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Journal articles on the topic 'Gait balance'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Ondo, William. "Gait and balance disorders." Medical Clinics of North America 87, no. 4 (July 2003): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(03)00005-1.

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2

Zackowski, Kathleen. "Gait and Balance Assessment." Seminars in Neurology 36, no. 05 (September 23, 2016): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584949.

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3

Mak, Margaret. "SY2.5. Balance and gait assessment." Clinical Neurophysiology 132, no. 8 (August 2021): e42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.02.032.

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4

VUNDAVILLI, PANDU RANGA, SAMBIT KUMAR SAHU, and DILIP KUMAR PRATIHAR. "DYNAMICALLY BALANCED ASCENDING AND DESCENDING GAITS OF A TWO-LEGGED ROBOT." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 04, no. 04 (December 2007): 717–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843607001266.

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The present paper deals with dynamically balanced ascending and descending gait generations of a 7 DOF biped robot negotiating a staircase. During navigation, the foot of the swing leg is assumed to follow a trajectory, after ensuring its kinematic constraints. Dynamic balance margin of the gaits are calculated by using the concept of zero-moment point (ZMP). In the present work, an approach different from the well-known semi-inverse method has been developed for trunk motion generation, in which it is initially generated based on static balance and then checked for its dynamic balance. The joint torques are determined utilizing the Lagrange–Euler formulation, and the average power consumption at each joint is calculated. Moreover, variations of the dynamic balance margin are studied for both the ascending as well as descending gaits of the biped robot. Average dynamic balance margin and average power consumption in the ascending gait are found to be more than that of the descending gait. The effect of trunk mass on the dynamic balance margin and average power consumption for both the ascending and descending gaits are studied. The dynamic balance margin and average power consumption are found to decrease and increase, respectively with the increase in the trunk mass.
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5

Syczewska, Malgorzata, Ewa Szczerbik, Malgorzata Kalinowska, Anna Swiecicka, and Grazyna Graff. "Are Gait and Balance Problems in Neurological Patients Interdependent? Enhanced Analysis Using Gait Indices, Cyclograms, Balance Parameters and Entropy." Entropy 23, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23030359.

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Background: Balance and locomotion are two main complex functions, which require intact and efficient neuromuscular and sensory systems, and their proper integration. In many studies the assumption of their dependence is present, and some rehabilitation approaches are based on it. Other papers undermine this assumption. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the possible dependence between gait and balance in patients with neurological or sensory integration problems, which affected their balance. Methods: 75 patients (52 with neurological diseases, 23 with sensory integration problems) participated in the study. They underwent balance assessment on Kistler force plate in two conditions, six tests on a Balance Biodex System and instrumented gait analysis with VICON. The gait and balances parameters and indices, together with entropy and cyclograms were used for the analysis. Spearman correlation, multiple regression, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis were used as analytical tools. Results: The analysis divided patients into 2 groups with 100% correctly classified cases. Some balance and gait measures are better in the first group, but some others in the second. Conclusions: This finding confirms the hypothesis that there is no direct link between gait and balance deficits.
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6

Ando, Takeshi, Eiichi Ohki, Yasutaka Nakashima, Yutaka Akita, Hiroshi Iijima, Osamu Tanaka, and Masakatsu G. Fujie. "Pilot Study of Split Belt Treadmill Based Gait Rehabilitation System for Symmetric Stroke Gait." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 24, no. 5 (October 20, 2012): 884–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2012.p0884.

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A split belt treadmill for gait rehabilitation was developed to improve the symmetry of the stance phase time of patients with stroke. The system, which increases the stance phase time of the affected leg and then realizes a well-balanced gait, is divided into two components. First, the stance phases of the sound and affected legs were measured and presented visually in real time to the patient and physical therapist as biofeedback. Second, using stance phase biofeedback, the physical therapist sets two different velocities of treadmill belts for sound and affected legs. In an experiment, 11 patients with chronic stroke participated in a short-term intervention trial (20 gait cycles) of the developed treadmill system. Three of the five subjects who had lost balance between the stance phase of the sound leg and that of the affected one improved their gait balance in the intervention trial. In addition, one subject kept the well-balanced gait after the intervention.
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7

Pradhan, Anwesh, Rishi Raj, Gargi Ray Chaudhuri, Shabnam Agarwal, and Tanusree Basak. "Functional balance & gait balance in normal geriatric population: By gait training with multiple task." Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 12, no. 4 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-5674.2018.00077.1.

