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1

Rodríguez-Lozada, Josué, Erika Tovar-Gudiño, Juan Guevara-Salazar, et al. "QSAR and Molecular Docking Studies of the Inhibitory Activity of Novel Heterocyclic GABA Analogues over GABA-AT." Molecules 23, no. 11 (2018): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112984.

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We have previously reported the synthesis, in vitro and in silico activities of new GABA analogues as inhibitors of the GABA-AT enzyme from Pseudomonas fluorescens, where the nitrogen atom at the γ-position is embedded in heterocyclic scaffolds. With the goal of finding more potent inhibitors, we now report the synthesis of a new set of GABA analogues with a broader variation of heterocyclic scaffolds at the γ-position such as thiazolidines, methyl-substituted piperidines, morpholine and thiomorpholine and determined their inhibitory potential over the GABA-AT enzyme from Pseudomonas fluoresce
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2

Kilbourn, Michael R., Michael R. Pavia, and Vlad E. Gregor. "Synthesis of fluorine-18 labeled GABA uptake inhibitors." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 41, no. 9 (1990): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889(90)90059-p.

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3

Sałat, Kinga, Anna Więckowska, Krzysztof Więckowski, et al. "Synthesis and pharmacological properties of new GABA uptake inhibitors." Pharmacological Reports 64, no. 4 (2012): 817–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70877-0.

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4

Kolb, Michael, Jacqueline Barth, Jean Georges Heydt, and Michel J. Jung. "Synthesis and evaluation of mono-, di-, and trifluoroethenyl-GABA derivatives as GABA-T inhibitors." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 30, no. 2 (1987): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00385a007.

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5

Andersen, Knud E., Mikael Begtrup, Mukund S. Chorghade, et al. "The synthesis of novel GABA uptake inhibitors. Part 2. Synthesis of 5-hydroxytiagabine, a human metabolite of the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabine." Tetrahedron 50, no. 29 (1994): 8699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85345-x.

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6

ANDERSEN, K. E., M. BEGTRUP, M. S. CHORGHADE, et al. "ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Novel GABA Uptake Inhibitors. Part 2. Synthesis of 5- Hydroxytiagabine, a Human Metabolite of the GABA Reuptake Inhibitor Tiagabine." ChemInform 25, no. 49 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199449236.

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7

Andersen, Knud Erik, Jan L. Sørensen, Jesper Lau та ін. "Synthesis of Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Uptake Inhibitors. 5.1Preparation and Structure−Activity Studies of Tricyclic Analogues of Known GABA Uptake Inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 44, № 13 (2001): 2152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm990513k.

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8

Vogensen, Stine B., Lars Jørgensen, Karsten K. Madsen, et al. "Selective mGAT2 (BGT-1) GABA Uptake Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 56, no. 5 (2013): 2160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm301872x.

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9

Suemasa, Akihiro, Mizuki Watanabe, Takaaki Kobayashi, et al. "Design and synthesis of cyclopropane-based conformationally restricted GABA analogues as selective inhibitors for betaine/GABA transporter 1." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 28, no. 20 (2018): 3395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.031.

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10

Cho, Hyun-U., Sunpil Kim, Jeongeun Sim, et al. "Redefining differential roles of MAO-A in dopamine degradation and MAO-B in tonic GABA synthesis." Experimental & Molecular Medicine 53, no. 7 (2021): 1148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00646-3.

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AbstractMonoamine oxidase (MAO) is believed to mediate the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, in the brain. Between the two types of MAO, MAO-B has been believed to be involved in dopamine degradation, which supports the idea that the therapeutic efficacy of MAO-B inhibitors in Parkinson’s disease can be attributed to an increase in extracellular dopamine concentration. However, this belief has been controversial. Here, by utilizing in vivo phasic and basal electrochemical monitoring of extracellular dopamine with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and multiple-cyclic sq
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11

Andersen, Knud Erik, Jan L. Sørensen, Per O. Huusfeldt, et al. "Synthesis of Novel GABA Uptake Inhibitors. 4.1Bioisosteric Transformation and Successive Optimization of Known GABA Uptake Inhibitors Leading to a Series of Potent Anticonvulsant Drug Candidates." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 42, no. 21 (1999): 4281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm980492e.

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12

Vergnes, Marguerite, Any Boehrer, Sophie Reibel, Simone Simler, and Christian Marescaux. "Selective Susceptibility to Inhibitors of GABA Synthesis and Antagonists of GABAA Receptor in Rats with Genetic Absence Epilepsy." Experimental Neurology 161, no. 2 (2000): 714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1999.7302.

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13

Clift, Michael D., and Richard B. Silverman. "Synthesis and evaluation of novel aromatic substrates and competitive inhibitors of GABA aminotransferase." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 18, no. 10 (2008): 3122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.060.

