Journal articles: 'Gain-framed'

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Binder, Alice, Brigitte Naderer, and Jörg Matthes. "The effects of gain- and loss-framed nutritional messages on children’s healthy eating behaviour." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (April 20, 2020): 1726–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019004683.

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AbstractObjective:Despite extensive research on framing effects in public health communication, there is still a lack of knowledge on how gain frames v. loss frames can encourage healthy eating behaviour among children.Design:Drawing on the Prospect Theory as well as on the Reactivity of Embedded Food Cues in Advertising Model, an experiment exposed children to an audio-visual cartoon movie with gain-framed nutritional messages about eating fruit (gain condition), loss-framed nutritional messages about eating fruit (loss condition) or a message without any food (control group). Children’s fruit intake was measured as the dependent variable. Children’s awareness of gain- and loss-framed arguments was treated as mediators, while children’s age and parents’ self-reported food-related mediation styles were modelled as moderators.Setting:Vienna, Austria, in 2018.Participants:Children aged 6–10 years (N 161).Results:Children in the gain frame group were more aware of gain-framed arguments, and children in the loss frame group were more aware of loss-framed arguments than those in the control group. However, only the mediator awareness of gain-framed arguments increased fruit intake. Additionally, there was a direct effect of the gain-framed message on fruit intake compared to the control group. The loss condition did not reveal such an effect. Neither parent’s food-related mediation styles nor children’s age moderated those results.Conclusion:Gain-framing seems to be more effective in influencing children’s healthy food choices compared to loss-framing. Implications for health communication strategies aimed at children are discussed.

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Fetter, Deborah S., Madan Dharmar, Suzanne Lawry-Hall, Jona Pressman, Jamie Chapman, and Rachel E. Scherr. "The Influence of Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Health Messages on Nutrition and Physical Activity Knowledge." Global Pediatric Health 6 (January 2019): 2333794X1985740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x19857405.

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Background. Research remains inconclusive about the most effective frame for encouraging health preventative behaviors. Aims. To examine the impact of gain- and loss-framed health messages on nutrition and physical activity (PA) knowledge in fourth-grade youth participating in the Shaping Healthy Choices Program (SHCP), a multicomponent nutrition program. Methods. Youth were recruited to participate in this 9-month quasi-experimental study and divided into 3 groups: (1) comparison (n = 50), (2) loss-framed (n = 76), and (3) gain-framed (n = 67). All youth participated in the SHCP, and the gain- and loss-framed groups also viewed weekly health messages. Paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, ANOVA (analysis of variance), and Bonferroni for multiple comparisons were used for analysis. Results. Youth who participated in the SHCP improved nutrition knowledge (+2.0 points; P < .01) and PA knowledge (+1.8 points; P < .01). Nutrition knowledge improved in the comparison group (+1.3 points; P = .04), loss-framed group (+1.9 points; P = .01), and gain-framed group (+2.6 points; P = .01). Improvements in PA knowledge were also demonstrated in the comparison group (+1.6 points; P < .01), the loss-framed group (+1.3 points; P < .01), and the gain-framed group (+2.5 points; P = .01). There were no significant differences between groups. Youth in the loss-framed group reported a decrease in self-efficacy (−1.2; P = .05), while this was not observed in the other groups. Discussion. The SHCP improves nutrition and PA knowledge, and the positive reinforcement further strengthens some of these improvements, while loss-framed messaging can contribute to undesirable outcomes. Conclusions. Incorporating positive reinforcement through gain-framed messages can be a relatively low-cost avenue for supporting beneficial outcomes.

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Pan, Li, Lu Lu, and Dogan Gursoy. "Traveling to a Gendered Destination: A Goal-Framed Advertising Perspective." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 44, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348019899150.

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This study aims to investigate how goal-framed advertising messages paired with destination gender can influence travel decisions. A 2 (goal-framed messages: gain vs. loss) × 2 (destination gender: masculine vs. feminine) between-subjects experiment is conducted with an online consumer panel. Analysis of variance results indicate that gain-framed messages (vs. loss-framed messages) offer a greater advantage in triggering travel intentions toward masculine destinations. This relationship is mediated by processing fluency and gender identity congruity. When a masculine (vs. feminine) tourism destination is portrayed by gain-framed (vs. loss-framed) messages, consumers experience higher processing fluency and perceive greater congruence of gender identity, causing them to be more willing to travel. Findings suggest a matching effect of goal-framed marketing strategy and destination gender. Discussions and implications for destination managers are also presented.

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O’Keefe, Daniel J., and Daisy Wu. "Gain-Framed Messages Do Not Motivate Sun Protection: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized Trials Comparing Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Appeals for Promoting Skin Cancer Prevention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2012): 2121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9062121.

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Tu, Yu-Ching, Yi-Jung Lin, Lir-Wan Fan, Tung-I. Tsai, and Hsiu-Hung Wang. "Effects of Multimedia Framed Messages on Human Papillomavirus Prevention Among Adolescents." Western Journal of Nursing Research 41, no. 1 (March 21, 2018): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945918763873.

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The purposes of this study were to develop gain-framed (benefits of performing behaviors) and loss-framed (costs of not performing behaviors) messages and to identify the effects of these messages on human papillomavirus (HPV)–related cervical cancer awareness and vaccination intention. Self-administered questionnaires and effect-size measurements were used to evaluate the effects of the framed HPV vaccination messages delivered through multimedia. The results showed that gain-framed and loss-framed messages equally improved HPV knowledge ( d = 2.147-2.112) and attitude toward HPV vaccination ( d = 0.375-0.422). The intent to receive HPV vaccinations for cervical cancer prevention was higher in the two intervention groups ( d = 0.369-0.378) in which the participants were informed that public funding for the vaccination was available. Participants who received loss-framed HPV education messages paid statistically significantly more attention to health education and expressed more concern for sexual health than participants who received gain-framed HPV education messages.

