Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gain in height'

The general aims of the thesis were to study GH responsiveness by estimation of pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of injected recombinant human GH (rhGH), of growth response as gain in heightSDS during childhood and puberty, and IGF-I response as change in circulating IGF-ISDS and IGFBP3SDS. Methods Short children were recruited during 1988–1999 into two national randomized multicentre clinical trials on growth until adult height. A group of 117 GHD patients who had been treated from prepuberty with a single GH dose of 33μg/kg/day for at least 1 year were randomized at onset of puberty either to remain on this dose regimen or to an increased dose, GH67μg/kg/day, administered once daily or divided into two doses, GH33x2μg/kg/day. Data on IGF-ISDS and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3)SDS were available from 111 patients and analysed as stated below. The 151 short prepubertal non-GHD patients were randomized into three groups: untreated controls, GH33 or GH67μg/kg/day. A subpopulation from both trials, 128 patients examined annually in Gothenburg, formed the study sample on GH uptake. They received sc GH injections to obtain 16–24 hour GH curves and the GH pharmacokinetics and bioavailability was calculated. Results: A dose-dependent effect on Cmax was found with great intra- and inter-individual variability. Of the Cmax variability, 43% was explained by the rhGH dose and proxies for injection depth. Median bioavailability of the injected dose was 71%, with great variation, mainly dependent on injection depth. In the IGHD group a dose-dependent difference in pubertal gain in heightSDS was found, with mean of 0.8 for the GH67 group and 0.4 for GH33, p<0.01. The mean total gain in heightSDS during treatment was 1.9 for GH67 and 1.4 for GH33, p<0.01. A dose-dependent pubertal ΔIGF-ISDS was 0.5 vs −0.1, p=0.007, correlating to pubertal gain in heightSDS, p=0.003; and was the most important variable to explain the variation in pubertal gain in heightSDS. In the non-GHD group the ΔIGF-ISDS from baseline to mean study level was dose-dependent 2.07 vs 1.20, p=0.001; and correlated negatively with baseline values of IGF-ISDS, rho= -0.56 for GH67, p=0.001, vs rho= -0.82 for GH33, p=0.0001, and correlated positively with gain in heightSDS in both GH-treated groups, rho= 0.42, p<0.001. In multivariable regression analyses, ΔIGF-ISDS was always an important explanatory variable for long-term growth response from the prepubertal period until adult height, while the IGF-ISDS study level per se was not. Conclusion: Growth response to GH treatment was dose dependent with great variability between patients. More pubertal growth was attained by an increased rhGH dose, mimicking the physiology of healthy children, in whom GH secretion rate increases during puberty. This resulted in a gain in IGF-ISDS closely correlating to pubertal gain in heightSDS in both IGHD and non-GHD patients. A broad range in GH responsiveness was found for both growth and IGF response in both diagnostic groups, but lower in the non-GHD group. Higher uptake of a given GH dose was observed after a deep injection and a higher GH concentration. These results are clinically applicable for individuals who remain short close to onset of puberty; by identifying and deeply injecting a rhGH dose that accounts for individual responsiveness, we can stimulate an increment in IGF-ISDS that correlates to gain in heightSDS during puberty.

