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Books on the topic 'Gait balance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Sandrini, Giorgio, Volker Homberg, Leopold Saltuari, Nicola Smania, and Alessandra Pedrocchi, eds. Advanced Technologies for the Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance Disorders. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72736-3.

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2

E, Harris Susan. Horse gaits, balance, and movement. New York: Howell Book House, 1993.

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3

Books, Prevention Magazine Health, ed. The sugar solution: Balance your blood sugar naturally to prevent disease, lose weight, gain energy and feel great. London: Rodale, 2006.

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4

The body balance diet plan: Lose excess weight, gain energy and feel fantastic with the science of Ayurveda. London: Watkins, 2015.

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5

Lord, Stephen R., and Brian L. Day. Balance, Gait, and Falls. Elsevier, 2018.

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6

Balance, Gait, and Falls. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2016-0-01144-0.

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7

Innes, Keith. Posture, Gait, Balance and Rehabilitation. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2008.

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8

(Editor), Adolfo M. Bronstein, Thomas Brandt (Editor), Marjorie H. Woollacott (Editor), and John G. Nutt (Editor), eds. Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait. 2nd ed. A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2004.

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9

Christen, Y., B. Vellas, M. Toupet, L. Rubenstein, J. L. Albarede, and Albarè. Falls, Balance and Gait Disorders in the Elderly. Elsevier Science Ltd, 1992.

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10

Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait, 2Ed. CRC Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13189.

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11

Sandrini, Giorgio, Volker Homberg, Leopold Saltuari, Nicola Smania, and Alessandra Pedrocchi. Advanced Technologies for the Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance Disorders. Springer, 2018.

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12

Sandrini, Giorgio, Volker Homberg, Leopold Saltuari, Nicola Smania, and Alessandra Pedrocchi. Advanced Technologies for the Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance Disorders. Springer, 2019.

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13

Wearable Sensors in the Evaluation of Gait and Balance in Neurological Disorders. MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03943-145-8.

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14

Ch, Lafont, ed. Falls, gait and balance disorders in the elderly: From successfull [sic] aging to frailty. Paris: Serdi Publishing Co., 1996.

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15

C, Masdeu Joseph, Sudarsky Lewis, and Wolfson Leslie, eds. Gait disorders of aging: Falls and therapeutic strategies. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.

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16

(Editor), Joseph C. Masdeu, Lewis Sudarsky (Editor), and Leslie Wolfson (Editor), eds. Gait Disorders of Aging: Falls and Therapeutic Strategies. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1997.

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17

Neural and biomechanical mechanisms underlying balance improvement with short term Tai chi training in balance impaired older adults. 2005.

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18

(Editor), C. Lafont, A. Baroni (Editor), M. Allard (Editor), R. Tideiksaar (Editor), B. J. Vellas (Editor), P. J. Garry (Editor), and J. L. Albarede (Editor), eds. Falls, Gait and Balance Disorders in the Elderly: From Successful Aging to Frailty (Facts and Research in Gerontology). Springer Publishing Company, 1996.

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19

François LeMaire De Ruffieu (Foreword), ed. Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement. Howell Book House, 2005.

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20

Shakkottai, Vikram G. Ataxias. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0014.

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Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias are a group of inherited neurological disorders with progressive balance and gait difficulties. In these disorders, cerebellar ataxia is often accompanied by eye movement abnormalities and peripheral nervous system involvement. A unifying mechanism for disease pathogenesis that is common to all the recessive ataxias likely does not exist. Nevertheless, some pathophysiological pathways are common to several autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Specific gene defects in each disorder are summarized in the chapter. The most common recessively inherited ataxias are Friedreich ataxia and Ataxia telangiectasia. A recessive ataxia must be considered for any individual with progressive cerebellar ataxia with onset less than 30 years. The treatment is primarily supportive, but some recessive ataxias have specific treatment.

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21

Restorative yoga: Reduce stress, gain energy, and find balance. Skyhorse Publishing, 2016.

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22

A Gaia Busy Person's Guide to Chakras: Finding Balance and Serenity in Everyday Life (A Gaia Busy Person's Guide). Gaia, 2007.

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23

Mitchell, Emma. Energy Now: Simple Ways to Gain Vitality, Overcome Tension, and Achieve Harmony and Balance. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1998.

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24

Mitchell, Emma. Energy Now: Simple Ways to Gain Vitality, Overcome Tension, and Achieve Harmony and Balance. MacMillan Publishing Company, 1998.