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8

Park, Jinse. "Quantitative Analysis of Gait and Balance." Journal of the Korean Neurological Association 35, no. 4 suppl (October 27, 2017): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17340/jkna.2017.4.24.

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9

Berg, Katherine, and Kathleen E. Norman. "Functional Assessment of Balance and Gait." Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 12, no. 4 (November 1996): 705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30197-6.

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10

Wolfson, Leslie I., Robert Whipple, Paula Amerman, Jerry Kaplan, and Alison Kleinberg. "Gait and Balance in the Elderly." Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 1, no. 3 (August 1985): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30930-3.

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11

Giladi, N., and I. Rektor. "4.001 PD: Gait and balance disorders." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 13 (January 2007): S192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(08)70946-5.

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12

Nutt, John G., Fay B. Horak, and Bastiaan R. Bloem. "Milestones in gait, balance, and falling." Movement Disorders 26, no. 6 (May 2011): 1166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.23588.

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13

Nikolaus, T. "Gait, balance and falls - case report." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 130, no. 15 (April 2005): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-866768.

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14

Manek, Salil, and Mark F. Lew. "Gait and balance dysfunction in adults." Current Treatment Options in Neurology 5, no. 2 (April 2003): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11940-003-0008-x.

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15

Ramakrishnan, Tyagi, Seok Hun Kim, and Kyle B. Reed. "Human Gait Analysis Metric for Gait Retraining." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2019 (November 11, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1286864.

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The combined gait asymmetry metric (CGAM) provides a method to synthesize human gait motion. The metric is weighted to balance each parameter’s effect by normalizing the data so all parameters are more equally weighted. It is designed to combine spatial, temporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameter asymmetries. It can also combine subsets of the different gait parameters to provide a more thorough analysis. The single number quantifying gait could assist robotic rehabilitation methods to optimize the resulting gait patterns. CGAM will help define quantitative thresholds for achievable balanced overall gait asymmetry. The study presented here compares the combined gait parameters with clinical measures such as timed up and go (TUG), six-minute walk test (6MWT), and gait velocity. The comparisons are made on gait data collected on individuals with stroke before and after twelve sessions of rehabilitation. Step length, step time, and swing time showed a strong correlation to CGAM, but the double limb support asymmetry has nearly no correlation with CGAM and ground reaction force asymmetry has a weak correlation. The CGAM scores were moderately correlated with TUG and strongly correlated to 6MWT and gait velocity.
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16

van Iersel, Marianne B., Marcel G. M. Olde Rikkert, and George F. Borm. "A method to standardize gait and balance variables for gait velocity." Gait & Posture 26, no. 2 (July 2007): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.09.002.

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17

Herssens, Nolan, and Christopher McCrum. "Stimulating balance: recent advances in vestibular stimulation for balance and gait." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00851.2018.

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Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) can boost vestibular sensory thresholds via stochastic resonance and research on nGVS as an intervention for vestibulopathy has accelerated recently. Recent research has investigated the effects and associated mechanisms of nGVS on balance and gait. nGVS has potential as an intervention for balance and gait-related deficits in vestibulopathy, but further research into the mechanisms underlying these effects and consensus on stimulation protocols are required.
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18

Chen, Qiming, Hong Cheng, Chunfeng Yue, Rui Huang, and Hongliang Guo. "Dynamic Balance Gait for Walking Assistance Exoskeleton." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7847014.

