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1
Li, Shun-Da, Zhi-Gao Wang, Ke-Yong Wang, et al. "Re–Os Pyrite Geochronological Evidence of Three Mineralization Styles within the Jinchang Gold Deposit, Yanji–Dongning Metallogenic Belt, Northeast China." Minerals 8, no. 10 (2018): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8100448.
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The Jinchang gold deposit is located in the eastern Yanji–Dongning Metallogenic Belt in Northeast China. The orebodies of the deposit are hosted within granite, diorite, and granodiorite, and are associated with gold-mineralized breccia pipes, disseminated gold in ores, and fault-controlled gold-bearing veins. Three paragenetic stages were identified: (1) early quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite (stage 1); (2) quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite (stage 2); and (3) late quartz–pyrite–galena–sphalerite (stage 3). Gold is hosted predominantly within pyrite. Pyrite separated from quartz–pyrite–arsenopyrite cement within the breccia-hosted ores (Py1) yield a Re–Os isochron age of 102.9 ± 2.7 Ma (MSWD = 0.17). Pyrite crystals from the quartz–pyrite–chalcopyrite veinlets (Py2) yield a Re–Os isochron age of 102.0 ± 3.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.2). Pyrite separated from quartz–pyrite–galena–sphalerite veins (Py3) yield a Re–Os isochron age of 100.9 ± 3.1 Ma (MSWD = 0.019). Re–Os isotopic analyses of the three types of auriferous pyrite suggest that gold mineralization in the Jinchang Deposit occurred at 105.6–97.8 Ma (includes uncertainty). The initial 187Os/188Os values of the pyrites range between 0.04 and 0.60, suggesting that Os in the pyrite crystals was derived from both crust and mantle sources.
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Rieger, Philip, Joseph M. Magnall, Sarah A. Gleeson, Richard Lilly, Alexander Rocholl, and Christof Kusebauch. "Sulfur Isotope Constraints on the Conditions of Pyrite Formation in the Paleoproterozoic Urquhart Shale Formation and George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag Deposit, Northern Australia." Economic Geology 115, no. 5 (2020): 1003–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4726.
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Abstract The Carpentaria province (McArthur basin and Mount Isa inlier) in northern Australia is one of the most important districts for clastic-dominated (CD-type) massive sulfide deposits. The George Fisher Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, located in this province, is hosted by the carbonaceous Urquhart Shale Formation (ca. 1654 Ma) in a region that has an active history of metamorphism and tectonism. In this study, paragenetically constrained pyrite in samples from the George Fisher deposit and unmineralized Urquhart Shale have been analyzed in situ using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of sulfur isotopes (δ34S values). Samples were taken from four drill cores through the main orebodies at George Fisher and one drill core through correlative, unmineralized Urquhart Shale (Shovel Flats area). Five generations of pyrite were identified at George Fisher and record a protracted history of sulfate reduction under diagenetic and subsequent hydrothermal conditions: (1) fine-grained, subhedral-spheroidal pyrite (Py-0), (2) coarse-grained, anhedral pyrite (Py-1) associated with ore-stage 1 sphalerite and galena, (3) coarse-grained, euhedral pyrite (Py-2) associated with ore-stage 2 sphalerite, galena, and pyrrhotite, (4) massive subhedral to euhedral pyrite (Py-3) associated with ore-stage 3 chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, and sphalerite, and (5) coarse-grained euhedral pyrite (Py-euh), which occurs only in unmineralized rocks. In the unmineralized Shovel Flats drill core, only Py-0 and Py-euh are present. Whereas pre-ore pyrite (Py-0) preserves negative δ34S values (–8.1 to 11.8‰), the ore-stage pyrites (Py-1, Py-2, and Py-3) have higher δ34S values (7.8–33.3, 1.9–12.7, and 23.4–28.2‰, respectively). The highest δ34S values (7.2–33.9‰) are preserved in Py-euh. In combination with petrographic observations, the δ34S values of pyrite provide evidence of three different processes responsible for the reduction of sulfate at George Fisher. Reduced sulfur in fine-grained pyrite (Py-0) formed via microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) under open-system conditions prior to the first generation of hydrothermal pyrite (Py-1) in ore-stage 1, which most likely formed via thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). During deformation, previously formed sulfide phases were then recycled and replaced during a second hydrothermal event (ore-stage 2), resulting in intermediate sulfur isotope values. Another syndeformational hydrothermal Cu event, involving a sulfate-bearing fluid, formed ore-stage 3 via TSR. This study demonstrates that the fine-grained pyrite formed pre-ore under conditions open to sulfate and outlines the role of multiple stages of sulfide formation in producing high-grade Zn-Pb-Ag orebodies in the Mount Isa inlier.
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Usman, Dudi Nasrudin, Sri Widayati, Sriyanti Sriyanti, and Era Setiawan. "Rock Formation Acid Mine Drainage in Epithermal Gold Mineralization, Pandeglang, Banten Province." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 4, no. 4 (2019): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2019.4.4.3903.
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Mine acid water is acidic water and contains iron and sulfate, which is formed under natural conditions when geological strata containing pyrites are exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere or environment. One of the impacts of the mineralization zone where there is a mining process is the potential for the formation of acid mine drainage, especially in the Cibaliung gold mineralization area and its surroundings, Pandeglang Regency, Banten Province. Acid-forming sulfide minerals include pyrite (FeS2), headquarters (FeS2), picoliters (FexSx), calcocytes (CuS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), molybdenite (MoS), mulenite (NiS), chalocytes (CuS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), molybdenite (MoS), mulenite (NiS), chalocytes (CuS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), molybdenite (MoS), mulenite (NiS), galena (PbS) ) and sphalerite (ZnS). Of all these minerals, pyrite is the most dominant sulfide in acid formation.
 Alkaline mine water (alkaline mine drainage) is mine water that has an acidity level (pH) of 6 or more, containing alkalinity but still containing dissolved metals that can produce acids. The quality of mine water, acid or alkali, depends on the presence or absence of acid mineral content (sulfides) and alkaline materials in the geological strata.
 Acid water formation tends to be more intensive in mining areas. This can be prevented by avoiding exposure to sulfide-containing materials in the free air. Acid-forming sulfide minerals include pyrite (FeS2), headquarters (FeS2), picoliters (FexSx), calcocytes (CuS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), molybdenite (MoS), mulenite (NiS), chalocytes (CuS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), molybdenite (MoS), mulenite (NiS), chalocytes (CuS), covellite (CuS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), molybdenite (MoS), mulenite (NiS), galena (PbS) ) and sphalerite (ZnS). Of all these minerals, pyrite is the most dominant sulfide in acid formation. Formation of potential acidic water also occurs in tailings which are residues/processing residues containing sulfide minerals. The formation of acid mine drainage does not always develop in every sulfide-ore mining. In certain types of ore deposits, there are neutralizing agents which prevent the formation of acid mine drainage.
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Hammond, Napoleon Q., and Hirokazu Tabata. "Characteristics of ore minerals associated with gold at the Prestea mine, Ghana." Mineralogical Magazine 61, no. 409 (1997): 879–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.409.10.
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AbstractGold in Early Proterozoic Birimian greenstone at Prestea in Ghana is associated with base metal sulphides and sulphosalts including arsenopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, tetrahedrite, bournonite, boulangerite and jamesonite. The occurrence of the gold is intimately associated with arsenopyrite and the sulphosalts, and to a lesser extent with the other sulphides. The tetrahedrites at Prestea constitute the major component of sulphosalts associated with gold and occurring in two distinct types. Type I show ideal stoichiometric composition. Type II tetrahedrites deviated from the ideal stoichiometry and are represented approximately by the average formula (Cu,Ag)9.61(Fe,Zn)2.39(Sb,As)4S13. The tetrahedrites co-precipitated with gold exhibit ideal characteristics indicating an equilibruim state of the mineralizing fluid during precipitation. Three types of pyrites were distinguished by electron-microprobe analyses based on their As, Co and Ni composition. The As content in type I vary from 0.15 to 0.37 wt%, and contain up to 2 wt.% Co.Type II pyrites are As-rich and form the most dominant with As content ranging from 0.2 to 2.69 wt.%. Ni content varies from below-detection to 1000 ppm. Type III pyrites are poor in the trace elements and consistent with the stoichiometric composition. The mineralization occurred in three paragenetic stages from at least a two-phase hydrothermal fluid, with stage II forming a prolonged and main stage of the ore and gold mineralization. Redox changes in ore fluid which were triggered by episodic pressure releases during fissuring and fracturing caused fluctuation of the activity of the As/Ni ratio and subsequent oscillatory zoning of Ni in As-rich ores.
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Liu, Xiao Qi, Yong Fang, Hao Jiang, Yun Xiao, and Le Gui Li. "Study on the Integrative Utilization of Cyanide Tailings of Polymetallic Sulfide Ore of Gold and Silver." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.43.
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In this paper, based on the experiment on pure minerals, namely, galena, sphalerite and pyrite, it is concluded that the appropriate pH range for galena flotation is 8.5-10.5, that for sphalerite flotation is 7-10.5 and for pyrite is 2.5-6.5. For galena, sphalerite and pyrite, butyl xanthate has a better collecting performance than ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate. Both Na2SO3 and ZnSO4 have a relatively weak inhibitory effect on galena. As for sphalerite, the mixing of Na2SO3 and ZnSO4 has a better inhibitory effect than when they are used alone, with the best inhibitory effect obtained when the proportion of Na2SO3 and ZnSO4 is 1:2 and their dosages are respectively 100mg/L and 200mg/L. In zinc flotation, CuSO4 demonstrates an apparent activating effect on the inhibited sphalerite with its appropriate dosage at 2*10 -4 mol/L. In actual separation and selection of ore, when the grades of lead, zinc and silver in cyanide tailings are respectively 2.41%, 3.77% and 272g/t, a fairly good index is obtained where the Pb concentrate is of a grade of 33.41% with its silver grade of 4051.57g/t and the grade of Zn concentrate is 59.67% with its silver grade of 798.08g/t.
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Abraitis, P. K., R. A. D. Pattrick, G. H. Kelsall, and D. J. Vaughan. "Acid leaching and dissolution of major sulphide ore minerals: processes and galvanic effects in complex systems." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 2 (2004): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046820191.