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Xu, Xiaoting, Mengqing Yang, Yuxiang Chris Zhao, and Qinghua Zhu. "Effects of message framing and evidence type on health information behavior: the case of promoting HPV vaccination." Aslib Journal of Information Management 73, no. 1 (December 7, 2020): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ajim-02-2020-0055.

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PurposeBased on the examination of the roles of message framing and evidence type, this study made an analysis of the promotion methods of intention and information need towards HPV vaccination.Design/methodology/approachThe study conducted a 2 (gain-framed messages vs loss-framed messages) × 2 (statistical evidence vs narrative evidence) quasi-experimental design built upon theories of message framing and evidence type. This experiment recruited college students who were not vaccinated against HPV as participants. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and the independent sample T-test were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results (N = 300) indicate that (1) Loss-framed messages will lead to a more favorable intention towards HPV vaccination than gain-framed messages. (2) Statistical evidence will lead to a more explicit information need than narrative evidence. (3) Message framing and evidence type will interact and (a) for statistical evidence, loss-framed messages will lead to a more favorable intention towards HPV vaccination than gain-framed messages and (b) for narrative evidence, gain-framed messages will lead to a more favorable intention towards HPV vaccination than loss-framed messages. (4) Message framing and evidence type will interact and (a) for loss-framed messages, statistical evidence will stimulate more explicit information need of HPV vaccination than narrative evidence and (b) for gain-framed messages, narrative evidence will stimulate more explicit information need of HPV vaccination than statistical evidence.Originality/valueThis paper can help to further understand the important roles of message framing and evidence type in health behavior promotion. The study contributes to the literature on how health information can be well organized to serve the public health communication and further enhance the health information service.

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Nan, Xiaoli. "The Relative Persuasive Effect of Gain- versus Loss-Framed Messages: Exploring the Moderating Role of the Desirability of End-States." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 84, no. 3 (September 2007): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769900708400307.

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A persuasive message can focus on either the advantages of compliance (i.e., gain-framed) or the disadvantages of non-compliance (i.e., loss-framed). Previous findings regarding the relative persuasive effect of gain- versus loss-framed messages have been largely inconsistent. This research suggests that there exist two distinct operationalizations of message framing, with one involving desirable end-states and the other involving undesirable end-states. Through two experiments, this research demonstrates that the desirability of end-states has a systematic impact on the relative persuasiveness of gain- versus loss-framed messages and that the nature of such impact is further dependent upon the audience's issue involvement.

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Levine, Adam Seth, and Reuben Kline. "Loss-Framed Arguments Can Stifle Political Activism." Journal of Experimental Political Science 6, no. 3 (2019): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2018.28.

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AbstractResearch commonly finds that citizens are loss averse: they dislike losses far more than similarly sized gains. One implication is that arguments for policy change framed in terms of losses to be avoided often have a larger impact on public opinion than arguments framed in terms of gains to be enjoyed. Although several scholars have observed this pattern with respect to public opinion, we know far less about the effect of loss- and gain-framed arguments on political activism. This is a critical omission given the disproportionate impact of political activists on the policymaking process. Using field and survey experiments, we investigate the impact of gain- and loss-framed arguments on climate change activism. We find that loss-framed arguments can be less mobilizing, even when they are otherwise more persuasive, than gain-framed arguments. Our results deepen our theoretical understanding of what motivates political activism, especially in an era of professionalized politics.

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Berenbaum, Erin, and Amy E. Latimer-Cheung. "Examining the Link Between Framed Physical Activity Ads and Behavior Among Women." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 36, no. 3 (June 2014): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0207.

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Gain-framed messages are more effective at promoting physical activity than loss-framed messages. However, the mechanism through which this effect occurs is unclear. The current experiment examined the effects of message framing on variables described in the communication behavior change model (McGuire, 1989), as well as the mediating effects of these variables on the message-frame–behavior relationship. Sixty low-to-moderately active women viewed 20 gain- or loss-framed ads and five control ads while their eye movements were recorded via eye tracking. The gain-framed ads attracted greater attention, ps < .05; produced more positive attitudes, p = .06; were better recalled, p < .001; influenced decisions to be active, p = .07; and had an immediate and delayed impact on behavior, ps < .05, compared with the loss-framed messages. Mediation analyses failed to reveal any significant effects. This study demonstrates the effects of framed messages on several outcomes; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear.

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Gao, Quan, and Hye Eun Lee. "How Framed Messages Influence Depression Assessment Intentions: Interactivity of Social Media as a Moderator." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041787.

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This study examines how the framing and interactivity of messages influence the intentions of individuals to take a depression assessment. An experiment with a 2 (message framing: gain-versus loss-) × 2 (interactivity: low versus high) between-subject design was conducted among 269 Chinese participants (M = 30.70, SD = 7.34). The results showed that those reading loss-framed messages had a higher intention to take a depression assessment compared to those reading gain-framed messages. Secondly, those reading messages delivered with high interactivity had a higher intention to take a depression assessment than those reading messages delivered with low interactivity. Further, the interaction effect of framed messages and their varying degrees of interactivity was found to influence the intentions of individuals to take a depression assessment as well. Specifically, participants who read the loss-framed message reported stronger intention in the high interactivity group. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of loss-framed and gain-framed messages in promoting the intention to take a depression assessment in the low interactivity condition.