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25

Luxon, Linda. Vertigo and imbalance. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0325.

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The mechanism for maintaining balance in man is complex. Vision, proprioception, and vestibular inputs are integrated in the central nervous system, and modulated by activity from the cerebellum, the extrapyramidal system, the reticular formation, and the cortex. This integrated, modulated information provides one mechanism for control of oculomotor activity, controls posture, gait, and motor skills and allows perception of the head and body in space. Recent evidence also supports an effect upon autonomic function, cognition, and emotion. The complexity of the system is such that pathology in a variety of different bodily systems, including the endocrine system, the cardiovascular system, and the haemopoietic system, can impact upon vestibular activity, in addition to primary otological and neurological pathology.Patients with dysfunction in the vestibular end-organs or vestibular pathways commonly complain of symptoms of dizziness, vertigo, unsteadiness, light-headedness, imbalance, and a plethora of synonyms associated with a sense of instability. Not infrequently, in an attempt to define their ‘unphysiological’ experience, patients use rather vague and imprecise semantics. The clinical distinction between dizziness, a symptom of non-specific pathological significance, and vertigo, a hallucination or illusion of movement, is rarely made, although the latter is a cardinal manifestation of a disorder of the vestibular system (Dix 1973). Ten to 20 per cent of all ‘dizzy’ patients are reportedly seen in neurology clinics (Dieterish 2004), therefore it behoves the neurologist to have a clear diagnostic strategy, including knowledge of detailed neuro-otological examination, to enable appropriate diagnosis and management of the patient with vestibular symptoms.

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26

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Guidelines for pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0037.

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If a pregnant woman has not had pre-conception counselling, it is important to ensure as soon as possible in early pregnancy that she understands her nutrient requirements, and what comprises a balanced diet and healthy body composition. The advice should include weight gain goals in pregnancy, a list of unsafe foods, healthy exercise behaviours, and the effects of alcohol and drugs. Energy intake needs in early pregnancy do not increase from pre-pregnancy levels; women should focus on eating well for pregnancy, and not eating more. Specific attention should be paid to intakes of folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, and iodine. Glucose status should be monitored in mid-pregnancy. Energy requirements increase in mid- to late pregnancy, but attention should also be paid to the macronutrient balance. If the diet is low in oily fish as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, supplementation should be considered.

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27

Sarâi, Harrar, and VanTine Julia, eds. Prevention's the sugar solution: Balance your blood sugar naturally to beat disease, lose weight, gain energy, and feel great. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale, 2004.

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28

Brêtas, Anilce de Araújo. Balanço eletrolítico estratégico na ração de suínos criados em clima quente. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-318-3.

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The effect of Dietary Electrolyte Balance (EB) in rations for growing and finished swine under high temperatures ambient was evaluated. Two hundred male castrated pigs with initial average 25,3±1.3 kg were allotted in completely randomized experimental design with five treatments T1 diet without supplemented electrolyte 191 mEq/kg; T2 (supl B) diet supplementd with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 250 mEq/kg; T3 (supl B+C) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) 250 mEq/kg; T4 (supl B) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) 300 mEq/kg; T5 (supl B+C) diet supplemented (NaHCO3) and (KCl) 300 mEq/kg and four replication and 10 pigs per experimental unit. The average weight of the animals was 68,8±3,4 kg. The performance parameters evaluated were the feed intake (FI), the daily gain (DG), finished weight (FW), nitrogen intake (NI), lysine intake (LI), efficiency of N utilization for weight gain (ENUWG), efficiency of L utilization for weight gain (ELUWG) and the gain:feed ration and physiologic parameters to respiratory frequency (RF) and rectal temperature (RT). Blood was colleted to measure serum concentration of Na, Cl and K. The average temperature was 29,65±1,80ºC with (RU) of 69,6±10,4%. The levels of EB decreased (P<0,05) the (FI) and improved (NI). The others performance parameters evaluated weren’t influenced by treatments (P>0,05). In the termination phase the supplementation with sodium bicarbonate and or potassium chloride with 250 or 300 mEq/kg can be used to correct electrolyte balance under heat stress.

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29

Barthel, Andreas, and Michael Bauer. Psychotropic drugs and metabolic risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0011.