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Purpose. Powered lower-limb exoskeleton has gained considerable interests, since it can help patients with spinal cord injury(SCI) to stand and walk again. Providing walking assistance with SCI patients, most exoskeletons are designed to follow predefined gait trajectories, which makes the patient walk unnaturally and feels uncomfortable. Furthermore, exoskeletons with predefined gait trajectories cannot always maintain balance walking especially when encountering disturbances. Design/Methodology/Approach. This paper proposed a novel gait planning approach, which aims to provide reliable and balance gait during walking assistance. In this approach, we model the exoskeleton and patient together as a linear inverted pendulum (LIP) and obtain the patients intention through orbital energy diagram. To achieve dynamic gait planning of exoskeleton, the dynamic movement primitive (DMP) is utilized to model the gait trajectory. Meanwhile, the parameters of DMP are updated dynamically during one step, which aims to improve the ability of counteracting external disturbance. Findings. The proposed approach is validated in a human-exoskeleton simulation platform, and the experimental results show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach. Originality/Value. We decomposed the issue of obtain dynamic balance gait into three parts: (1) based on the sensory information of exoskeleton, the intention estimator is designed to estimate the intention of taking a step; (2) at the beginning of each step, the discrete gait planner utilized the obtained gait parameters such as step length S and step duration T and generate the trajectory of swing foot based on S,T; (3) during walking process, continuous gait regulator is utilized to adjust the gait generated by discrete gait planner to counteract disturbance.
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19

Zackowski, Kathleen M., Michelle Cameron, and Joanne M. Wagner. "2nd International Symposium on Gait and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis: interventions for gait and balance in MS." Disability and Rehabilitation 36, no. 13 (September 16, 2013): 1128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2013.833306.

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20

Razavi, Hamed, Salman Faraji, and Auke Ijspeert. "From standing balance to walking: A single control structure for a continuum of gaits." International Journal of Robotics Research 38, no. 14 (October 16, 2019): 1695–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364919875205.

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This article presents a control algorithm framework with which a bipedal robot can perform a variety of gaits by only modifying a small set of control parameters. The controller drives a number of variables, called non-emergent variables, to their desired trajectories resulting in a desired emergent walking gait. While the non-emergent variables remain the same independent of the gait, their desired trajectories are functions of a small set of control parameters that change as a function of the desired gait. This control algorithm has been tested on the humanoid robot COMAN, where different gaits including standing balance, stepping in place, periodic walking gaits with different velocities, as well as gait switching are demonstrated in experiments.
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21

Missaoui, Besma, and Philippe Thoumie. "Balance training in ataxic neuropathies. Effects on balance and gait parameters." Gait & Posture 38, no. 3 (July 2013): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.017.

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22

Hidler, Joseph, David Brennan, iian Black, Diane Nichols, Kathy Brady, and Tobias Nef. "ZeroG: Overground gait and balance training system." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 48, no. 4 (2011): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2010.05.0098.

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23

Nutt, John G. "Clinical disorders of balance, posture and gait." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 3, no. 2 (April 1997): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(97)00003-5.

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24

Shanding, Maureen. "Clinical disorders of balance, posture, and gait." Lancet 348, no. 9032 (October 1996): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65337-8.

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25

Moe-Nilssen, Rolf, Jorunn Helbostad, Roy Haugvik, and A. Elisabeth Ljunggren. "Measuring balance in gait on uneven ground." Gait & Posture 7, no. 2 (March 1998): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-6362(98)90285-5.

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26

Greenhall, R. C. D. "Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90, no. 2 (February 1997): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689709000222.

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27

Nallegowda, Mallikarjuna, U. Singh, Surya Bhan, Sanjay Wadhwa, Gita Handa, and S. N. Dwivedi. "Balance and Gait in Total Hip Replacement." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 82, no. 9 (September 2003): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000083664.30871.c8.

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28

Venables, Graham. "Clinical disorders of balance posture and gait." Neuromuscular Disorders 7, no. 2 (March 1997): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8966(97)00438-0.

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29

BARKER, R. "Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 63, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 415b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.63.3.415b.

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30

Lennon, Sheila. "Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait." Physiotherapy 83, no. 11 (November 1997): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(05)65972-x.

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31

John Leigh, R. "Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait." Neurology 50, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.3.839-a.