O objetivo do experimento foi compreender e quantificar a mudança estrutural de pastagens anuais típicas do período hibernal do RS e avaliar o potencial produtivo e as características de carcaças de novilhos superprecoces. O experimento foi conduzido em área pertencente à Fazenda Espinilho, localizada no município de São Miguel das Missões – RS. Foram impostos quatro tratamentos por meio de diferentes alturas de manejo da pastagem: 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, obtidas a partir da aplicação de diferentes cargas animais. O delineamento foi o de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. Foram utilizados animais, com cerca de 10 meses de idade, machos inteiros, uniformes, sem padrão racial definido, com peso médio inicial de 190 kg. As variáveis estudadas foram: massa de forragem (MF), taxa de acúmulo de forragem (TAC), produção total de forragem (PTMS), relação lâmina foliar/colmo + bainha, ganho médio diário (GMD), ganho por área (GPA). Observou-se um aumento linear da MF com o aumento da altura do pasto, onde para cada cm de aumento na altura acima de 10 cm, correspondem um incremento de cerca de 108 kg/há na MF do pasto. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para a TAC, bem como para a PTMS, cujos valores médios foram de 55,8 kg/há.dia e 8210 kg/ha, respectivamente. O aumento no GMD foi condicionado pelo incremento na qualidade e/ou na quantidade de forragem disponível, já que as OF diárias para os tratamentos de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura foram de 6, 7, 13 e 19 kg de MS/100 kg de PV, respectivamente. Portanto, o modelo de resposta do GMD em relação às alturas resultou em 0,96 e 1,24 kg/animal nos tratamentos de menor e maior GMD, respectivamente, que foram de 10 e 20 cm de altura. O maior GPA observado no tratamento 10 cm (515 kg de PV/ha) deveu-se à uma maior carga animal utilizada, e ambas apresentaram respostas lineares decrescendo com o aumento da altura de pastejo. O peso vivo dos animais antes do abate não foram incrementados com o aumento da altura do pasto (P>0,05). Houve um forte e abrupto decréscimo da relação lâmina/colmo+bainha colmo nos tratamentos 30 e 40 cm a partir de setembro. Investigou-se o ajuste de quatro tipos teóricos de distribuição das freqüências de altura em cada tratamento e em seis diferentes datas de observação, bem como o potencial de predição da MF por intermédio da altura do pasto. A distribuição das freqüências de altura se ajustou ao modelo Normal em apenas uma das noventa e seis séries analisadas. A distribuição tipo Gamma foi a que mais freqüentemente se ajustou aos dados de altura, porém, uma vez iniciado o pastejo, o incremento da heterogeneidade no pasto foi tal que a distribuição de freqüências não se ajustou a nenhum dos modelos estudados. Sugerese que as metas de altura de manejo devam ser variáveis ao longo do ciclo de pastejo, com o intuito de se administrar a heterogeneidade causada pelo animal.
Aiming to comprehend and quantify the structural changes in typical temperate annual pastures from RS and evaluate the potential production and characteristics of young beef steers carcass, this experiment was conducted at Fazenda Espinilho, located in São Miguel das Missões. Treatments were four sward height management targets (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm), using continuous variable stocking. A completely randomized block design with three replicates was applied. Beef steers weighting 190 Kg were used and they were ten months old, non-castrated males with no defined breed. The investigated variables were herbage mass (HM), herbage growth rate (GR), total dry matter production (TDMP) and laminae/stem+sheath relation, average daily gain (ADG), gain per area (GPA). Results indicated a linear increase relating herbage mass and sward height, where each cm on sward height above 10 cm increases herbage mass in 108 kg/ha. Treatments did not differ in GR and the TDMP, average values being 55,8 kg DM/ha and 8210 kg DM/ha, respectively. The increase on the average daily gain (ADG) was due to the increase of quality/amount of available forage and the herbage allowance for the treatments of 10, 20, 30, 40 cm, was 6, 7, 13, 19 DM kg/ 100 kg LW, respectively. So, the ADG was 0.96 and 1.24 kg/animal for the treatments of lowest and highest ADG, which corresponds to 10 cm and 20 cm. Once ADG was low, the highest GPA observed on the 10 cm treatment (515 Kg PV/ha) was due to a higher stocking rate and both presented a negative linear response, decreasing with the increase in sward height. Concerning final live weight there was no difference with increasing sward height (P>0,05). A pronounced decrease in laminae/stem+sheath relation for 30 and 40 cm treatments occurred by September. In addition, four theoretical distributions were fitted to sward height data for each treatment in six different sample dates. Sward frequency height distributions fitted Normal distribution only in one of ninety six data series analyzed. Gamma distribution was more frequently adjusted to sward height data, however, once grazing started, pasture heterogeneity was so increased that sward height did not fitted neither of the investigated models. It is suggested that sward height targets should be variable along the grazing season aiming to manage the heterogeneity caused by the animal.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Objetivou-se avaliar a massa de forragem, estrutura do dossel, composição química, consumo e digestibilidade, desempenho, conteúdo do trato gastrointestinal e metano entérico de touros jovens Nelore recriados em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submetido a diferentes alturas de pastejo e níveis de suplementos durante o período de águas e transição águas seca sob lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável, assim como, o efeito da recria sobre a terminação no confinamento ou no pasto. Os tratamentos no período das águas consistiram de altura baixa do pasto (15 cm) (AB) e suplementação a 0,3% do peso corporal (PC) (AB-0,3%), AB e suplementação a 0,6% do PC (AB-0,6%), altura moderada do pasto (25 cm) (AM) e suplementação a 0,1% do PC (AM-0,1%), AM e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AM-0,3%), altura alta do pasto (35 cm) (AA) e suplementação mineral (AA-SM), AA e suplementação a 0,1% do PC (AA-0,1%). Na transição os tratamentos consistiram de AM e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AM-0,3%), AM e suplementação a 0,6% do PC (AM-0,6%), AA e suplementação 0,1% (AA-0,1%), AA e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AA-0,3%). Na fase de terminação os animais foram divididos em dois experimentos, no experimento 1, 24 animais foram terminados em sistema de pastejo, recebendo 2% do PC, enquanto os do experimento 2, 24 animais foram terminados em sistema de confinamento em baias individuais. A dieta de terminação no confinamento foi constituída por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso (13% com base na MS) e concentrado (87% com base na MS). No período das águas foram utilizados 126 touros jovens da raça Nelore, sendo adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições (piquetes) por tratamento (n = 18). Na transição foi utilizado 68 animais, sendo utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições (piquetes) por tratamento (n = 12). Na terminação foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e três repetições (lote de 2 animais cada) por tratamento (n = 12). Como todas as variáveis avaliadas apresentaram efeito antes do início do experimento, as mesmas foram testadas como covariáveis no final do experimento. No período das águas, a massa de forragem dos pastos de AA, assim como a massa de folha verde, colmo verde e material morto foram maiores (P<0,01) que os valores observados nos pastos de AB em todos os períodos experimentais (P<0,01). O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) de pasto dos animais nos pastos de AA foi maior que o consumo na AB (P<0,01), porém, o CMS total foi igual nas três alturas estudadas. O tratamento AB-0,6% proporcionou maior ganho em carcaça, quando comparado com AB-0,3%, AM-0,1% e AA-SM (P<0,01), e menor ganho diário em carcaça foi observado no tratamento AM-0,1% e AA-SM (P<0,01). No período de transição águas seca, os tratamentos AM-0,3% e AM-0,6% proporciona menor massa de forragem total, de folha verde e de colmo verde, maior taxa de lotação e menor CMS de pasto pelos animais. Animais no tratamento AM-0,6% do PC apresentam maior consumo de energia bruta e energia metabolizável, e maior ganho de PC e de carcaça por hectare. No presente estudo, apesar dos planos nutricionais terem proporcionado peso de carcaça diferente ao final da fase de recria, ao mensurar o peso de carcaça no final da fase de terminação não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os sistemas avaliados.
It was aimed in this work to evaluate the forage mass, sward structure, chemical composition, intake and digestibility, performance, gastrointestinal tract content and enteric methane of young Nelore bulls reared in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submitted to different grazing heights and supplement levels during the rainy season and rainy-dry season transition under continuous stocking with variable stocking rate, as well as the effect of rearing on finishing in feedlot or pasture. The treatments in the rainy season consisted of low grass height (15 cm) (AB) and supplementation at 0.3% of body weight (PC) (AB-0.3%), AB and supplementation at 0.6% of PC (AB-0.6%), medium pasture height (AM) and 0.1% PC supplementation (AM-0.1%), AM and PC supplementation 0.3% (AM-0.3%), high grass height (35 cm) (AA) and mineral supplementation (AA-SM), AA and 0.1% PC supplementation (AA-0.1%). At the transition, treatments consisted of AM and 0.3% PC supplementation (AM-0.3%), AM and 0.6% PC supplementation (AM-0.6%), AA and 0.1 % PC supplementation (AA-0.1%), AA and 0.3% PC supplementation (AA-0.3%). In the finishing phase the animals were divided in two experiments, in the experiment 1, 24 animals were finished in grazing system, receiving 2% of the PC, while those of experiment 2, 24 animals were finished in feedlot in individual stalls. The feedlot finishing diet consisted of sugarcane bagasse as bulky (13% based on DM) and concentrated (87% based on DM). In the rainy season, 126 young Nellore bulls were used, with a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates (stalls) per treatment (n = 18). In the transition, 68 animals were used, and the experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and three replicates (stalls) per treatment (n = 12). At the finishing phase, a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications (batch of 2 animals each) was used per treatment (n = 12). As all variables evaluated had an effect before the beginning of the experiment, they were tested as co-variables at the end of the experiment. In the rainy season, the forage grass mass of AA, as well as the mass of green leaf, green stem and dead material were higher (P <0.01) than the values observed in grass of AB in all experimental periods (P <0.01). The dry matter intake (CMS) of pasture of the animals in the pastures of AA was higher than the intake in the AB (P <0.01), however, the total CMS was equal in the three heights studied. The AB-0.6% treatment provided higher carcass gain, when compared to AB-0.3%, AM-0.1% and AA-SM (P <0.01), and lower daily gain in carcass was observed in the treatment AM-0.1% and AA-SM (P <0.01). In the rainy-dry transition season, the AM-0.3% and AM-0.6% treatments provided lower total forage mass, green leaf and green stem, higher stocking rate and lower CMS of pasture by animals. The animals in the treatment AM-0.6% of the PC present higher crude energy intake and metabolizable energy, and higher PC and carcass gain per hectare. In the present study, although the nutritional plans provided different carcass weight at the end of the rearing phase, when measuring the carcass weight at the end of the finishing phase, no statistical differences were observed between the evaluated systems.
FAPESP: 2013/05894-0

Orientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a massa de forragem, estrutura do dossel, composição química, consumo e digestibilidade, desempenho, conteúdo do trato gastrointestinal e metano entérico de touros jovens Nelore recriados em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu submetido a diferentes alturas de pastejo e níveis de suplementos durante o período de águas e transição águas seca sob lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável, assim como, o efeito da recria sobre a terminação no confinamento ou no pasto. Os tratamentos no período das águas consistiram de altura baixa do pasto (15 cm) (AB) e suplementação a 0,3% do peso corporal (PC) (AB-0,3%), AB e suplementação a 0,6% do PC (AB-0,6%), altura moderada do pasto (25 cm) (AM) e suplementação a 0,1% do PC (AM-0,1%), AM e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AM-0,3%), altura alta do pasto (35 cm) (AA) e suplementação mineral (AA-SM), AA e suplementação a 0,1% do PC (AA-0,1%). Na transição os tratamentos consistiram de AM e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AM-0,3%), AM e suplementação a 0,6% do PC (AM-0,6%), AA e suplementação 0,1% (AA-0,1%), AA e suplementação a 0,3% do PC (AA-0,3%). Na fase de terminação os animais foram divididos em dois experimentos, no experimento 1, 24 animais foram terminados em sistema de pastejo, recebendo 2% do PC, enquanto os do experimento 2, 24 animais foram terminados em sistema de confinamento em baias individuais. A dieta de terminação no confinamento foi constituída por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como volumoso (13% com bas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