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AbstractThe kinetics and mechanisms of dissolution of the major base metal sulphide minerals, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite in acidic (chloride) media have been investigated. Minerals were ground in air, then dissolved in air-equilibrated solutions at pH 2.5, while monitoring the redox potential. Solution samples were analysed by ICP-AES and HPLC, and surfaces of residual sulphides analysed using XPS. Dissolution of aerial oxidation products on pyrite particles in the first 15 min apparently led to a sulphur-rich surface, and was followed by slower dissolution of pyrite itself, driven by oxygen reduction, and resulting in net production of protons. Chalcopyrite dissolution resulted in a Cu, S-rich (near) surface layer, accompanied by net consumption of protons. Apparently incongruent dissolution of galena and sphalerite may reflect the formation of elemental S at the surface. The rates of dissolution of chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite in the presence of pyrite were determined, respectively, as 18, 31 and 1.5 times more rapid than in single-mineral experiments. These data were consistent with galvanically-promoted mineral oxidation of the other sulphides in the presence of pyrite. In the case of galena, the experimental data suggested extensive release of Pb ions and development of a sulphur-rich surface during galvanically-promoted dissolution.
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Melekestseva, Irina, Valery Maslennikov, Nataliya Safina, et al. "Sulfide Breccias from the Semenov-3 Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Authigenic Mineral Formation and Trace Element Pattern." Minerals 8, no. 8 (2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8080321.
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The aim of this paper is the investigation of the role of diagenesis in the transformation of clastic sulfide sediments such as sulfide breccias from the Semenov-3 hydrothermal field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). The breccias are composed of marcasite–pyrite clasts enclosed in a barite–sulfide–quartz matrix. Primary hydrothermal sulfides occur as colloform, fine-crystalline, porous and radial marcasite–pyrite clasts with inclusions or individual clasts of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, bornite, barite and rock-forming minerals. Diagenetic processes are responsible for the formation of more diverse authigenic mineralization including framboidal, ovoidal and nodular pyrite, coarse-crystalline pyrite and marcasite, anhedral and reniform chalcopyrite, inclusions of HgS phase and pyrrhotite–sphalerite–chalcopyrite aggregates in coarse-crystalline pyrite, zoned bornite–chalcopyrite grains, specular and globular hematite, tabular barite and quartz. The early diagenetic ovoid pyrite is enriched in most trace elements in contrast to late diagenetic varieties. Authigenic lower-temperature chalcopyrite is depleted in trace elements relative to high-temperature hydrothermal ones. Trace elements have different modes of occurrence: Se is hosted in pyrite and chalcopyrite; Tl is related to sphalerite and galena nanoinclusions; Au is associated with galena; As in pyrite is lattice-bound, whereas in chalcopyrite it is related to tetrahedrite–tennantite nanoinclusions; Cd in pyrite is hosted in sphalerite inclusions; Cd in chalcopyrite forms its own mineral; Co and Ni are hosted in chalcopyrite.
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Alexandre, Paul, Thomas Heine, Mostafa Fayek, Eric Potter, and Ryan Sharpe. "Ore mineralogy of the Chisel Lake Zn-Cu-Ag (+Au) VMS deposit in the Flin Flon – Snow Lake Domain, Manitoba, Canada." Canadian Mineralogist 57, no. 6 (2019): 925–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900034.
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Abstract The Chisel Lake deposit, in the Flin Flon – Snow Lake Mineral Belt in northern Manitoba, is characterized by an ore mineral assemblage dominated by pyrite and sphalerite, with minor chalcopyrite, galena, and pyrrhotite and trace amounts of other Cu-, Fe-, Sb-, Sn-, As-, Ni-, and Ag-bearing sulfides. Silver is hosted in a variety of Ag-bearing sulfides (chalcopyrite and freibergite–argentotennantite series) and its own sulfide (acanthite). The major elements chemical compositions of the ore sulfides define two populations of sphalerite (Fe-rich and Fe-poor), three populations of chalcopyrite (pure, Ag-rich, and Ag- and Sb-rich), and a typical galena, in addition to pyrite and pyrrhotite. Trace elements are dominated by Mn and Cd for sphalerite; Sn, Zn, and Ge for chalcopyrite; Se and Ni for pyrrhotite; and As and Co for pyrite. Formation temperature was best estimated, from the Fe and trace elements (Ga, Ge, Mn, and In) concentrations in sphalerite, at approximately 340 °C, with other methods giving less reliable temperature and pressure estimates.
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Hayat, Muhammad Badar, Lana Alagha, and Syed Mohammad Sannan. "Flotation Behavior of Complex Sulfide Ores in the Presence of Biodegradable Polymeric Depressants." International Journal of Polymer Science 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4835842.
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In this study, chitosan polymer was tested as a potential selective green depressant of pyrite in the bulk flotation of galena (PbS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) from sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrite (FeS2) using sodium isopropyl xanthate as a collector and 4-methyl-2-pentanol (MIBC) as a frother. Flotation tests were carried out in a D12-Denver flotation laboratory cell in the presence and absence of chitosan and/or sodium cyanide depressant which is commercially used as pyrite depressant in sulfide mineral flotation process. Flotation recoveries and concentrate grades (assay) were studied as a function of polymer concentration and flotation time. It was found that at 50 g/ton, chitosan depressed 5.6% more pyrite as compared to conventional depressant NaCN at its optimum dosage. Furthermore, the measured assay values of pyrite in concentrates dropped by ~1.2% when NaCN depressant was replaced with chitosan polymer. Zeta potential measurements of galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and pyrite suspensions before and after chitosan’s addition revealed that the polymer has preferential adsorption on pyrite minerals as compared to other sulfide minerals specially galena. Results obtained from this work show that chitosan polymer has a promising future as a biodegradable alternative to sodium cyanide for the purpose of depressing pyrite in sulfide minerals flotation.
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Doucet, Pierre, Wulf Mueller, and Francis Chartrand. "Alteration and ore mineral characteristics of the Archean Coniagas massive sulfide deposit, Abitibi belt, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 6 (1998): 620–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-009.
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The Coniagas Mine in the northeastern Abitibi greenstone belt is a small, isolated Archean, volcanic-hosted, massive sulfide deposit rich in Zn-Pb-Ag. The Main lens, which is part of four massive sulfide lenses, is restricted to a 40 m thick massive felsic lapilli tuff unit of the 280 m thick sequence. The massive sulfides, a product of subsurface replacement, have features common to both Mattabi- and Noranda-type deposits. The Coniagas Mine sequence represents part of a small subaqueous volcanic edifice that probably evolved close to an arc or back-arc spreading ridge. A distinct alteration halo of chlorite + sericite ± epidote ± spessartine garnet in the immediate footwall and a hanging wall alteration assemblage of quartz + sericite ± epidote ± chlorite characterize the deposit. The sphalerite + pyrite + galena ± chalcopyrite sulfide mineral assemblage in the Main lens differs significantly from the pyrite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite + pyrrhotite ± galena assemblage in the stringer zone. Chlorite compositions are Fe rich close to the mineralized zone, with an Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of 0.38-0.48 in the hanging wall and 0.65-0.70 below the ore. Delicate sulfide textures including colloform pyrite and concentric sphalerite are consistent with a low temperature of formation, whereas higher temperatures are inferred for the stockwork zone. Electron probe microanalysis of sphalerite supports inferred hydrothermal fluid temperatures. The low Fe contents (6.7-10.8 mol% FeS) in sphalerite associated with colloform pyrite of the Main lens contrast with the elevated Fe content (12.7-14.1 mol% FeS) in sphalerite from the stockwork.
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Bondar, D. B., A. V. Chugaev, Y. S. Polekhovsky, and N. N. Koshlyakova. "ORE MINERALOGY OF THE KEDROVSKOE GOLD DEPOSIT (MUYSKY DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA, RUSSIA)." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2018-3-60-69.
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Ore mineralogy of the largest quartz vein Osinovaya at the Kedrovskoye gold deposit has been studied. Three stages of mineral formation are identified: marcasite-pyrrhotite-pyrite, gold-polysulphide and hypergenic ones. Native gold belongs to gold-polysulfide stage and is represented by two generations. The earlier high fineness (600–870, prevails 780–820) generation cements fragments of pyrite grains and forms inclusions in pyrite, and the later low fineness (520–580, prevails 540–580) generation associates with sphalerite-chalcopyrite-galena veinlets in pyrite. The disappearance of arsenoan pyrite, the increase in iron content of sphalerite, the change of pyrite to pyrrhotite with depth is noted.
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Scharrer, Manuel, Katharina Sandritter, Benjamin F. Walter, Udo Neumann, and Gregor Markl. "Formation of native arsenic in hydrothermal base metal deposits and related supergene U6+ enrichment: The Michael vein near Lahr, SW Germany." American Mineralogist 105, no. 5 (2020): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7062.
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Abstract Native arsenic is an occasional ore mineral in some hydrothermal base metal deposits. Its rarity (compared to pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite, or chalcopyrite, for example) is surprising, as arsenic is a common constituent of upper crustal fluids. Hence, the conditions of formation must be quite special to precipitate native arsenic. An ideal location to investigate the formation of native As and to explore the parameters constraining its crystallization is the Michael vein near Lahr, Schwarzwald, southwest (SW) Germany. Here, galena, sphalerite, and native arsenic are the most abundant ore minerals. The two important ore stages comprise (1) galena-barite and (2) sphalerite-native arsenic-quartz, the latter with a general mineral succession of pyrite → sphalerite ± jordanite-gratonite solid solution → galena → native As. The native arsenic-bearing mineralization formed by cooling of an at least 130 °C hot saline fluid accompanied by a reduction due to the admixing of a sulfide-bearing fluid. Thermodynamic calculations reveal that for the formation of native arsenic, reduced conditions in combination with very low concentrations of the transition metals Fe, Co, and Ni, as well as low sulfide concentrations, are essential. “Typical” hydrothermal fluids do not fulfill these criteria, as they typically can contain significant amounts of Fe and sulfide. This results in the formation of arsenides, sulfarsenides, or As-bearing sulfides instead of native arsenic. Very minor amounts of pyrite, sulfarsenides, and arsenides record the very low concentrations of Fe, Co, and Ni present in the ore-forming fluid. High concentrations of aqueous Zn and Pb lead to early saturation of sphalerite and galena that promoted native arsenic precipitation by decreasing the availability of sulfide and hence suppressing realgar formation. Interestingly, native arsenic in the Michael vein acted as a trap for uranium during supergene weathering processes. Infiltrating oxidizing, U+VI-bearing fluids from the host lithologies reacted under ambient conditions with galena and native arsenic, forming a variety of U+VI (±Pb)-bearing arsenates such as hügelite, hallimondite, zeunerite, heinrichite, or novacekite together with U-free minerals like mimetite or anglesite. Some parts of the vein were enriched to U concentrations of up to 1 wt% by this supergene process. Reduced (hypogene) uranium phases like uraninite were never observed.
