Dissertations / Theses on the topic '"Gaïa scienza"'

Le corpus se compose de trois ouvrages de non-fiction The Soul of London (1905), The Heart of the Country (1906) et The Spirit of the People (1907), regroupés en un seul volume sous le titre England and the English – an Interpretation lors de la publication de la trilogie à New-York en 1907. Cette trilogie a été ensuite éditée en 2003 par Carcanet Press sous la direction de Sara Haslam. Peu étudiées, ces oeuvres ont une existence propre à l'intérieur de la trilogie, au coeur del'oeuvre fordienne, voire au sein de la littérature moderne. Ce travail herméneutique permet de mettre au jour le feuilletage d'un texte prétexte à une réflexion à la fois autobiographique, philosophico-théologique, socio-historique et théorique portant sur l'écriture et l'art en général. Il révèle l'esthétique innovante d'un auteur qui cherchera sans relâche sa place dans le paysage littéraire international, entre impressionnisme et futurisme, et essaiera de recueillir l'adhésion de « l'homme moyen sensible » en la personne de son lecteur, en lui transmettant un message d'amour par le biais d'une langue hybride et plurielle inspirée de la « langue des oiseaux ». Derrière l'Angleterre se dessine la Provence et une esth/éthique du troubadour
The three books collected in England and the English are The Soul of London (1905), The Heart of the Country (1906) et The Spirit of the People (1907). Although the complete trilogy was edited in New-York in 1907 it was made available to English readers in 2003 only, when Sara Haslam edited the volume for Carcanet Press. This study means to show in what ways those so-called essays are crucial and make sense as a trilogy, within Ford's own work as well as within modern literature. The hermeneutic approach adopted here attempts to decipher a multi-layered text and brings out underlying themes and intertexts that bear on the author's biography as well as on his interests in philosophical, religious, and socio-historical topics and reflect his passion for writing. The trilogy comes out as emblematic of the original aesthetic of a writer who, hovering between impressionism and futurism, tried to find his own way within the international literary landscape. Ford defines and addresses here an homme moyen sensible, very close to his ideal reader and transmits to him a specific message of love resorting to a hybrid, joyful and plural language inherited from the medieval langue desoiseaux. England becomes indistinguishable from Provence and from aesth/ethics connected with its troubadours

Ist Israel eine Besatzungsmacht und haben die Palästinenser ein Recht auf Widerstand? Politische Debatten über den Nahen Osten sind zahlreich. Doch wie sieht die juristische Dimension aus? Der Rechtswissenschaftler Norman Paech untersucht den Konflikt in Gaza mit Blick auf die völkerrechtliche Legitimation Israels, Krieg zu führen, und auf das international geltende Recht während kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen.

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Em A gaia ci?ncia Nietzsche ir? abordar a ci?ncia, especificamente a sua finalidade, sob uma perspectiva cr?tica, apontando a necessidade de um conhecimento cient?fico mais humano e menos mecanicista, uma ci?ncia mais pr?xima ? arte, que ao inv?s de descobrir verdades, se ocupe em criar novos valores, vis?es e perspectivas. Ao longo da obra fica evidente a inten??o do fil?sofo em n?o apenas criticar a ci?ncia, mas tamb?m, conceber um novo m?todo, uma nova ci?ncia, uma gaya scienza, em alus?o ? arte dos trovadores medievais. Objetiva-se, com isso, unir vida e conhecimento como partes constituintes de um mesmo processo, fazendo da busca pelo conhecimento, n?o apenas um ?cio ou profiss?o, mas, sobretudo, um meio de vida. Nietzsche anseia por uma ci?ncia que n?o se enquadra nas categorias de verdadeiro ou falso, pois o seu valor ? diferente do valor da verdade, seu valor maior ? a m?xima potencialidade da vida em todos os seus aspectos

Orientador: Fernando Antônio Moala
Banca: Sergio Minouru Oikawa
Banca: Carlos Aparecido dos Santos
Resumo: Devido aos inúmeros campos para aplicações na Análise de Sobrevivência, diferentes funções de risco são necessárias para modelar os mais diversos casos em estudo. Portanto, ao criar novas distribuições pode-se obter diferentes funções de risco com suas diferentes curvas, que podem ser utilizadas para diversos tipos de dados. Serão apresentadas três novas distribuições de probabilidade, criadas a partir de três diferentes métodos, sendo a Gama Exponenciada Estendida de Marshall Olkin, Gama Exponenciada Poisson Truncada no Zero e também a Gama Exponenciada Bivariada. Para as distribuições de probabilidade univariadas foram obtidos resultados probabilísticos, tais como o n-ésimo momento; r-ésimo momento de vida média residual; r-ésimo momento de vida média residual invertido; ordenação estocástica; entropias; desvios médios; curvas de Bonferroni e de Lorenz; assimetria, curtose e seus gráficos; estatísticas de ordem e parâmetro stress − strength. Em relação a distribuição Gama Exponenciada Bivariada foi encontrada sua função acumulada; função densidade; função marginal; função condicional e seu n-ésimo momento. Para as novas distribuições univariadas encontradas, também foram feitas simulações para diferentes valores de parâmetros com o intuito de verificar qual o melhor método de estimação, para cada parâmetro de cada distribuição. Os métodos utilizados foram: estimador de máxima verossimilhança, Mínimos Quadrados, Mínimos Quadrados Ponderados, Cramér-von-Mises, Anderson Darli... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Due to the many fields for applications in Survival Analysis, different hazard functions are needed to modelling the various case studies. Therefore, creating new distributions can obtains different hazard functions with different graphics, which can be used for various types of data. There will be presented three new probability distributions, created from three different methods, the Marshall Olkin Extendet Exponentiated Gamma, Poisson Zero Truncated Exponentiated Gamma and the Bivariate Exponentiated Gamma. For such univariate probability distributions it will be obtained some probabilistics results, like n-th time, rth moment of residual life, r-th moment of residual life inverted, stochastic ordering, entropies, mean deviation, Bonferroni and Lorenz curve, skewness, kurtosis, order statistics and stress-strength parameter. Regarding the Bivariate Gamma Exponentiated was found your acumulated and density function; marginal function; conditional function and it's n-th moment. For the new univariate distributions found, were also made simulations for different parameter values in order to find the best estimation method for each parameter. The methods used were: maximum likelihood, ordinary least-squares, weighted least-squares, Cramér-von-Mises, Anderson Darling, Anderson Darling - RT (right-tail), Anderson Darling - LT (left-tail), Anderson Darling - 2LT (left-tail second order), Kolmogorov and bayesian estimator with the prior Gamma... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Cette thèse est une enquête d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences sur l'hypothèse Gaïa (HG) proposée par Lovelock et Margulis dans les années 1970. L'examen historique de l'élaboration d'HG et de sa très riche réception dans diverses disciplines scientifiques (climatologie, biogéochimie, géochimie, biologie de l'évolution, écologie et sciences de la complexité) et au sein des mouvements environnementalistes nous conduit à montrer qu'une ambiguïté majeure sur le statut d'HG grève la littérature : qu'est-ce qu'HG ? Nous montrons qu'HG a été considérée tantôt comme une hypothèse, tantôt comme une théorie, tantôt comme un programme de recherche, tantôt comme une philosophie de la nature. Chacune de ces lectures est ensuite examinée. Nous proposons une caractérisation épistémologique et historique d'HG montrant qu'HG ne doit pas être interprétée comme une hypothèse devant être confrontée de manière directe aux faits, mais comme une théorie élaborée avec des modèles. Nous clarifions alors le rôle et le statut méthodologique des modèles et théories d'HG ainsi que les concepts et hypothèses fondamentales qui les sous-tendent. La reconnaissance de Gaïa comme un système constitué des vivants et de l'environnement avec lequel ils interagissent a été l'origine de la constitution d'un nouveau programme de recherche: les sciences du système Terre. Nous proposons une histoire et une caractérisation de ce programme, repérons les déplacements philosophiques qu'il a opérés à propos des concepts de vie, d'environnement et de nature puis analysons les liens entre les conceptions que Lovelock a de Gaïa et les prescriptions environnementales qu'il a prononcées au nom de Gaïa
The Gaia hypothesis (GH) proposed in the 1970's by Lovelock and Margulis is here analyzed from a history and philosophy of science perspective. The historical analysis of GH's elaboration and rich reception across various disciplines (climatology, biogeochemistry, geochemistry, evolutionary biology, ecology and complexity sciences) and within environmentalist movements leads me to argue that a major ambiguity plagues the relevant literatures: what is GH? I show that GH has been considered as a hypothesis, as a theory, as a research program, or as a philosophy of nature. Each of these interpretations is then analyzed. An epistemological and historical characterisation of GH shows that GH should not be interpreted as a hypothesis which ought to be confronted directly to empirical facts, but as a theory elaborated with models. I elucidate the methodological role and status of GH's models and theories before clarifying the concepts and expliciting the fundamental hypotheses underlying these models and theories. The recognition of Gaia as a system constituted of living organisms and the environment with which they internet led to the constitution of a new research program: the Earth system sciences. I offer a history and a characterisation of this research program, specify the philosophical shifts it brought about concepts such as life, the environment and nature and I analyze the relationships between Lovelock's conceptions of Gaia and the environmental prescriptions he pronounced in the name of Gaia