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Keller, Punam Anand, Isaac M. Lipkus, and Barbara K. Rimer. "Affect, Framing, and Persuasion." Journal of Marketing Research 40, no. 1 (February 2003): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.40.1.54.19133.

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The authors conduct two experiments that indicate that the effectiveness of loss- versus gain-framed messages depends on the affective state of the message recipient. In Experiment 1, the authors find that participants induced with a positive mood are more persuaded by the loss-framed message, whereas participants induced with a negative mood are more persuaded by the gain-framed message. In addition, the authors observe that participants in a positive mood have higher risk estimates and lower costs in response to the loss frame than the gain frame, whereas the reverse is true for participants in a negative mood. The authors replicate these effects in Experiment 2 in which they measure rather than induce the participants' affective state.

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Kong, Grace, Dana A. Cavallo, Deepa R. Camenga, Meghan E. Morean, and Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin. "Preference for gain- or loss-framed electronic cigarette prevention messages." Addictive Behaviors 62 (November 2016): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.015.

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Adonis, Leegale, Jithen Paramanund, Debashis Basu, and John Luiz. "Framing preventive care messaging and cervical cancer screening in a health-insured population in South Africa: Implications for population-based communication?" Journal of Health Psychology 22, no. 11 (February 17, 2016): 1365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316628735.

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The impact of health message framing on cervical cancer screening uptake is poorly understood. In a prospective randomized control study with 748 females, aged 21–65 years with no Pap smear in the previous 3 years, they randomly received a loss-framed, gain-framed, or neutral health message (control) regarding cervical cancer screening by email. Screening rate in the control group was 9.58 percent (CI: 9.29%–9.87%), 5.71 percent (CI: 5.48%–6.98%) in the gain-framed group, and 8.53 percent (CI: 8.24%–8.81%) in the loss-framed group. Statistically there was no difference between the three screening rates. Framing of health messages may not be a significant consideration when communicating through emails.

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Cronan, Terry A., Terry L. Conway, Katrina Davis, and Elaina A. Vasserman-Stokes. "Effects of Ethnicity and Message Framing on Colorectal Cancer Screening." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2011): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v9i1.2060.

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We examined the relative effectiveness of gain- versus loss-framed videotaped messages designed to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among low-income Caucasians, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. The participants were 164 people living in low-income neighborhoods. Participants watched either a gain-framed or a loss-framed videotape. They completed pre- and post-video questionnaires and received a take-home immunoassay Fecal Occult Blood Test (iFOBT) kit that they were asked to use and return by mail. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that iFOBT return rates varied significantly by ethnicity (p < .002) and framing condition (p < .004). Screening kits were returned by 68.4% of Caucasians, 37.7% of African Americans, and 64.8% of Mexican Americans; 65.0% of participants who saw the gain-framed video returned the iFOBT kit, but only 50.0% of those who saw the loss-framed video returned the kit. Framing made a difference only for Caucasians, and the direction of the difference was opposite from the direction predicted. The return rate for Latinos was similar to that for Caucasians; however, Latino rates did not vary as a function of type of framing. It is possible that message framing must be specifically targeted if it is to be effective for Latinos and African Americans.

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O'Keefe, Daniel J., and Jakob D. Jensen. "Do Loss-Framed Persuasive Messages Engender Greater Message Processing Than Do Gain-Framed Messages? A Meta-Analytic Review." Communication Studies 59, no. 1 (February 21, 2008): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510970701849388.

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Rojewski, Alana M., Lindsay R. Duncan, Allison J. Carroll, Anthony Brown, Amy Latimer-Cheung, Paula Celestino, Christine Sheffer, Andrew Hyland, and Benjamin A. Toll. "Quit4hlth: a preliminary investigation of tobacco treatment with gain-framed and loss-framed text messages for quitline callers." Journal of Smoking Cessation 15, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2020.17.

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AbstractIntroductionRecent evidence suggests that quitline text messaging is an effective treatment for smoking cessation, but little is known about the relative effectiveness of the message content.AimsA pilot study of the effects of gain-framed (GF; focused on the benefits of quitting) versus loss-framed (LF; focused on the costs of continued smoking) text messages among smokers contacting a quitline.MethodsParticipants were randomized to receive LF (N = 300) or GF (N = 300) text messages for 30 weeks. Self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence and number of 24 h quit attempts were assessed at week 30. Intent-to-treat (ITT) and responder analyses for smoking cessation were conducted using logistic regression.ResultsThe ITT analysis showed 17% of the GF group quit smoking compared to 15% in the LF group (P = 0.508). The responder analysis showed 44% of the GF group quit smoking compared to 35% in the LF group (P = 0.154). More participants in the GF group reported making a 24 h quit attempt compared to the LF group (98% vs. 93%, P = 0.046).ConclusionsAlthough there were no differences in abstinence rates between groups at the week 30 follow-up, participants in the GF group made more quit attempts than those in the LF group.

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O'Keefe, Daniel J., and Jakob D. Jensen. "The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed Loss-Framed Messages for Encouraging Disease Prevention Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review." Journal of Health Communication 12, no. 7 (October 11, 2007): 623–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730701615198.

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Jang, JooYoung, and Bo Feng. "The Effects of Gain- and Loss-Framed Advice Messages on Recipients’ Responses to Advice." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x17706961.