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32

Walsh, H. P. J. "Clinical disorders of balance, posture and gait." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 79-B, no. 4 (July 1997): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.79b4.0790700b.

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33

Nikolaus, T. "Gait, balance and falls - reasons and consequences." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 130, no. 15 (April 2005): 958–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-866769.

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34

Nikolaus, T. "Gait, balance and falls - assessment and prevention." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 130, no. 15 (April 2005): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-866770.

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35

Macmahon, Doug. "Clinical Disorders of Balance, Posture and Gait." Age and Ageing 34, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afi067.

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36

Moe-Nilssen, Rolf, Jorunn L. Helbostad, Joel B. Talcott, and Finn Egil Toennessen. "Balance and gait in children with dyslexia." Experimental Brain Research 150, no. 2 (April 8, 2003): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1450-4.

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37

Roos, R. A. C. "Clinical disorders of balance, posture and gait." Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 98, no. 4 (November 1996): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-8467(96)83718-8.

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38

Klima, Dennis W., and Ethan Hood. "Gait and Balance Assessment of Older Adults." Current Geriatrics Reports 9, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13670-020-00327-5.

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39

Cameron, Michelle, Joanne Wagner, Kathleen Zackowski, and Rebecca Spain. "1st International Symposium on Gait and Balance in MS: Gait and Balance Measures in the Evaluation of People with MS." Multiple Sclerosis International 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/720206.

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Gait and balance measures have particular potential as outcome measures in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) because, of the many hallmarks of MS disability, gait and balance dysfunction are present throughout the course of the disease, impact many aspects of a person’s life, and progress over time. To highlight the importance and relevance of gait and balance measures in MS, explore novel measurements of gait and balance in MS, and discuss how gait, balance, and fall measures can best be used and developed in clinical and research settings, the 1st International Symposium on Gait and Balance in Multiple Sclerosis was held in Portland, Oregon, USA on October 1, 2011. This meeting brought together nearly 100 neurologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, engineers, and others to discuss the current status and recent advances in the measurement of gait and balance in MS. Presentations focused on clinician-administered, self-administered, and instrumented measures of gait, balance, and falls in MS.
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40

VUKOBRATOVIĆ, MIOMIR, BRANISLAV BOROVAC, VELJKO POTKONJAK, and MILOŠ JOVANOVIĆ. "DYNAMIC BALANCE OF HUMANOID SYSTEMS IN REGULAR AND IRREGULAR GAITS: AN EXPANDED INTERPRETATION." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 06, no. 01 (March 2009): 117–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843609001668.

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The development of humanoid robotics during the last decades has undoubtedly resulted in numerous successful realizations in this area. One of the most important tasks that have been in the research focus is bipedal walk, which, despite the progress that has been made, has still remained an intriguing research task. The problem is not only how to realize a sustainable walk in an unstructured environment, requiring on-line trajectory planning and changes of gait parameters (turning, stopping, acceleration and deceleration, switching from the walk on a flat ground to the walk on an inclined surface or staircases, etc.), but the gait realization that will allow some additional activities such as, e.g. manipulation tasks. A prerequisite for the fulfillment of such requirements is that the system is dynamically balanced. On the other hand, we are witnesses of the diverse realizations of locomotion systems, from those with human-like feet, aiming to mimic in full the human gait, passive walkers, which practically roll on specially profiled feet, to the footless locomotion systems. It is quite clear that any of these systems can realize a gait, but our present study shows that performances of such walking systems are essentially different. In this sense we consider the minimal conditions for the realization of a dynamically balanced gait, analyze some examples of irregular gaits, and indicate the conditions in which particular phases of such gates are dynamically balanced. We point out the fact that in the presence of disturbances the transition to a dynamically (or even statically) balanced mode of the gait may prevent the system from falling. Besides, it is shown that at the end of the single-support phase of a dynamically balanced gait it is possible to "allow" a temporary, preplanned beforehand, loss of the dynamic balance without jeopardizing the gait realization only if the system has been prepared in advance for such an event. Finally, the work points out the indispensability of the regular, fully dynamically balanced gait for the simultaneous realization of locomotion-manipulation activities, as well as for the walk in an unstructured environment.
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41