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Nesta dissertação, tem-se como objetivo desenvolver aspectos computacionais a fim de realizar inferência nos parâmetros da distribuição Gama Generalizada. A distribuição Gama Generalizada tem se mostrado um excelente modelo que leva a melhores inferências quando utilizamos dados de sobrevivência. No entanto, os Estimadores de Máxima Verossimilhança (EMV) da distribuição Gama Generalizada não têm o comportamento estável e para muitos casos não existem, apenas para amostras muito grandes. Na abordagem Bayesiana o problema permanece de tal forma que diferentes distribuições a priori podem ter grande efeito nas estimativas a posteriori de interesse. Neste trabalho, ao se utilizar a inferência Clássica, será demonstrado uma forma de simplificar as equações de verossimilhança, minimizando o problema de instabilidade do método. Considerando-se a abordagem Bayesiana, serão propostas diferentes distribuições a priori, empíricas ou não-informativas e seus efeitos serão estudados nas estimativas a posteriori. Serão propostos também diferentes métodos exploratórios, a fim de se obter bons valores iniciais para serem utilizados nos procedimentos de estimação dos parâmetros, considerando-se dados censurados (censura aleatória) sob o enfoque Clássico e Bayesiano. Por fim, serão apresentados alguns exemplos de aplicações, utilizando-se dados da literatura e dados reais.
The most important goals of this research project are related to the study of computational aspects to get inferences for the parameters of the Generalized Gamma distribution. The Generalized Gamma distribution is a good option to get better inferences for lifetime data, but usually in applications, the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) of the parameters of the distribution could be very unstable depending on appropriated initial values in the numerical iterative procedure, especially for small sample sizes. Under a Bayesian approach, we observe that the posterior distributions could depend heavily on the choice of a prior distribution. In this work, using the classical inference will be shown a way to simplify the likelihood equations, minimizing the problem of instability of the method. Under a Bayesian approach, we will study the effect of different empirical and non-informative prior distributions on the posterior estimates, especially for small sample sizes. Numerical methods are also proposed in this work, in order to get good initial values used to improve the obtained inferences, considering censored data (random censoring) under the Classical and Bayesian approach. Simulated and real data sets will be used to illustrate the proposed methodology.

Orientador: Jorge Alberto Achcar
Banca: Fernando Antônio Moala
Banca: Carlos Aparecido dos Santos
Resumo: Nesta dissertação, tem-se como objetivo desenvolver aspectos computacionais a fim de realizar inferência nos parâmetros da distribuição Gama Generalizada. A distribuição Gama Generalizada tem se mostrado um excelente modelo que leva a melhores inferências quando utilizamos dados de sobrevivência. No entanto, os Estimadores de Máxima Verossimilhança (EMV) da distribuição Gama Generalizada não têm o comportamento estável e para muitos casos não existem, apenas para amostras muito grandes. Na abordagem Bayesiana o problema permanece de tal forma que diferentes distribuições a priori podem ter grande efeito nas estimativas a posteriori de interesse. Neste trabalho, ao se utilizar a inferência Clássica, será demonstrado uma forma de simplificar as equações de verossimilhança, minimizando o problema de instabilidade do método. Considerando-se a abordagem Bayesiana, serão propostas diferentes distribuições a priori, empíricas ou não-informativas e seus efeitos serão estudados nas estimativas a posteriori. Serão propostos também diferentes métodos exploratórios, a fim de se obter bons valores iniciais para serem utilizados nos procedimentos de estimação dos parâmetros, considerando-se dados censurados (censura aleatória) sob o enfoque Clássico e Bayesiano. Por fim, serão apresentados alguns exemplos de aplicações, utilizando-se dados da literatura e dados reais.
Abstract: The most important goals of this research project are related to the study of computational aspects to get inferences for the parameters of the Generalized Gamma distribution. The Generalized Gamma distribution is a good option to get better inferences for lifetime data, but usually in applications, the maximum likelihood estimators (MLE) of the parameters of the distribution could be very unstable depending on appropriated initial values in the numerical iterative procedure, especially for small sample sizes. Under a Bayesian approach, we observe that the posterior distributions could depend heavily on the choice of a prior distribution. In this work, using the classical inference will be shown a way to simplify the likelihood equations, minimizing the problem of instability of the method. Under a Bayesian approach, we will study the effect of different empirical and non-informative prior distributions on the posterior estimates, especially for small sample sizes. Numerical methods are also proposed in this work, in order to get good initial values used to improve the obtained inferences, considering censored data (random censoring) under the Classical and Bayesian approach. Simulated and real data sets will be used to illustrate the proposed methodology.
Mestre

This dissertation centers on the impact of Israeli policies in the occupied territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip between 1967 and 1986. The focus of the study is to determine the effects of Israeli laws and practices on four major aspects of life in the occupied areas: political, economical, educational and demographical. The methodology employed in this research comprised a descriptive and comparative analysis of Jordanian rule over the territories with that of Israeli occupational policies. To substantiate our thesis, we examined a number of indicators under each area of discussion using statistical data, governmental documents, newspaper accounts, and personal interviews whenever that was possible. The data collected from Palestinian, Israeli, and independent sources confirmed the research hypothesis which contended that Israeli policies were largely responsible for the underdevelopment of the West Bank and Gaza in several areas of life besides economics. The significance of the study lies in the fact that it demonstrated unequivocally that Israel's occupational policies were systematic, coherent, and had aims far beyond the routine goals of political domination and economic exploitation which are salient features of colonialism. According to the collected data, the ultimate Israeli objective in the occupied territories was not merely to benefit economically from its underdevelopmental policies but rather to use them as an instrument to tear down the fabric of Palestinian society and subsequently de-Palestianize the West Bank and Gaza. Our findings indicated, however, that the debilitating effects of the Israeli policies on the occupied territories were bound to radicalize the captive Palestinian population and bring about further resistance to the occupation. In the meantime, underdevelopment of the West Bank and Gaza will continue until the occupation itself is terminated.

