипокалорийной диете во время беременности крыс и у их потомства, по сравнению с контролем, установлено: наличие существенного дисбаланса регуляторних цитокинов с преимущественным увеличением содержания ІЛ-12, снижением - ІЛ-4 у крыс - матерей и 2-х месячных крысят, снижение как содержания ІЛ-12, так и ІЛ-4 у 1- месячных крысят, что свидетельствует о вовлечении в патогенез повреждения поджелудочной железы и развития хронического панкреатита в дальнейшем, как специфического (Тh 1) так и неспецифического (макрофагального) клеточного звена иммунитета. Последнее, вероятно, связано с нарушением межклеточного взаимодействия за счет, в первую очередь, снижения функциональной активности макрофагов - клеток эффекторов, модуляторов иммунного ответа и источников регуляторных цитокинов. Ключевые слова: гипокалорийная диета, неспецифическая иммунологическая реактивность, цитокины, поджелудочная железа.Taking into consideration the disembodied data of the literature, dedicated to studying of the problems, connected with the peculiarities of the immune system ontogenesis and the orientation of immune responses, which arise against the background of pathological changes during perinatal and early periods of post-natal development of the organism, the clarification of the role of the immune system in the mechanisms of damage of the pancreas structure and function is important. At clarification of a role of the imbalance of effector cytokines in the blood in realization of immune reactions in the rats who were on a hypocaloric diet during their pregnancy and in their offsprings, in comparison with control, it is established: the existence of an essential imbalance of regulatory cytokines with primary increase of IL-12 content, decrease of IL-4 in rat mothers and 2-month-old infant rats, decrease of both IL-12 content, and IL-4 in 1-month-old infant rats that demonstrates involvement in a pathogenesis of damage of the pancreas and further development of chronic pancreatitis as both specific (Th 1) and nonspecific (macrophagic) cellular link of immunity. The latter is probably connected with the disturbance of intercellular interaction due to, first of all, decrease of functional activity of macrophages – cells of effectors, modulators of an immune response and sources of regulatory cytokines. Keywords: hypocaloric diet, cytokines, nonspecific immunologic reactivity, pancreas.

Maidon erityksen alkaessa lypsylehmän energian ja ravintoaineiden tarve lisääntyy nopeasti ja lehmä alkaa mobilisoida kudoksistaan rasva­ ja aminohappoja. Voimakas kudosmobilisaatio lisää aineen­vaihduntasairauksien riskiä. Poikimisen läheisyydessä myös lypsylehmän immuunijärjestelmän toi­minta on tilapäisesti heikentynyt.Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää hiivavalmistetta sisältävän erikoisrehun vaikutusta lyp­sylehmien rehunsyöntikykyyn, tuotokseen ja immuunistatukseen. Kokeessa oli mukana 12 ensim­mäistä kertaa poikivaa ja 12 useammin kuin kaksi kertaa poikinutta lehmää. Koe alkoi kaksi viikkoa ennen poikimista ja kesti 8 viikkoa poikimisen jälkeen. Ennen poikimista lehmät saivat 1,5 kg/d täysväkirehua ja 1,5 kg/d energiatäydennysrehua sekä säilörehua lasketun tarpeen mukaan. Koeryhmän energiatäydennysrehu (koerehu) sisälsi 1,33 % hiivavalmistetta (Progut, Suomen Rehu Oy). Poikimisen jälkeen vanhempien lehmien väkirehumäärä nostettiin 15 kiloon ja ensikoiden 12 kiloon. Väkirehuannoksessa oli edelleen 1,5 kg energiatäydennysrehua tai koerehua. Säilörehua annettiin vapaasti.Rehujen syönnissä, maitotuotoksessa tai maidon pitoisuuksissa ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitseviä ryhmien välisiä eroja poikimisen jälkeen. Ensikoiden keskimääräinen maitotuotos oli 29,1 kg/d ja vanhempien lehmien 46,9 kg/d. Ruokinnan ja poikimakerran välillä ei ollut merkitseviä yhdysvaikutuksia. Koeryhmän vanhempien lehmien