Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'G - sets'

The objective of this thesis is to provide a detailed analysis of a new invariant for Grothendieck topoi in the special case of the topos of continuous G-sets and continuous G-equivariant maps. We use a well-known site to present the isotropy group in elementary terms, as systems of right cosets of open subgroups of G. We establish properties of the the isotropy group for an arbitrary topological group and use the developed theory to compute the isotropy group for the Schanuel topos.

La complessità della mise en place di un’opera lirica richiede, più di ogni altra forma di spettacolo di performing art, standard qualitativi elevati affinché il suo significato artistico possa essere comunicato e recepito dal pubblico: ne consegue la necessità da parte delle aziende teatro che offrono questo prodotto di disporre di un capitale finanziario considerevole, di una dotazione di attrezzature tecniche e dell’apporto di una notevole quantità di risorse umane dall’elevato profilo professionale che intervengono pariteticamente nella creazione dello spettacolo. Il modello di controllo direzionale adottato da queste aziende è caratterizzato da una dimensione organizzativa, comprendente centri di responsabilità che prevedono la definizione dei ruoli, l’assegnazione di incentivi motivazionali, l’utilizzo di processi di gestione per la definizione dei tempi e delle risorse necessarie per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi, e da una dimensione misurativa che fa riferimento al sistema di rilevazione dei dati contabili ed extra-contabili a supporto del controllo avente a preventivo, la definizione degli standard e la stesura del budget, e a consuntivo i sistemi di contabilità generale con il bilancio d’esercizio, e la contabilità analitica riferita alla contabilità per progetto, le varianze e i report periodici attraverso i quali le informazioni rilevate nei diversi livelli di gestione vengono resi noti ai responsabili delle aree di competenza e utilizzate per procedere a valutazioni costanti interne circa il livello di raggiungimento degli obiettivi e di conseguenza stabilire il piano d’azione da intraprendere. Nell’azienda teatro i processi di gestione sono riconducibili all’organizzazione delle attività di ideazione e progettazione dell’offerta culturale proposta nel cartellone stagionale, quindi di produzione, di commercializzazione e comunicazione ed infine l’erogazione dei prodotti culturali stessi. La tesi intende ripercorrere questi processi di gestione nella specifica produzione dell’opera lirica “Tosca” di Giacomo Puccini, un progetto culturale realizzato dall’Azienda Teatro del Giglio di Lucca in coproduzione con la Fondazione Teatro Verdi di Pisa e la Fondazione Teatro della Città di Livorno “Carlo Goldoni”, nella stagione lirica 2019/2020, quindi mostrare i report conclusivi e gli indici di performance che hanno permesso di valutare il progetto ex post sia qualitativamente che quantitativamente.