Connors, Karol A., Mary P. Galea, and Catherine M. Said. "Feldenkrais Method Balance Classes Improve Balance in Older Adults: A Controlled Trial." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep055.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Feldenkrais Method balance classes on balance and mobility in older adults. This was a prospective non-randomized controlled study with pre/post measures. The setting for this study was the general community. A convenience sample of 26 community-dwelling older adults (median age 75 years) attending Feldenkrais Method balance classes formed the Intervention group. Thirty-seven volunteers were recruited for the Control group (median age 76.5 years). A series of Feldenkrais Method balance classes (the 33312Getting Grounded Gracefully33313 series), two classes per week for 10 weeks, were conducted. Main outcome measures were Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) questionnaire, Four Square Step Test (FSST), self-selected gait speed (using GAITRite instrumented gait mat). At re-testing, the Intervention group showed significant improvement on all of the measures (ABC,P= .016, FSST,P= .001, gait speed,P< .001). The Control group improved significantly on one measure (FSST,P< .001). Compared to the Control group, the Intervention group made a significant improvement in their ABC score (P= .005), gait speed (P= .017) and FSST time (P= .022). These findings suggest that Feldenkrais Method balance classes may improve mobility and balance in older adults.
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42

de Rooij, Ilona J. M., Ingrid G. L. van de Port, and Jan-Willem G. Meijer. "Effect of Virtual Reality Training on Balance and Gait Ability in Patients With Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Physical Therapy 96, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1905–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20160054.

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AbstractBackgroundVirtual reality (VR) training is considered to be a promising novel therapy for balance and gait recovery in patients with stroke.PurposeThe aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to investigate whether balance or gait training using VR is more effective than conventional balance or gait training in patients with stroke.Data SourcesA literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library up to December 1, 2015.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials that compared the effect of balance or gait training with and without VR on balance and gait ability in patients with stroke were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwenty-one studies with a median PEDro score of 6.0 were included. The included studies demonstrated a significant greater effect of VR training on balance and gait recovery after stroke compared with conventional therapy as indicated with the most frequently used measures: gait speed, Berg Balance Scale, and Timed “Up & Go” Test. Virtual reality was more effective to train gait and balance than conventional training when VR interventions were added to conventional therapy and when time dose was matched.LimitationsThe presence of publication bias and diversity in included studies were limitations of the study.ConclusionsThe results suggest that VR training is more effective than balance or gait training without VR for improving balance or gait ability in patients with stroke. Future studies are recommended to investigate the effect of VR on participation level with an adequate follow-up period. Overall, a positive and promising effect of VR training on balance and gait ability is expected.
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43

JaeHo Khil and 손경훈. "Influence of Long-term Taekwondo Poomsae Training on Static Balance, Dynamic Balance, and Gait Balance." Official Journal of the Korean Academy of Kinesiology 14, no. 2 (April 2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15758/jkak.2012.14.2.117.

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44

Mhatre, Priya V., Iris Vilares, Stacy M. Stibb, Mark V. Albert, Laura Pickering, Christina M. Marciniak, Konrad Kording, and Santiago Toledo. "Wii Fit Balance Board Playing Improves Balance and Gait in Parkinson Disease." PM&R 5, no. 9 (June 11, 2013): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.05.019.

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45

Lewek, Michael D., Claire E. Bradley, Clinton J. Wutzke, and Steven M. Zinder. "The Relationship Between Spatiotemporal Gait Asymmetry and Balance in Individuals With Chronic Stroke." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, no. 1 (February 2014): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2012-0208.