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Purwariadi, Ibrahim. "Sphalerite and Pyrite on Kuroko-Type Ore Deposit: A Case Study of Phase Ambiguity and Its Prediction Technique by Means of X-Ray Diffraction Analysis." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 21, no. 2 (2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v21i2.503.
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Kuroko-type VMS (volcanogenic massive sulfide) ore deposit is a deposit that has some abundant sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. Besides them, other common sulfide minerals also occur, such as bornite, acanthite (argentite) and some of tennantite-tetrahedrite series. In some cases, we can find sphalerite and pyrite on these deposits. These cases often make the difficulty of XRD analysis. It is caused by some overlapping diffraction peaks between pyrite and sphalerite, which are difficult to be distinguished. This problem can cause miscalculation of weight fraction between them. Therefore, this study was done in order to make sure the true phase between pyrite and sphalerite of the overlapping diffraction peaks. Cubic structure analysis and precise lattice parameter calculation were used as the method in this study in order to determine the true phase of sphalerite-pyrite overlapping peaks. An XRD analysis on the case study sample shows that there are five cubic planes, i.e. (111), (200), (220), (113), and (222) on some overlap diffraction peaks. By utilizing this method, these cubic planes can be distinguished where (111) and (113) are pyrite phases while (200), (220) and (222) are sphalerite phases.Keywords: Kuroko, sphalerite, pyrite, XRD, precise lattice parameter.
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Basori, Mohd Basril Iswadi, Sarah Gilbert, Khin Zaw, and Ross Large. "Geochemistry of Sphalerite from the Permian Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulphide (VHMS) Deposits in the Tasik Chini Area, Peninsular Malaysia: Constraints for Ore Genesis." Minerals 11, no. 7 (2021): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070728.
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The Bukit Botol and Bukit Ketaya deposits are two examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits that occur in the Tasik Chini area, Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. The mineralisation is divided into subzones distinguished by spatial, mineralogical, and textural characteristics. The primary sulphide minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena, with lesser amounts of Sn- and Ag-bearing minerals, with Au. However, pyrrhotite is absent from both deposits. This study presents the results of sphalerite chemistry analysed by using an electron microprobe. Two types of sphalerite are recognised: sphalerite from the Bukit Botol deposit reveals a range of <DL to 24.0 mole% FeS, whereas sphalerite from the Bukit Ketaya deposit shows a range of <DL to 3 mole% FeS. Significant variations are shown in Zn, Cu, Cd, and Ag levels. Although the sphalerite has a wide variation in composition, a discernible decreasing Fe trend is exhibited from the stringer zone towards massive sulphide. This compositional variation in sphalerites may in part reflect variable temperature and activity of sulphur in the hydrothermal fluids during ore formation. Alternatively, the bimodal composition variations suggest that mineral chemistry relates to contrasting depositional processes. The Zn/Cd ratios for sphalerite from both these deposits are similar to those exhibited by volcano−sedimentary deposits with a volcanic origin. Therefore, the consistently low Cd concentrations and moderate to high Zn/Cd ratios suggest mixing of seawater and minor magmatic fluids controlling the chemistry of sphalerite at both deposits during their formation.
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Lipko, Sergey, Vladimir Tauson, and Valeriy Bychinskii. "Gold Partitioning in a Model Multiphase Mineral-Hydrothermal Fluid System: Distribution Coefficients, Speciation and Segregation." Minerals 10, no. 10 (2020): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100890.
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The characteristics of Au partitioning in a multiphase, multicomponent hydrothermal system at 450 °C and 1 kbar pressure were obtained using experimental and computational physicochemical modelling and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis. Sphalerite and magnetite contained 0.1–0.16 ± 0.02 µg/g Au and coexisted with galena and bornite which contained up to 73 ± 5 and 42 ± 10 µg/g Au, respectively. Bornite and chalcopyrite were the most effective Au scavengers with cocrystallization coefficients Au/Fe and Au/Cu in mineral-fluid system n–n × 10−2. Sphalerite and magnetite were the weakest Au absorbers, although Fe impurity in sphalerite facilitated Au uptake. Using the phase composition correlation principle, Au solubility in minerals was estimated (µg/g Au): low-Fe sphalerite = 0.7, high-Fe sphalerite = 5, magnetite = 1, pyrite = 3, pyrite-Mn = 7, pyrite-Cu = 10, pyrrhotite = 21, chalcopyrite = 110, bornite = 140 and galena = 240. The sequence reflected increasing metallicity of chemical bonds. Gold segregation occurred at crystal defects, and on surfaces, and influenced Au distribution due to its segregation at crystal interblock boundaries enriched in Cu-containing submicron phases. The LA-ICP-MS analysis of bulk and surficial gold admixtures revealed elevated Au content in surficial crystal layers, especially for bornite and galena, indicating the presence of a superficial nonautonomous phase (NAP) and dualism in the distribution of gold. Thermodynamic calculations showed that changes in experimental conditions, primarily in sulfur regime, increased the content of the main gold species (AuCl2− and AuHS0) and decreased the content of FeCl20, the prevailing form of iron in the fluid phase. The elevation of S2 and H2S fugacity affected Au partitioning and cocrystallization coefficients. Using Au content in pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and bornite from volcanic-sedimentary, skarn-hosted and magmatic-hydrothermal sulfide deposits, the ranges of metal ratios in fluids were estimated: Au/Fe = n × 10−4−n × 10−7 and Au/Cu = n × 10−4−n × 10−6. Pyrite and magnetite were crystallized from solutions enriched in Au compared to chalcopyrite and bornite. The presence of NAP, and associated dualism in distribution coefficients, strongly influenced Au partitioning, but this effect does not fully explain the high gold fractionation into mineral precipitates in low-temperature geothermal systems.
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Safina, Nataliya P., Irina Yu Melekestseva, Nuriya R. Ayupova, et al. "Authigenesis at the Urals Massive Sulfide Deposits: Insight from Pyrite Nodules Hosted in Ore Diagenites." Minerals 10, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020193.
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The pyrite nodules from ore diagenites of the Urals massive sulfide deposits associated with various background sedimentary rocks are studied using optical and electron microscopy and LA-ICP-MS analysis. The nodules are found in sulfide–black shale, sulfide–carbonate–hyaloclastite, and sulfide–serpentinite diagenites of the Saf’yanovskoe, Talgan, and Dergamysh deposits, respectively. The nodules consist of the core made up of early diagenetic fine-crystalline (grained) pyrite and the rim (±intermediate zone) composed of late diagenetic coarse-crystalline pyrite. The nodules are replaced by authigenic sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, and fahlores (Saf’yanovskoe), sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena (Talgan), and pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite (Dergamysh). They exhibit specific accessory mineral assemblages with dominant galena and fahlores, various tellurides and Co–Ni sulfoarsenides in sulfide-black shale, sulfide–hyaloclastite–carbonate, and sulfide-serpentinite diagenites, respectively. The core of nodules is enriched in trace elements in contrast to the rim. The nodules from sulfide–black shale diagenites are enriched in most trace elements due to their effective sorption by associated organic-rich sediments. The nodules from sulfide–carbonate–hyaloclastite diagenites are rich in elements sourced from seawater, hyaloclastites and copper–zinc ore clasts. The nodules from sulfide–serpentinite diagenites are rich in Co and Ni, which are typical trace elements of ultramafic rocks and primary ores from the deposit.
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Cave, Bradley, Richard Lilly, and Wei Hong. "The Effect of Co-Crystallising Sulphides and Precipitation Mechanisms on Sphalerite Geochemistry: A Case Study from the Hilton Zn-Pb (Ag) Deposit, Australia." Minerals 10, no. 9 (2020): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10090797.
Full textAbstract:
High-tech metals including Ge, Ga and In are often sourced as by-products from a range of ore minerals, including sphalerite from Zn-Pb deposits. The Hilton Zn-Pb (Ag) deposit in the Mount Isa Inlier, Queensland, contains six textural varieties of sphalerite that have formed through a diverse range of processes with variable co-crystallising sulphides. This textural complexity provides a unique opportunity to examine the effects of co-crystallising sulphides and chemical remobilisation on the trace element geochemistry of sphalerite. Early sphalerite (sph-1) is stratabound and coeval with pyrrhotite, pyrite and galena. Disseminated sphalerite (sph-2) occurs as isolated fine-grained laths rarely associated with co-crystallising sulphides and represents an alteration selvage accompanying the precipitation of early stratabound sphalerite (sph-1). Sphalerite (sph-3) occurs in early ferroan-dolomite veins and formed from the chemical remobilisation of stratabound sphalerite (sph-1) during brittle fracturing and interstitial fluid flow. This generation of veins terminate at the interface, and occurs within clasts of the paragenetically later sphalerite-dominated breccias (sph-4). Regions of high-grade Cu (>2%) mineralisation contain a late generation of sphalerite (sph-5), which formed from the recrystallisation of breccia-type sphalerite (sph-4) during the infiltration of a paragenetically late Cu- and Pb-rich fluid. Late ferroan-dolomite veins crosscut all previous stages of mineralisation and also contain chemically remobilised sphalerite (sph-6). Major and trace elements including Fe, Co, In, Sn, Sb, Ag and Tl are depleted in sphalerite associated with abundant co-crystallised neighbouring sulphides (e.g., pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena and chalcopyrite) relative to sphalerite associated with minor to no co-crystallising sulphides. This depletion is attributed to the incorporation of the trace elements into the competing sulphide minerals. Chemically remobilised sphalerite is enriched in Zn, Cd, Ge, Ga and Sn, and depleted in Fe, Tl, Co, Bi and occasionally Ag, Sb and Mn relative to the primary minerals. This is attributed to the higher mobility of Zn, Ge, Ga and Sn relative to Fe and Co during the chemical remobilisation process, coupled with the effect of co-crystallising with galena and ferroan-dolomite. Results from this study indicate that the consideration of co-crystallising sulphides and post-depositional processes are important in understanding the trace element composition of sphalerite on both a microscopic and deposit-scale, and has implications for a range of Zn-Pb deposits worldwide.