La composition en AB était plus hydrophobe chez les souris TGR5-K0 par rapport aux souris WT Après HP, une importante nécrose hépatique, une cholestase prolongée, une réponse inflammatoire excessive et un retard de régénération hépatique ont été observés chez les souriE TGR5-KO. La réponse adaptative rénale et biliaire à la surcharge en AB après HP ont fortement été détériorées chez les souris TGR5-K0 par rapport aux souris WT. Le traitement par la cholestyramine et la déplétion en Kupffer, ont significativement amélioré le phénotype des souris TGR5-K0 après HP. Après une ligature de la voie biliaire principale ou un régime enrichi en CA, les TGR5-K0 avaient des lésions hépatiques plus importantes que les souris WT, ainsi qu'une altération de l'élimination urinaire des AB. Chez les souris TGR5-KO, la synthèse hépatocytaire des AB et le shunt cholécystohépatique n'étaient pas altérés, en revanche, un déficit de relaxation vésiculaire et une hyperperméabilité paracellulaire de l'épithélium biliaire étaient observés par rapport aux WT. Le récepteur TGR5 est crucial pour protéger le foie contre la surcharge en AB après HP, principalement par le contrôle de l'hydrophobicité du pool d'AB et de la sécrétion de cytokines. En absence du récepteur TGR5, la stagnation de bile anormalement hydrophobe et l'excès d'inflammation, associés à l'altération du flux biliaire et de l'élimination urinaire des AB, mènent à une surcharge en AB, à l'origine des lésions hépatiques et du retard de régénération. Le récepteur TGR5 contrôlerait l'hydrophobicité du pool d'AB via le contrôle de la fonction motrice de la vésicule biliaire et régulerait la perméabilité de l'épithélium biliaire<br>BA composition (plasma, liver, bile, urine, stools) was more hydrophobic in TGR5-KO than in W1 mice. After PH, severe hepatocyte necrosis, prolonged cholestasis, exacerbated inflammatory response and delayed regeneration were observed in TGR5-KO mice. Hepatocyte adaptive response to post-PH BA overload was similar in WT and TGR5-KO mice. However, kidney and biliary adaptive responses to post-PH BA overload were strongly impaired in TGR5-KO as compared with WT mice. Cholestyramine treatment, as well as Kupffer cell depletion, significantly improved the post-PH TGR5 KO mice phenotype. After bile duct ligation or upon a cholic acid-enriched diet, TGR5 KO mice exhibited more severe liver injury than WT as well as impaired BA elimination in urine. In TGR5-KO mice, hepatic bile acid synthesis and cholecystohepatic shunt were not altered, but gallbladder relaxation and biliary epithelium hyperpermeability were observed as compared to WT mice. TGR5 is crucial for liver protection against BA overload after PH, primarily through the control of bile hydrophobicity and cytokine secretion. In the absence of TGR5, intrahepatic stasis of abnormally hydrophobic bile and excessive inflammation, in association with impaired bile flow adaptation and deficient urinary BA efflux, lead to BA overload-induced liver injury and delayed regeneration. TGR5 may control both bile acid pool hydrophobicity via the control of gallbladder motor function, and epithelial permeability in the biliary tract

Mixtures of g-priors are well established in linear regression models by \cite{Liang2008} and generalized linear models by \cite{Bove2011} and \cite{Li2013} for variable selection. This approach enables us to overcome the problem of specifying the dispersion parameter by imposing a hyper-prior on it. By this way we allow for our model to "learn" about the shrinkage from the data. In this work, we implement Bayesian variable selection methods based on g-priors and their mixtures in multinomial logistic regression models. More precisely, we follow two approaches: (a) the traditional implementation by extending the approach of \cite{Bove2011} for multinomial models, and (b) an augmented implementation of \cite{Polson2013} based on latent structure. We will study and compare the two approaches. Furthermore, we will focus on handling class imbalance and sparsity issues appearing when the number of covariates is large and the need of specifying different covariate selection across different pairwise logit structures. All proposed methods will be presented in simulation and real datasets.<br>Mixtures of g-priors are well established in linear regression models by \cite{Liang2008} and generalized linear models by \cite{Bove2011} and \cite{Li2013} for variable selection. This approach enables us to overcome the problem of specifying the dispersion parameter by imposing a hyper-prior on it. By this way we allow for our model to "learn" about the shrinkage from the data. In this work, we implement Bayesian variable selection methods based on g-priors and their mixtures in multinomial logistic regression models. More precisely, we follow two approaches: (a) the traditional implementation by extending the approach of \cite{Bove2011} for multinomial models, and (b) an augmented implementation of \cite{Polson2013} based on latent structure. We will study and compare the two approaches. Furthermore, we will focus on handling class imbalance and sparsity issues appearing when the number of covariates is large and the need of specifying different covariate selection across different pairwise logit structures. All proposed methods will be presented in simulation and real datasets.