Patterns from nature and bioculture lead us to become more ethical teachers and learners and can guide wise school design. The research asked if intrapersonal empathy, collaborative nature creativity, and wisdom education are the same phenomenon at different scales that might accurately be called regeneration. This dissertation reviewed the interconnected landscapes of sustainability education, regenerative design, permaculture, emergence, innovation, ecological intelligence, complexity, chaos, natural pattern, biomimicry, and creativity, to weave a complexity web research nexus using a transdisciplinary, feminist, decolonizing lens and Gaian methods. This regenerative fractal emergent inquiry studied four scales of regeneration with eighty participants using multi-level mixed methods with triangulation. The research found that engaging with the planetary system and dynamic living patterns catalyzed breakthrough learning for wisdom. Inspired by symbiotic nature and biocultural connection, learners and learning collectives accessed expanded states of emergent, creative metacognition and ecological intelligence, including level-jumping and scale-slithering as larger emergents. This Gaian emergence, including e/mergence and inmergence, birthed planetary-scale intelligence and creativity and generated sustained increases in regenerativity in designs and enhanced ethical action. Another outcome of this study was the development of a Transdisciplinary Regenerativity Index. Ecofractal patterns, including branching, radiance, flow, packing, vortex, and tapestry, mobilized learners for ecosocial, emergent, earth regenerative creativity. Such emergent creativity is at the heart of wisdom learning and wisdom school design. In earth regenerative education, learners, communities, and learning organizations can embody the living earth in regenerative self-organization for meta-species wisdom and earth innovations to continue to become a part of the living processes of the planetary unfolding.

Der November 2012 wird sicherlich als ein historischer Monat in die palästinensische Geschichte eingehen. Im November begann die israelische Armee mit der gezielten Tötung eines hohen Funktionärs der Hamas einen Luftkrieg gegen den Gazastreifen. Nach acht Tagen wurde Israel durch internationalen Druck gezwungen, einen Waffenstillstand mit der Hamas zu akzeptieren. Einmal mehr zeigte sich, dass der Nahostkonflikt nicht mit militärischer Gewalt zu lösen ist. Dies kann nur mit einer Zwei-Staaten-Lösung erreicht werden, der substanzielle und ehrliche Verhandlungen vorausgehen.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Moada
Banca: Mario Hissamitsu Tarumoto
Banca: Jorge Alberto Achcar
Resumo: Neste trabalho iremos realizar uma abordagem sobre a modelagem de dados que advém de um teste acelerado. Consideraremos o caso em que a carga de estresse aplicada foi do tipo "step-stress". Para a modelagem, utilizaremos os modelos step-stress simples e múltiplo sob censura tipo II e censura progressiva tipo II, e iremos supor que os tempos de vida dos itens em teste seguem uma distribuição Gama. Além disso, também será utilizado o modelo step-stress simples sob censura tipo II considerando a presença de riscos competitivos. Será realizada uma abordagem clássica, por meio do método de máxima verossimilhança e uma abordagem Bayesiana usando prioris não-informativas, para estimar os parâmetros dos modelos. Temos como objetivo realizar a comparação dessas duas abordagens por meio de simulações para diferentes tamanhos amostrais e utilizando diferentes funções de perda (Erro Quadrático, Linex, Entropia), e através de estatísticas verificaremos qual desses métodos se aproxima mais dos verdadeiros valores dos parâmetros.
Abstract: In this work, we will perform an approach to data modeling that comes from an accelerated test. We will consider the case where the stress load applied was of the step-stress type. For the modeling, we will use the simple and multiple step-stress models under censorship type II and progressive censorship type II, and we will assume that the lifetimes of the items under test follow a Gamma distribution. In addition, the simple step-stress model under censorship type II will also be used considering the presence of competitive risks. A classical approach will be performed, using the maximum likelihood method and a Bayesian approach using non-informative prioris, to estimate the parameters of the models. We aim to compare these two approaches by simulations for different sample sizes and using different loss functions (Quadratic Error, Linex, Entropy), and through statistics, we will check which of these approaches is closer to the true values of the parameters.
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Microwave osmotic dehydration (MWOD) is a novel technique with a good potential for more efficient osmotic drying of fruits and vegetables. It combines the microwave heating with osmotic dehydration for enhancing moisture transfer rate in the osmotic dehydration process and product quality. Preliminary studies were carried out to compare the osmotic dehydration kinetics of apple (Red Gala) cylinders in microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray conditions (MWODS) with microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium immersion conditions (MWODI), as well as conventional osmotic drying (COD) in immersion (CODI) and spray (CODS) modes. The results showed that the MWODS process considerably enhanced the moisture transfer rate from the fruit, and limited the solids gain at the same time. In the second part, the two-parameter Azuara model and the conventional diffusion model were evaluated for describing the mass transfer kinetics of apple (Red Gala) cylinders during MWODS, MWODI, CODS and CODI. The results showed that both models adequately described the transient mass transfer kinetics during the OD process; however the Azuara model was superior. MWODS was further studied to evaluate the effect of various process variables (sucrose concentration, medium temperature, flow rate and contact time) by using response surface methodology and a central composite rotatable design. Predictive models were developed relate the response variables to process parameters. Finally optimization studies were carried out to elucidate optimal processing conditions under MWODS. The study demonstrated that moisture loss (ML), solids gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR) were predictably higher at higher sucrose concentrations, higher medium temperatures, longer contact times and higher flow rates. Since OD only results in partial dehydration, a second stage drying was evaluated employing conventional air drying and compared with freeze drying to identify cost effective systems for preserving the quality of the osmotically dehydrated shelf-stable fruits. The effect of MWODS pretreatment on air-drying kinetics and quality parameters (color, texture, and rehydration characteristics) of apple (Red Gala) cylinders was evaluated. The results revealed that drying time decreased with increasing concentrations and medium temperature of the MWODS treatment. Compared with untreated control samples, MWODS air-dried samples had higher coefficient of moisture diffusivity (Dm). In terms of quality parameters, the MWODS air-drying combination process resulted in a product with lower color change and a more chewy structure. The air dried product without MWODS had the least desirable quality characteristics. While the color was better preserved in the freeze dried product, it was much more brittle than MWODS – air-dried product. The rehydration capacity of MWODS air-dried products was lower than freeze-dried products and higher than air-dried. Overall, the thesis research contributes to a better understanding of the moisture transfer behavior during microwave osmotic dehydration under continuous flow medium spray processing conditions. Together with a simple second stage air-drying it can produce high quality dehydrated apple products.
La déshydratation osmotique à l'aide des micro-ondes (MWOD) est une nouvelle technique avec un bon potentiel pour plus d'efficacité de séchage osmotique des fruits et légumes. Il combine le chauffage micro-onde avec la déshydratation osmotique pour améliorer le taux de transfert de l'humidité dans le procédé de déshydratation osmotique et la qualité du produit. Des études préliminaires ont été effectuées pour comparer la cinétique de déshydratation osmotique des cylindres de pommes (Rouge Gala) à déshydratation osmotique sous conditions de flux continu de pulvérisation (MWODS) avec déshydratation osmotique à l'aide des micro-ondes sous flux continu d'immersion (MWODI), ainsi que séchage osmotique le conventionnel (COD) en mode d'immersion (CODI) et en mode de pulvérisation (CODS). Les résultats ont montré que le processus de MWODS a considérablement amélioré le taux de transfert d'humidité à partir du fruit et a limité le gain des solides en même temps. Dans la deuxième partie, le modèle d'Azuara à deux paramètres et le modèle de diffusion classique ont été évalués pour décrire la cinétique de transfert de masse des cylindres de la pomme (Rouge Gala) pendant MWODS, MWODI, COD et CODI. Les résultats ont montré que les deux modèles décrivent adéquatement la cinétique transitoire de transfert de masse pendant le processus d'OD, mais le modèle Azuara était supérieur. MWODS a aussi été étudié pour évaluer l'effet des différentes variables de processus (concentration en saccharose, la température du moyen, le taux de flux et le temps de contact) en utilisant la méthodologie de surface de réponse et la décomposition rotative du programme global. Les modèles prédictifs ont été développés pour relier les variables de réponse aux paramètres du procédé. Enfin, des études d'optimisation ont été menées pour élucider les conditions optimales de transformation sous MWODS. L'étude a démontré que la perte d'humidité (ML), les gains de solides (SG) et les pertes de poids (WR) ont été plus prévisibles à des concentrations de saccharose, températures de moyen, temps de contact et taux de flux plus élevés. Une deuxième étape de séchage a été évaluée employant l'air de séchage conventionnel par rapport à la lyophilisation pour identifier les systèmes efficaces pouvant préserver la qualité des fruits osmotiquement déshydratés. L'effet du prétraitement du MWODS sur la cinétique du séchage à l'air et l'effet des paramètres de qualité (couleur, texture, et caractéristiques de réhydratation) des cylindres de pomme (Rouge Gala) ont été évalués. Les résultats ont révélé que le temps de séchage diminue avec l'augmentation des concentrations et de la température du moyen du traitement MWODS. Par rapport aux échantillons témoins non traités, les MWODS échantillons séchés à l'air était ont un coefficient de diffusivité de l'humidité (Dm) plus entée. En termes de paramètres de qualité, le processus de MWODS avec séchage à l'air arrive à un produit avec un changement de couleur inférieur et une structure plus tendre. Le produit séché à l'air sans MWODS avait les caractéristiques de qualité le moins souhaitable. Bien que la couleur a été mieux préservé dans le produit lyophilisé, le produit était beaucoup plus fragile que le produit MWODS avec séchage à l'air. La capacité de réhydratation des produits de MWODS séchés à l'air est supérieure de celle des produits séchés à l'air et celle des produits lyophilisés.En général, cette recherche contribue à une meilleure compréhension du comportement de transfert d'humidité à micro-ondes pendant la déshydratation osmotique sous flux continu du moyen avec de la pulvérisation. Avec une deuxième simple étape du séchage à l'air, le processus peut produire des produits de pomme avec une haute qualité.