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Pattrick, Richard A. D. "Pb-Zn and minor U mineralization at Tyndrum, Scotland." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 354 (1985): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.06.
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AbstractThe Tyndrum Pb-Zn mineralization occurs as veins and vein breccias in NE-SW trending fractures associated with the Tyndrum-Glen-Fyne fault. The major minerals are quartz, galena, and sphalerite with minor chalcopyrite and baryte. Tetrahedrite (sometimes silver-and cadmium-rich), pyrargyrite, marcasite, and pyrite occur as small inclusions (< 100 µm) in the galena-rich veins. Sphalerite formed early in the depositional sequence, mainly in breccias, with increasing amounts of galena and chalcopyrite deposited in the later vein stages of mineralization. Uraniferous veins post-date the main Pb-Zn mineralization and contain uraninite, calcite, baryte, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, argentite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite, and safflorite.Fluid inclusion studies reveal that the mineralizing solutions contained c.20 wt. % equivalent NaCl + KCl, had an Na/K ratio of 3 : 1 and were boiling during mineral precipitation.The Tyndrum fault controlled the upward flow of the hydrothermal solutions and its intersection with fractures in quartzites favoured the siting of the veins. The depositional sequence is explained by an increase in temperature during the mineralizing episode. The uraniferous veins may be a late oxidized stage of the main Pb-Zn mineralization.
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Brown, D., and K. R. McClay. "Deformation textures in pyrite from the Vangorda Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, Yukon, Canada." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 386 (1993): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.386.06.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Vangorda Pb-Zn-Ag orebody is a 7.1 M tonne, polydeformed stratiform massive sulphide deposit in the Anvil mining district, Yukon, Canada. Five sulphide lithofacies have been identified within the desposit with a typical mineralogy of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and barite. Pyrrhotite-sphaleritemagnetite assembalges are locally developed. Etched polished sections of massive pyrite ores display relict primary depositional pyrite textures such as colloform growth zoning and spheroidal/framboidal features. A wide variety of brittle deformation, ductile deformation, and annealing textures have been identified. Brittle deformation textures include thin zones of intense cataclasis, grain indentation and axial cracking, and grain boundary sliding features. Ductile deformation textures include strong preferred grain shape orientations, dislocation textures, grain boundary migration, dynamic recrystallisation and pressure solution textures. Post deformational annealing has produced grain growth with lobate grain boundaries, 120° triple junctions and idioblastic pyrite porphyroblasts. The distribution of deformation textures within the Vangorda orebody suggests strong strain partitioning along fold limbs and fault/shear zones, it is postulated that focussed fluid flow in these zones had significant effects on the deformation of these pyritic ores.
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Yuningsih, ST., MT., Ph.D, Euis Tintin. "ORE MINERALS FROM KUROKO TYPE DEPOSIT OF TOYA-TAKARADA MINE, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN." Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi 11, no. 2 (2016): 103–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47599/bsdg.v11i2.14.
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Toya-Takarada mine is Au- and Ag-rich Kuroko-type deposit located in Takarada, Toya-mura, southwest Hokkaido, Japan. The deposits were hosted in rhyolitic tuff and mudstone of Middle Miocene age. Ore samples of fine-grained black ore, vuggy black-yellow ore, granular vuggy black ore, quartz-sulfide ore and massive quartz-barite ore were studied to identify the ore minerals association in the Toya-Takarada mine. The ore minerals are dominated by sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite with fewer amounts of electrum, tetrahedrite-tennantite, and other sulfosalt minerals with secondary mineral of covellite.The quantitative chemical analysis of ore minerals by EPMA indicated that FeS contents in sphalerite is low (0.3-1.2 mol.%) in all kinds of ore samples. Small grains of electrum as inclusions in pyrite are identified in vuggy black-yellow ore with Ag content around 32-33 atm %.In general, the silver minerals in Kuroko-type deposits occurred mainly in the black and yellow ores zone dominantly composed of sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite and barite as a form of electrum and/or argentian tetrahedrite-tennantite series. Thus, the massive quartz-barite ore sample of Toya-Takarada mine are also contain some rare silver sulfosalt minerals such as proustite, Cu-rich pearceite, geocronite-jordanite and fizelyite. Those minerals were found together in association with sphalerite. It seems that sphalerite was crystallized first followed by proustite and Cu-rich pearceite, then geocronite-jordanite and fizelyite are crystallized later.Sphalerites from quartz-sulfide ore of Toya-Takarada contain some fluid inclusions and measured homogenization temperatures are in the range of 164-247°C (av. 208°C) with salinity ranging from 1.9 to 4.7 wt.% NaClequiv. (av. 3.9 wt.% NaClequiv.). The mineral assemblage, iron content in sphalerite and silver content in electrum were indicated that sulfur fugacity was slightly higher during ore mineralization in Toya-Takarada mine.
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Nagy, Attila, and János Tamás. "Classification of a diffuse heavy metal polluted mining site using a spectral angle mapper." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 26 (July 16, 2007): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/26/3065.
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Characterization of heavy metal polluted abandoned mining sites is complicated, as the spatial distribution of pollutants often changes dramatically.In our study, a hyperspectral data analysis of the Gyöngyösoroszi abandoned Pb-Zn mine, located in northern Hungary, where Záray (1991) reported serious heavy metal contamination, was carried out using ENVI 4.3. In this area, galena (PbS), goethite (FeO(OH)), jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6), sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S) and pyrite (FeS2) were the predominant minerals in the alteration zones was chosen as the target mineral.Spectral angle mapper (SAM) and BandMax classification techniques were applied to obtain rule mineral images. Each pixel in these rule images represents the similarity between the corresponding pixels in the hyperspectral image to a reference spectrum.As a result of hyperspectral imagery the distribution of pyritic minerals (sphalerite, galena) in the area was defined. Both of the mineral formations occur, especially in mine tailings, the area of the ore preparatory, and the Szárazvölgyi flotation sludge reservoir. According to the results, jarosite and goethite have similar distributions to sphalerite and galena. The results showed that hyperspectral remote sensing is an effective tool for thecharacterization of Pb, Zn and Fe containing minerals at the examined polluted sites and for modelling the distribution of heavy metals and minerals in extensive areas.This classification method is a basis of further detailed investigations, based on field measurements, to map the heavy metal distribution of the studied area and to quantify the environmental risks caused by erosion, which include DEM (digital elevation model) and climatic and hydrological data sources. Furthermore, it can be used primarily to support the potentially applicable phytostabilization technique and to isolate hot spots where only ex-situ remediation techniques can be applied.
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Javadi, Alireza. "Control of Sulfide Oxidattion and its Effect in Galena Flotation." Brilliant Engineering 2, no. 4 (2021): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2021.004.002.
Full textAbstract:
Pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), sphalerite (ZnS) and galena (PbS) generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when placed in water, that pyrite the most amount of H2O2. The order of these minerals for generate of H2O2 in presence water is pyrite > chalcopyrite > sphalerite > galena. In the previous research, the methods of generation of H2O2 in the grinding mill have been studied but its effect on the oxidation of pulp components and hence in deteriorating the concentrate grade and recovery in flotation has not been explored yet. In this study, some parameters investigated to control the deleterious effects of H2O2 in flotation. The data from experimental have been attached by using MODDE 9 software for 6 parameters consist of composition of water, grinding media, particle size, pH, adding collector among the grinding, adding depressant. Finally, the optimize condition has been achieved: particle size 75 μ, process water, adding all collector, without depressant and pH 10. These changes in flotation response of sulphides have been discussed and explained with the formation of H2O2 quantitatively and the results are presented and discussed in terms of H2O2 generation vis-à-vis concentrate grade and recovery in flotation.
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Vikentyev, I. V., E. V. Belogub, V. P. Moloshag, and N. I. Eremin. "Selenium in pyrite ores." Доклады Академии наук 484, no. 3 (2019): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524843320-324.
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Own Se minerals, first established in primary ores of VMS deposits of the Urals, are described. Instrumental neutron activation analysis of bulk ore samples, mineral monofractions and local methods of analysis: LA-ICP- MS, electron probe microanalysis and analytical electron microscopy were used. CSe in ores of the Urals to 977 g/t. Significant positive correlation of Se with Te, S, Fe, Co, Mo, Hg, Bi is characteristic. Selenium is con- centrated in the main sulfides, mainly in pyrite (73 g/t), chalcopyrite 49 g/t, pyrrhotite 48 g/t; in sphalerite usually <10 g/t. High Se content (up to 1–3 wt.%) occurs in the minor and rare minerals from massive sulfide ores (mainly compounds of Pb, Te, Bi): tetradymite, galena, tellurobismuthite, altaite, wittichenite. Own Se minerals in ores are represented by kawazulite, clausthalite, galena-clausthalite Pb(Se,S), micron inclusions composition (Ag, Cu)2(Se, S), (Ag, Pb)3(Te, Se)S, (Ag, Pb)2(S, Se).
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Carvalho, J. R. S., J. M. R. S. Relvas, A. M. M. Pinto, et al. "Indium and selenium distribution in the Neves-Corvo deposit, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal." Mineralogical Magazine 82, S1 (2018): S5—S41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.079.