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Increased appetite and weight gain represent a significant problem related with particular antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and—to a lesser extent—anxiolytic drugs. Psychotropic drug-induced weight gain may contribute to obesity-related metabolic changes and pathological conditions such as dyslipidaemia, type-2-diabetes and hypertension—summarized as the metabolic syndrome—with an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, psychotropic drugs are also used for the treatment of diabetes-related complications. For example, antidepressants are effective for the treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly balance potential benefits and risks in an individual patient to ensure drug safety and optimize the clinical outcome. In addition to diet and exercise, selection of psychotropic drugs and dose adjustment based on regular clinical follow-up visits is the key for the prevention and management of psychotropic drug induced weight gain in clinical practice.

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30

Ellis, Rosemary. Prevention Magazine's the Sugar Solution: Avoid Disease!, Lose Weight!, Gain Energy!, Feel Great!; It's All So Easy When You Balance Your Blood Sugar. Rodale Press, 2006.

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31

Gaemi, Sonia, and Melissa Kirk. The Eating Wisely for Hormonal Balance Journal: A Daily Guide to Help You Manage Your Weight, Gain Energy, And Achieve Good Health (Journal). New Harbinger Publications, 2005.

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32

Cameron, James. The Great Society and the Politics of Assured Destruction, 1963–1966. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190459925.003.0003.

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This chapter shows how Lyndon Baines Johnson and Robert McNamara attempted to reconcile the US emphasis on nuclear superiority with the administration’s new Great Society program and the consequent need to limit military spending. McNamara’s strategy of assured destruction tried to balance these imperatives by positing that the Soviet Union would not attempt to gain nuclear parity with the United States because it had forces sufficient to assure America’s destruction if it attacked the USSR. Assured destruction also left the United States’ antiballistic missile program in a state of perpetual research and development. This was partly due to its ineffectiveness, but also because the expense of deployment would endanger the administration’s budgetary priorities, particularly after the escalation of the Vietnam War. An unexpected Soviet nuclear buildup upset this balance between budgetary control and strategic coherence, necessitating an American diplomatic approach to the Soviet Union for talks on limiting strategic armaments.

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33

Watson, Daniel, and Henry Campbell. Enneagram: The Complete and Scientific Guide to Increase Empathic Skills, Discover Ourselves and Personality Types, Gain Emotional Balance and Develop Compassionate Relationships with Everyone. Independently Published, 2019.

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34

Morawetz, Klaus. Nonequilibrium Quantum Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0015.

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The balance equations resulting from the nonlocal kinetic equation are derived. They show besides the Landau-like quasiparticle contributions explicit two-particle correlated parts which can be interpreted as molecular contributions. It looks like as if two particles form a short-living molecule. All observables like density, momentum and energy are found as a conserving system of balance equations where the correlated parts are in agreement with the forms obtained when calculating the reduced density matrix with the extended quasiparticle functional. Therefore the nonlocal kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution forms a consistent theory. The entropy is shown to consist also of a quasiparticle part and a correlated part. The explicit entropy gain is proved to complete the H-theorem even for nonlocal collision events. The limit of Landau theory is explored when neglecting the delay time. The rearrangement energy is found to mediate between the spectral quasiparticle energy and the Landau variational quasiparticle energy.

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35

Reed, Ron. Color Plus Design. 3rd ed. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501362668.

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Learn how to create unified and visually inviting spaces with the third edition of Color Plus Design. Author Ron Reed shows how color and design, when used together, can organize any space around a theme or focal point, provide harmony or contrast, and help designers avoid common color mistakes in a variety of residential and commercial interiors. Students will gain an appreciation of how different cultures around the world use color in their designs, and learn how to effectively use color in conjunction with key design principles such as balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, scale, unity, harmony, and variety.

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36

Munro, James. International Trade in Carbon Units under GATT 1994 and Free Trade Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0004.

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Chapter 4 examines whether carbon units qualify as ‘goods’/‘products’ under GATT 1994 and free trade agreements covering goods. Despite complexities, the analysis of Chapter 4 concludes that, on balance, the better view is that ‘carbon units’ do qualify as ‘products’ and ‘goods’ under GATT 1994 and free trade agreements covering goods. This is because they can be possessed, stored, traded across borders, and hold economic value. The most challenging aspect is the lack of obvious ‘production’ involved in some classes of units. However, since some units are clearly ‘produced’, and since all units are fungible and are, to some degree, in a competitive market relationship with one another, regardless of how they are created, it would be anomalous if only some classes of carbon units were covered. If, however, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization were to determine—contrary to existing case law—that tangibility is a threshold requirement of ‘goods’/‘products’, it is clear that no carbon units would qualify.