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14

Andersen, Knud Erik, Jan L. Soerensen, Jesper Lau та ін. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Uptake Inhibitors. Part 5. Preparation and Structure-Activity Studies of Tricyclic Analogues of Known GABA Uptake Inhibitors." ChemInform 32, № 41 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200141187.

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15

Trudeau, V. L., B. D. Sloley, and R. E. Peter. "GABA stimulation of gonadotropin-II release in goldfish: involvement of GABAA receptors, dopamine, and sex steroids." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 2 (1993): R348—R355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.2.r348.

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The involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in regulation of pituitary gonadotropin-II (GTH-II) release was studied in the goldfish. Intraperitoneal injection of GABA (300 micrograms/g) stimulated an increase in serum GTH-II levels at 30 min postinjection. The GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (0.1-10 micrograms/g) stimulated GTH-II in a dose-dependent manner. Baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist, had a small but significant stimulatory effect at 1 and 10 micrograms/g; the amount of GTH-II released in response to baclofen was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that released by muscimol. P
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16

Raj, Khadga, Pooja Chawla, and Shamsher Singh. "Neurobehavioral Consequences Associated with Long Term Tramadol Utilization and Pathological Mechanisms." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 18, no. 10 (2020): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527318666191112124435.

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: Tramadol is a synthetic analog of codeine used to treat pain of moderate to severe intensity and is reported to have neurotoxic potential. At therapeutic dose, tramadol does not cause major side effects in comparison to other opioid analgesics, and is useful for the management of neurological problems like anxiety and depression. Long term utilization of tramadol is associated with various neurological disorders like seizures, serotonin syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Tramadol produces seizures through inhibition of nitric oxide, serotonin reuptake and inhibitory effec
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17

Lindgren, Silvana, and Nils-Erik Andén. "On the Use of Enzyme Inhibitors to Study the Synthesis and Utilization of Brain GABA." Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 55, no. 1 (2009): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1984.tb01960.x.

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18

Sitka, Ingolf, Lars Allmendinger, Günther Fülep, Georg Höfner та Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis of N-substituted acyclic β-amino acids and their investigation as GABA uptake inhibitors". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 65 (липень 2013): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.063.

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19

Hellenbrand, Tim, Georg Höfner, Thomas Wein, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis of 4-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives and their evaluation as potential GABA uptake inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 24, no. 9 (2016): 2072–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.038.

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20

Wojcicka, Anna, and Anna Nowicka-Zuchowska. "Synthesis and Biological Activity of Pyridopyridazine Derivatives: A Mini Review." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 1 (2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180220155119.

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This review presents most of the literature data about synthesis and biological activity of pyridopyridazine derivatives. There are six structural isomers of the bicyclic ring system containing pyridine moiety condensed with pyridazine nucleus. Pyridopyridazine derivatives show antitumor, antibacterial, analgesic and diuretics activities. The derivatives have been identified as the selective phosphodiesterase 5 and phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors. Pyridopyridazines are novel class of GABA-A receptor benzodiazepine binding site ligands. Some of pyrido[3,2-c]pyridazine derivatives possess mollusc
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21

Kragler, Andrea, Georg Höfner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of aminomethylphenol derivatives as inhibitors of the murine GABA transporters mGAT1–mGAT4." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 43, no. 11 (2008): 2404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.005.

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22

Kulig, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Więckowski, Anna Więckowska, et al. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of new derivatives of 2-substituted 4-hydroxybutanamides as GABA uptake inhibitors." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 46, no. 1 (2011): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.11.001.

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23

Kowalczyk, Paula, Kinga Sałat, Georg C. Höfner, et al. "Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure–activity relationship of new GABA uptake inhibitors, derivatives of 4-aminobutanamides." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 83 (August 2014): 256–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.024.

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24

Andrews, PR, JM Gulbis, MN Iskander, and MF Mackay. "Structure and Conformations of GABA-Transaminase Inhibitors. III. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Tetracyclic Benzoxazaborinone." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 6 (1987): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9871073.

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Reduction of the substituted Schiff base (1) with sodium borohydride gave a product which was found by X-ray crystallographic analysis to be a mixture of two unexpected tetracyclic benzoxazaborinones (3a,b). X-ray analysis showed that, in the dipolar molecules, the pyridine nitrogen is protonated and the boron carries the negative charge. The crystals have site disorder, the exocyclic attachment at the boron being 73% methoxy (3a) and 27% hydroxy (3b). The stability, conformational rigidity and potential biology activity of these cyclic boron chelates all combine to give them particular intere
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25

Nielsen, Lone, Lotte Brehm, and Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen. "GABA agonists and uptake inhibitors. Synthesis, absolute stereochemistry, and enantioselectivity of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-homo-.beta.-proline." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 33, no. 1 (1990): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00163a012.