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Features of advice messages have received considerable attention in prior research, but the framing of advice has remained underexplored. This study examined the influence of advice message framing (i.e., gain-framed message vs. loss-framed message) on recipients’ responses to advice in terms of evaluation of advice quality, facilitation of coping, and intention to implement advice. The mediating roles of regard for face and efficacy were also assessed. A total of 605 participants read and responded to a hypothetical conversation in which they received advice from a friend. Results indicated that gain-framed advice messages elicited higher evaluations of advice quality and higher perceptions of facilitation of coping in comparison with loss-framed advice messages. Recipient’s perceptions of the advice-giver’s regard for face mediated the impact of framing on evaluation of advice quality and facilitation of coping.

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Bai, Li, Zhengjie Cai, Yalan Lv, Tingting Wu, Manoj Sharma, Zumin Shi, Xiaorong Hou, and Yong Zhao. "Personal Involvement Moderates Message Framing Effects on Food Safety Education among Medical University Students in Chongqing, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092059.

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Objective: This study explored whether the efficacy of food safety education interventions can be increased by message framing among medical university students, and demonstrated the role of personal involvement within the message recipient in moderating framed effects. Methods: A cross-sectional study of food safety message framing was conducted among medical university students (randomly selected 1353 participants). An online self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information. Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Ordered multivariate logistic regression were utilised in the data analyses. Results: The present study showed significant differences in acceptance between the gain- and loss-framed groups (p < 0.001). Participants with higher personal involvement had higher acceptance than those with low personal involvement in gain- and loss-framed message models (p < 0.001). The acceptance of participants who were concerned about their health condition was higher than those who were neutral regarding their health condition (p < 0.001) and participants who suffered a food safety incident had higher acceptance than those who did not (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study portrayed the selection preference of message framing on food safety education among medical university students in southwest China. Participants exposed to loss-framed messages had higher message acceptance than those exposed to gain-framed messages. Personal involvement may affect the food safety message framing. Public health advocates and professionals can use framed messages as a strategy to enhance intervention efficacy in the process of food safety education.

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Gilbert, Georgia, Chloë Williamson, Justin Richards, Taya Annabelle Collyer, and Paul Kelly. "Do Framed Mental Health Messages on Social Media Influence University Students’ Motivation for Physical Activity?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 8671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168671.

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Message framing has been used as a strategy for promoting physical activity (PA) in university students, but the effectiveness of gain-framed (GF), or loss-framed (LF) messages is variable. This study aims to investigate the effects on motivation and PA behaviour of framed messaging on social media in university students. Gain- and loss-framed messages communicated the mental health outcomes of PA. A three-arm feasibility study (n = 148) collected pre-post intervention online questionnaire responses to assess motivation for PA, exercise, active travel, and PA levels, in response to the messaging intervention on Facebook. Both GF and LF messages effectively increased average motivation for PA in comparison to controls (GF by 0.3 (on a 7-point Likert scale), 9% [95% CI: 3–17%], p = 0.007, LF by 0.3, 10% [CI: 3–18%], p = 0.005). Average motivation for exercise increased in comparison to controls (GF by 0.6, 16% [95% CI: 6–26%], p = 0.001, LF by 0.5, 14.6% [95% CI: 5–26%], p < 0.001). Average motivation for active travel increased in comparison to controls (GF by 0.7, 18% [95% CI: 8–29%], p < 0.001, LF by 0.6, 19% [95% CI: 8–30%], p < 0.001). No meaningful differences between GF or LF messages were observed. Framed messages regarding mental health outcomes of PA delivered via social media could be effective for increasing PA motivation in university students. However, based on our results there is no gain- or loss-framed advantage.

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Nabi, Robin L., Abel Gustafson, and Risa Jensen. "Framing Climate Change: Exploring the Role of Emotion in Generating Advocacy Behavior." Science Communication 40, no. 4 (May 29, 2018): 442–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547018776019.

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Substantial research examines the cognitive factors underlying proenviron-mental message effectiveness. In contrast, this study investigates the role of emotion, fear and hope specifically, in the gain/loss framing of environmental policy initiatives. The 2 (threat vs. no threat) × 2 (gain- vs. loss-framed efficacy) experiment revealed emotion, especially hope, as a key mediator between gain-framed messages and desired climate change policy attitudes and advocacy. Results further supported the value of sequencing emotional experiences to enhance persuasive effect. This research offers an inaugural test of emotional flow theorizing and highlights the need for additional research on emotional processes in environmental communication.

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Wansink, B., and L. Pope. "When do gain-framed health messages work better than fear appeals?" Nutrition Reviews 73, no. 1 (December 17, 2014): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuu010.

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Vanhercke, Dorien, Kaisa Kirves, Nele De Cuyper, Marijke Verbruggen, Anneleen Forrier, and Hans De Witte. "Perceived employability and psychological functioning framed by gain and loss cycles." Career Development International 20, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cdi-12-2014-0160.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the gain and loss cycle ideas from the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory with regard to perceived employability and psychological functioning among employed workers and unemployed job seekers, respectively. Design/methodology/approach – More specifically, the authors argue that perceived employability may trigger a gain cycle toward well-being among employed workers (H1), while ill-being may trigger a loss cycle toward reduced (perceived) employability among unemployed job seekers (H2). The authors test these ideas with cross-lagged analysis. Findings – Results confirm the hypotheses: perceived employability at Time 1 positively affects well-being at Time 2 among employed workers and ill-being at Time 1 negatively impacts perceived employability at Time 2 among unemployed job seekers. Research limitations/implications – Future research should study the gain and loss cycles with more than two waves of data as this allows for a more adequate test of these ideas. Practical implications – As for practitioners, the results suggest that investing in the worker’s perceived employability by offering training, career counseling, and networking opportunities, pays off as it promotes the employee’s psychological functioning. With regard to unemployed job seekers the authors advise investing in psychological counseling: the unemployed job seeker will be more able to invest in a job search, and hence perceive employability if helped in coping with job loss. Originality/value – This study offers a new perspective on the relationship between perceived employability and psychological functioning by involving the principles of COR theory, in particular the gain and loss cycles.