A introdução de bovinos em pastejo em áreas destinadas ao cultivo de culturas de grãos possibilita maximização de renda no sistema, contribuindo para o benefício da cultura em sucessão, quando a intensidade de pastejo é manejada adequadamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de pastejo, em função de quatro alturas de manejo de uma pastagem de aveiapreta e azevém anual em sucessão à cultura da soja, bem como, a influência dessas alturas sobre o desempenho animal, a variabilidade espacial do pasto e a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração. Os tratamentos consistiram das alturas de manejo de pasto de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm; e de um tratamento sem pastejo (SP). A coleta de dados realizou-se entre julho e novembro de 2008, no município de Tupanciretã, RS, Brasil. Foram utilizados novilhos de corte, provenientes de cruzamento entre as raças Angus, Hereford e Nelore, com peso médio inicial de 203 ± 1,7 kg. Esses foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso, com três repetições, onde permaneceram em pastejo por 122 dias. As alturas médias reais, encontradas para os cinco tratamentos avaliados, corresponderam a 14,1; 22,6; 32,0; 41,1 e 45,0 cm, respectivamente. As variáveis massa de forragem, oferta de forragem e palhada residual responderam de maneira positiva e linear ao incremento da altura do pasto (P≤0,0001). O desempenho individual, o peso vivo ao abate e as características de carcaça dos novilhos apresentaram resposta quadrática, e foram otimizadas em alturas de manejo do pasto próximas a 30 cm (P≤0,0305). As menores alturas de manejo proporcionaram maiores ganhos por área, em função da maior carga animal utilizada. A presença de animais em pastejo proporcionou variabilidade espacial de alturas ao final do ciclo de utilização da pastagem. O mesmo foi observado para a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, principalmente, nas camadas superciais do solo. Os valores de resistência evidenciaram os efeitos do pastejo até a profundidade de 0,20 m, sendo esses crescentes com o aumento das intensidades de pastejo impostas. Os resultados demonstram que alturas próximas a 30 cm permitem maiores ganhos individuais, em função do aumento da quantidade de forragem disponível por animal, não havendo comprometimento da palhada residual destinada à cultura subseqüente nesses casos, nem dos atributos físicos do solo avaliados.
The introduction of cattle into areas destined for grain crop production enables maximizing income from the system and can benefit the subsequent grain crop provided grazing intensity is managed properly. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different grazing intensities on animal performance, sward spatial variability and soil penetration resistance within in a crop-livestock system. The treatments consisted of four grazing sward heights, 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm, and no grazing (NG), in a sward of black oat and annual ryegrass grown in succession with soybean. The study was conducted from May to November 2008, near Tupanciretã, RS, Brasil. Beef steers (Angus x Hereford x Nellore) with average initial weight of 203 ± 1.7 kg were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with three replications, where they grazed for 122 days. The observed average sward heights for the five treatments were 14.1; 22.6; 32.0; 41.1 and 45.0 cm, respectively. Herbage mass, herbage allowance and residual straw responded positively and linearly to increasing sward heights (P≤0.0001). Average daily gain, slaughter live weight, and carcass characteristics of the steers showed a quadratic response and were optimal in the 30 cm sward height treatment (P≤0.0305). The shorter sward heights provided higher total animal gain per area, due to the associated higher stocking rates. The presence of grazing animals resulted in spatial variability of sward heights at the end of the grazing cycle. The same was observed for soil penetration resistance, particularly in the surface layers of the soil. The soil penetration resistance showed the effect of animal traffic to a depth of 0.20 m, which increased with increasing grazing intensities. The results suggest that maintaining grazed sward heights near 30 cm provides better individual animal gains by the increasing amount of forage available per animal, while not compromising the residual straw remaining for the subsequent grain crop and without inducing excessive soil compaction.

Preeclampsia is a placental-related disorder characterized by generalized endothelial activation. Vascular predisposition is associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia and the recurrence risk is substantial. Onset of preeclampsia is preceded by placental hypo-perfusion, and placental over-production of vasoconstrictive agents might explain symptoms such as hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia is associated with the birth of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. The trajectory of postnatal growth in SGA-born children is described as catch-up, but it is unclear whether prenatal preeclampsia is independently associated with postnatal growth. The objectives were: firstly, to study the association between partner change and prior miscarriages on the occurrence of preeclampsia and SGA; secondly, to study postnatal growth in children prenatally exposed to preeclampsia; and thirdly, to address the association between blood pressure (BP) changes during pregnancy and risks of preeclampsia and SGA. Population-based cohort studies were performed with information from the following registers: Swedish Medical Birth Register, Uppsala Mother and Child Database and Stockholm-Gotland Obstetric Database. Associations were estimated with logistic and linear regression analyses, with adjustments for maternal characteristics, including body mass index, pre-gestational diseases and socioeconomic factors. The results were, firstly, that partner change was associated with preeclampsia and SGA birth in the second pregnancy but depended on the outcome of the first pregnancy, and that a history of recurrent miscarriages was associated with increased risks of preeclampsia and SGA. Secondly, prenatal exposure to preeclampsia was associated with increased offspring growth in height during the first five years. This association was also seen in children born with normal birth weight for gestational age. Thirdly, pre-hypertension in late gestation and elevated diastolic BP from early to mid-gestation were both associated with SGA birth. Further, women with pre-hypertension in early gestation without lowered diastolic BP until mid-gestation seemed to represent a risk group for preeclampsia. To conclude, the importance of previous pregnancy outcomes in the antenatal risk evaluation was highlighted. Secondly, the results imply that postnatal growth trajectory is related to maternal preeclampsia, in addition to SGA. Thirdly, the association between BP changes within a normal range and SGA may challenge the clinical cut-off for hypertension in pregnancy.