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26

Bansal, S. K., B. N. Sinha та R. L. Khosa. "γ-Amino butyric acid analogs as novel potent GABA-AT inhibitors: molecular docking, synthesis, and biological evaluation". Medicinal Chemistry Research 22, № 1 (2012): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00044-012-0023-0.

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27

Rajak, Harish, Pramod Kumar, Poonam Parmar, et al. "Appraisal of GABA and PABA as linker: Design and synthesis of novel benzamide based histone deacetylase inhibitors." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 53 (July 2012): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.058.

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28

Zheng, Jianbin, Ren Wen, Xiaomin Luo, et al. "Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of the N-diarylalkenyl-piperidinecarboxylic acid derivatives as GABA uptake inhibitors (I)." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 16, no. 1 (2006): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.004.

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29

Shekhar, A., and J. A. Dimicco. "Defense reaction elicited by injection of GABA antagonists and synthesis inhibitors into the posterior hypothalamus in rats." Neuropharmacology 26, no. 5 (1987): 407–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(87)90020-7.

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30

Margolin, Alexey L. "Synthesis of optically pure mechanism-based inhibitors of γ aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-T) via enzyme-catalyzed resolution". Tetrahedron Letters 34, № 8 (1993): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)91763-5.

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31

Zhao, Xueqing, Cornelia E. Hoesl, Georg C. Hoefner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of new GABA-uptake inhibitors derived from proline and from pyrrolidine-2-acetic acid." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 40, no. 3 (2005): 231–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.11.004.

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32

Steffan, Tobias, Thejavathi Renukappa-Gutke, Georg Höfner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Design, synthesis and SAR studies of GABA uptake inhibitors derived from 2-substituted pyrrolidine-2-yl-acetic acids." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 23, no. 6 (2015): 1284–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.035.

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33

Komori, Hirofumi, Yoko Nitta, Hiroshi Ueno, and Yoshiki Higuchi. "Structural basis for the histamine synthesis by human histidine decarboxylase." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (2014): C458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314095412.

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Histamine is a bioactive amine responsible for a variety of physiological reactions, including allergy, gastric acid secretion, and neurotransmission. In mammals, histamine production from histidine is catalyzed by histidine decarboxylase (HDC). Mammalian HDC is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylase and belongs to the same family as mammalian glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and mammalian aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AroDC). The decarboxylases of this family function as homodimers and catalyze the formation of physiologically important amines like GABA and dopamine via de
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34

Di Giorgio, Noelia P., Marianne Bizzozzero-Hiriart, Carlos Libertun, and Victoria Lux-Lantos. "Unraveling the connection between GABA and kisspeptin in the control of reproduction." Reproduction 157, no. 6 (2019): R225—R233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0527.

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Neuroendocrine control of reproduction involves the interplay of various factors that become active at some point along development. GnRH is the main neurohormone controlling reproduction and among the most important inputs modulating GnRH synthesis/secretion are GABA and kisspeptins. These interactions of GABA and kisspeptin in the control of GnRH secretion can take place by the presence of the receptors of both factors on the GnRH neuron or alternatively by the actions of GABA on kisspeptin neurons and/or the actions of kisspeptin on GABA neurons. Kisspeptin acts on the Kiss1R, a seven trans
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35

Ceruso, Mariangela, Sabrina Antel, Andrea Scozzafava, and Claudiu T. Supuran. "Synthesis and inhibition potency of novel ureido benzenesulfonamides incorporating GABA as tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors." Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 31, no. 2 (2015): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2015.1014477.

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36

Sahu, Meeta, Nadeem Siddiqui, Ramsha Iqbal, Vidushi Sharma, and Sharad Wakode. "Design, synthesis and evaluation of newer 5,6-dihydropyrimidine-2(1 H )-thiones as GABA-AT inhibitors for anticonvulsant potential." Bioorganic Chemistry 74 (October 2017): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.07.017.

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37

Kerscher-Hack, Silke, Thejavathi Renukappa-Gutke, Georg Höfner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of N -alkylated imidazole alkanoic acids as mGAT3 selective GABA uptake inhibitors." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 124 (November 2016): 852–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.012.

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38

Zhuang, Weiping, Xueqing Zhao, Gang Zhao, et al. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-fluoroproline and 4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-acetic acid derivatives as new GABA uptake inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 18 (2009): 6540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.010.

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39

Tóth, Krisztián, Georg Höfner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with an alkyne spacer as GABA uptake inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 12 (2018): 3668–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2018.05.049.

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40

Day, Christopher R., Sashana S. Gordon, Cherissa L. Vaughn, and Stephen A. Kempson. "A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the Renal Betaine/GABA Transporter Prevents Trafficking to the Plasma Membrane." Physiology Journal 2013 (April 16, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/598321.