maidon rasvapitoisuus (45,3 vs. 42,3 g/kg, P=0,32) oli kuitenkin numeroarvollisesti suurempi kuin kontrolliryhmän, jolloin vastaavasti myös energiakorjatussa maitotuotoksessa (EKM) oli 5,3 % ero (49,3 vs. 46,8 kg/d, P=0,20).Elopainon tai kuntoluokan muutoksissa poikimisen jälkeen ei ollut ryhmien välisiä eroja. Koeryhmän vanhempien lehmien plasman NEFA­-pitoisuus oli korkeampi kuin kontrolliryhmän (0,52 vs. 0,37 mmol/l, P=0,08). Ensikoilla vastaavaa eroa ei ollut. Veren asetoasetaatti­ ja ureapitoisuuksissa tai valkuaisen hyväksikäytössä maidontuotantoon ei ollut ryhmien välisiä eroja. Kontrolli­ ja koeryhmän seerumin IgA­-pitoisuuksien välillä ei havaittu eroa. Useamman kerran poikineiden lehmien seerumin IgA-­pitoisuudet olivat korkeampia kuin ensikoiden. Toisaalta vanhempien lehmien seerumin IgA­-pitoisuus sekä laski jyrkemmin poikimisen jälkeen että alkoi palautua nopeammin verrattuna ensikoihin.Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että koerehulla ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevää vaikutusta en­sikoiden tai vanhempien lehmien rehun syöntiin tai maitotuotokseen. Veren vapaiden rasvahappojen pitoisuus oli kuitenkin suurempi koerehua saaneiden vanhempien lehmien ryhmässä kuin kontrolliryhmässä, mikä pyrki nostamaan maidon rasvapitoisuutta ja EKM­-tuotosta koeryhmässä. Vastaavasti koeryhmän vanhempien lehmien EKM­-tuotos syötyä kuiva­ainekiloa kohti oli parempi kuin kontrolliryhmän. Vanhempien lehmien seerumin keskimääräinen IgA­-pitoisuus oli korkeampi kuin ensikoiden, mutta koe­ ja kontrolliryhmän seerumin IgA-­pitoisuuksissa ei ollut eroa.

This research has two purposes. One of them is to determine rectors candidates' leadership behaviours and the other is to determine their leadership styles. As regards first purpose it has been done in the case of qualitative analysis. 7 rector candidates have dispatched 298 e-mails to academic staff in April-July 2016 during the rector elections in a state university in Akdeniz region. It was analyzed by content analysis on these e-mails in this research. The other purpose is that has been done in the direction of convergent pattern of qualitative analysis. It had gaven closed ended surveys to four academics, to objectively determine the leadership style of the rector candidates. In survey was written ten leadership styles determined by investigator. These academics observed candidates' behaviours as determining leadership of participants during the rector elections. These four social scientists who studied in different areas of social sciences voluntarily and were completed closed ended surveys. In the first part of the research was done as regards to 7 rector candidates who were and was done alphabet coding between A-G each of them during analysis. It used convenient sampling technique which is one of the purpose sampling methods in research. Also, descriptive analysis was conducted to increase the validity of the study. According to results; Discourses of participants were collected four sub- themes. These are discourses of related management, discourses of related scientific studies, discourses of related educational and teaching and discourses of related scholars’ working conditions and their rights. A, C and G participant made the most discourses 85.71% about discourses of related management subtheme than the others. Participant B made more discourses 62.50% about discourses of related scientific research sub-theme than the others. Participant G made more discourses 100% about related educational and teaching subtheme than the others and B participant made more discourses 83.33% about related scholars’ working conditions and their rights than the others. With respect to discourses of based project; G participant made the most discourses 40% than the others. Participant B made the most discourses of introduce