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de Quidt, Jonathan. "Your Loss Is My Gain: A Recruitment Experiment with Framed Incentives." Journal of the European Economic Association 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2017): 522–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvx016.

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Detweiler, Jerusha B., Brian T. Bedell, Peter Salovey, Emily Pronin, and Alexander J. Rothman. "Message framing and sunscreen use: Gain-framed messages motivate beach-goers." Health Psychology 18, no. 2 (1999): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.18.2.189.

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Li, Kin-Kit, Sheung-Tak Cheng, and Helene H. Fung. "Effects of Message Framing on Self-Report and Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity Across Age and Gender Groups." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 36, no. 1 (February 2014): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2012-0278.

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This study compared message-framing effects on physical activity (PA) across age and gender groups. Participants included 111 younger and 100 older adults (68% were women), randomly assigned to read gain-framed or loss-framed PA messages in promotion pamphlets, and who wore accelerometers for the following 14 days. Using regression analyses controlling for demographic and health factors, we found significant age-by-gender-by-framing interactions predicting self-report (B = −4.39, p = .01) and accelerometer-assessed PA (B = −2.44, p = .02) during the follow-up period. Gain-framed messages were more effective than loss-framed messages in promoting PA behaviors only among older men. We speculated that the age-related positivity effect, as well as the age and gender differences in issue involvement, explained the group differences in framing. In addition, more time availability and higher self-efficacy among older men might have contributed to the results.

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Hoover, Diana Stewart, David W. Wetter, Damon J. Vidrine, Nga Nguyen, Summer G. Frank, Yisheng Li, Andrew J. Waters, Cathy D. Meade, and Jennifer I. Vidrine. "Enhancing Smoking Risk Communications: The Influence of Health Literacy and Message Content." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 52, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kax042.

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Abstract Background Efforts are needed to ensure that smokers with lower health literacy are provided with understandable and impactful information about the health consequences of smoking and benefits of quitting. Purpose To test the influence of health literacy on smokers’ responses to health risk messages manipulated on framing (gain vs. loss) and emotionality (factual vs. emotional). Methods Participants (N = 402) were randomized to evaluate one of four sets of smoking risk messages (factual gain-framed, factual loss-framed, emotional gain-framed, or emotional loss-framed). Multiple linear regressions examined main effects of health literacy, message emotionality, and message framing on: (a) risk perceptions, (b) behavioral expectations (i.e. cut down, limit, quit), and (c) risk knowledge. Two-way interactions of health literacy with emotionality and framing were examined for these outcomes. Analyses were based on theory-driven, a priori hypotheses. Results As hypothesized, main effects emerged such that smokers with higher health literacy reported stronger risk perceptions and knowledge retention regardless of message type. Additionally, emotional (vs. factual) and gain- (vs. loss-) framed messages were associated with certain lower risk perceptions regardless of health literacy level. Consistent with hypotheses, two-way crossover interactions emerged between health literacy and emotionality. Among smokers with higher health literacy, factual messages produced higher perceived risk and stronger expectations for quitting. Among smokers with lower health literacy, emotional messages produced higher perceived risk and stronger expectations for quitting. Conclusions Health literacy plays an important role in influencing how smokers respond to different risk messages. One’s health literacy should be considered when determining whether risk communications emphasize factual or emotional content.

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Zahid, Arwa, and Marla Reicks. "Gain-Framed Messages Were Related to Higher Motivation Scores for Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Parenting Practices than Loss-Framed Messages." Nutrients 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2018): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10050625.

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O'Keefe, Daniel J., and Jakob D. Jensen. "The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed and Loss-Framed Messages for Encouraging Disease Detection Behaviors: A Meta-Analytic Review." Journal of Communication 59, no. 2 (June 2009): 296–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01417.x.

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Hastall, Matthias R., and Anna J. M. Wagner. "Enhancing Selective Exposure to Health Messages and Health Intentions." Journal of Media Psychology 30, no. 4 (October 2018): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000197.

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Abstract. Insufficient message exposure is still a major obstacle for effective health communication activities, and little is known on how message features affect selective exposure and persuasion. This study examined the effects of two health message features, suggested susceptibility and gain–loss framing, on respondents’ selective exposure and subsequent health behavior intentions. Two personality traits, repression-sensitization and approach/avoidance motivation, were studied as moderators of the proposed relationships. An experimental 2 (suggested susceptibility: low vs. high) × 2 (gain–loss framing: gain- vs. loss-framed message) study was conducted. Participants browsed through an online health magazine while their message choices were unobtrusively logged. A subsequent online questionnaire assessed personality dispositions and behavioral intentions. High levels of message susceptibility increased both selective exposure to health messages and respondents’ motivation to engage in adaptive health behaviors. Gain–loss framing did not affect message exposure or behavioral intentions, with one exception: Avoidance-oriented low-anxious respondents selected more loss-framed than gain-framed articles for reading. Repression-sensitization and approach/avoidance motivation did not moderate health message effects, but partly influenced these measures directly or in combination. The number of articles to choose from was limited, and it is unclear to what extent the findings can be generalized to other, more familiar health topics. Emphasizing readers’ susceptibility to health threats appears very effective for increasing exposure to health messages and protective behavioral intentions. The effectiveness of gain–loss framing, by contrast, largely depends on moderating factors.