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One response to hypertonic stress in the renal medulla and MDCK cells is the upregulation of betaine transporter (BGT1) synthesis, followed by trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) and an increase in betaine transport. Upregulation of BGT1 was enhanced by inhibitors of phosphatases PP1 and PP2A and was attenuated by inhibitors of protein kinase C, suggesting an important role for phosphorylation reactions. This was tested using mutants of BGT1 tagged with EGFP. The PM trafficking motifs of BGT1 reside near the C terminus, and truncation at lysine560 resulted in a protein that remained intrac
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41

MARGOLIN, A. L. "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Pure Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of γ- Aminobutyric Acid Aminotransferase (GABA-T) via Enzyme-Catalyzed Resolution." ChemInform 24, № 28 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199328087.

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42

Schaarschmidt, Maren, Georg Höfner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Nipecotic Acid and Guvacine Derived 1,3‐Disubstituted Allenes as Inhibitors of Murine GABA Transporter mGAT1." ChemMedChem 14, no. 12 (2019): 1135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.201900170.

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43

Knutsen, Lars J. S., Knud Erik Andersen, Jesper Lau, et al. "Synthesis of Novel GABA Uptake Inhibitors. 3. Diaryloxime and Diarylvinyl Ether Derivatives of Nipecotic Acid and Guvacine as Anticonvulsant Agents1." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 42, no. 18 (1999): 3447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm981027k.

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44

Clausen, Rasmus P., Ejner K. Moltzen, Jens Perregaard, et al. "Selective inhibitors of GABA uptake: synthesis and molecular pharmacology of 4-N-methylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol analogues." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 3 (2005): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.029.

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45

Jamal Gilani, Sadaf, Mohd Zaheen Hassan, Syed Sarim Imam, Chandra Kala, and Surya Prakash Dixit. "Novel benzothiazole hydrazine carboxamide hybrid scaffolds as potential in vitro GABA AT enzyme inhibitors: Synthesis, molecular docking and antiepileptic evaluation." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 29, no. 14 (2019): 1825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.007.

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46

Tóth, Krisztián, Georg Höfner, and Klaus T. Wanner. "Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with a cis-alkene spacer as GABA uptake inhibitors." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 5 (2019): 822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.024.

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47

Iqbal, Nadeem, Zhong-Yong Wei, Glen B. Baker, and Edward E. Knaus. "Synthesis of 4,4-bis(2-methylphenyl)-3-butenyl (and butyl) analogs of 4-phenyl-1,4- and 6-phenyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acids and their evaluation as neuronal GABA-uptake inhibitors." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 6 (1997): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-071.

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Treatment of 3-[2-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrooxazolin-2-yl)]-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (13) with NaH–DMSO, and then reaction with 1,1-bis(2-methylphenyl)-4-bromobutane (12c) afforded 1-[4,4-bis(2-methylphenyl)butyl]-3-[2-(4,4-dimethyl-4,5-dihydrooxazolin-2-yl)]-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine (14). Reaction of methyl nicotinate with 2.1 equivalents 12c or 1,1-bis(2-methylphenyl)-4-bromo-1-butene (11b) afforded 4,4-bis(2-methylphenyl)butyl 1-[4,4-bis(2-methylphenyl)butyl]pyridinium-3-carboxylate bromide (17) or 4,4-bis(2-methylphenyl)-3-butenyl 1-[4,4-bis(2-methylphenyl)-3-butenyl]pyridinium-3-ca
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48

Dhar, T. G. Murali, Laurence A. Borden, Sriram Tyagarajan, et al. "Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Substituted Triarylnipecotic Acid Derivatives as GABA Uptake Inhibitors: Identification of a Ligand with Moderate Affinity and Selectivity for the Cloned Human GABA Transporter GAT-3." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 37, no. 15 (1994): 2334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00041a012.

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49

Connelly, Julie Faulkner. "Vigabatrin." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 2 (1993): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302700215.

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Objective To introduce the reader to the use of a new agent, vigabatrin, in the treatment of refractory complex partial seizures. Clinical trials and pharmacokinetic data are reviewed, as well as neuropathology, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage guidelines. Data Sources A MEDLINE search through March 1992 was used to identify pertinent English-language literature, including clinical trials, reviews, abstracts, and conference proceedings. Indexing terms included vigabatrin and anticonvulsants. Study Selection All clinical trials (total of 21) were reviewed, as were all pharmacokine
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50

Fleischhacker, W., S. Lauritz, E. Urban, P. Baumann, and H. Bittiger. "Synthesis and biochemical studies of spirocyclic amino acids. II. Activity of 2-azaspiro[5.5]undecane-7-carboxylates as GABA-uptake inhibitors." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 30, no. 9 (1995): 707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0223-5234(96)88288-2.

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