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Moala
Banca: Carlos Aparecido dos Santos
Banca: Manoel Ivanildo Silvestre Bezerra
Resumo: A Análise de Confiabilidade é uma área bem consolidada da estatística. Antes do surgimento dos métodos de Monte Carlo via Cadeia de Markov (MCMC), a aproximação de Laplace era muito utilizada para estimação dos parâmetros, porém após isso o MCMC passou a ser mais usado. Ao afinal deste trabalho, deseja-se realizar a comparação entre ambos os métodos de estimação buscando assim um método que produza bons resultados e com excelentes propriedades. Uma característica importante fornecida pela aproximação de Laplace é fato de obter uma forma fechada para distribuição a posteriori da confiabilidade, tanto no caso da Weibull como para Gama Exponenciada (GE). Também foi desenvolvido prioris conjugadas para o parâmetro e a confiabilidade para ambas distribuições. Esta propriedade facilita a obtenção dos momentos amostrais assim como o cálculo de intervalos. A distribuição Weibull é muito utilizada na análise de confiabilidade e outras áreas, assim como: climatologia, medicina, entre outras. A distribuição GE não é tão utilizada, mas apresenta diferentes comportamentos para o risco, além de possuir apenas um parâmetro para ser estimado.
Abstract: Reliability Analysis is a well-established area of statistics. Before the method Monte Carlo via Markov Chain (MCMC), the Laplace approximation was widely used for parameter estimation, but after that the MCMC became more used. At the end of this work, it is desired to carry out the comparison between both estimation methods, thus seeking a method that produces good results and excellent properties. An important feature provided by the Laplace approximation is that it obtains a closed form for posterior distribution of reliability, both in the case of Weibull and the Exponential Gamma (EG). We also developed conjugated priori for the parameter and the reliability for both distributions. This property makes it easier to obtain sample moments as well as the calculation of intervals. The Weibull distribution is widely used in the analysis of reliability and other areas, as well as: climatology, medicine, among others. The EG distribution is not so widely used, but presents different risk behaviors, besides having only one parameter to be estimated.
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The Divine Requiem: God s death in Nietzsche s The Gay Science , aims at describing the path the philosopher took to certify and proclaim the greater of all events. It is in Section 125 of The Gay Science that a madman shouts in the market place that the nihilist society killed God . By replacing the divine figure by the human being, by annihilating the transcendence and affirming the immanence, he promotes the Requiem . The metaphors announced pointed out to the end of a world view that served as the basis for the Western world and had now come to an end. In Nietzsche s opinion, God s death represents the end of the supreme values, the end of the Jewish-Christian moral and the destruction of the Socratic-Platonic metaphysics. A caustic critic of moral and religion, Nietzsche found the key to the labyrinths, showing that both are detractors and deniers of life. For the German philosopher, it was Socrates and his disciple Plato who erected the metaphysics with the dichotomy between the real world and the fake world. However, Nietzsche tries to destroy with his hammering philosophy such paradigm, which obscured the Western world perception for millenniums. The Christian religion is also seen, in his sharp point of view, as a product of the Socratic-Platonic metaphysics, which exhorts the crowd s moral and resentment, therefore denying life as it is here and now, with its happiness and challenges, leading mankind to an after-world existence, a supra-sensitive world. The Christianism is the moral of decadency, according to Nietzsche. His hammer should destroy this world view and create another way to face existence. If God dies, the human being is left with the possibility to construct him/herself, to be sure of life, to accept it
O réquiem divino: a morte de Deus em A gaia Ciência de Nietzsche, objetiva mostrar o itinerário que o filósofo percorreu para constatar e decretar o maior de todos os acontecimentos. É no fragmento 125 de A gaia Ciência que um louco anuncia na praça pública que a sociedade niilista assassinou Deus . Ao substituir o divino pelo humano, ao aniquilar o transcendente e afirmar o imanente, ocorre o réquiem . As metáforas anunciadas apontam para o fim de uma cosmovisão que alicerçava o mundo ocidental e agora chegou ao fim. Para Nietzsche a morte de Deus representa o fim dos valores supremos, o fim da moral judaico-cristã e a destruição da metafísica socrático-platônica. Crítico mordaz da moral e da religião, Nietzsche desvendou os seus labirintos, revelando que ambas são detratoras e negadoras da vida. Para o pensador alemão, foi Sócrates e seu discípulo Platão que erigiram a metafísica com a sua dicotomia entre o mundo verdadeiro e o mundo falso; entretanto, Nietzsche procura destruir com a sua filosofia a marteladas esse paradigma que obscureceu o pensamento ocidental por milênios. A religião cristã também é vista na sua aguçada visão como um produto da metafísica socrático-platônica, que prega a moral do rebanho e o ressentimento, negando consequentemente a vida aqui e agora com suas alegrias e desafios ao direcionar a existência para um além-mundo, um mundo supra-sensível. O cristianismo é a moral da decadência. Seu martelo deve destruir essa cosmovisão e edificar uma outra forma de se posicionar frente a existência. Morrendo Deus, resta ao ser humano a possibilidade construir a si mesmo, de afirmar a vida, de dizer sim à vida