yourself 60% than the others. Leadership styles of participants in the direction of their sending e-mails to follower when it was analysed that leadership styles of all participants had business-oriented leadership, second 71.42% democratic leadership and it follows them at the same rate 42.85% relationship-oriented leadership and empowering leadership. As a result of the social scientists that were observed and determined about leadership styles of participants by four social scientists; it was found leadership style of relationship-oriented was come forward this finding follows in order of leadership styles of business-oriented and leadership style of democratic. Also, it was determined leadership style for each of participants in study.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetBu araştırmanın iki amacı vardır; birincisi üniversite rektör adaylarının (katılımcılar) liderlik davranışlarını ve ikincisi lidelik stillerini belirlemektir. İlk amaçla ilgili olarak nitel analizin durum deseni doğrultusunda çalışma yapılmıştır. Akdeniz bölgesindeki bir devlet üniversitesinde yapılan rektörlük seçimlerinde 7 rektör adayının Nisan - Temmuz 2016 tarihleri arasında öğretim üyelerine gönderdikleri 298 e-posta içerik analizine tabi tutularak incelenmiştir. Rektör adaylarının rektörlük seçim sürecinde kendilerine oy veren öğretim üyelerine (takipçilerine) gönderdikleri e-postalardaki mesajlarda kullandıkları ifadeleri doküman analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırmanın ikinci amacıyla ilgili olarak nitel analizin yakınsayan parallel deseni doğrultusunda çalışma yapılmıştır. Bunun için rektör adaylarının liderlik stillerini objektif olarak belirlemek amacıyla bağımsız ve gönüllü dört farklı alandan sosyal bilimci akademisyene on liderlik stilini tanımlayan kapalı uçlu anketler verilmiştir. Yanıtlayıcı sosyal bilimcilerin rektör adaylarıyla ilgili gözlem ve değerlendirmeleri doğrultusunda liderlik stilleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın ilk kısmında rektör adaylarıyla ilgili olarak A-G arasında alfabetik kodlama yapılmıştır. Araştırmada amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolayda örnekleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın geçerliliğini artırmak için betimsel analize de yer verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; Katılımcıların takipçilerine yönelik söylemleri dört alt temada toplanmıştır. Bunlar: Yönetimle ilişkili söylemler, Bilimsel Çalışmalara İlişkin Söylemler, Eğitim ve Öğretime İlişkin Söylemler ve Akademisyenlerin Çalışma Koşullarına ve Haklarına İlişkin Söylemler Alt Teması. Yönetimle ilişkili söylemler alt temasında; A, C ve G katılımcıları %85.71 ile en fazla söylemde bulunmuştur. Bilimsel Çalışmalara İlişkin söylemler alt temasında B katılımcısı %62.50 ile en fazla söylemde bulunmuştur. Eğitim ve Öğretime İlişkin Söylemler alt temasında G katılımcısı %100 ile en fazla söylemde bulunmuştur. Akademisyenlerin Çalışma Koşullarına ve Haklarına İlişkin Söylemler alt temasında B katılımcısı %83.33 ile en fazla söylemde bulunmuştur. Proje temelli söylemlerle ilgili olarak, G katılımcısı %40 ile en fazla proje söyleminde bulunan katılımcı olmuştur. Kendilerini tanıtma söylemi alt temasında F katılımcısı %60 ile en fazla kendini tanıtma söyleminde bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların takipçilerine gönderdikleri e-posta doğrultusunda liderlik stilleri incelendiğinde, tüm katılımcılarda iş yönelimli liderlik stilinin öne çıktığı, bunu %71.42 ile demokratik liderlik ve %42.85 ile ilişki yönelimli ve aynı oranla güçlendirici liderliğin izlediği belirlenmiştir. Dört sosyal bilimcinin liderlik stiliyle ilgili katılımcıları değerlendirmeleri sonucunda ise, ilişki yönelimli liderlik stilinin katılımcılarda öne çıktığı, bunu iş yönelimli ve demokratik liderliğin izlediği bulunmuştur.