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Bekalu, Mesfin Awoke, and Steven Eggermont. "The Relative Persuasiveness of Gain-Framed Versus Loss-Framed HIV Testing Message: Evidence From a Field Experiment in Northwest Ethiopia." Journal of Health Communication 19, no. 8 (February 5, 2014): 922–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.837557.

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Seo, Kiwon, and James Dillard. "The Persuasive Effects of Two Stylistic Elements." Communication Research 46, no. 7 (January 28, 2016): 891–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650215626979.

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This study explored the effects of stylistic elements, framing and imagery, on emotion, cognition, and persuasion. Frame and image were matched on valence (gain frame + positive image; loss frame + negative image) and mismatched (gain + negative image; loss + positive image) to examine whether the (mis)match amplified or attenuated message effects. Using the topic of traveling to an exotic island, an experiment ( N = 455) found general support for matching in the gain-framed conditions but not in the loss-framed conditions. To the extent that valence can be useful as a basis for assessing match, it must take into account the message domain and the nature of the outcome variables. One general principle and two corollaries are proposed to serve as patches for the valence rule.

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Kao, Danny Tengti. "Framing in Healthcare Advertising: The Moderating Effects of Regulatory Focus and Product Category on Advertising Attitudes." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2013): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v1n1p94.

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This research explores the moderating roles of regulatory focus and product category in the impact of advertising framing on consumers’ advertising attitudes toward healthcare products. 236 persons participated in a 2 (framing: negative vs. positive) × 2 (regulatory focus: prevention-focused vs. promotion-focused) × 2 (product category: informational vs. transformational) factorial design. Results indicate that for informational healthcare products, prevention-focused (no-loss seeking) individuals hold more favorable advertising attitudes toward negatively framed advertisements than positively framed advertisements; in contrast, promotion-focused (gain-seeking) individuals do not express differentially favorable advertising attitudes toward negatively framed advertisements over positively framed advertisements. In addition, for transformational healthcare products, promotion-focused individuals hold more favorable advertising attitudes toward positively framed advertisements than negatively framed advertisements; in contrast, prevention-focused individuals do not express differentially favorable advertising attitudes toward negatively framed advertisements over positively framed advertisements.

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Krupenye, Christopher, Alexandra G. Rosati, and Brian Hare. "Bonobos and chimpanzees exhibit human-like framing effects." Biology Letters 11, no. 2 (February 2015): 20140527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0527.

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Humans exhibit framing effects when making choices, appraising decisions involving losses differently from those involving gains. To directly test for the evolutionary origin of this bias, we examined decision-making in humans' closest living relatives: bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). We presented the largest sample of non-humans to date ( n = 40) with a simple task requiring minimal experience. Apes made choices between a ‘framed’ option that provided preferred food, and an alternative option that provided a constant amount of intermediately preferred food. In the gain condition , apes experienced a positive ‘gain’ event in which the framed option was initially presented as one piece of food but sometimes was augmented to two. In the loss condition , apes experienced a negative ‘loss' event in which they initially saw two pieces but sometimes received only one. Both conditions provided equal pay-offs, but apes chose the framed option more often in the positive ‘gain’ frame. Moreover, male apes were more susceptible to framing than were females. These results suggest that some human economic biases are shared through common descent with other apes and highlight the importance of comparative work in understanding the origins of individual differences in human choice.

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Huang, Guanxiong, Kang Li, and Hairong Li. "Show, Not Tell: The Contingency Role of Infographics Versus Text in the Differential Effects of Message Strategies on Optimistic Bias." Science Communication 41, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 732–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547019888659.

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Using an online between-subject experiment, this study tested the effects of message framing (gain vs. loss), reference point (self vs. other), and modality (text vs. infographics) in the scenario of recycling promotion. The findings identified that modality determines under what circumstances message strategies make a difference in risk perception and optimistic bias. In particular, only when paired with infographics and other-referencing point are loss-framed messages more effective than gain-framed messages in increasing risk perception and reducing the self-other gap in perceived benefits. Moreover, risk perception variables and the self-other risk perceptual gap were significant predictors of promoted behavioral intentions.

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Wu, Zhengxiang, Tingting Guo, and Baoku Li. "Message framing's role in encouraging idle item recycling." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 33, no. 8 (February 1, 2021): 1758–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-03-2020-0135.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of framing idle item recycling appeals as gains or losses on influencing consumers' idle item recycling intention by assessing the mediating role of perceived impact and the moderating role of product attachment.Design/methodology/approachIn total, three experiments were conducted to gather data. The assumed hypotheses were verified using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bootstrap analysis.FindingsStudy 1 illustrated that loss-framed messages are more persuasive than gain-framed messages for less-involved consumers in idle item recycling, whereas message framing shows no significant difference in more-involved consumers' intention. Study 2 suggested that perceived impact tends to increase less-involved consumers' recycling intention when the message is framed as loss. Study 3 demonstrated that less-involved consumers would react to idle item recycling messages when they are strongly attached to a product. Further, gain-framed messages are more efficacious than loss-framed messages in influencing more-involved consumers' recycling intention when they are strongly attached to a product.Originality/valuePrevious research focuses on promoting waste recycling behavior initiated by local, city or national governments. This study provides some of the first evidence on the influence mechanism of message framing on consumers' idle item recycling intention and offers insights into companies to develop effective advertising strategies for idle item recycling management.

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Chien, Yu-Hung. "Persuasiveness of Online Flu-Vaccination Promotional Banners." Psychological Reports 112, no. 2 (April 2013): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/01.13.pr0.112.2.365-374.