This essay aims at studying the use of social media by states and state actors. More specifically, the study is exploring how the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) are using their official Twitter account @IDFSpokesperson in relation to the 2018 Gaza protests. The study is utilizing a quantitative content analysis as well as a framing analysis for the analysis of the Twitter account and is having a theoretical base in framing theory. The findings suggest that there is a problem when democratic states use social media – there is a fine line between being transparent and disseminating propaganda.

Cette étude vise à faire la lumière sur le discours politique du mouvement Hamas, dans le cadre d'une approche comparée critique qui s'appuie sur une méthodologie historique dans la recherche et l'analyse. Nous suivons le passage de ce Mouvement, aux références idéologiques religieuses islamistes, de l'opposition palestinienne au pouvoir. Nous essaierons d'atteindre les objectifs suivants :Décrire l'émergence et l'évolution de ce Mouvement, incarnation vivante des Frères musulmans en Palestine, ainsi que les circonstances et facteurs qui ont conduit à sa régression à certains moments de l'histoire et à sa montée en puissance à d'autres. Nous cherchons également à connaitre les racines de ce mouvement avant et après 1948 et jusqu'au déclenchement de l'Intifada en 1987.Identifier les facteurs qui influent sur les politiques et la prise de décision de ce Mouvement, notamment le facteur idéologique et partisan, étant donné qu'il fait partie intégrante du Mouvement international des Frères musulmans dont l'Islam est la référence idéologique et politique. Il existe également le facteur de l'action nationale palestinienne et les intérêts partisans qui lui ont imposé des visions et des positions pragmatiques. De plus, il convient d'analyser la division du leadership entre intérieur et extérieur et enfin l'influence extraordinaire de l'aile militaire dans la formulation des politiques et dans la prise de décision.Identifier les positions du mouvement Hamas vis-à-vis du système politique palestinien dans ses deux composantes - l'OLP et l'Autorité nationale palestinienne - mais aussi vis-à-vis du conflit israélo-palestinien et les options de règlement de celui-ci, et donc de sa position vis-à-vis du règlement politique, comparée aux positions de l'OLP et des autres factions palestiniennes. Cette étude cherche également à connaître la position du Hamas sur le principe de la libération de la Palestine et vis-à-vis des initiatives politiques de l'OLP et des Etats arabes, et celles des organisations ou des pays amis, comme la Conférence internationale, et à faire la lumière sur l'initiative politique du Hamas en comparaison avec les positions des autres forces.Identifier la relation entre le Hamas et les Frères musulmans et le degré d'autonomie dont jouit le Hamas dans le cadre de sa relation avec l'organisation mère, de caractère internationaliste. L'étude tente aussi d'étudier la nature de la relation de ce mouvement avec les organisations internationales, régionales et arabes, en particulier avec les Etats-Unis d'Amérique, l'Union européenne, la Russie, les autres pays de la région et de connaitre sa place dans les axes dans la région, notamment " l'axe de la résistance ", à la lumière de ses relations avec les pays arabes voisins de la Palestine (Egypte, Jordanie, Syrie et Liban) et ceux qui influent sur les politiques régionales et arabe en général, et l'Arabie Saoudite et l'Iran en particulier.Explorer l'expérience du Hamas dans sa transition de l'opposition au pouvoir et faire un parallèle avec l'expérience l'Islam politique, en particulier le mouvement des Frères musulmans, le courant salafiste jihadiste, Al-Qaïda, le Hezbollah libanais et enfin le Parti de la Justice et du développement turc, depuis sa création jusqu'à son accession au pouvoir.

This dissertation joins the history of science and medicine with environmental history to explore the language of health in environmental politics. Today, in government policy briefs and mission statements of environmental non-profits, newspaper editorials and activist journals, claims about the health of the planet and its human and non-human inhabitants abound. Yet despite this rhetorical ubiquity, modern environmental politics are ideologically and organizationally fractured along the themes of whose health is at stake and how that health should be protected. This dissertation traces how these competing conceptions of health came to structure the landscape of American environmental politics. Beginning in the early 1950s, an expanding network of environmental activists began to think in terms of protecting the health of the planet and its inhabitants from the unprecedented hazards of nuclear energy and chemical proliferation. They did this by appropriating models and metaphors of health developed by postwar ecologists, philosophers, epidemiologists and nuclear physicians. Through this process of appropriation, scientists and philosophers were likewise drawn into environmental activism. Through five case studies, this dissertation traces the collaborations between scientists, environmental activists, philosophers, and medical doctors which enabled a broad range of articulations of health: the health of the wild, the health of the environment, the health of the planet, and the health of humans within the environment. Each case study attends to the intersection of political thought and practice, and explores how science and environmental activism were in constant dialogue in the postwar period. Drawing on archival materials and extensive oral history interviews, this dissertation demonstrates the centrality of health to American environmental politics from the end of World War Two until the present day.
History of Science