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ABSTRACTHigh concentrations of indium (In) and selenium (Se) have been reported in the Neves-Corvo volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit, Portugal. The distribution of these ore metals in the deposit is complex as a result of the combined effects of early ore-forming processes and late tectonometamorphic remobilization. The In and Se contents are higher in Cu-rich ore types, and lower in Zn-rich ore types. At the deposit scale, both In and Se correlate positively with Cu, whereas their correlations with Zn are close to zero. This argues for a genetic connection between Cu, In and Se in terms of metal sourcing and precipitation. However, re-distribution and re-concentration of In and Se associated with tectonometamorphic deformation are also processes of major importance for the actual distribution of these metals throughout the whole deposit. Although minor roquesite and other In-bearing phases were recognized, it is clear that most In within the deposit is found incorporated within sphalerite and chalcopyrite. When chalcopyrite and sphalerite coexist, the In content in sphalerite (avg. 1400 ppm) is, on average, 2–3 times higher than in chalcopyrite (avg. 660 ppm). The In content in stannite (avg. 1.3 wt.%) is even higher than in sphalerite, but the overall abundance of stannite is subordinate to either sphalerite or chalcopyrite. Selenium is dispersed widely between many different ore minerals, but galena is the main Se-carrier. On average, the Se content in galena is ~50 times greater than in either chalcopyrite (avg. 610 ppm) or sphalerite (avg. 590 ppm). The copper concentrate produced at Neves-Corvo contains very significant In (+Se) content, well above economic values if the copper smelters recovered it. Moreover, the high In content of sphalerite from some Cu-Zn ores, or associated with shear structures, could possibly justify, in the future, a selective exploitation strategy for the production of an In-rich zinc concentrate.
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Mikhlin, Yuri, Anton Karacharov, Sergey Vorobyev, et al. "Towards Understanding the Role of Surface Gas Nanostructures: Effect of Temperature Difference Pretreatment on Wetting and Flotation of Sulfide Minerals and Pb-Zn Ore." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (2020): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071362.
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Surface nanobubbles at hydrophobic interfaces now attract much attention in various fields but their role in wetting-related phenomena is still unclear. Herein, we report the effect of a preliminary contact of “hot” solids with cold water previously proposed for generation of surface nanobubbles, on wettability of compact materials and flotation of particulate galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and Pb-Zn sulfide ore. Atomic force microscopy was applied to visualize the nanobubbles at galena crystals heated in air and contacted with cold water; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize the surface composition of minerals. Contact angles measured with the sessile drop of cold water were found to increase when enhancing the support temperature from 0 to 80 °C for sphalerite and silica, and to pass a maximum at 40–60 °C for galena and pyrite (FeS2) probably due to oxidation of sulfides. The temperature pretreatment depressed the recovery of sulfides in collectorless schemes and improved the potassium butyl xanthate-assisted flotation both for single minerals and Gorevskoye Pb-Zn ore. The results suggest that the surface nanobubbles prepared using the temperature difference promote flotation if minerals are rather hydrophobic and insignificantly oxidized, so the addition of collector and activator (for sphalerite) is necessary.
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Shao, Yongjun, Huajie Tan, Guangxiong Peng, et al. "Geology, Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes of the Xialiugou Polymetallic Deposit in North Qilian, Northwest China: Constraints on its Metallogenesis." Minerals 9, no. 8 (2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9080478.
Full textAbstract:
The Xialiugou polymetallic deposit is located in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, Northwest China, of which the main ore-bearing strata are the Middle Cambrian Heicigou Group. The mineralization is zoned with “black” orebodies (galena–sphalerite), which are stratigraphically above the “yellow” orebodies (pyrite–chalcopyrite–tennantite) at the lower zone, corresponding to the alteration assemblages of quartz–sericite in the ore-proximal zone and chlorite in the ore-distal zone. The Xialiugou mineralization can be divided into three stages: (1) Stage I (pyrite); (2) Stage II (chalcopyrite–tennantite–sphalerite); and (3) Stage III (galena–sphalerite). Fluid inclusions data indicate that the physicochemical conditions that lead to ore formation were the medium–low temperature (157–350 °C) and low salinity (0.17–6.87 wt % NaCleqv), and that the ore-forming temperature tended to decrease with the successive mineralization processes. Taking the H–O isotopic compositions (δDV-SMOW = −51.0‰ to −40.5‰, δ18OH2O = −0.4‰ to 8.6‰) into consideration, the ore-forming fluids were most likely derived from seawater with a small amount of magmatic- and meteoric-fluids input. In addition, the combined S (−3.70‰ to 0.10‰) and Pb isotopic (206Pb/204Pb = 18.357 to 18.422, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.615 to 15.687, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.056 to 38.248) data of pyrite indicate that the ore-bearing volcanic rocks may be an important source of ore-forming materials. Finally, we inferred that the Xialiugou deposit shares similarities with the most important volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits (Baiyinchang ore field) in China and typical “black ore” type VMS deposits worldwide.
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Ryzhkova, Yu A., and I. A. Blinov. "Precious metal mineralization of a promising area of the Rashad region, Republic of Sudan." МИНЕРАЛОГИЯ (MINERALOGY), no. 3 (December 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35597/2313-545x-2020-6-4-4.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the frst data on ore mineralization in rocks of the promising area near the town of Rashad, Republic of Sudan. The metasomatic rocks contain pyrrhotite, pentlandite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, arsenopyrite, hematite, magnetite, anglesite, leucoxene, Ag sulfosalts (freibergite, pyrargyrite), Ag and Pb tellurides (hessite and altaite), native gold and bismuth. The fneness of gold varies from low to high.
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Oviatt, N. M., S. A. Gleeson, R. C. Paulen, M. B. McClenaghan, and S. Paradis. "Characterization and dispersal of indicator minerals associated with the Pine Point Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) district, Northwest Territories, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 9 (2015): 776–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0108.
Full textAbstract:
A glacial dispersal study was conducted around a subcropping Pb–Zn deposit (O28) in the Pine Point Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) district, Northwest Territories, Canada, with the intent of characterizing and documenting the indicator minerals and their dispersal from a known orebody. Mapping of striations adjacent to deposit O28, and throughout the Pine Point district, along with observed glacial stratigraphy, indicate that there are three phases of ice flow that have affected the Pine Point district. Sphalerite, galena, and pyrite were identified in mineralized bedrock samples at deposit O28, and sphalerite and galena were recovered from the sand fraction of till samples up to 500 m from the mineralized subcrop. The majority of sphalerite and galena grains recovered from till samples down-ice of deposit O28 were 0.25–0.5 mm in size. Size and morphology of sphalerite grains in till demonstrate relative proximity to their bedrock source, with the largest and more angular grains being closer to the ore zone (<50 m) whereas smaller and more rounded grains occur further down-ice (∼250 m). The paragenesis, textures, major-element concentrations, and S and Pb isotopic compositions of bedrock samples from deposit O28 and from newly drilled core from four other deposits were characterized. Concentrations of Zn in bedrock sphalerite grains range from 43.95 to 67.48 wt.%, concentrations of S range from 32.03 to 34.01 wt.%, and concentrations of Fe range from 0.02 to 16.94 wt.%. The Fe concentration in bedrock sphalerite decreases from east to west across the district. Concentrations of S in galena grains in bedrock range from 12.50 to 14.00 wt.% and have a bimodal distribution. Generally, the geochemistry of sphalerite grains recovered from till were statistically similar to bedrock grains recovered from deposits O28 and L65. Major-element concentrations were statistically the same between the sphalerite grains recovered from till and the honey-brown and cleiophane varieties in the bedrock samples. Galena grains recovered from till samples were similar to the cubic and fracture-fill varieties of grains recovered from bedrock in the R190 and M67 deposits. Sulphur isotopic values for sphalerite grains from bedrock range from 20.6‰ to 24.2‰, while those from till samples range from −5.3‰ to 24.4‰. Lead isotopic ratios for galena grains from bedrock and till samples had very little variation, which is a characteristic of the Pine Point district. The S and Pb isotopic studies as well as major-element geochemistry suggest that indicator minerals derived from Pine Point-type mineralization can be distinguished from those sourced from other types of carbonate-hosted mineralized systems (e.g., Cordilleran zinc–lead deposits) and that the methods here can be used as exploration tools for identifying MVT deposit provenance or potential. The results of this study present criteria and highlights additional methods for exploration of MVT deposits in glaciated terrain.
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Sahlström, Fredrik, Antonio Arribas, Paul Dirks, Isaac Corral, and Zhaoshan Chang. "Mineralogical Distribution of Germanium, Gallium and Indium at the Mt Carlton High-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, NE Australia, and Comparison with Similar Deposits Worldwide." Minerals 7, no. 11 (2017): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min7110213.
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Germanium, gallium and indium are in high demand due to their growing usage in high-tech and green-tech applications. However, the mineralogy and the mechanisms of concentration of these critical elements in different types of hydrothermal ore deposits remain poorly constrained. We investigated the mineralogical distribution of Ge, Ga and In at the Mt Carlton high-sulfidation epithermal deposit in NE Australia, using electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Parageneses from which selected minerals were analyzed include: Stage 1 acid sulfate alteration (alunite), Stage 2A high-sulfidation enargite mineralization (enargite, argyrodite, sphalerite, pyrite, barite), Stage 2B intermediate-sulfidation sphalerite mineralization (sphalerite, pyrite, galena) and Stage 3 hydrothermal void fill (dickite). Moderate to locally high concentrations of Ga were measured in Stage 1 alunite (up to 339 ppm) and in Stage 3 dickite (up to 150 ppm). The Stage 2A ores show enrichment in Ge, which is primarily associated with argyrodite (up to 6.95 wt % Ge) and Ge-bearing enargite (up to 2189 ppm Ge). Co-existing sphalerite has comparatively low Ge content (up to 143 ppm), while Ga (up to 1181 ppm) and In (up to 571 ppm) are higher. Sphalerite in Stage 2B contains up to 611 ppm Ge, 2829 ppm Ga and 2169 ppm In, and locally exhibits fine colloform bands of an uncharacterized Zn-In mineral with compositions close to CuZn2(In,Ga)S4. Barite, pyrite and galena which occur in association with Stage 2 mineralization were found to play negligible roles as carriers of Ge, Ga and In at Mt Carlton. Analyzed reference samples of enargite from seven similar deposits worldwide have average Ge concentrations ranging from 12 to 717 ppm (maximum 2679 ppm). The deposits from which samples showed high enrichment in critical elements in this study are all hosted in stratigraphic sequences that locally contain carbonaceous sedimentary rocks. In addition to magmatic-hydrothermal processes, such rocks could potentially be important for the concentration of critical elements in high-sulfidation epithermal deposits.
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Vokes, F. M., and J. R. Craig. "Post-recrystallisation mobilisation phenomena in metamorphosed stratabound sulphide ores." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 386 (1993): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.386.03.