Thesis (D. Eng.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.
Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Feb. 2, 2009). Includes bibliographical references. Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.

Two consecutive experiments were conducted to test a hypothesis that mixed grazing outcome is influenced by the type of stocking system applied. The objective of both experiments was to investigate the influence of co-grazing with sheep on cattle liveweight gain (LWG) under continuous (C) and rotational (R) stocking, where sheep weekly liveweight change under the two stocking systems was kept similar. In experiment I nine yearling heifers (266 ± 4.5 kg liveweight) and 27 ewe hoggets (54±0.9 kg liveweight) were continuously stocked for 19 weeks on an irrigated perennial ryegrass-white clover pasture (2.95 ha) maintained at a sward surface height (SSH) of 5cm by adding or removing additional animals in a fixed ratio (1: 1 W⁰.⁷⁵ cattle:sheep). An equal area of pasture was rotationally stocked by a similar group of animals where they received a new area of pasture daily and also had access to the grazed area over the previous 2 days. The size of the new area provided daily was such that the weekly liveweight change of rotationally co-grazed sheep was equal to that of those continuously co-grazed with cattle. Similar groups of animals were used in the second experiment with additional group of 9 heifers grazed alone on C and R pastures. Liveweight of animals was recorded weekly and final fasted weight was determined after 24-hour total feed restriction. SSH on both treatment swards was recorded daily. There were three intake measurement periods spread over the trial period. Organic matter intake (OMI) was predicted from the ratio of N-alkanes in faeces and herbage. Diet composition was determined by dissecting oesophageal extrusa samples. Grazing behaviour (bite rates and grazing time) were also recorded. The mean SSH for C pasture was 5.1±0.09 cm. Overall pre- and post-grazing SSH for R pasture was 15.9 ±0.12 and 5.6 ±0.07 cm, respectively. As determined by the protocol average daily LWG of sheep was similar between C and R (147 (±5.8) vs 138 (±6.7) g day⁻¹; (P>0.05). In contrast, cattle continuously stocked with sheep grew 200 g day⁻¹ slower than those rotationally stocked with sheep (800 (±41.6) vs 1040 (±47.7) g day⁻¹, P<0.0l). R heifers achieved 30 kg higher final fasted liveweight than C heifers (350 vs 381 kg; P<0.01). Overall LWG per ha was also 6 % higher under R than C stocking (674 vs 634 kg ha⁻¹). The OMD of both sheep (73.5 vs 75.8 %) and cattle (75.8 vs 78.0 %) diets was similar under continuous and rotational stocking. There was no significant difference OMI data also concurred with the L WG data (Cattle: 7.94 vs 6.31 (±0.32) kg day⁻¹ (P<0.05); sheep: 1.40 vs 1.44 (±0.04) kg day⁻¹ for Rand C treatments, respectively). There was no difference in clover content of cattle diet under C and R treatments. C heifers had higher number of bites per minute than R heifers (62 vs 56; P<0.05). Proportion of heifers seen grazing (every 15-minute) during four 24-hour observations was greater on C than R pasture (0.44 vs 0.31 (±0.03); P<0.05). The similarity coefficient between sheep and cattle diet was 0.61 and 0.76 under C and R stocking, respectively. The lower daily LWG of C heifers was attributed to (a) the lower SSH under C than R stocking and/or (b) the inability of cattle to compete well with sheep where there is small, continual renewal of resources (C) in contrast to a large periodic renewal under R stocking. This experiment showed that the outcome of mixed gruing can be influenced by the stocking system chosen. But it was not possible to apportion the difference in LWG of cattle between mixed grazing per se and the difference in mean grazed sward height (5.1 for C vs 10.8 cm for R). A second experiment was conducted to determine the relative performance of cattle co-grazed with sheep (CS) and grazed alone (CA) under each stocking system. Hence, there were four treatments. CA- continuous stocking (CA-C), CS- continuous stocking (CS-C), CA- rotational stocking (CAR) and CS- rotational stocking (CS-R). A total area of 4.42 ha was allocated to each stocking system. Under C stocking, 2.95 ha (2/3) was assigned to CS-C and 1.47 ha (1/3) to CA-C, and SSH on both treatments was kept at 4 cm by adding or removing extra animals. Under R stocking, CA-R and CS-R grazed side by side separated by an electric fence. They were given a fresh area daily, the size of which was varied such that the weekly LW change of R sheep was equal to that of the C sheep. CA-R received one-third of the new area though the size was adjusted regularly to achieve the same post-grazing SSH with CS-R. Measurements included: weekly liveweight change, OMI (two periods) and diet composition (using N-alkanes). The mean SSH of CA-C and CS-C swards was 4.27 and 4.26 (±0.02) cm, respectively. CA-R and CS-R swards had mean pre-grazing SSH of 14.9 and 15.2 (±0.08) cm and post-grazing heights of 4.87 and 4.82 cm (±0.03), respectively. The proportion of areas infrequently grazed was higher for CA-C than CS-C swards (0.22 vs 0.17, respectively). C and R sheep daily LWG: 155 (±0.6) and 147 (±0.7) g, and OMI: 1.96 and 2.04 (±0.ll) kg, respectively, were not significantly different. They also had similar diet composition. In comparison, CS-C heifers grew only at 69 % of the daily LWG achieved by CS-R heifers (706 vs 1028 (±72) g; P<0.05). LWG of CA-C and CA-R was 916 and 1022 (±72) g day⁻¹, respectively. The difference in LWG between CS-R and CS-C (D₁) heifers was due to difference in mean sward height, stocking system and mixed grazing, while D₂ (difference in LWG between CA-R and CAC) was due to difference in mean sward height and stocking system. D₁-D₂ (the effect of stocking system on mixed grazing) was 216 g and made up 67 % of the total difference between CS-R and CS-C. There was a significant stocking system-species mixture interaction in the final fasted LW achieved by heifers. Final fasted LW was significantly lower for CS-C than CA-C heifers (283 vs 323 (±9.7) kg), but did not differ between CS-R and CA-R (332 vs 330 (±9.7) kg, respectively). The digestibility of diet OM was similar for both continuously and rotationally stocked sheep (84.4 vs 83.2 %, respectively). Cattle diet OMO was 76.5, 74.7, 79.4 and 77.8 for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R respectively (P>0.05). Differences in OMI followed a similar pattern to daily LWG. Mean daily OMI was 8.98, 6.24, 8.80 and 9.45 (±0.40) kg for CA-C, CS-C, CA-R and CS-R, respectively. Clover content of the diet of CA-C heifers was three times higher than that of CS-C heifers (30.7 vs 10.4 % OM; P<0.05); there was no difference in clover content of diets of CS-R and CA-R heifers (21.5 vs 23.9 % OM, respectively). In both stocking systems LWG per ha was higher on CA than CS treatments. These results suggested that the disadvantage of selective clover grazing by sheep outweighed the advantages of sheep grazing around cattle dung patches under continuous stocking. Under rotational stocking, rapid diurnal changes in sward conditions probably limited selective grazing by both sheep and cattle such that there was no disadvantage to CS cattle. The results do not provide a basis for recommending grazing cattle with sheep rather than cattle alone, but do provide some basis for recommending co-grazing of sheep and cattle using rotational rather than continuous stocking.