Orientador: Oswaldo Giacoia Junior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: O texto visa evidenciar e depurar a função da arte no interior da análise crítica do ascetismo entendido como subseqüência do ressentimento, função essa necessariamente imbricada com a idéia de uma gaia ciência em oposição aos valores metafísico-niilistas. Conforme a tese dos escritos de Nietzsche, o tipo homem deu-se, via de regra, sob a égide dos valores negativos do ressentimento, cujo corolário é o ideal ascético, atual paradigma dominante de todas as áreas da vida humana (e de todo ¿conhecimento¿ sobre essas áreas). Contra esse processo de decadência que corresponde a um castramento do homem, a um enfraquecimento de seus impulsos positivos, criadores, apenas a arte poderá indicar o caminho para novas possibilidades de existência, posto que é a única atividade humana que exemplifica uma valoração não-asceta da existência. O espírito livre, o filósofo do futuro, tem na arte a matriz operacional que permitirá idealizar novamente o mundo, levar o homem a assumir, agora de forma consciente e plena, a função ¿divina¿ de auto-criador e modelador da vida, no espírito de Dioniso (do segundo Dioniso, o do velho Nietzsche). Ao invés do auto-apequenamento do homem, ter-se-ia, com e a partir da ¿arte¿ (isto é, com a auto-criação de cunho nobre, regida pela gaia ciência), as diretrizes para a auto-superação da vida humana atual, dando lugar e vazão a novas, ¿até agora não desejadas¿, realidades. Estas se traduzirão, por exemplo, numa grande saúde, numa grande política, numa grande razão, e mesmo numa grande seriedade; numa palavra, à existência em grande estilo, inédita na história, senão por alguns ¿acasos felizes¿. O ponto de viragem é a chamada morte de Deus, perpetrada pela própria vontade de verdade ascética, numa imensa e inédita auto-implosão que implica, inclusive, na auto-superação-supressão ou metamorfose da Filosofia em gaia ciência. Seus herdeiros diretos serão uma nova espécie de pensadores-que-sentem-e-criam, que englobarão e extrapolarão e superarão o filósofo, o artista, o médico, o legislador. Conclui-se, então, que a função da arte na Terceira Dissertação de ¿Para a genealogia da moral¿ tem lugar e se constitui no entremeio das engrenagens que movem a necessária, autoprogramada superação-supressão da vontade de verdade ascética em direção à gaia ciência. Conclui-se que na tessitura do aberto plano existencial humano há, entre arte e ciência-filosofia (Wissenschaft) uma contínua, inesgotável, instigante e produtiva tensão; uma relação, de mão dupla, entre dois pólos opostos-complementares, relação que se desdobra historicamente através de complexos tipos de formas de vida. Conclui-se que, na prática, ¿a filosofia ?na medida em que genuinamente olhe para dentro do 'abismo¿ da realidade? necessita das ilusões embelezadoras da arte a fim de não 'perecer pela verdade¿. Pois a arte constitui a melhor força de oposição contra o pessimismo negador do mundo e o maior estimulante para a vontade¿ [MAY, 1999, p. 35 (tr. pr.1)]. Conclui-se que Nietzsche quer, conscientemente, pôr em evidência e manter ativada essa relação na configuração filosofia-arte, bem como nas descrições do artista autêntico e do filósofo da gaia ciência
Abstract: The text aims to select and put in evidence the function of art in the interior of Nietzsche¿s critical analysis of asceticism, understood as a subsequence of resentment, function which necessarily imbricates with the idea of a gay science in opposition to the metaphysical-nihilistic values.As the thesis of Nietzsche¿s writings puts it, man type was given, usually, under the sign of the negative values of resentment, corollary of which is the ascetic ideal, current dominant paradigm of all human life realms (and of all "knowledge" on these areas). Against this process of decay that corresponds to a castration of man, to a weakness of its positive, creative impulses, only art will be able to indicate the way for new existence possibilities, given that is the sole human activity that exemplifies a non-ascetic valuation of the existence. The free spirit, the philosopher of the future, has in art the operational matrix that will allow idealizing the world again, to take man to assume, now in a conscientious and plain way, the ¿divine" function of self-creator and life shaper, in the spirit of Dionysus (of the second Dionysus, the one of the old Nietzsche). Instead of the self-diminishing of man, the lines of direction for current human life¿s self-overcoming would transpire with and from "art" (that is, the auto-creation of noble matrix, conducted by a gay science), giving place and outflow to new, "not yet desired", realities. These will be expressed, for example, in a great health, a great politics, a great reason, even in a great seriousness; in a word, in the existence in great style, unknown to history but for some "happy accidents". The turning point is the so-called death of God, perpetrated by the ascetic will to truth itself, an immense and unknown self-implosion that also implies the self-overcoming-suppression or metamorphosis of Philosophy in gay science. Its inheritors by right shall be a new species of thinkers-who-feel-and-create, who shall encompass and overcome and overpass the philosopher, the artist, the doctor, and the legislator. One then concludes that the function of art in the Third Inquire of "Toward the genealogy of morals" has place and constitutes itself in the in between of the gears that move the necessary, selfprogrammed, overcoming-suppression of the ascetic will to truth toward gay science. One concludes that upon the open plain of human existential tissue there is a continuum, inexhaustible, exciting and productive tension between art and science-philosophy (Wissenschaft); a double-handed relation between two opposite-complementary polar poles that historically unfolds through complex life form types. One concludes that, in short, ¿philosophy ?insofar as it genuinely looks into the 'abyss¿ of reality? needs the beautifying illusions of art lest it 'perish of the truth¿. For art constitutes the best counterforce against world-denying pessimism and the greatest stimulant of the will.¿ [MAY, 1999, p. 35]. One concludes that Nietzsche wants, conscientiously, to put in evidence and to keep activated this relation in the philosophy-art configuration as well as in the descriptions of the authentic artist and of the gay science philosopher
Mestrado
Historia da Filosofia Contemporanea
Mestre em Filosofia

A presente dissertação debruça-se sobre a formação e configuração da "cidade difusa" que caracteriza a aglomeração urbana do Porto e o modo como se manifesta no território analisando, por um lado, os factores indutores dessa dispersão e, por outro, reconhecendo os efeitos de catálise urbana produzidos pelo enclave de estruturas urbanas de excepção (após década de 60). Escolheu-se para estudo de cas, a mancha difusa envolvente do nó rodoviário da Afurada, em Vila Nova de Gaia, tornando assim mais clara, a articulação das questões morfológicas e funcionais com os tecidos que compõem este território, tendo sempre presente as questões de acessibilidade e mobicilidade acrescidas que tanto o nó rodoviário como as vias estruturantes metropolitanas introduziram naquele local. Reconhecemos, assim, que efeitos de centralidade e nucleação urbana revelam-se potenciais intensificadores dos processos de transformação urbana e da sua vasta e benéfica diversidade.

A presente dissertação debruça-se sobre a formação e configuração da "cidade difusa" que caracteriza a aglomeração urbana do Porto e o modo como se manifesta no território analisando, por um lado, os factores indutores dessa dispersão e, por outro, reconhecendo os efeitos de catálise urbana produzidos pelo enclave de estruturas urbanas de excepção (após década de 60). Escolheu-se para estudo de cas, a mancha difusa envolvente do nó rodoviário da Afurada, em Vila Nova de Gaia, tornando assim mais clara, a articulação das questões morfológicas e funcionais com os tecidos que compõem este território, tendo sempre presente as questões de acessibilidade e mobicilidade acrescidas que tanto o nó rodoviário como as vias estruturantes metropolitanas introduziram naquele local. Reconhecemos, assim, que efeitos de centralidade e nucleação urbana revelam-se potenciais intensificadores dos processos de transformação urbana e da sua vasta e benéfica diversidade.