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AbstractMetamorphosed stratabound iron- and base-metal sulphide deposits often exhibit microtextures in which fractures in cataclastically-deformed pyrite porphyroblasts are filled with matrix sulphides; chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite or galena. Discussions of such textures have mostly centred on whether solid-phase or fluid-phase mechanisms were responsible for the movement of the matrix sulphides.The small Zn-Cu sulphide body at Gressli, in the central Norwegian Caledonides, shows these textural features to an extreme degree. Both chalcopyrite and sphalerite show heavy replacive relations to the cataclastically deformed metablastic pyrite, along fracture walls and grain boundaries. They also occur injected along the opened-up triple junctions of foam-textured pyrite. In addition, parts of the ore show patchy quartz with clear replacive relationship to all three sulphides, a feature not often reported from such ores. Such textures can be interpreted to support a mobilisation sequence chalcopyrite-sphalerite-quartz within the Gressli ore. Their extent and degree of development indicate that fluid-phase mobilisation of the three minerals must have played a dominant role. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite are most likely derived from within the ore-mass itself; an external source for the SiO2 seems most probable, in the form of metahydrothermal solutions moving along retrograde shear zones at or near ore-walls.
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Mochnacka, Ksenia, Teresa Oberc-Dziedzic, Wojciech Mayer, and Adam Pieczka. "Ore mineralization in the Miedzianka area (Karkonosze-Izera Massif, the Sudetes, Poland): new information." Mineralogia Polonica 43, no. 3-4 (2012): 155–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10002-012-0005-3.
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AbstractThe Miedzianka mining district has been known for ages as a site of polymetallic ore deposits with copper and, later, uranium as the main commodities. Although recently uneconomic and hardly accessible, the Miedzianka ores attract Earth scientists due to the interesting and still controversial details of their ore structure, mineralogy and origin. Our examination of the ore mineralization from the Miedzianka district was based exclusively on samples collected from old mining dumps located in the vicinity of Miedzianka and Ciechanowice, and on samples from the only available outcrop in Przybkowice. In samples from the Miedzianka field, chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena, bornite, chalcocite, digenite, arsenopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, bornite, hematite, martite, pyrrhotite, ilmenite, cassiterite and covellite are hosted in quartz-mica schists and in coarse-grained quartz with chlorite. In the Ciechanowice field, the ore mineralization occurs mainly in strongly chloritized amphibolites occasionally intergrown with quartz and, rarely, with carbonates. Other host-rocks are quartz-chlorite schist and quartzites. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite-tennantite, bismuthinite, native Bi, arsenopyrite, löllingite, cassiterite, cobaltite, gersdorffite, chalcocite, cassiterite, bornite, covellite, marcasite and pyrrhotite. Moreover, mawsonite and wittichenite were identified for the first time in the district. In barite veins cross-cutting the greenstones and greenschists in Przybkowice, we found previously-known chalcopyrite, chalcocite and galena. The composition of the hydrothermal fluids is suggested to evolved through a series of consecutive systems characterized, in turn, by Ti-Fe-Sn, Fe- As-S, Fe-Co-As-S, Cu-Zn-S and, finally, Cu-Pb-Sb-As-Bi compositions.
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Gallard-Esquivel, M. C., A. Cepedal, M. Fuertes-Fuente, and A. Martin-Izard. "Enrichment in critical metals (In-Ge) and Te-Se in epithermal deposits of the ‘La Carolina’ district, San Luis, Argentina." Mineralogical Magazine 82, S1 (2018): S61—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.105.
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ABSTRACTEpithermal Au-Ag deposits of the La Carolina district, in the San Luis metallogenetic belt (Argentina), are related spatially and genetically to Mio-Pliocene volcanism. In this district, mineralization in the Cerro Mogote and Puesto La Estancia prospects occur as disseminations, veins and fracture/cavity infillings in volcanic/pyroclastic rocks, metamorphic basement and hydrothermal breccias. The gangue assemblage is dominated by carbonates (siderite, rhodochrosite, kutnahorite, dolomite). The main sulfides are pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite. Pyrite and sphalerite have compositional zoning, the former with As-rich cores and Cu-rich overgrowths, the latter with Fe-rich and Fe-poor bands. Sphalerite shows variable contents of Mn, Cu, In, Ga, Ge and Ag. The In-richest sphalerite hosts up to 5940 ppm In but also contains elevated concentrations of Cu, Ag, Ga and Ge, suggesting a coupled substitution mechanism resulting in enrichments in monovalent (Ag+, Cu+) and trivalent-tetravalent cations (Ga3+, In3+, Ge4+). The main precious metal minerals are Ag-rich tetrahedrite, acanthite, argyrodite, pearceite–polybasite and Au-Ag alloy. Locally, Se and/or Te-enriched minerals include galena Pb(S0.9–1Se0.1–0), hessite Ag2(Te0.9–1Se0.1–0), Se-rich cervelleite Ag4(Te1.3–0.9S1–0.5Se0.5–0.2), and also alburnite [Ag8GeTe2S4] and benleonardite [Ag15Cu(As,Sb)2S7Te4]. Pearceite contains Te (3.6–4.3 wt.%) and Se (1–2.3 wt.%) substituting for S, which are unusually high concentrations for this mineral. The Puesto La Estancia deposit contains various tellurides including sylvanite, petzite, stutzite, altaite, tellurobismuthite and volynskite. This study shows that the chemistry of the fluids fluctuated during ore deposition suggesting different fluid pulses (system rejuvenation and/or boiling). The enrichment in Te, Se and Bi enrichment is supportive of a magmatic contribution to the ore fluid, while graphite in the metamorphic basement could be the source of germanium, although a magmatic source cannot be ruled out.
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Chutas, N. I., and R. O. Sack. "Ore genesis at La Colorada Ag-Zn-Pb deposit in Zacatecas, Mexico." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 6 (2004): 923–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046860231.
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AbstractLa Colorada, in Zacatecas State, Mexico is an epithermal Ag-Zn-Pb system hosted in Mesozoic calcareous sedimentary rocks overlain by Tertiary volcanic rocks. The dominant vein is associated with a fault system that accommodates Tertiary normal and strike-slip faulting. The ore consists of fahlore [(Cu,Ag)10(Zn,Fe)2(Sb,As)4S13], polybasite [(Ag,Cu)16Sb2S11]–pearceite [(Ag,Cu)16As2S11] solid solution, pyrargyrite [Ag3SbS3]–proustite [Ag3AsS3] solid solution, acanthite-argentite [Ag2S], and native silver; associated sulphides include galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The Ag:Sb of the bulk concentrate from the mine is 1.076 and the Ag:Pb is 0.088. Compositions of the assemblages fahlore + pyrargyrite-proustite + sphalerite, and fahlore + polybasite-pearceite solid solution + (Ag,Cu)2S solid solution + sphalerite encapsulated in quartz and sphalerite indicate a primary depositional temperature of ∼325°C for a depth between 725 and 960 m below the inferred palaeosurface, which is in accord with fluid-inclusion data for higher elevations in the mine.
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Yue, Zi Long, Bin Liu, and Qian Hui Lv. "Mineralogy and Tectonic Setting in Guihuachong Copper Deposit in Tongling, Anhui Province." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 2063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.2063.
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The Guihuachong copper deposit is located in the Shatanjiao ore field along the MLYRMB in eastern China, mainly consist of porphyry ores hosted in granodiorite porphyry, which has newly been discovered in recent years. Metal ore minerals are mainly pyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, sphalerite, magnetite, secondary minerals are hematite, pyrrhotite, galena, and tetrahedrite, natural gold, silver and other minerals. The gangue minerals are mainly for the plagioclase, calcite, potassium feldspar, garnet, diopside, kaolinite, quartz, biotite, chlorite, siderite, fluorite, anhydrite and hornblende.
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Frater, Kenneth Maxwell. "Mineralization at the Golden Grove Cu – Zn deposit, Western Australia. II: Deformation textures of the opaque minerals." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 1 (1985): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-002.
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Studies of the sulphide–magnetite fabric at Golden Grove. Western Australia, metamorphosed under conditions of lower to middle greenschist facies, indicate that pyrite and magnetite deformed in a brittle manner, whereas pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena deformed as ductile sulphides. In the accompanying silicate assemblage, pressure-solution deformation has been a significant deformation mechanism. An optical-microscope study of etched sphalerite reveals a wide range of microstructures indicative of ductile deformation, including lattice dislocations, subgrains and subboundaries, annealing twins, variable grain-boundary geometry, and recrystallization. The microstructures are distributed randomly through the sphalerite fabric and are similar to that formed during steady-state creep of deformed metals and that reported in dynamic recovery and recrystallization of deformed quartz. It is concluded that the ductile sulphides are modified by synkinematic recovery and recrystallization and that postkinematic recovery, annealing, and recrystallization, which are commonly reported for sulphide deposits, are not present.
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Marquis, P., C. Hubert, A. C. Brown, and D. M. Rigg. "Overprinting of early, redistributed Fe and Pb–Zn mineralization by late-stage Au–Ag–Cu deposition at the Dumagami mine, Bousquet district, Abitibi, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 12 (1990): 1651–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-174.
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The Dumagami Au–Ag–Cu deposits are hosted by strongly deformed and altered Archean felsic metavolcanites of the Blake River Group (BRG), southern Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada. Textural and structural features recorded within the lithologies of the BRG at Dumagami indicate that two stages of hydrothermal alteration, separated by a dynamometamorphic event, have affected the volcanic protoliths in the deposit area. Advanced argillic and sericitic alteration zones, massive pyrite bodies, and massive sphalerite–galena bodies resulted from the first stage of hydrothermal activity. Sericitic shells surround peraluminous cores, which host the massive pyrite bodies and massive sphalerite–galena bodies within the altered zones.This early-stage alteration was followed by a dynamometamorphic event that reached the greenschist–amphibolite grade and almost completely recrystallized both fresh and altered rocks and the enclosed massive sulphide bodies. White-mica schists and andalusite–kyanite schists represent the dynamometamorphic equivalents of the earlier sericitic and advanced argillic zones. Mesoscopic and microscopic structures and textures attest to the ductile behaviour of the massive pyrite bodies during this deformation and accompanying metamorphism.Portions of the deformed and metamorphosed altered zones are characterized by a late cataclastic deformation and by the development of fractures postdating the ductile deformation. The late hydrothermal alteration is concentrated within these cataclastic rocks and is characterized by the retrogression of the greenschist–amphibolite assemblages. Andalusite and kyanite are replaced by diaspore, kaolinite, and pyrophyllite assemblages, and pyrite is replaced by chalcopyrite–gold, chalcopyrite–bornite–gold, and bornite–stromeyerite assemblages. The concentration of the pre-dynamometamorphic alteration and sulphide mineralization within a narrow band along the southern BRG could indicate that this part of the BRG was the locus of a major Archean synvolcanic fault zone.