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37

Etzioni, Amitai. Encryption Wars. Edited by Derek S. Reveron, Nikolas K. Gvosdev, and John A. Cloud. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190680015.013.7.

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All societies face a constant tug of war between protecting individual rights and ensuring the needs of various common goods, especially public safety and homeland security. At any point in time, one side or the other may gain too much power and must be scaled back. The chapter examines this issue by dealing with encryption, drawing on the lessons of the Crypto Wars of the 1990s and the legal case between Apple and the FBI in the wake of the San Bernardino terrorist attack in 2016. Beyond specifics, the chapter deals with a new, liberal communitarian approach, to sorting out where the balance lies between individual rights and the common good.

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38

Cooking for hormone balance: A proven, practical program with over 125 easy, delicious recipes to boost energy and mood, lower inflammation, gain strength, and restore a healthy weight. 2018.

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39

Hsu, Madeline Y. The China Institute in America. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the institutionalization of Sino-American collaboration through the China Institute in America. Meng Zhi (1901–1990) directed this organization for thirty-seven years and helped the Chinese government gain greater influence over the selection and training of Chinese students in the United States. In so doing, he became a valued participant in the development of America's international education establishment as spearheaded by the Institute for International Education (IIE) under the leadership of Stephen Duggan. Meng effectively advocated on behalf of Nationalist Chinese agendas and Chinese students to claim growing levels of support and accommodation from entities such as the IIE and later the Department of State. This shifting balance resulted partly from rising tides of Chinese nationalism, as well as rising hostilities with Japan.

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40

Hoadley, Ursula, Brian Levy, Lawule Shumane, and Shelly Wilburn. Case Studies of School-Level Governance Dynamics in the Western Cape. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0008.

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This chapter details four case studies of school-level management practices in the appointment process of school principals. The school-level processes are used as a lens through which to refract local governance dynamics, and thereby gain insight into the broader multi-stakeholder contexts within which the principal is embedded. The contrasts between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces provide an ideal opportunity to explore a central theme of this book, namely how ‘good fit’ works—how preferred approaches to policy design and implementation might vary according to the contexts in which they are being undertaken. The chapter suggests that rather than viewing the interaction between hierarchical and horizontal governance as zero-sum, the task for practitioners is to find ways to make more effective the ‘both/and’ balance, with an emphasis on impersonal forms of decision-making.

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41

Jarrett, Michael, and Russ Vince. Psychoanalytic Theory, Emotion, and Organizational Paradox. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.2.

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This chapter discusses the psychoanalytic foundations of organizational paradox. It argues that psychoanalytic theories offer a framework for the study of emotions in organizations and for the paradoxical tensions arising from emotions. It develops an analytical framework to discuss three core constructs of psychoanalytic thinking: unconscious emotions; defense mechanisms; and “the analytic attitude,” which is used to gain awareness of unconscious emotions, and as the basis of interventions to balance the contradictions (or paradoxical nature) of defense mechanisms. These constructs manifest in three dimensions of the workplace: among leaders, within groups, and in the organization itself. In the leadership dimension a new concept, the paradox of authority, to describe the tension between internal pulls and external roles that both support and undermine leadership, is introduced. It is shown how psychoanalytic theory can help to comprehend the power relationships embedded in implicit structures and their effects on organizational change.

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42

Krause, Peter. Rebel Power. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501708558.001.0001.

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Many of the world's states—from Algeria to Ireland to the United States—are the result of robust national movements that achieved independence. Many other national movements have failed in their attempts to achieve statehood, including the Basques, the Kurds, and the Palestinians. This book offers a powerful new theory to explain this variation, focusing on the internal balance of power among nationalist groups, who cooperate with each other to establish a new state while simultaneously competing to lead it. The most powerful groups push to achieve states while they are in position to rule them, whereas weaker groups unlikely to gain the spoils of office are likely to become spoilers, employing risky, escalatory violence to forestall victory while they improve their position in the movement hierarchy. Hegemonic movements with one dominant group are therefore more likely to achieve statehood than internally competitive, fragmented movements due to their greater pursuit of victory and lesser use of counterproductive violence.

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43

Blaser, Annika Reintam, and Adam M. Deane. Normal physiology of the gastrointestinal system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0172.