Abstract Traditional diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies rely on separation and accurate quantification of hemoglobin (Hb) fractions using alkaline and acid electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing (IEF) and/or High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Recent reports have suggested capillary electrophoresis (CE) as an alternate method for screening. We evaluated a new CE system the Sebia CapillaryS 2 (Evry Cedex, France) and compared it to IEF and HPLC. For this evaluation samples referred to our laboratory for routine hemoglobinopathy screening or as cord bloods sent for confirmation of a variant detected as a result of newborn screening were analyzed using all three techniques. IEF was performed with the Resolve IEF kit (Perkin Elmer,Wallac Oy, Finland). HPLC was done on the BioRad Variant II (Munich, Germany) using the Hb A2/Hb A1c Dual program. The CE was performed using the “Capillarys Hemoglobin(E) kit”. Suspected rare variants were further investigated with DNA investigations, including PCR and direct nucleotide sequencing. Variant hemoglobins were detected in 156 of 764 samples (Table 1). The correlation between IEF, HPLC and CE was excellent. One variant (Hb Toulon) was not detected by the CE but ran with Hb F. The CE system did not report the Hb F value on samples with very low (< 1.0%) Hb F by HPLC. Two cases of Hb Constant Spring were identified by CE but not by either IEF or HPLC. The correlation of both Hb F and Hb A2 reported between the CE and HPLC systems were excellent (R > 0.99 and 0.98, Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively). The positive bias of Hb A2 seen in HPLC when Hb S is present was lower in the CE. However, the CE system demonstrated a negative bias for Hb A2 if Hb C was present. CE was the only system capable of separating Hb A2 from Hb E. We conclude that CE is comparable to both IEF and HPLC for separation and quantification of hemoglobin fractions; this system has the added advantage of reporting Hb A2 in the presence of Hb E and consistently identifies Hb Constant Spring, which is not easily detected on IEF or HPLC. Further this CE system is user friendly and holds promise as a tool for newborn screening and routine laboratory hemoglobinopathy investigations. Hemoglobinopathy Detected Hemoglobinopathy Number β Thalassemia 99 Hb S trait 55 Cord with Hb Barts 28 Hb C trait 13 Hb E trait 12 Hb D trait 8 α variant (not yet identified) 5 Hb Barts + Hb S trait 4 Hb Barts + Hb D trait 3 Hb S disease 3 Hb Barts + Hb E trait 2 Hb E +β Thalassemia 2 Hb H disease 2 Hb Constant Spring 2 Hb J Baltimore 2 Hb Toulon 2 δ variant (not identified) 2 Hb S + Hb C 1 Hb Barts + Hb C trait 1 Hb Q Thailand + --SEA/αα 1 Homozygous Hb E + Hb Constant Spring 1 Hb S + Hb Kenya 1 Hb J Roviga 1 Hb Beograd 1 Hb G Coushatta 1 Hb Sirian 1 Hb Titusville 1 B variant (not identified yet) 1 Total Abnormal 255 No hemoglobinopathy detected 509 Total 764 Hb F: HPLC vs CE Hb F: HPLC vs CE Hb A2: HPLC vs CE Hb A2: HPLC vs CE

The aim of this research was to measure the effect of yellow corn substitution with banana peel meal as a beta-carotene and antioxidant source in the chicken diet on cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profiles of egg yolk Arab chicken. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences between the treatments were analyzed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Eighty pullet of Arabic chickens (19 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four treatment diets with four replications for 6 weeks of fed trials. Dietary treatments consisted of R0 (0%) banana peel meal (TP) : 50% yellow corn (JK) and 3 levels of yellow corn and banana peel. The composition of yellow corn and banana peel meal used R1 (20 % TP ; 30% JK), R2 (30% TP : 20% JG) and R3 (40% TP :10% JG). The variables observed were production performance, cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profile of the egg yolk. The results showed that egg yolk cholesterol levels were not significantly different compared to the control. Substitution of yellow corn with banana peel meal had increased vitamin A level up to 49% compared to the control. There was no difference in fatty acid profiles in all treatments observed. It is concluded that banana peel meal can be used to substitute 40 % of yellow corn in the chicken diet and tend to increased vitamin A of egg yolk. Key words: Arabic chicken, banana peel meal, cholesterol, fatty acid, yolk DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abel FAS, Adeyemi OA, Oluwole OB, Oladunmoye OO, Ayo-Ajasa OY, Anuoluwatelemi JO. 2015. Effect of treated banana peel meal on the feed efficiency, digestibility and cost effectiveness of broiler chicken diet. Journal of Veterinery Science & Animal Husbandry. 