Le rôle des acides biliaires a évolué ces dernières années passant de simples molécules solubilisatrices des lipides à des composés à activité métabolique. En plus de leur fonction dans l’absorption des lipides post-repas, ils ont été montrés comme stimulant de nombreuses voies de signalisation modulant l’expression de gènes clefs du métabolisme et de nombreux mécanismes physiologiques via l’activation de récepteurs spécifiques tels que les récepteurs « Farnesoid X receptor » (FXR) et le récepteur membranaire couplé à une protéine G, TGR5. La protéine TGR5 codée par le gène GPBAR1, aussi connue sous le nom de « G-protein-membrane-type receptor for bile acids » (M-BAR) est le premier récepteur couplé à une protéine G spécifique aux acides biliaires ayant été mis en évidence. Cette protéine est exprimée dans de nombreux tissus clefs du métabolisme énergétique tels que les cellules L intestinales, le tissu adipeux, les reins, le muscle squelettique et le pancréas. En réponse à la fixation des acides biliaires au récepteur TGR5, celui-ci va être internalisé et sa sous-unité G&#945;S va être libérée. Ce mécanisme va ensuite activer l’adénylate cyclase et augmenter la production d’AMPc à l’origine de l’activation des voies de signalisations liées à la protéine kinase A (PKA). Une fois activée, la PKA va induire la phosphorylation des protéines « cAMP-response element-binding » (CREB) et permettre la modulation de l’expression de gènes cibles.Ces dernières années de nombreux travaux ont eu pour but d’étudier le rôle du récepteur TGR5 dans le métabolisme. Chez la souris, l’activation du récepteur TGR5 stimule la dépense énergétique dans le tissu adipeux brun et dans le muscle squelettique et prévient le développement de l’obésité et de l’insulino-résistance induites par un régime riche en graisses. Le récepteur TGR5 est également impliqué au niveau des cellules L intestinales sécrétrices du GLP-1. Il y joue un rôle essentiel dans l’homéostasie glucidique via la régulation de l’activité pancréatique, des sécrétions de l’insuline et du glucagon, de l’inhibition de la vidange gastrique ou encore de la modulation des messages de satiété via des voies neuroendocrines. TGR5 présente également des fonctions immunologiques avec une expression connue dans les cellules de l’immunité telles que les monocytes, les macrophages alvéolaires ou encore les cellules de Kupffer. TGR5 a également été mis en évidence comme régulateur des mécanismes d’inflammations via les macrophages avec une diminution de l’expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires. A l’opposé, l’activation de TGR5 serait impliquée dans de nombreux processus pathologiques tels que, le développement de carcinomes gastro-intestinaux, les pancréatites, la lithiase biliaire, suggérant un rôle potentiel du récepteur TGR5 dans la régulation de voies de signalisation responsables de la prolifération et de la mort cellulaire [...]<br>Bile acids (BAs) have evolved over the years from being considered as simple lipid solubilizers to metabolically active molecules. In addition to their function in dietary lipid absorption, they have also been shown to activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 receptors to initiate signaling pathways and regulate metabolic gene transcription. TGR5 (encoded by the GPBAR1 gene), also known as G-protein-membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR) or G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1), was the first identified G-protein coupled receptor specific for bile acids. In normal individuals, the highest level of GPBAR1 mRNA expression was reported in the gallbladder, placenta and spleen, followed by moderate expression in other tissues including lungs, liver, stomach, small intestine and adipose tissue, with a relatively low level of expression in kidney, skeletal muscles and pancreas. In response to binding of BAs to the ligand-binding pocket of the TGR5 protein, the TGR5 receptor is internalized and the G&#945;S subunit is released. This mechanism leads to activation of adenylate cyclase and an increase in cAMP production resulting in induction of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Subsequently, PKA phosphorylates the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and enhances the transcription of its target genes in response to extracellular signals.To date, extensive work has been done to investigate the role of TGR5 in metabolism. In rodents, BA-activated TGR5 receptor stimulates energy expenditure in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and prevents obesity and insulin resistance induced by a high fat diet. TGR5 is also implicated in intestinal L-cells secreted GLP-1, which plays an essential role in glucose homeostasis through the stimulation of glucose-dependent-insulin-secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion, inhibition of gastric emptying and increasing satiety through neuroendocrine pathways. In terms of the immunological function of TGR5, it is now known that TGR5 is expressed in several immune cells such as monocytes, alveolar macrophages and Kupffer cells. The beneficial effects of TGR5 on macrophage-driven inflammation include reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, thus protecting against atherosclerosis and liver steatosis. On the contrary, TGR5 activation has also been implicated in itch and analgesia, gastrointestinal-tract cell carcinogenesis, pancreatitis, and cholelithiasis, suggesting a potential role for TGR5 as a regulator of signal transduction pathways responsible for cell proliferation and apoptosis. BAs may also influence islet function via both direct and indirect mechanisms as recent studies have shown that Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is expressed by pancreatic beta cells, and regulates insulin signaling in cultured cell lines. Kumar et al., [14] also reported that the TGR5 agonists INT-777 + oleanolic acid (OA) stimulated glucose-mediated insulin release via TGR5 activation, also in cultured cells. Still, little is known about the regulation of TGR5 expression or its involvement in pancreatic hormone secretion in response to physiological or pathological conditions such as T2D, as these studies have been performed mainly in cultured cell lines. In these contexts, the biological function of TGR5 remains enigmatic. The aim of the present study was first to establish the specific expression of TGR5 in human pancreatic islet cell subtypes. Then, a cross-sectional cohort of human islets isolated from individuals with various degrees of insulin resistance was exploited to determine if TGR5 expression and function was modified in T2D. Finally to determine if targeting TGR5 is clinically relevant, human islets were treated in-vitro with a specific agonist of TGR5 or with siRNA directed against TGR5 and hormone secretion assessed to establish whether TGR5 activation or inhibition modulate pancreatic hormone secretion