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The gastrointestinal (GI) system is responsible for digestion and absorption, but also has important endocrine, immune and barrier functions. Additionally, the GI system plays a major role in fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The GI system is regulated by complex myogenic, neural and humoral mechanisms, and, in health, these are affected by the presence of luminal nutrient, thereby modulating function of the GI system. Accordingly, GI function varies depending on whether a person is fasted or in the postprandial state. Adequate fasting and postprandial perfusion, motility and exocrine secretion are required for ‘normal’ functioning. The protective mechanisms of the GI system consist of physical (intact gut mucosa), non-immune (gastric acid, intestinal mucin, bile and peristalsis) and immune (gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT) elements. Disruption of GI protection is a putative mechanism underlying the development of multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. Maintenance of GI function is increasingly recognised as an important factor underlying survival in critical illness.

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44

Luyten, Dirk. Diverging Paths. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0012.

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For the Netherlands and Belgium in the twentieth century, occupation is a key concept to understand the impact of the war on welfare state development. The occupation shifted the balance of power between domestic social forces: this was more decisive for welfare state development than the action of the occupier in itself. War and occupation did not result exclusively in more cooperation between social classes: some interest groups saw the war as a window of opportunity to develop strategies resulting in more social conflict. Class cooperation was often part of a political strategy to gain control over social groups or to legitimate social reforms. The world wars changed the scale of organization of social protection, from the local to the national level: after World War II social policy became a mission for the national state. For both countries, war endings had more lasting effects for welfare state development than the occupation itself.

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45

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0010.

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Vitamin B6 is required for the activity of a large number of enzymes with varied essential functions. Along with other B vitamins, it is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine to cysteine; if this reaction is disrupted, blood homocysteine levels rise, along with increased risks for cardiovascular disease, neuropsychiatric problems, and other adverse effects. Elevated homocysteine in pregnancy it is associated with anaemia, pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, and low birthweight. Vitamin B6 deficiency can also affect fetal brain development, as well as weight gain and linear growth in infancy. Although vitamin B6 is widely available in foods, mild to moderate deficiency is still common, even in developed countries. A #amp;#x2018;Mediterranean-style#amp;#x2019; diet is recommended to supply sufficient amounts of vitamin B6. In individuals with an adequate and balanced diet and healthy lifestyle, supplementation is generally unnecessary.

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46

Lennard, Anna, and Linn Van Dyne. Helping That Hurts Intended Beneficiaries: A New Perspective on the Dark Side of Helping Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.37.

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Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is essential for organizations to gain and maintain competitive advantage in environments with constantly evolving demands. Although most of the literature implicitly assumes that OCB predicts positive work attitudes, affective states, cognitions, and behavior for employees and organizations, some work raises the question of when OCB fails to produce positive consequences, and scholars have called for a more balanced perspective that acknowledges possible negative consequences of OCB. In this chapter, we focus on the unintended negative outcomes of helping OCB to recipients. More specifically, we consider factors that paradoxically cause positively intended helping to backfire and have negative effects on recipients. To date, most research on outcomes of OCB has focused on performance outcomes. In contrast, we focus on nonperformance outcomes for recipients of helping because nonperformance outcomes are more proximal and can shed light on processes that influence more distal outcomes, such as performance.

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47

Smith, Robert C., Stefan Leucht, and John M. Davis. Maximizing response to first-line antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0003.

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The choice of first-line antipsychotic treatment for patients with schizophrenia should balance considerations of differential efficacy of antipsychotics against the relative risk of different side effects. In terms of efficacy, recent meta-analyses have shown that antipsychotics are not equivalent in efficacy. Clozapine, amisulpride, olanzapine, and risperidone show small to moderate, but statistically significant, differences, indicating greater efficacy compared to a number of other antipsychotics on some primary efficacy outcome measures. Amisulpride and cariprazine have the strongest evidence for greater efficacy for treating negative symptoms relative to other antipsychotics. In terms of side effects, clozapine and olanzapine have among the highest weight gain potential and amisulpride has more effects on QTc prolongation and prolactin elevation than other commonly used antipsychotics. Adjunctive treatment with an antidepressant drug may improve response in patients with schizophrenia who also have severe depressive or negative symptoms. For a patient with an inadequate response to an adequate dose and duration of the initial antipsychotic choice, switching to another antipsychotic with a different receptor profile may improve response, although evidence is limited. There is little evidence to support using doses above the therapeutic range other than in exceptional circumstances.

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48

van der Hoeven, Frank, and Alexander Wandl. Hotterdam: How space is making Rotterdam warmer, how this affects the health of its inhabitants, and what can be done about it. TU Delft Open, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.1.