3 (1): 1-6 Abou-Arab AA, Abu-Salem FM. 2017. Nutritional and anti-Nutritional composition of banana peels as influenced by microwave drying methods. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation. 11(12): 845-852 Amrullah, IK. 2004. Nutrisi Ayam Petelur. Cetakan ke-3. Bogor (ID): Lembaga Satu Gunungbudi. Anhwange BA, Ugye TJ, Nyiaatagher TD. 2009. Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environment, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 8 (6):437-442 Antruejo A, Azcona JO, Garcia PT, Gallinger C, Rosmini M, Ayerza R, Coates W, Perez CD. 2011. Omega-3 enriched egg production: The effect of α-linolenic ῳ-3 fatty acid sources on laying hen performance and yolk lipid content and fatty acid composition. British Poultry Science. 52(6): 750-760 Aryani T, Mu’awanah IAU, Wydiantara AB. 2018. Karakteristik fisik, kandungan gizi tepung kulit pisang dan perbandingannya terhadap syarat mutu tepung terigu. Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi. 2(2): 45-50 Arora A, Choudhary D, Agarwal G, Singh VP. 2008. Composition variation in β-carotene content, carbohydrate and antioxidant enzymes in selected banana cultivar. International journal of Food Science and Technology. 43: 1913-1921 Blandon JC, Hamady GAA, Abdel-Moneim A. 2015. The effect of partial replacement of yellow corn by banana peels with and without enzymes on broiler’s performance and blood parameters. Journal of Animal and Poultry Science. 4(1): 10-19 Diana, FM. 2013. Omega 6. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 7(1): 26-31 Diarra SS. 2018. Peel meals as a feed ingredient in poultry diets. Chemical composition, dietary recommendation and prospect. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 102: 1284-1295 Chueh CC, Lin LJ, Lin WC, Huang SH, Jan MS, Chang SC, Chung WS, Lee TT. 2019. Antioxidant capacity of banana peels and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 18 (1): 1394-1403 Haryanto, A, Miharja K, Wijayani N. 2016. Effect of banana meal on the feed conversion ratio and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science. 15 (1) : 27-34 Has, H, Napirah A, Dewi L. 2017. Efektivitas substitusi kulit pisang dengan dedak padi dalam ransum ayam kampung. Makasar (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan. Universitas Hasanudin. Indra GK, Achmanu, Nurgiatiningsih A. 2013. Performans produksi ayam Arab (Gallus turcicus) berdasarkan warna bulu. Jurnal Ternak Tropika. 14 (1): 8-14 Konieczka M, Czauderna S, Smulikowsk S. 2017. The enrichment of chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acid by dietary fish oil or its mixture with rapeseed or flaxseed-effect of feeding duration dietary fish oil, flaxseed, and repeseed and n-3 enriched broiler meat. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 223 : 42-52 McDowell, L.R. 2000. Vitamine in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Iowa (US): State University Press, Iowa. Mulyadi Y. 2013. Penggunaan pakan fungsional terhadap performan produksi dan kualitas telur ayam arab. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 13 (2): 27-33 [NRC] National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. Washington. D. C. (US) : National Academy Press, Nuraini, Sabrina, Latif SA. 2008. Performa ayam dan kualitas telur yang menggunakan ransum mengandung onggok fermentasi dengan Neurospora crassa. Media Peternakan. 31:195-202. Pereira A, Maraschin M. 2015. Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp: ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health. Jurnal Ethnopharmacology. 160:149–163 Piliang WG, Djojosoebagio S. 2006. Fisiologi Nutrisi. Volume I. Edisi ke-2. Bogor (ID): IPB Press Rehaul-Godbert, S, Guyot N, Nys Y. 2019. The Golden Egg: Nutritional value, bioactivities, and emerging benefits for human health. Nutrients. 11: 1-26 (www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrient) Sartika RAD. 2008. Pengaruh asam lemak jenuh, tidak jenuh dan asam lemak trans terhadap kesehatan. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2(4): 154-160 Siregar HA, Rahmadi HY, Wening S, Suprianto E. 2018. Komposisi asam lemak dan karoten kelapa sawit Elaeis oleifera, interspesifik hibrida, dan Pseudo-backcross pertama di Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. 26 (2): 91-101 Suci DM, Fitria Z, Mutia R. 2017. Meat fatty acid and cholesterol content of native Indonesian Muscovy Duck Fed with rice bran in tradisional farm. Animal Production. 19 (1):37-45 Sutama, INS. 2008. Daun pepaya dalam ransum menurunkan kolesterol pada serum dan telur ayam. Jurnal Veteriner. 9: 152-156. Wiradimadja R, Burhanuddin H, & Saefulhadjar D. 2010. Peningkatan kadar vitamin A pada telur ayam melalui penggunaan daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) dalam Ransum. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 10 (2): 90-94

The aim of this research was to measure the effect of yellow corn substitution with banana peel meal as a beta-carotene and antioxidant source in the chicken diet on cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profiles of egg yolk Arab chicken. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences between the treatments were analyzed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Eighty pullet of Arabic chickens (19 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four treatment diets with four replications for 6 weeks of fed trials. Dietary treatments consisted of R0 (0%) banana peel meal (TP) : 50% yellow corn (JK) and 3 levels of yellow corn and banana peel. The composition of yellow corn and banana peel meal used R1 (20 % TP ; 30% JK), R2 (30% TP : 20% JG) and R3 (40% TP :10% JG). The variables observed were production performance, cholesterol, vitamin A and fatty acid profile of the egg yolk. The results showed that egg yolk cholesterol levels were not significantly different compared to the control. Substitution of yellow corn with banana peel meal had increased vitamin A level up to 49% compared to the control. There was no difference in fatty acid profiles in all treatments observed. It is concluded that banana peel meal can be used to substitute 40 % of yellow corn in the chicken diet and tend to increased vitamin A of egg yolk. Key words: Arabic chicken, banana peel meal, cholesterol, fatty acid, yolk DAFTAR PUSTAKA Abel FAS, Adeyemi OA, Oluwole OB, Oladunmoye OO, Ayo-Ajasa OY, Anuoluwatelemi JO. 2015. Effect of treated banana peel meal on the feed efficiency, digestibility and cost effectiveness of broiler chicken diet. Journal of Veterinery Science & Animal Husbandry. 3 (1): 1-6 Abou-Arab AA, Abu-Salem FM. 2017. Nutritional and anti-Nutritional composition of banana peels as influenced by microwave drying methods. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation. 11(12): 845-852 Amrullah, IK. 2004. Nutrisi Ayam Petelur. Cetakan ke-3. Bogor (ID): Lembaga Satu Gunungbudi. Anhwange BA, Ugye TJ, Nyiaatagher TD. 2009. Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (Banana) peels. Electronic Journal of Environment, Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 8 (6):437-442 Antruejo A, Azcona JO, Garcia PT, Gallinger C, Rosmini M, Ayerza R, Coates W, Perez CD. 2011. Omega-3 enriched egg production: The effect of α-linolenic ῳ-3 fatty acid sources on laying hen performance and yolk lipid content and fatty acid composition. British Poultry Science. 52(6): 750-760 Aryani T, Mu’awanah IAU, Wydiantara AB. 2018. Karakteristik fisik, kandungan gizi tepung kulit pisang dan perbandingannya terhadap syarat mutu tepung terigu. Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi. 2(2): 45-50 Arora A, Choudhary D, Agarwal G, Singh VP. 2008. Composition variation in β-carotene content, carbohydrate and antioxidant enzymes in selected banana cultivar. International journal of Food Science and Technology. 43: 1913-1921 Blandon JC, Hamady GAA, Abdel-Moneim A. 2015. The effect of partial replacement of yellow corn by banana peels with and without enzymes on broiler’s performance and blood parameters. Journal of Animal and Poultry Science. 4(1): 10-19 Diana, FM. 2013. Omega 6. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 7(1): 26-31 Diarra SS. 2018. Peel meals as a feed ingredient in poultry diets. Chemical composition, dietary recommendation and prospect. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 102: 1284-1295 Chueh CC, Lin LJ, Lin WC, Huang SH, Jan MS, Chang SC, Chung WS, Lee TT. 2019. Antioxidant capacity of banana peels and its modulation of Nrf2-ARE associated gene expression in broiler chickens. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 18 (1): 1394-1403 Haryanto, A, Miharja K, Wijayani N. 2016. Effect of banana meal on the feed conversion ratio and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science. 15 (1) : 27-34 Has, H, Napirah A, Dewi L. 2017. Efektivitas substitusi kulit pisang dengan dedak padi dalam ransum ayam kampung. Makasar (ID): Seminar Nasional Peternakan. Universitas Hasanudin. Indra GK, Achmanu, Nurgiatiningsih A. 2013. Performans produksi ayam Arab (Gallus turcicus) berdasarkan warna bulu. Jurnal Ternak Tropika. 14 (1): 8-14 Konieczka M, Czauderna S, Smulikowsk S. 2017. The enrichment of chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acid by dietary fish oil or its mixture with rapeseed or flaxseed-effect of feeding duration dietary fish oil, flaxseed, and repeseed and n-3 enriched broiler meat. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 223 : 42-52 McDowell, L.R. 2000. Vitamine in Animal and Human Nutrition. 2nd Edition. Iowa (US): State University Press, Iowa. Mulyadi Y. 2013. Penggunaan pakan fungsional terhadap performan produksi dan kualitas telur ayam arab. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 13 (2): 27-33 [NRC] National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Revised Edition. Washington. D. C. (US) : National Academy Press, Nuraini, Sabrina, Latif SA. 2008. Performa ayam dan kualitas telur yang menggunakan ransum mengandung onggok fermentasi dengan Neurospora crassa. Media Peternakan. 31:195-202. Pereira A, Maraschin M. 2015. Banana (Musa spp) from peel to pulp: ethnopharmacology, source of bioactive compounds and its relevance for human health. Jurnal Ethnopharmacology. 160:149–163 Piliang WG, Djojosoebagio S. 2006. Fisiologi Nutrisi. Volume I. Edisi ke-2. Bogor (ID): IPB Press Rehaul-Godbert, S, Guyot N, Nys Y. 2019. The Golden Egg: Nutritional value, bioactivities, and emerging benefits for human health. Nutrients. 11: 1-26 (www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrient) Sartika RAD. 2008. Pengaruh asam lemak jenuh, tidak jenuh dan asam lemak trans terhadap kesehatan. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2(4): 154-160 Siregar HA, Rahmadi HY, Wening S, Suprianto E. 2018. Komposisi asam lemak dan karoten kelapa sawit Elaeis oleifera, interspesifik hibrida, dan Pseudo-backcross pertama di Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit. 26 (2): 91-101 Suci DM, Fitria Z, Mutia R. 2017. Meat fatty acid and cholesterol content of native Indonesian Muscovy Duck Fed with rice bran in tradisional farm. Animal Production. 19 (1):37-45 Sutama, INS. 2008. Daun pepaya dalam ransum menurunkan kolesterol pada serum dan telur ayam. Jurnal Veteriner. 9: 152-156. Wiradimadja R, Burhanuddin H, & Saefulhadjar D. 2010. Peningkatan kadar vitamin A pada telur ayam melalui penggunaan daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) dalam Ransum. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak. 10 (2): 90-94

В статье дается новая попытка прочтения древнетюркских рунических надписей Кулжабасы I и II, а также обсуждаются возможности их датировки и атрибуции на основе комплексного анализа имеющихся данных. Авторами анализируются особенности надписей и археологический контекст их обнаружения. Предпринята попытка выделить особенности графического фонда надписей Кулжабасы в общем контексте памятников древнетюркской рунической письменности азиатского ареала. В составе археологического ландшафта гор Кулжабасы обе рунические надписи локализуются в двух обособленных районах концентрации средневековых памятников (зимних стоянок кочевников, могильников, ритуальных оград с изваяниями, петроглифов «престижной» тематики), вблизи крупных стоянок, отмеченных наскальными изображениями однотипных знаков (тамга). Археологический контекст Кулжабасы I позволяет датировать надпись не ранее второй половины VIII в. или IX–X вв. 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Paulownia Yaponiyada, Sharqiy Xitoyda va Qora dengiz atrofida keng tarqalgan bolib, uning zichligi juda engil bo’ladi 0,23 g/sm³ teng. Ushbu daraxt Yaponiyada tijorat maqsadida etishtiriladi. Agar paulownia o'sishini terak bilan taqqoslasa, bu daraxt ko'chatlari ikki oy ichida ikki baravar tez o'sadi va uzinligi 1-1,5 m gacha bo’ladi, olti oyda 3-4 m, bir yilda 5-6 metrgacha, uch yil ichida 14-15 m, 7-8 yildan keyin siz ularni kesib olib va yuqori sifatli yog'ochdan maishiy maqsadlarda foydalanishingiz mumkin.