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Young people appear to have relatively little motivation to participate in flu-vaccination programs. This study assessed the effectiveness of online banners in efforts to persuade young people to get vaccinated. Specifically, a 2 × 3 between-subjects factorial design was used to examine the effects of message framing (gain vs loss) and color configuration (white text on a red background, black text on a yellow background, and white text on a blue background) on 180 college students' perceptions of the persuasiveness of flu-vaccination promotional banners. Each participant completed a four-item questionnaire, and the results of an analysis of variance showed that persuasiveness scores were higher among participants exposed to a loss-framed than to a gain-framed message, but only when the loss-framed message was presented in white text on a red background. The theoretical and practical implications of manipulating these two factors in the development of effective health-promotion materials are discussed.

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Sweet, Shane N., Lawrence R. Brawley, Alexandra Hatchell, Heather L. Gainforth, and Amy E. Latimer-Cheung. "Can Persuasive Messages Encourage Individuals to Create Action Plans for Physical Activity?" Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 36, no. 4 (August 2014): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0218.

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Given the positive influence of action planning on physical activity, persuasive messages could be designed to promote action planning. The purpose of this paper was to test action planning messages in two studies. Participants were allocated to one of two message groups, reading either a physical activity only or physical activity plus action planning message (Study 1) and either a gain-framed or loss-framed action planning message (Study 2). The percent of individuals who created an action plan and the quality of the plans were evaluated. In Study 1, individuals in the physical activity plus action planning group created as many action plans as the physical activity only group, but their plans were higher quality. In Study 2, Week 2 differences between the gain- and loss-framed message groups were found for action planning. To our knowledge, these studies were the first to investigate message-induced action planning as a behavior. More research is needed to optimize these messages.

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Ainiwaer, Abidan, Shuai Zhang, Xiayiabasi Ainiwaer, and Feicheng Ma. "Effects of Message Framing on Cancer Prevention and Detection Behaviors, Intentions, and Attitudes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e27634. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27634.

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Background With the increasing health care burden of cancer, public health organizations are increasingly emphasizing the importance of calling people to engage in long-term prevention and periodical detection. How to best deliver behavioral recommendations and health outcomes in messaging is an important issue. Objective This study aims to disaggregate the effects of gain-framed and loss-framed messages on cancer prevention and detection behaviors and intentions and attitudes, which has the potential to inform cancer control programs. Methods A search of three electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed) was conducted for studies published between January 2000 and December 2020. After a good agreement achieved on a sample by two authors, the article selection (κ=0.8356), quality assessment (κ=0.8137), and data extraction (κ=0.9804) were mainly performed by one author. The standardized mean difference (attitude and intention) and the odds ratio (behaviors) were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of message framing (gain-framed message and loss-framed message). Calculations were conducted, and figures were produced by Review Manager 5.3. Results The title and abstract of 168 unique citations were scanned, of which 53 were included for a full-text review. A total of 24 randomized controlled trials were included, predominantly examining message framing on cancer prevention and detection behavior change interventions. There were 9 studies that used attitude to predict message framing effect and 16 studies that used intention, whereas 6 studies used behavior to examine the message framing effect directly. The use of loss-framed messages improved cancer detection behavior (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64-0.90; P=.001), and the results from subgroup analysis indicated that the effect would be weak with time. No effect of framing was found when effectiveness was assessed by attitudes (prevention: SMD=0.02, 95% CI –0.13 to 0.17; P=.79; detection: SMD=–0.05, 95% CI –0.15 to 0.05; P=.32) or intentions (prevention: SMD=–0.05, 95% CI –0.19 to 0.09; P=.48; detection: SMD=0.02, 95% CI –0.26 to 0.29; P=.92) among studies encouraging cancer prevention and cancer detection. Conclusions Research has shown that it is almost impossible to change people's attitudes or intentions about cancer prevention and detection with a gain-framed or loss-framed message. However, loss-framed messages have achieved preliminary success in persuading people to adopt cancer detection behaviors. Future studies could improve the intervention design to achieve better intervention effectiveness.

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Zhao, Xiaoquan, and Xiaoli Nan. "Influence of Self-Affirmation on Responses to Gain- Versus Loss-Framed Antismoking Messages." Human Communication Research 36, no. 4 (September 16, 2010): 493–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01385.x.

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Brug, Johannes, Robert A. C. Ruiter, and Patricia Van Assema. "The (Ir)Relevance of Framing Nutrition Education Messages." Nutrition and Health 17, no. 1 (January 2003): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010600301700102.

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Persuasive health education messages can either stress the positive consequences of performing a healthy behaviour (gain-frame) or the negative consequences of not performing a healthy behaviour (loss-frame). Based on studies on topics such as sun protection and breast self-examination there is evidence that messages in different action frames may differ in persuasive effects. Three randomised controlled trials were conducted to test framing effects in nutrition education on specific nutrition-related attitudes and intentions. In study 1, effects of gain-framed and loss-framed messages were studied among 152 adult education students on attitudes and intentions related to fat, fruit and vegetable consumption. In study 2 we confronted 149 regular students with differently framed messages related to a (more or less fictive) preventive dietary behaviour that was expected to be unknown to the study population, intake of flavonoids and risk for chronic disease. The impact on attitudes and intentions to use flavonoid-enriched spreads was studied. In study 3 we studied the effects of differently framed messages on attitudes and intentions related to more immediate and more personally relevant diet nutrition behaviour: folic acid supplement use before and during pregnancy among 100 female students. No significant differences in attitudes or intentions to perform the preventive nutrition behaviours were found between the gain-frame conditions and the loss-frame conditions in all three studies. The (lack of) effects were not moderated by factors such as perceived personal relevance, credibility or novelty of the information, or the perceived importance of the topic addressed. The results of the present studies suggest that action-frame choice has a very limited impact on the effectiveness of nutrition education in changing precautionary motivation.