Il presente lavoro intende esaminare il processo di decision making relativo alla politica sociale statunitense sviluppatosi a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta, fornendo un’analisi di carattere «istituzionalista» che ponga in rilievo gli snodi cruciali del dibattito relativo al welfare system federale svoltosi sia all’interno del Congresso, sia presso i think tank, i centri universitari, le organizzazioni culturali e religiose, le lobby e le altre realtà associative emerse dalla società civile. In particolare, la ricerca si concentra sull’intreccio tra ideologia politica, mentalità tradizionale, opinione pubblica e interessi specifici, e sull’influsso esercitato dalla dimensione culturale e istituzionale sul processo legislativo. Sono stati individuati quattro principali indirizzi socio-politici, ciascuno dei quali ha avuto un particolare influsso su altrettante ‘fasi’ del processo di riforma del welfare system statunitense svoltosi tra il 1968 e il 2006. L’analisi del dibattito culturale e politico è stata suddivisa pertanto in quattro diversi capitoli (capp. 2-5) che consentono di delineare percorsi distinti per le diverse ipotesi socio-culturali individuate, ai quali viene anteposta una premessa storica relativa alle origini del sistema assistenziale e previdenziale statunitense e alle politiche riformiste degli anni Sessanta (cap. 1).<br>The dissertation examines the process of decision making that determined the development of U.S. social policy from the end of the Sixties. It analyzes the institutional character of the debate that took place inside the Congress and inside the think tanks, the academic centers, the cultural and religious foundations and other associations. In particular, the research is focused on the tangle between political ideologies, traditional culture, public opinion and legislative process. The dissertation identifies four different socio-political streams: each of them influenced a particular “phase” of the reform of the U.S. welfare system from 1968 up to 2006. The analysis of the cultural and political debate has been divided in four chapters (chapters 2-5) that allow to delineate different developments for the four streams, after an historical premise (chapter 1) that presents the origins of American welfare system, from the colonial times to the Sixties.