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Lamia, Benabbes, and Bounouala Mouhamed. "Reprocessing and environmental desulphurization of sulphide mining waste from sphalerite flotation: case of Chaabet El Hamra mine, Algeria." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 1 (2017): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-11-2016-0128.
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Purpose Tailings generated by sulphide ore processing at Chaabet El Hamra mine contain a variety of sulphide minerals such as pyrite, marcasite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite with carbonated and siliceous gangue. It is well known that the presence of pyrite can cause environmental threats, in particular the acid mine drainage risk (AMD), if there is not enough neutralizing potential. Waste chemical analyses show that the content of total sulphur (S) is more than 9 per cent, which could be possible to separate the pyrite from other heavy minerals based on interfacial property of these minerals, because the pyrite contain the sulphur-rich fraction. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the possibility of waste reprocessing using froth flotation of sulphuric bulk and depression-heavy minerals. It is environmental desulphurization that removes much of the high S fraction. Findings The results obtained in terms of S recovery and residual S content are interesting after merely 12 min of flotation by addition of potassium amyl xanthate collector (140 g/t), pine oil frother (10 g/t) and activation with copper sulphate (CuSO4+; 60 g/t) and at optimum pH of 5. Originality/value It can be shown from waste treatment by flotation of pyrite depression sphalerite collects significant desulphurization in sulphur content is 19 per cent against 8 per cent in the initial release.
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Yesares, Lola, Drew A. Drummond, Steven P. Hollis, et al. "Coupling Mineralogy, Textures, Stable and Radiogenic Isotopes in Identifying Ore-Forming Processes in Irish-Type Carbonate-Hosted Zn–Pb Deposits." Minerals 9, no. 6 (2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060335.
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Irish-type deposits comprise carbonate-hosted sphalerite- and galena-rich lenses concentrated near normal faults. We present new data from the Tara Deep resource and overlying mineralization, at Navan, and the Island Pod deposit and associated Main zone orebodies, at Lisheen. Tara Deep mineralization predominantly replaces Tournasian micrites and subordinate Visean sedimentary breccias. The mineralization is mainly composed of sphalerite, galena, marcasite and pyrite. A range of Cu- and Sb-bearing minerals occur as minor phases. At Tara Deep, paragenetically early sulfides exhibit negative δ34S values, with later phases displaying positive δ34S values, indicating both bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) and hydrothermal sulfur sources, respectively. However, maximum δ34S values are heavier (25‰) than in the Main Navan orebody (17‰). These mineralogical and isotopic features suggest that Tara Deep represents near-feeder mineralization relative to the Navan Main orebody. The subeconomic mineralization hosted in the overlying Thin Bedded Unit (TBU) comprises sphalerite replacing framboidal pyrite, both exhibiting negative δ34S values (−37.4 to −8.3‰). These features indicate a BSR source of sulfur for TBU mineralization, which may represent seafloor exhalation of mineralizing fluids that formed the Tara Deep orebody. The Island Pod orebody, at Lisheen, shows a mineralogical paragenetic sequence and δ34S values broadly similar to other Lisheen orebodies. However, the lack of minor Cu, Ni, and Sb minerals suggests a setting more distal to hydrothermal metal feeder zones than the other Lisheen orebodies. Pb isotope data indicate a very homogeneous Lower Palaeozoic Pb source for all Navan orebodies. Lower Palaeozoic metal sources are also inferred for Lisheen, but with variations both within and between orebodies. Carbon and oxygen isotopic variations at Navan and Lisheen appear to result from fluid-carbonate rock buffering. The emerging spectrum of mineralogical and isotopic variations define proximal to distal characteristics of Irish-type systems and will assist in developing geochemical vectoring tools for exploration.
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Nguyen, Phuong, Dong Phuong Nguyen, Huong Thi Nguyen, Huong Thi Le, and Dinh Van Do. "Features of lead-zinc mineralization in the Phia Dam - Khuoi Man region." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 5 (2020): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(5).14.
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The paper introduces a number of new research results on the characteristics of lead - zinc ores in Phia Dam - Khuoi Man areas based on the application of traditional geological methods, combining the method of researching material composition and method statistical maths. In the study area, there are two forms of ore bodies with characteristics described as below: the first form consists of ore bodies developed along the stratabound bedding surface, are mainly distributed in either anticlinal structures (i.e. Phia Dam region) or cuesta (i.e. Khuoi Man region) and the second form consists of ore bodies in lodes, filled in cracks or zones of fracture along the northwest – southeast faults. Primary ore minerals are mainly galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc. and gangue minerals are calcite, dolomite, and quartz. Ore structures are nests, veins, disseminated veins, banded, speckled, or sometimes breccia - like ones. The relevant and controlling factors of lead-zinc mineralization in Phia Dam - Khuoi Man region are the northwest - southeast fault system and the lithostratigraphy. Ores are of either mesothermal or epithermal deposits (temperatures varies from 162 to 308 degrees Celcius), with a specific symbiotic combination of quartz - sphalerite - galena - chancopyrite.
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Aikawa, Kosei, Mayumi Ito, Atsuhiro Kusano, et al. "Flotation of Seafloor Massive Sulfide Ores: Combination of Surface Cleaning and Deactivation of Lead-Activated Sphalerite to Improve the Separation Efficiency of Chalcopyrite and Sphalerite." Metals 11, no. 2 (2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020253.
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The purpose of this study is to propose the flotation procedure of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) ores to separate chalcopyrite and galena as froth and sphalerite, pyrite, and other gangue minerals as tailings, which is currently facing difficulties due to the presence of water-soluble compounds. The obtained SMS ore sample contains CuFeS2, ZnS, FeS2, SiO2, and BaSO4 in addition to PbS and PbSO4 as Pb minerals. Soluble compounds releasing Pb, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Fe2+/3+ are also contained. When anglesite co-exists, lead activation of sphalerite occurred, and thus sphalerite was recovered together with chalcopyrite as froth. To remove soluble compounds (e.g., anglesite) that have detrimental effects on the separation efficiency of chalcopyrite and sphalerite, surface cleaning pretreatment using ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) was applied before flotation. Although most of anglesite were removed and the recovery of chalcopyrite was improved from 19% to 81% at 20 g/t potassium amyl xanthate (KAX) after EDTA washing, the floatability of sphalerite was not suppressed. When zinc sulfate was used as a depressant for sphalerite after EDTA washing, the separation efficiency of chalcopyrite and sphalerite was improved due to deactivation of lead-activated sphalerite by zinc sulfate. The proposed flotation procedure of SMS ores—a combination of surface cleaning with EDTA to remove anglesite and the depression of lead-activated sphalerite by using zinc sulfate—could achieve the highest separation efficiency of chalcopyrite and sphalerite; that is, at 200 g/t KAX, the recoveries of chalcopyrite and sphalerite were 86% and 17%, respectively.
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Paduchina, Yu A., N. S. Chukhareva, K. A. Novoselov, et al. "Precious metal mineralogy of the Murtykty gold deposit, South Urals." МИНЕРАЛОГИЯ (MINERALOGY) 5 (July 16, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35597/2313-545x-2019-5-2-57-68.
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Ore mineralogy of the Murtykty gold deposit is presented in the paper and main attention is paid to the mode of occurrence of precious metals. Ores are pyrite-bearing quartz-chlorite (±sericite, ±carbonate of the dolomite-ankerite series) metasomatites with variable ratios between rock-forming minerals. Pyrite is the major sulfde; sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite are secondary in abundance. Rare minerals include pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, altaite, coloradoite, hessite, petzite, calaverite, volynskite, rucklidgeite, and native gold. The Ag content of native gold ranges from 6.11 to 35.32 wt. %. Signifcant amount of Au and Ag occurs in a telluride form: hessite Ag2Te, petzite Ag3AuTe2, calaverite AuTe2, and volynskite AgBiTe2. The refractory features of sulfde ores are caused by diverse modes of occurrences of precious metal.
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Tombros, S., and K. St. Seymour. "HERMIONE, EVOLUTION OF ATe-BEARING EPITHERMAL MINERALIZATION, ARGOLIS, HELLAS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 2 (2007): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16782.
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The Cu-Te-bearing pyrite deposits of Hermione, Argolis are hosted in Miocenic ophiolites. The ophiolites are overlain by a shale-sandstone formation with intercalations of limestones and manganiferous sedimentary rocks. The ore deposits form irregular lenticular or stratiform ore bodies, and veins. These ore bodies are related to volcanic activity in an arc-related rift at the margins of a palaeocontinent. Late N- to NNE-trending, sinistral, milky quartz-pyrite-calcite veins cut the host ophiolites. Alteration haloes of quartz-calcite, albite-sericitechlorite, and chalcedony-epidote-clay minerals are developed in the lavas as concentric shells, or as envelops that parallel the quartz veins. The telluriumbearing mineralization is developed in two successive stages, characterized by the assemblages: pyrite-(pyrrhotite)-magnetite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite (Stage I) and galena-sphalerite-freibergite-marcasite-chalcocite (Stage II), followed by a supergene stage. The cobaltiferous pyrite-chalcopyrite geothermometer defined two ranges of last-equilibration temperatures: 220° to 250°Cfor Stage I, and 120° to 195°Cfor Stage II. The calculated δ18 Ο and SD compositions of the mineralizing fluids, at 200° and 250°C, reflect the dominance of a magmatic component. The calculated δ SH2S fluid values reveal a magmatic source for the sulphur, with minor contribution from submarine sediments, whereas tellurium is proposed to be derived from a mafic-ultramafic source.