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Heat waves will occur in Rotterdam with greater frequency in the future. Those affected most will be the elderly – a group that is growing in size. In the light of the Paris heat wave of August 2003 and the one in Rotterdam in July 2006, mortality rates among the elderly in particular are likely to rise in the summer. METHOD The aim of the Hotterdam research project was to gain a better understanding of urban heat. The heat was measured and the surface energy balance modelled from that perspective. Social and physical features of the city we identified in detail with the help of satellite images, GIS and 3D models. We determined the links between urban heat/surface energy balance and the social/physical features of Rotterdam by multivariable regression analysis. The crucial elements of the heat problem were then clustered and illustrated on a social and a physical heat map. RESULTS The research project produced two heat maps, an atlas of underlying data and a set of adaptation measures which, when combined, will make the city of Rotterdam and its inhabitants more aware and less vulnerable to heat wave-related health effects. CONCLUSION In different ways, the pre-war districts of the city (North, South, and West) are warmer and more vulnerable to urban heat than are other areas of Rotterdam. The temperature readings that we carried out confirm these findings as far as outdoor temperatures are concerned. Indoor temperatures vary widely. Homes seem to have their particular dynamics, in which the house’s age plays a role. The above-average mortality of those aged 75 and over during the July 2006 heat wave in Rotterdam can be explained by a) the concentration of people in this age group, b) the age of the homes they live in, and c) the sum of sensible heat and ground heat flux. A diverse mix of impervious surfaces, surface water, foliage, building envelopes and shade make one area or district warmer than another. Adaptation measures are in the hands of residents, homeowners and the local council alike, and relate to changing behaviour, physical measures for homes, and urban design respectively.

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49

Keshav, Satish, and Alexandra Kent. Immunology and genetics in gastrointestinal and hepatic medicine. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0196.

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The gut has a pivotal role in immune homeostasis. It is constantly exposed to a wide array of antigens in food, and resident and consumed microorganisms. It is estimated that the number of bacterial cells in the gastrointestinal tract is tenfold greater than the number of cells in the human body. The gut needs to recognize harmful bacteria, and consequently contains the largest number of immune cells in the body. However, it must remain tolerant to commensal bacteria. Bacteria express antigens that stimulate an immunological response via the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The GALT includes the appendix, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, the intestinal immune system is finely balanced between tolerance and reactivity. An example of an abnormal response that generally the individual should be tolerant to is gliadin peptides in coeliac disease. An example of excessive tolerance to an otherwise controllable infection is cryptosporidiosis, which causes diarrhoea in patients with HIV infection. The understanding of genetics in disease has progressed rapidly with the introduction of genome-wide association studies. The Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium has performed extensive research on the genetics of many illnesses, including Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, Barrett’s oesophagus, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, and primary biliary cholangitis. Although these studies have increased our understanding of the molecular basis of disease, they have had little impact on clinical management. This may change as studies associate genotype and phenotype. Several gastrointestinal diseases have an etiology based on immunological or genetic aberrations, and these immunological mechanisms and genetic mutations can be utilized for diagnostic purposes. However, there is no genetic or immunological marker that is 100% specific to a disease and, consequently, the markers are used to support clinical, histological, and/or radiological findings.

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Baker, H. Kent, Greg Filbeck, and Victor Ricciardi, eds. Financial Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.001.0001.

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This book provides a synthesis of the theoretical and empirical literature on the financial behavior of major stakeholders, financial services, investment products, and financial markets. It offers a different way of looking at financial and emotional well-being and the processing of beliefs, emotions, and behaviors related to money than provided by traditional academic finance. The book provides important insights into how cognitive and emotional biases influence various financial decision makers, services, products, and markets. Because noted scholars and practitioners write on their areas of expertise, readers can gain an in-depth understanding of multiple topic from experts around the world. In today’s financial setting, the discipline of behavioral finance continues to evolve at a rapid pace. This book familiarizes readers with not only the core topics and issues but also the latest trends, cutting-edge research developments, and real-world situations. Additionally, discussion of cognitive and emotional issues is supported with research in the field. Overall, the book covers a critical topic, from the theoretical to the practical, while offering a useful balance of detailed and user-friendly discussions. Those interested in a broad survey will benefit, as will those seeking in-depth coverage of biases and other aspect of behavioral finance. As the seventh book in the Financial Markets and Investment Series, Financial Behavior: Players, Services, Products, and Markets offers a fresh look at this fascinating area of behavioral finance.

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