A number of parameters have been identified as characteristic of the walking pattern in patients with INPH. Most of these have been identified through qualitative surveys and manually conducted test batteries. In order to obtain quantitative, standardized and objective measures, which enable studies based on larger patient populations and comparable results, there is a need for a user-friendly system that can measure specific key parameters over time in a reliable manner in everyday clinical work. Step height, width and the variability in the gait cycle are such parameters which are interesting research areas for this group of patient. Problems with balance and gait are very common in other patient groups as well, particularly in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke. This is the reason that the development of this gait analyzer is performed. Giving access to a simple and objective method for estimating gait and balance ability in clinical routine investigations would increase the ability to provide the right kind of treatment, confirm treatment results, and conducting larger research studies. Therefore, this equipment can contribute to the assessment of diseases which contain impaired gait. As a first test of the usability and for the validation of accuracy and repeatability of the equipment a group of healthy volunteers was used. Results from tests on healthy subjects show god repeatability between measurements, for step width at normal gait the difference was -0,2 ±0,34 cm (mean, ±SD) and step height 0,69 ±3,34 cm. The stride time variability in the healthy group where very small 0,00048 ±0,00028 s2 with a difference between test of 0,000019 ±0,00038 s2. Three pilot patients have been tested where we have clearly seen indications of increased stride time variability and reduced step height.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 4, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.

Plant height is an important agronomic trait and a major target for crop improvement. Owing to the ease of detection and measurement of plant stature, as well as its high heritability, several height-related mutants have been reported in maize. The genes underlying a few of those mutants have also been identified, with a majority of them related to the biosynthesis or signaling of two key phytohormones - gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs). However, most other maize dwarfing mutants, and especially those that result from gain-of-function mutations, remain uncharacterized. The present study was undertaken to characterize a novel dominant dwarfing mutant, named D13. This mutant appeared in the M1 population of the inbred B73 that was generated by mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Like most other maize dwarfing mutants, the reduction in D13 height was largely due to the compression of the internodes. However, unlike the GA or BR mutants, D13 had no defects in the female or male inflorescences. Further, in contrast to the GA and BR mutants, the mesocotyl elongation during etiolation was not impacted in D13. D13 seedlings developed red coloration in two to three lowermost leaves. In addition, D13 also showed enhanced tillering when the phenotype was very severe. The size of the shoot apical meristem of D13 was reduced slightly, and significant aberrations in the structure of vascular bundles in the mutant were observed. All anatomical and phenotypic features of D13 were highly exaggerated in homozygous state, indicating the partially dominant nature of the D13 mutation. Interestingly, the heterozygous mutants showed remarkable variation in their phenotype, which was maintained across generations. Moreover, the D13 phenotype was found to be sensitive to the genetic background, being completely suppressed in Mo17, Oh7B, enhanced in CML322, P39 and changed to different degrees in others. To identify the genetic defect responsible for the D13 mutant phenotype, a map-based cloning approach was used, which identified a single base-pair change from G to A (G2976A) in the coding region of a glutamate receptor gene (Zm00001d015007). The G2976A missense mutation resulted in the replacement of alanine with threonine at the location 670. The replaced alanine is highly conserved in glutamate receptors across all domains of life from cyanobacteria to plants to mammals, suggesting a causal relationship between the G2976A substitution and the D13 phenotype. To validate this relationship, a targeted EMS-based mutagenesis approach was used to knock-out (inactivate) the D13 mutant allele. A suppressor mutant was found in which the D13 mutant phenotype reverted to the normal tall phenotype. The sequence of the revertant allele, designated D13*, revealed that the original D13 mutant allele underwent a second G to A mutation (G1520A) to change glycine into aspartic acid at position 473. This intragenic second-site mutation in the D13 allele suppressed the function of the D13 allele, thereby preventing it from interfering with the function of the wild type allele. To further unveil the genes and underlying mechanisms that enable the D13 mutant to confer a dwarf phenotype, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of D13 mutants were conducted and compared to the wild type sibs. While the omics analysis confirmed that stress responses were upregulated and genes related to shoot system development were downregulated in the mutant, the data did not allow us to pinpoint the underlying mechanisms that connect the D13 mutation with its dwarfing phenotype. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether these stress and shoot system-related changes result in the manifestation of D13 phenotype, or the dwarf phenotype due to D13 mutation activates the stress-related mechanisms. This is the first study that signifies the importance of a glutamate receptor gene in controlling plant height.