Macadamia nut (Macadamia ternifolia) was first introduced into China from Australia in 1910, and the main cultivation areas were Yunnan and Guangxi. It can be used as both a fruit and a therapeutic drug, with high economic value. In March 2021, it was observed that the M. ternifolia was showing witches'-broom, leaf yellowing and plexus bud in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. The terminal buds of infected plants were inhibited and the lateral buds are stimulated to germinate into twigs in advance. It was named the M. ternifolia witches'-broom disease, and was found in urban and rural areas of Mangshi, Lianghe, Yingjiang, Mangdong, Longchuan and Longling cities and counties. More than 40% of the plants were infected on the seven areas surveyed. The lateral stems from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were cut to small pieces. The tissues were treated by fixation, dehydration and spraying-gold. And the tissues were observed under a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-3000N) (Pathan et al. 2010). The nearly spherical bodies were found in the phloem sieve cells of symptomatic plants. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collected from seven areas, ddH2O was used as the negative control, and Dodonaea viscose witches'-broom disease plants were used as the positive control. The total plants’ DNA extraction was conducted from 0.1 g tissue using the CTAB method (Porebski et al. 1997), and were stored at −20 °C in a refrigerator in the Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control at the Southwest Forestry University. The nested PCR was employed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene with the primers P1/P7 and R16F2/R16R2 (Lee et al. 1993; Schneider et al. 1993). PCR amplicon of 1.8 kb and 1.2 kb were amplified (GenBank accessions MW892818, MW892819, MW892820, MW892821). The direct PCR with primer pairs rp(I)F/ rp(I)R (Lee et al. 2003) specific to the ribosomal protein (rp) gene yielded amplicons of approximately 1.2 kb (GenBank accessions MZ442600, MZ442601, MZ442602, MZ442603). The fragment from 21 samples was consistent with the positive control, confirming the association of phytoplasma with the disease. Interestingly, the phytoplasma/span>16S rRNA gene and rp gene was also amplified from the 4 samples of asymptomatic plant, we speculated that the latent infection and hidden symptoms existed in Macadamia nut (Moslemkhani and Sadeghi 2011). A BLAST analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences of MTWB phytoplasma showed that it has a 99% similarity with Trema laevigata witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank accession MG755412). The rp sequence shared 99% identity with 'Salix tetradenia' witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank accession KC117314). An analysis with iPhyClassifier showed that the virtual RFLP pattern derived from the query 16S rDNA fragment of MTWB phytoplasma is most similar to the reference pattern of the 16Sr group I, subgroup B (OY-M, GenBank accession AP006628), with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99. The phytoplasma is identified as ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’-related strain belonging to sub-group 16SrI-B. The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 16S rRNA gene and rp gene sequences by using MEGA version 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013) with neighbor-joining (NJ) method and bootstrap support was estimated with 1000 replicates. The result indicated that the MTWB phytoplasma formed a subclade in 16SrI-B and rpI-B respectively. In 2013, Macadamia nut showed leaf hardness phyllody and shoot proliferation caused by ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ in Artemisa, Cuba. The concern is that, the macadamia phytoplasma is closely related to the subgroup 16SrI-F, and it is significantly different from the Chinese strains (Pérez-López et al. 2013). In addition, the MTWB phytoplasma was graft-transmitted from infected to healthy plants in nursery conditions (Akhtar et al. 2009; Ikten et al. 2014). And the grafted plants were positive for the phytoplasma in the nested PCR assays. It is noteworthy that the plants were seriously damaged by aphid and it was speculated that the insects of Homoptera caused the spread of the disease by sucking plant sap, thus the aphids that transmits MTWB in China must be determined to control the M. ternifolia witches'-broom disease. To the best of our knowledge, Macadamia nut is a new host plant of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ in China. The newly emerged disease is a threat to Macadamia nut.