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Suka, Machi, Takashi Yamauchi, and Hiroyuki Yanagisawa. "Comparing responses to differently framed and formatted persuasive messages to encourage help-seeking for depression in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study with 2-month follow-up." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (November 2018): e020823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020823.

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ObjectiveTo examine audience’s responses to differently framed and formatted persuasive messages in the context of developing depression help-seeking messages.DesignCross-sectional followed by 2-month follow-up study.Setting and participantsA web-based survey was conducted in July 2017 among Japanese adults aged 35–45 years. There were 1957 eligible respondents without psychiatric history. Of these, 1805 people (92.2%) completed the 2-month follow-up questionnaire.Main outcome measuresSix depression help-seeking messages were prepared with three frames (neutral, loss and gain framed)×2 formats (formatted and unformatted). Participants were asked to rate one of the messages in terms of comprehensibility, persuasiveness, emotional responses, design quality and intended future use. Help-seeking intention for depression was measured using vignette methodology before and after exposure to the messages. Subsequent 2-month help-seeking action for their own mental health (medical service use) was monitored by the follow-up survey.ResultsThe loss-framed messages more strongly induced negative emotions (surprise, fear, sadness and anxiety), while the gain-framed messages more strongly induced a positive emotion (happiness). The message formatting applied the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Clear Communication Index, enhanced the emotional responses and increased the likelihood that the message will be read. The loss-framed formatted message alone had a significantly greater OR of having help-seeking intention for depression compared with the neutral-framed unformatted message as a reference group. All messages had little impact on maintaining help-seeking intention or increasing help-seeking action.ConclusionMessage framing and formatting may influence emotional responses to the depression help-seeking message, willingness to read the message and intention to seek help for depression. It would be recommendable to apply loss framing and formatting to depression help-seeking messages, to say the least, but further studies are needed to find a way to sustain the effect of messaging for a long time.

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Persky, Susan, Rebecca A. Ferrer, William M. P. Klein, Megan R. Goldring, Rachel W. Cohen, William D. Kistler, Haley E. Yaremych, and Sofia Bouhlal. "Effects of Fruit and Vegetable Feeding Messages on Mothers and Fathers: Interactions Between Emotional State and Health Message Framing." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 53, no. 9 (November 3, 2018): 789–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kay088.

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Abstract Background There is a pressing need to craft optimal public health messages promoting healthy feeding behaviors among parents. How these messages influence such feeding decisions are affected by multiple interactive factors including emotional states, message framing, and gender, but these factors have not been studied in the domain of parents’ feeding of their children. Purpose To evaluate the role of message framing, emotional state, and parent gender on feeding choices that parents make for their children. Methods In 2016–2017, 190 parents (126 mothers) of 4- to 7-year-old children were randomly assigned to an anger or fear emotion induction and read either a gain- or loss-framed message about the importance of children’s fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption prior to choosing foods for their child from a virtual reality buffet. Results Mothers in an angry state who received a gain-framed message chose relatively more FV for their child in the virtual buffet, F(3, 180) = 4.77, p = .027. However, fathers in this group did not feed more FV, but rather reported greater intention to improve future FV feeding, F(3, 180) = 4.91, p = .028. Conclusions Providing gain-framed messages to parents, particularly mothers, in an anger state may be most effective for motivating healthy dietary choices for children. Clinical Trial information clinicaltrials.gov NCT02622035

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Lauckner, Carolyn, Sandi Smith, Michael Kotowski, Samantha Nazione, Cynthia Stohl, Abby Prestin, Jiyeon So, and Robin Nabi. "An Initial Investigation Into Naturally Occurring Loss- and Gain-Framed Memorable Breast Cancer Messages." Communication Quarterly 60, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2012.642269.

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Cass, Philip. "'Not in a pakeha court': Kastom and Pacific media." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v6i1.678.

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Laws which most concern journalists, such as libel, have been framed entirely within a western context. This hinders and often disbars orindary people from seeking redress against the media in western-style courts. A personal look at ways orindary citizens might gain satisfaction.

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Toll, B. A., S. Martino, A. Latimer, P. Salovey, S. O'Malley, S. Carlin-Menter, J. Hopkins, R. Wu, P. Celestino, and K. M. Cummings. "Randomized Trial: Quitline Specialist Training in Gain-Framed vs Standard-Care Messages for Smoking Cessation." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102, no. 2 (January 7, 2010): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp468.

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Lee, Hyunmin, and Glen T. Cameron. "Utilizing Audiovisual and Gain-Framed Messages to Attenuate Psychological Reactance Toward Weight Management Health Messages." Health Communication 32, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2015.1099506.

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Wong, Norman C. H., Lindsey A. Harvell, and Kylie J. Harrison. "The Unintended Target: Assessing Nonsmokers' Reactions to Gain- and Loss-Framed Antismoking Public Service Announcements." Journal of Health Communication 18, no. 12 (December 2013): 1402–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2013.798376.

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Hull, Shawnika J., and Yangsun Hong. "Sensation Seeking as a Moderator of Gain- and Loss-Framed HIV-Test Promotion Message Effects." Journal of Health Communication 21, no. 1 (August 26, 2015): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1033113.

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Kim, Hye Kyung, and Tae Kyoung Lee. "Conditional Effects of Gain–Loss-Framed Narratives among Current Smokers at Different Stages of Change." Journal of Health Communication 22, no. 12 (December 2, 2017): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2017.1396629.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gain-framed'

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