碩士
高雄醫學大學
牙醫學研究所碩士在職專班
92
The severely destroyed alveolar bone of the chronic severe periodontal teeth will atrophy even more quickly after the extraction of the teeth.This phenomenon often causes the difficulty of later prosthetics.Even if bone grafting and tissue grafting have been conducted many times at the same area,it is also hard to increase even half of the original height of alveolar bone .In order not to let patients suffer the pain from the operations and to improve the effectiveness of the operation,immediate implant placement into the socket after the extraction of the teeth to gain the height of alveolar bone is very important. The objective of the case report was to evaluate the preservation of the height of the alveolar bone after the extraction of the teeth with the chronic severe periodontal disease.The results of this report support the conclusion that periodontal infected site may be not a contraindication for immediate implant and even for severe peridontal teeth if appropriate administration of periodontal infection has performed before implant placement,as describe by Novaes Jr. and Novaes coworkers,such as antibiotic administration,meticulous cleaning,and alveolar debridement before surgery.In addition,primary flap closure is also desirable when placing immediate implants,and avoid exposure of the implant must be considered.

9 Abstract Aim of the study. In mammals, including humans, the dominance of maternal influence on fetal size is manifesting. The main known limits from non-genetic components causing the physiological variation of the birth weight are maternal skeletal dimensions (body height and weight) and parity. The main aim of our study is to analyze the relationships between maternal height, maternal weight at the beginning and at the end of gravidity, and anthropometric parameters of a newborn. Data and Methods. Our study is based on transversal anthropometric data of 201 newborns (92 boys, 109 girls) born in Regional Hospital Kladno during one year (from September 2010 till August 2011), and their mothers. In one set of newborns (n = 156) 24 different body sizes were measured in detail. In the second group (n = 45) only birth weight, birth length and head circumference of the newborn were registered. Somatic characteristic of mothers were gathered by questionnaire. Results. The average value of the birth weight of newborns (boys: x = 3 318 g, girls: x = 3 232 g), maternal height ( x = 167,3 cm) and maternal pregravid weight ( x = 64,7 kg) correspond to the reference values. The maternal average age is 29,9 years. Statistically significant dependence can be seen between the birth weight and birth length of a newborn...

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
體育學系
104
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the gait analysis of female with different heel heights. Method: The experiment subjects are 10 female adults (age: 21.50±1.18 years old; height: 158.11±3.26 cm; weight: 55.90±5.13 kg) wearing different heel heights to walk on a treadmill. Marking each participant with 14 reflective spheres and using the Kinema Tracer 3D motion analysis system (KISSEI COMTEC), which is linked with four high speed cameras (60Hz), participant’s kinematic movements are captured and recorded. Results: (1) With the different heel heights of stride length, 0cm>2.5cm>4.5cm>7cm>9cm. (2) With the different heel heights of step length, 0cm>2.5cm>4.5cm>7cm>9cm. (3) With the different heel heights of cadence, 9cm>7cm>4.5cm>2.5cm>0cm. (4) With the different heel heights of swing phase, 0cm>2.5cm>4.5cm>7cm>9cm. (5) There was no significant different in the different heel heights of stance phase. (6) There was no significant different in the different heel heights of double support phase. (7) There was no significant different in the different heel heights of knee joint. (8) With the different heel heights of ankle joint, 0cm>2.5cm>4.5cm>7cm>9cm. (9) There was no significant different in the different heel heights of hip angle, (10) With the different heel heights of trunk angle, 0cm>2.5cm>4.5cm>7cm>9cm. Conclusion: (1) A human’s subsystems use self-organization, changing the state of the movement during which the effect controls parameters. (2) The quantitative results could not show the movement of the joint so the study which used the phase plane for explaining the variations in the mode of movement.