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Falls are common after stroke and often attributed to poor balance. Falls often occur during walking, suggesting that walking patterns may induce a loss of balance. Gait after stroke is frequently spatiotemporally asymmetric, which may decrease balance. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between spatiotemporal gait asymmetry and balance control. Thirty-nine individuals with chronic stroke walked at comfortable and fast speeds to calculate asymmetry ratios for step length, stance time, and swing time. Balance measures included the Berg Balance Scale, step width during gait, and the weight distribution between legs during standing. Correlational analyses determined the relationships between balance and gait asymmetry. At comfortable and fast gait speeds, step width was correlated with stance time and swing time asymmetries (r= 0.39−0.54). Berg scores were correlated with step length and swing time asymmetries (r= –0.36 to –0.63). During fast walking, the weight distribution between limbs was correlated with stance time asymmetry (r= –0.41). Spatiotemporal gait asymmetry was more closely related to balance measures involving dynamic tasks than static tasks, suggesting that gait asymmetry may be related to the high number of falls poststroke. Further study to determine if rehabilitation that improves gait asymmetry has a similar influence on balance is warranted.
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46

Hamre, Charlotta, Brynjar Fure, Jorunn L. Helbostad, Torgeir B. Wyller, Hege Ihle-Hansen, Georgios Vlachos, Marie Ursin, and Gro Gujord Tangen. "Balance and Gait After First Minor Ischemic Stroke in People 70 Years of Age or Younger: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study." Physical Therapy 100, no. 5 (January 16, 2020): 798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzaa010.

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Abstract Background Two-thirds of patients with stroke experience only mild impairments in the acute phase, and the proportion of patients &lt;70 years is increasing. Knowledge about balance and gait and predictive factors are scarce for this group. Objective The objective of this study was to explore balance and gait in the acute phase and after 3 and 12 months in patients ≤70 years with minor ischemic stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤3). This study also explored factors predicting impaired balance after 12 months. Design This study was designed as an explorative longitudinal cohort study. Methods Patients were recruited consecutively from 2 stroke units. Balance and gait were assessed with the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), Timed Up and Go, and preferred gait speed. Predictors for impaired balance were explored using logistic regression. Results This study included 101 patients. Mean (SD) age was 55.5 (11.4) years, 20% were female, and mean (SD) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 0.6 (0.9) points. The Mini-BESTest, gait speed, and Timed Up and Go improved significantly from the acute phase to 3 months, and gait speed also improved from 3 to 12 months. At 12 months, 26% had balance impairments and 33% walked slower than 1.0 m/s. Poor balance in the acute phase (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = 0.85–0.95) was the only predictor of balance impairments (Mini-BESTest score ≤22) at 12 months poststroke. Limitations Limitations include lack of information about pre-stroke balance and gait impairment and poststroke exercise. Few women limited the generalizability. Conclusion This study observed improvements in both balance and gait during the follow-up; still, about one-third had balance or gait impairments at 12 months poststroke. Balance in the acute phase predicted impaired balance at 12 months.
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Verfaillie, Deborah F., Jeanne F. Nichols, Ellen Turkel, and Melbourne F. Hovell. "Effects of Resistance, Balance, and Gait Training on Reduction of Risk Factors Leading to Falls in Elders." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 5, no. 3 (July 1997): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.5.3.213.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training alone or in combination with balance and gait training on balance and gait measures in seniors. Subjects, ranging in age from 65 to 83 years, were randomly assigned to a strength and balance/gait group (SB, n = 21 ) or a control group (S, n = 18) receiving strength and relaxation training. Both groups significantly increased their strength and gait speed over the 12-week training period, but step length remained unchanged. The results suggest that elders can make significant gains in muscular strength and walking speed through resistance training, and that adding balance and gait training to resistance training can significantly improve some balance and gait measures beyond improvements achieved from strength training alone. If replicated, these results set the stage for investigations of injury control benefits possible from balance training.
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Altun, Ayşe Mine. "Assessment of Gait and Balance in Parkinson’s Disease." Journal of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders 16, no. 1-2 (February 17, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/phhb.dergisi.2013.01.

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Wallard, L., G. Dietrich, Y. Kerlirzin, and J. Bredin. "Balance control in gait children with cerebral palsy." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 56 (October 2013): e304-e305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2013.07.782.

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Martinez-Martin, P. "Clinical Gait and Balance Scales for Parkinson's Disease." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 221, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2004.02.022.

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