Il presente lavoro intende esaminare il processo di decision making relativo alla politica sociale statunitense sviluppatosi a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta, fornendo un’analisi di carattere «istituzionalista» che ponga in rilievo gli snodi cruciali del dibattito relativo al welfare system federale svoltosi sia all’interno del Congresso, sia presso i think tank, i centri universitari, le organizzazioni culturali e religiose, le lobby e le altre realtà associative emerse dalla società civile. In particolare, la ricerca si concentra sull’intreccio tra ideologia politica, mentalità tradizionale, opinione pubblica e interessi specifici, e sull’influsso esercitato dalla dimensione culturale e istituzionale sul processo legislativo. Sono stati individuati quattro principali indirizzi socio-politici, ciascuno dei quali ha avuto un particolare influsso su altrettante ‘fasi’ del processo di riforma del welfare system statunitense svoltosi tra il 1968 e il 2006. L’analisi del dibattito culturale e politico è stata suddivisa pertanto in quattro diversi capitoli (capp. 2-5) che consentono di delineare percorsi distinti per le diverse ipotesi socio-culturali individuate, ai quali viene anteposta una premessa storica relativa alle origini del sistema assistenziale e previdenziale statunitense e alle politiche riformiste degli anni Sessanta (cap. 1).<br>The dissertation examines the process of decision making that determined the development of U.S. social policy from the end of the Sixties. It analyzes the institutional character of the debate that took place inside the Congress and inside the think tanks, the academic centers, the cultural and religious foundations and other associations. In particular, the research is focused on the tangle between political ideologies, traditional culture, public opinion and legislative process. The dissertation identifies four different socio-political streams: each of them influenced a particular “phase” of the reform of the U.S. welfare system from 1968 up to 2006. The analysis of the cultural and political debate has been divided in four chapters (chapters 2-5) that allow to delineate different developments for the four streams, after an historical premise (chapter 1) that presents the origins of American welfare system, from the colonial times to the Sixties.

碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>有機高分子研究所<br>99<br>In this study, blends of biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PTT) were prepared of different mixing ratio. The blends were added Poly(styrene – ethylene – butylene – styrene) (SEBS) or maleic anhydride-grafted Poly(styrene – ethylene – butylene – styrene) (SEBS-g-MA). The effects of the two toughening compatilizers on thermal properties of blends were compared, compatibility, crystallization, mechanical properties. Thermal gravimetric (TGA) was used to observed changes in the thermal properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to examine glass transition temperature and miscibility. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to obtain the percent of crystallinity on melting crystallization. The universal testing machine was used to obtain mechanical properties.

碩士<br>萬能科技大學<br>材料科學與工程研究所在職專班<br>101<br>This study investigates the blending of thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) plastic pellets and carbon fiber (CF) filler with various weight percentages. Firstly, the blends were uniformly mixed with a twin-screw kneader at 180 °C and 50 rpm, secondly they formed composite materials with an injection mold. The thermal (TGA, DSC, melting index), mechanical (tensile strength and modulus, impact strength and hardness) and physical properties of the blends with various CF contents were investigated. Also, the blends were additionally incorporated with poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) -graft-maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA) or polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA). The above-mentioned properties of these new blends are also examined to evaluate the effectiveness of polypropylene modification. The results indicate that the addition of SEBS-g-MA and PP-g-MA can improve the dispersion of CF in PP matrix. So the tensile strength and impact strength of the blends increase with increasing CF content. Especially, the thermal resistance of the blends is significantly enhanced by the CF. However the glass transition temperature of the blends does not vary with the CF content.

Le thème de la culture (Bildung) se caractérise d’abord, dans l’ensemble de l’œuvre de Hegel, par sa diversité contextuelle. Bien que la culture y soit définie spécifiquement comme un mode de développement propre à l’humain, à la différence de l’usage usuel du terme en allemand, cette diversité fait en sorte qu’on la retrouve aussi bien dans les remarques anthropologiques les plus anodines que dans les passages s’intéressant à l’histoire de l’esprit du monde ou encore les textes de nature politique. Il s’agit donc, dans le présent travail, d’étudier pour eux-mêmes les différents contextes généraux dans lesquels la notion apparaît (Phénoménologie de l’esprit, philosophie politique et philosophie de l’histoire) pour en arriver à retracer le fil conducteur donnant à la culture hégélienne son unité de sens. Loin d’être un concept indéterminé, la culture désigne, à tous les niveaux où il se manifeste, le dynamisme propre à l’esprit.<br>The theme of culture (Bildung) is primarily characterized by its contextual diversity within Hegel’s body of work. Although culture is specifically defined as a means of development unique to humans, unlike the typical usage of the term in German, its diversity means it is as present in the most mundane of anthropological observations as in passages addressing the history of world spirit and even political writings. This work will examine each of the general contexts in which the concept appears (Phenomenology of spirit, political philosophy, and philosophy of history) in order to establish the common thread underpinning the core of Hegelian concept of culture. Far from being an undefined concept, culture represents the dynamic nature of the spirit wherever it manifests itself.