To understand how falls occur during walking in older adults, we need to understand how the nervous system maintains stability, and how aging affects walking. Four studies were conducted to better understand the effect of age on gait. Older adults display higher gait variability compared to young adults, possibly because of their slower walking. We compared gait stability at multiple controlled walking speeds. Greater gait variability in healthy elderly existed independent of slower walking. Their diminished strength and flexibility partly explained this difference. To explain slower walking in the elderly, some have suggested that muscle weakness and stiffness may force people to walk slower. Others have suggested that people choose to walk slower to be more stable. We compared dynamic stability of gait at multiple speeds. Healthy older adults also exhibited more stability at slower speeds, yet walked at speeds comparable to young adults despite the lower strength and flexibility. Therefore, weakness and stiffness may not force healthy older adults to walk slower. The goal of the nervous system during walking may be to maintain stability of superior segments. We tested whether superior segments are more stable than inferior segments during walking. Superior segments exhibited less orbital stability during preferred walking speed, in contrast to previous suggestions. This highlighted the importance of trunk control during gait. The effects of aging on the fluctuations in the muscle activity during gait are not well understood. We quantified the stride-to-stride fluctuations of EMG as a measure of muscle activation patterns in state-space. Variability increased with speed except in the gastrocnemius. Orbital stability was less in older adults, suggesting that deviations in the EMG amplitude pattern were not readily corrected. Less local stability was seen in older adults, suggesting that older adults were more sensitive to perturbations. Together, these findings suggest that trunk control is important during gait. Strength and flexibility deficits help explain higher variability and lower stability in older adults. Future work will need to address the effect of strength interventions, neurophysiological decline on gait stability and fall risk.

碩士
國立成功大學
電腦與通信工程研究所
103
The purpose of the thesis is use inertial sensors to collect the gait signal and reconstruct the participants’ gait trajectory. Then, we can classify the participants are Alzheimer disease patients or not. We designed a gait experiment including single-task and dual-task to analysis the participants’ dynamic balance ability. At first, participants put the inertial sensor devices on their right instep. Then, the inertial sensor devices collected the participants’ signal during the experiment. After signal preprocessing, we can use the signal to reconstruction three-dimension trajectory. After this, we should verify the trajectory’s rationality with the motion capture system. We use the correlation analysis to get the correlation coefficient between the inertial-sensor based trajectory and the motion capture system trajectory. We found that the two trajectory are highly correlated. After getting the trajectory, we can get the gait features including stride height, stride number, and stride length at the same time. Then, we use support vector machine-based classifier to separate Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy participants. We can get the results after the classification. The optimal accuracy was closed to 85 percent, and the optimal specificity was closed to 83 percent.

During the past few years a development of breeding llamas and alpacas took place in Czech Republic. Increasing interest in those animals entails the need to determine how they respond to the conditions of our country. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the growth ability of crias, some of the physical dimensions (withers height) and bodyweight of adult llamas. The same indicators are to be evaluated for alpacas as well. The results are to be compared with the standard for llamas and alpacas. A total of 104 animals were measured and weighted, namely 44 llamas and 60 alpacas, and 280 pairs of weight and height data were obtained. Weighing and measuring of adult llamas and alpacas took place once a year around the end of August for two years (2009 and 2010). Young llamas were weighed and measured at approximately monthly intervals according to the possibilities of their breeders. Young alpacas were weighed at approximately weekly intervals. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part evaluates llamas. It was discovered that the average birth weight of llamas in the Czech Republic is 11 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 130.3 kg and average height of 110.2 cm. Average daily gains were observed as follows: from birth to 7 weeks 0.20 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.18 kg per day and from 24 to 72 weeks 0.13 kg per day. The second part of this thesis is devoted to alpacas, for which the same parameters as for the llamas were monitored. It was found that the average birth weight of alpacas in the Czech Republic is 6.5 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 65.6 kg and average height at 88.4 cm. Average daily gains are at the following levels: from birth to 7 weeks 0.1 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.09 kg per day and from 24 weeks to 72 weeks 0.08 kg per day. It was found that these two species reach final physical maturity later in the Czech Republic than stated by literature. Compared to the standard, most of the llamas and alpacas are up to their standards.

碩士
國立陽明大學
復健科技輔具研究所
94
Background and Purpose: Walker is the mostly used mobility device for cerebral palsy. In clinic, there are many different types and parameters of walker for therapists while making decisions or planning programs. However, there is no standard rules and objective method to prescribe of walkers. Many studies about different types of walkers have investigated the relationships between the gait performance, the lower-extremity range of motion and energy expenditure in children with spastic cerebral palsy. There are however few researches about the parameters of walkers in cerebral palsy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different loading of upper-extremity and gait performance in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy using different heights of posterior walker. Method: A case study design was employed for this study. Four children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were recruited in this study. All subjects were able to ambulate with walker independently at least 7 meters. Using motion analysis system and force transducer system to gain the data of gait parameters and upper-extremity loading with different heights of walker. In this study, we adjusted five different heights of posterior walker, including standard height, one inch higher or lower and two inch higher or lower. Gait performance were evaluated with velocity, step length and cadence. Upper-extremity parameters were the force to pull the walkers and the loading to support on walker. Results: Gait parameters and upper-extremity loading were changed in different heights of walker. The standard height was not the fittest height for all subjects. Subjects had faster velocity in standard height, and had the slowest velocity when handle was two inch lower in this study. In upper-extremity loading, subjects would have much vertical loading in two inch lower. Conclusions: The gait performance and upper-extremity loading were different when spastic diplegic cerebral palsy used different heights of posterior walker. The standard height of walker was not the fittest height for subjects. This study also offered an overall view of walker prescription for therapists while making decision or planning programs for spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Gait performance, Upper-extremity loading, Walker.