The thesis argues that Neopaganism on the Web is an example of mythopoesis and aims at showing both the novelty and the limits of such mythopoesis. I use the term "mythopoesis" in its original Greek meaning, i.e. "the creation (the making/crafting) of a myth or myths", thus stressing the dynamic way in which the process of creation (of myths, rituals, divinities, identities—all implicitly or explicitly played out, connected, and organised as "stories", which can be told, written or performed, as well as represented as images) unfolds in Neopaganism. Neopagan mythopoesis on the Web is new, original, and structurally different from other previous and contemporary examples of mythopoesis, either religious or not, since it does not refuse, put aside, or implicitly contradict, the rational framework elaborated by Western culture. The research involves exploring the contemporary cultural and historical context that allows for mythopoesis to take place and the technology that allows for it to develop. It analyses the key features of Neopaganism on the Web as they emerge from the mythopoeic recreation of two ancient goddesses (Gaia, and Artemis/Diana) and an ancient ritual (the Eleusinian mysteries). In covering several different fields (from ancient religions, to the Internet, to myth and ritual theory), and in examining a range of heterogeneous materials (from ancient texts, Neopagan hymns and art, to hypertexts), the analysis adopts an interdisciplinary approach.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender o sentido que Nietzsche confere ao riso no interior de seu pensamento. Para tanto, foi preciso considerar o riso à luz do conceito de vontade de potência, de modo a determinar o aspecto sob o qual Nietzsche o interpreta e o motivo pelo qual esse riso é digno de seus investimentos filosóficos. Deste modo, partimos com a noção de que o riso se exprime como um juízo avaliativo: atitude valorativa que, no caso da valoração nobre, manifesta (e quer) aumento de forças. A partir desse primeiro tópico, analisamos o conceito de gaia ciência [alegre saber], apresentado em livro homônimo, com o qual o riso se irradia pelo pensamento e se torna um fator imprescindível diante das questões e tarefas a que Nietzsche se coloca. Aqui, o riso atua como páthos afirmativo e efeito da elevação de potência; os pensamentos a ele correspondentes são igualmente afirmativos, o que, por sua vez, permite um vigor filosófico para a crítica radical dos valores. A idiossincrasia desse riso de Nietzsche, se vê, pois, realçada quando o cotejamos com temas tais como a linguagem, o estilo, a crítica e o conceito de tartufesco. Com efeito, a partir de tais considerações procuramos esboçar algumas linhas acerca da relação do riso com a ideia do além-do-homem, bem como compreender a inovação que Nietzsche promove na história do pensamento filosófico sobre o riso.
The present dissertation aims to comprehend the meaning that Nietzsche gives to laughter within his thought. Therefore, it was necessary to accept laughter under the concept of will to power in order to precise the aspect in witch Nietzsche interprets it and the motive that makes laughter worthy of his philosophical investments. Thus, we start with the notion of laughter as an evaluative judgment, an evaluative attitude, which in the case of noble valuation, manifests (and wants) increase of forces. From this topic, we analyzed the concept of a gay science(presented in the eponymous book); in witch, laughter became an important factor regarding the issues that Nietzsche arise. Here, laughter works as an affirmative páthos and effect of an elevation of power, the thoughts related to laughter are correspondingly affirmative, which in turns allows a philosophical strength towards the radical critics of values. The idiosyncrasy of Nietzsches laughter highlights when collated with themes as language, style, critics and the concept of tarffufe. Indeed, from these considerations we may be able to outline a conclusion on laughters relation with the idea of overman, and understand the innovation that Nietzsche promotes on the history of philosophical thought about laughter.

This essay seeks to explore to what extent Palestine can be described as a democracy. It uses political theorist Robert A. Dahl's model of Polyarchy, as laid out in his book Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, as theoretical framework, giving an account of Dahl's eight requirements for democracy, as well as his theoretical scale divided into the two dimensions liberalization and participation which allows one to determine how far a country has come in the process of democratization. A case study of Palestine is then conducted by comparing the polyarchic model with empirical findings, the central source being Freedom House. The conclusion is reached that Palestine is lacking in a number of key requirements for democracy, resulting in the classification of both the Gaza Strip as well as the West Bank as being best described as inclusive hegemonies, or near-inclusive hegemonies.

Foi estudada a fração não-protéica de sementes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ), tendo por objetivo identificar a presença e conhecer o teor de (γ-glutamil peptídeos sulfurados. Estes peptídeos (γ-glutamil-S-metilcisteína e (γ-glutamil metionina) podem interferir com o doseamento da metionina pelo método da clivagem com brometo de cianogênio e análise do metiltiocianato por cromatografia em fase gasosa. O extrato etanólico contém 21 % do nitrogênio total do feijão. A lavagem do extrato com clorofórmio reduziu o teor de nitrogênio para 5,5%, pela remoção de proteínas co-extraídas. O extrato não-proteico assim obtido foi purificado sucessivamente por resinas de troca catiônica e aniônica, ocorrendo a separação dos constituintes pelos seus valores de pK. A purificação foi acompanhada por testes químicos, cromatografia em camada delgada e análise de aminoácidos. Foi identificada com base nas suas características químicas, a presença de S-metilcisteína, principalmente na forma de dipeptídeo com ácido glutâmico. A quantificação do peptídeo após hidrólise ácida (3h / 110° C), resultou num teor de S-metilcisteína total de 0,67g /100g proteína, que corresponde a aproximadamente 50% do teor de metionina no feijão, determinado por cromatografia de troca iônica. Estes resultados podem indicar que o teor de metiltiocianato total, liberado pela metionina e pela S-metilcisteína do feijão (1 ,6%) (determinado em trabalho anterior), descontado do teor de S-metilcisteína (0 ,7%), equivale à metionina quimicamente disponível, correspondendo a aproximadamente 64% da metionina total presente no feijão. No ensaio de germinação das sementes do feijão foi observado um decréscimo da (γ-glutamil-Smetilcisteína, indicando uma mobilização dos aminoácidos constitutintes.
The non-protein fraction of Phaseolus vulgrias L. seeds has been analysed to obtain information on the identity and level of (γ-glutamyl peptides containing a sulfur amino acid. These peptides (γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine and (γ-glutamyl methionine) could interfere with the determination of methionine measured by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and subsequent gas-chromatographic identification of methylthiocyanate. The ethanolic extract of (γ-glutamyl peptides contains 21% of the total seed nitrogen, which decrease to 5,5%, by removing the coextracted bean proteins with chloroform. This non-protein extract was then purified by ion-exchange chromatography on basic and acid resins, taking advantage of the different pK values of the amino acids. The isolation procedure was followed up by chemical analysis, thin layer chromatography and amino acid analysis. Based on their chemical properties we were able to identify the presence of S-methylcysteine, mainly in the form of a dipeptide with glutamic acid. Quantitative analysis of the peptide after acid hydrolysis (3h /110° C) showed a level of 0,67g /total S-methylcysteine /100gbean protein. This content accounted for approximately 50% of the bean methionine content, determined by ion-exchange chromatography. These results might indicate that total methylthiocyanate released from both, methionine and S-methylcysteine of beans, (1,6%) (from a previous paper) subtracted from S-methylcysteine (0,7%) could be recognized as chemically available methionine, corresponding to approximately 64% of total methionine. During seed germination the (γ-glutamyl-S-methylcysteine undergo a degradative process resulting in loss of the dipeptide.

Earth Matters examines the relationships between alternative religion in North America and the natural world through the twin lenses of the history of religions and cultural anthropology. Throughout, nature remains a contested ground, defined simultaneously the limits of cultural activity and by an increasing expansion of claims to knowledge by scientific discourses. Less a historical review than a series of fugues of thought, Earth Matters engages with figures like the French vitalist, Georges Canguilhem, the American environmentalist, John Muir; the founder of Deep Ecology, Arne Næss; the collaborators on Gaia Theory, James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis; the physicist and New Age scientist, Fritjof Capra; and the Wiccan writer and activist, Starhawk. These subjects move in spirals throughout the thesis: Canguilhem opens the question of vitalism, the search for a source of being beyond the explanations of the emerging sciences. As rationalism expands its dominance across the scientific landscape, this animating force moves into the natural world, to that protean space between the city and the wild and in the environmental thinkers who initially moved along those boundaries. As the twentieth century moves towards a close, mechanistic thinking simultaneously reaches heights of success previously unimagined and collapses under the demand for complexity posed by quantum physics, by research in genetic interactions, by the continued elusive relationship of mind to health. This allows the wild to return inside through the internalization of consciousness sparked by the American New Age, but also provides a new model to understand the natural world as complex zone open to a wide variety of strategies, including the multiplicities of understanding offered through contemporary neopaganisms. Earth Matters argues for the necessity of the notion of ecology, both as an environmental concern but also as an organizing principle for human thought and behavior. Ecologies are by their nature complex and multi-variegated things dependent upon the surprising and unpredictable interaction of radically different organisms, and it is through this model that we are best able to understand not only ourselves but also our communities and our efforts to make sense of the external world.

Die GABA-ergen Neurone als Teil des GnRH-Netzwerkes spielen eine Rolle bei den Veränderungen der altersabhängigen Prozesse der Reproduktionsfunktion. Um die Regulation der gonadalen Steroide auf die Expression von GAD in reproduktionsabhängigen Regionen zu untersuchen, wurde im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit das männliche Rattenmodell gewählt. Nach der Untersuchung des endokrinen Zustands der Tiere anhand der Radioimmunoassay-Methode (RIA) wurden die zellulären Gentranskripte der beiden Isoformen von GAD, GAD65 und GAD67, mittels der Methode der in situ Hybridisierung in der POA, im Nukleus suprachiasmaticus (SCN), im mediobasalen Hypothalamus (MBH) und im Gyrus dentatus bestimmt. In allen untersuchten Regionen konnte nach der Kastration und einer anschließenden dreiwöchigen Erholungszeit kein Effekt beobachtet werden. Die Administration von Estradiol bewirkt in der POA eine signifikante Erhöhung der Expression von GAD65 und GAD67 um nahezu 40%. In den restlichen Regionen konnte dagegen kein Effekt gemessen werden. Die Testosteronbehandlung zeigte eine negative Wirkung auf die Regulation nur von GAD67: Eine 30%-ige Abnahme in der POA und eine 15%-ige im SCN. Im Gegensatz dazu trat im MBH und im Gyrus dentatus eine Verminderung der Expression nur bei GAD65 auf. Aus den hier vorgestellten Ergebnissen kann folgendes abgeleitet werden: Testosteron und Estradiol regulieren in unterschiedlicher Weise die Expression von GAD und so wiederum die inhibitorische Funktion von GABA. Da in der SCN, im MBH und im Gyrus dentatus im Gegensatz zu Estradiol eine Testosteron-Wirkung gemessen wurde, existiert eine eigene androgene Regulation von GAD. Weil die Estradiol-Zugabe eine Zunahme der Expression von GAD bewirkte und dieser Effekt von einer Abnahme der LH-Konzentration im Serum der betroffenen Tiergruppe begleitet wurde, ist die These bestätigt, dass GABA mit ihren inhibitorischen Funktionen zur Übermittlung der positiven Rückkopplung von Estradiol auf die LH-Freisetzung auf der Ebene der POA und nicht auf der Ebene der Axone agiert. Im Gegensatz zu Estradiol kann eine Progesteronbehandlung bei persistent östrischen Ratten einen LH-Peak auslösen und somit den Östrus-Zyklus wieder in Gang bringen. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache wurde im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Tiermodell zur Untersuchung der molekularbiologischen altersabhängigen Veränderungen entwickelt. Dabei wurden drei Monate alte proöstrische Ratten (Y) und 12 Monate alte persistent östrische Ratten (MA) benutzt. Die MA-Ratten wurden mit Progesteron behandelt. Sowohl die MA-Ratten als auch die Y-Ratten wurden um 13 Uhr und um 17 Uhr getötet. Eine unbehandelte MA-Gruppe, deren Tiere um 10 Uhr getötet wurden, diente hier als Kontrollgruppe. Anhand der LH-Messung der untersuchten Gruppen wurde ein Kontrollwert (5 ng/ml LH) für die positive Reaktion der Tiere auf Progesteron (responding animals) festgestellt. Es konnte bei 44% der persistent östrischen Ratten ein erhöhter LH-Spiegel erfolgreich wieder erreicht werden. In den Gruppen dieses Modells entstand eine Analogie zwischen den Gruppen der behandelten MA-13-Uhr und Y-13-Uhr Tiere sowie zwischen den responding animals und den Y-17 Uhr-Tieren. Um aussagekräftige statistische Veränderungen entlang der hypothalamo-hypophysio-ovariellen Achse in individuellen Tieren zu erhalten, wurde die Taqman®-PCR und die quantitative, kompetitive RT-PCR eingesetzt. Dabei wurden die folgenden Gene untersucht: ER α und ER β, GnRH, GnRH-R, GAD65 und GAD67, sowie FSH-β. In der POA, Hypophyse und im Ovar wurde altersabhängigen Genexpression beobachtet: Eine signifikante Abnahme der Expression von ER β sowohl in der Gruppe responding animals als auch in deren analoger Gruppe wurde in der POA (34 %), Hypophyse (44 %) und im Ovar (um die 30 %) gemessen. In der Hypophyse verzeichneten die mRNA-Transkripte von ER α bei der Gruppe der behandelten mittelalten Ratten der 13 Uhr-Gruppe eine Zunahme von 55% und bei der 13-Uhr-Gruppe der jungen Ratten einen Anstieg von 153 %. Ebenso nehmen die mRNA-Konzentrationen von FSH-β sowohl bei den responding animals als auch bei deren analoger Gruppe in gleichem Masse (ungefähr 300 %) zu. Da die Veränderungen der Expression von ER β, ER α und FSH-β bei den zwei analogen Gruppen auftritt, ist zu vermuten, dass diese Gene altersabhängig expremiert und an der Zyklusregulation ursächlich beteiligt sind. Die restlichen Gene zeigten entlang der Achse keine altersrelevanten Veränderungen. Da ER β-Expressionsveränderungen in der POA, in der Hypophyse und im Ovar gemessen wurden, konnte der wichtigste Schluss der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen gezogen werden, dass nämlich ER β für den Erhalt des Zyklus essentiell sein kann. In diesem Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein Tiermodell zur molekular biologischen Untersuchung der altersabhängigen Veränderungen mit sehr zufriedenstellender Ausbeute zur Wiederherstellung des Östrus-Zyklus (44%) erfolgreich entwickelt. Dieses Modell ermöglichte darüber hinaus die Untersuchung einer relativ hohen Anzahl an Genen entlang der hypothalamo-hypophysio-ovariellen Achse.