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Stergiou, Christos L., Vasilios Melfos, Panagiotis Voudouris, et al. "Rare and Critical Metals in Pyrite, Chalcopyrite, Magnetite, and Titanite from the Vathi Porphyry Cu-Au±Mo Deposit, Northern Greece." Minerals 11, no. 6 (2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060630.
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The Vathi porphyry Cu-Au±Mo deposit is located in the Kilkis ore district, northern Greece. Hydrothermally altered and mineralized samples of latite and quartz monzonite are enriched with numerous rare and critical metals. The present study focuses on the bulk geochemistry and the mineral chemistry of pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, and titanite. Pyrite and chalcopyrite are the most abundant ore minerals at Vathi and are related to potassic, propylitic, and sericitic hydrothermal alterations (A- and D-veins), as well as to the late-stage epithermal overprint (E-veins). Magnetite and titanite are found mainly in M-type veins and as disseminations in the potassic-calcic alteration of quartz monzonite. Disseminated magnetite is also present in the potassic alteration in latite, which is overprinted by sericitic alteration. Scanning electron microscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of pyrite and chalcopyrite reveal the presence of pyrrhotite, galena, and Bi-telluride inclusions in pyrite and enrichments of Ag, Co, Sb, Se, and Ti. Chalcopyrite hosts bornite, sphalerite, galena, and Bi-sulfosalt inclusions and is enriched with Ag, In, and Ti. Inclusions of wittichenite, tetradymite, and cuprobismutite reflect enrichments of Te and Bi in the mineralizing fluids. Native gold is related to A- and D-type veins and is found as nano-inclusions in pyrite. Titanite inclusions characterize magnetite, whereas titanite is a major host of Ce, Gd, La, Nd, Sm, Th, and W.
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Liu, Wei, Ming Guo Deng, and Lei Zeng. "A Study of Mineral Characteristics and Metallogenic Stages of Luziyuan Pb-Zn-Fe Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Zhenkang." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.21.
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Luziyuan Pb-Zn-Fe polymetallic ore deposit is a large-size ore deposit. Its ore minerals were systematically studied on thin section and polished section microscope observation for the first time in this paper. The results show that the main metal sulfides include sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite. According to the geological features,mineral characteristics and penetration relationship of minerals,the metallogenic can be divided into four stages: primary sedimentary stage, sedimentary metamorphism stage, hydrothermal stage and oxidation stage. The deposit is a superimposed deposit associated with magma and hydrothermal caused by buried rock bodies during Yanshannian.
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MELFOS, V., M. VAVELIDIS, and K. ARIKAS. "A new occurrence of argentopentlandite and gold from the Au-Ag-rich copper mineralisation in the Paliomylos area, Serbomacedonian massif, Central Macedonia, Greece." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 3 (2001): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17154.
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The Au-Ag-Cu mineralisation in the Paliomylos area is associated with quartz segregations and pegmatoids in the form of boudinaged bodies. The Au, Ag and Cu contents in the ore bodies reach 6.8 ppm, 765 ppm and 0.80 wt%. The ore minerals consist of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, galena, bismuthinite, argentopentlandite, gersdorffite, cobaltite, aikinite, hessite, native bismuth and gold. Pentlandite contains significant amounts in Ag (13.15 wt%), Au (1.59 wt%) and PGM, demonstrating a formula of Fe5.37 Ni2.56 Ag1.03 Ir0.03 S8.01. On the basis of geological, textural and chemical data, the mineralisation in the studied area was formed under high temperatures.
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Nowińska, Katarzyna, and Zdzisław Adamczyk. "Chemical composition of iron sulphides contained in dust from pyrometallurgical Zn and Pb production." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 21, no. 2 (2021): geochem2020–073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-073.
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The paper presents results of investigations of the chemical composition of iron sulphides contained in dust from the pyrometallurgical production process of zinc and lead. The main mineral components of these dusts are sphalerite, galena, iron sulphide – pyrite, zincite, anglesite and probably kirchsteinite. The tests performed have demonstrated that the chemical composition of iron sulphide grains was not close to stoichiometric, the grains were non-uniform in terms of phase composition and they always included admixtures in the form of inclusions of other sulphides, i.e. zinc sulphide and lead sulphide, and accompanying elements (Ca, Mn, Se, As, Ag, Cu, Cd).
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Ixer, R. A., B. Young, and C. J. Stanley. "Bismuth-bearing assemblages from the Northern Pennine Orefield." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 399 (1996): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.399.06.
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AbstractBismuthinite-bearing quartz veins from the Alston Block of the North Pennine Orefield are all close to, or above, the Rookhope and Tynehead cupolas of the buried Weardale Granite. They are uniform in composition and paragenesis and are earlier than the main fluorite-baryte-galena-sphalerite mineralization of the orefield. Rhythmical crystallization of quartz, chalcopyrite and minor pyrite is followed by fluorite-quartz-chalcopyrite-minor sphalerite-altered pyrrhotite mineralization. Early tin-bearing (up to 0.29 wt.% Sn) chalcopyrite encloses trace amounts of bismuthinite (Bi2S3), synchysite (CaREE(CO3)F2), argentopentlandite (Ag(FeNi)8S8) (close to being stoichiometric), pyrrhotite, cubanite and cosalite (Pb2Bi2S5), while early pyrite carries monoclinic pyrrhotite (close to Fe7S8) and tungsten-bearing cassiterite (up to 1.03 wt.% WO3). Bismuthinite is macroscopically visible and is associated with native bismuth and small, fine-grained, spherical aggregates that qualitative analysis suggests may be cosalite crystals. Synchysite and more rarely monazite, xenotime and adularia are intergrown with bismuthinite. These mineralogical data form part of the basis for an increasing awareness of the contribution of the Weardale Granite to the early phases of mineralization in the Alston Block.
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Rojas Barbosa, Sonia, Juan Carlos Molano, and Thomas Cramer. "Petrography, microthermometry, and isotopy of the gold veins from Vetas, Santander (Colombia)." Earth Sciences Research Journal 24, no. 1 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v24n1.63443.
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The gold mineralization located in Vetas, Santander, consists of auriferous quartz veins hosted in Bucaramanga gneiss rocks, intrusive Jurassic rocks, and intrusive to porphyritic Miocene rocks. This study identified four mineralizing events: (1). Sericite, carbonate (ankerite and calcite?), massive and microcrystalline quartz, sphalerite, adularia, albite, galena, thin pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite. The age for this stage is 10.78 ±0.23Ma (Ar/Ar on sericite). (2). Molybdenite, magnetite with exsolution of ilmenite, As-pyrite, sphalerite, fine-grained pyrite and little chalcopyrite quartz with huge, feathery, fine mosaic, flamboyant and microcrystalline textures and, tourmaline and sericite. (3). Gold and tennantite associated with sphalerite, fine- and coarse-grained pyrite, As-pyrite, chalcopyrite like inclusions, and quartz with flamboyant, mosaic, massive and “comb” textures, and tourmaline. Stage 2 and 3 happened from 7.58 ±0.15 Ma to 6,89±0,41Ma (Ar/Ar on sericite). (4). Thick, thin, and pyrite with arsenic, hematite and microcrystalline quartz (forming breccia texture), and sericite. The age for this stage is 5.24 ±0.10 (Ar/Ar on sericite). Post-mineral: quartz comb, alunite, halloysite, kaolinite, and ferrum hydroxides. The stable isotopes, ∂18O, ∂D, and ∂34S and fluid inclusions analysis infer that fluids were producing a mixture of meteoric and magmatic fluids with low salinity and minimum trapping temperatures between 200°C to 390°C. The mineralogy association, and fluid inclusions, in the first event show characteristic of low sulfidation epithermal. The second stage was hottest and with more magmatic signature over printed an intermediate sulfidation system; show a little more salinity on the fluids and more mineralogical diversity, the third and four events, could show an evolution of this fluid, where it was cooling and impoverishing on metals. Two initials stages are contemporaneous with two magmatic Miocene pulses on the area: the first one of granodiorite composition 10, 9± 0.2 Ma (U/Pb zircon), and the other one rhyodacite with 8.4 ±0.2 y 9.0 ± 0.2 Ma.
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Steininger, Roger C. "Trace Elements in Sphalerite, Galena, and Pyrite from Molybdenum and Non-molybdenum Systems." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 25, no. 1-2 (1986): 240–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(86)90028-2.
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Rudmin, Maxim, Aleksey Ruban, Oleg Savichev, Aleksey Mazurov, Aigerim Dauletova, and Olesya Savinova. "Authigenic and Detrital Minerals in Peat Environment of Vasyugan Swamp, Western Siberia." Minerals 8, no. 11 (2018): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110500.
Full textAbstract:
Studies of mineral-forming processes in modern peat bogs can shed light on metal concentrations and their cycling in similar environments, especially in geological paleoanalogs. In terms of the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of peat bog environments, the Vasyugan Swamp in Western Siberia is a unique scientific object. Twelve peat samples were collected from the Vasyugan Swamp up to the depth of 275 cm at 25 cm intervals. The studied peat deposit section is represented by oligotrophic (0–100 cm), mesotrophic (100–175 cm), and eutrophic (175–275 cm) peat, and this is underlain by basal sediments (from 275 cm). About 30 minerals were detected using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The observed minerals are divided into detrital, clay, and authigenic phases. The detrital minerals found included quartz, feldspar, ilmenite, rutile, magnetite, zircon, and monazite. When passing from basal to oligotrophic bog sediments, the clay minerals changed from illite-smectite to kaolinite. Authigenic minerals are represented by carbonates (calcite and dolomite), iron (hydro-)oxides, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, Zn-Pb-S mineral, barite, baritocelestine, celestine, tetrahedrite, cassiterite, REE phosphate, etc. The regular distribution of mineral inclusions in peat is associated with the (bio)geochemical evolution of the environment. The formation of authigenic Zn, Pb and Sb sulfides is mainly confined to anaerobic conditions that exist in the eutrophic peat and basal sediments. The maximum amount of pyrite is associated with the interval of 225–250 cm, which is the zone of transition from basal sediments to eutrophic peat. The formation of carbonate minerals and the decreasing concentration of clay in the association with local sulfide formation (galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stibnite) begins above this interval. The peak of specific carbonation appears in the 125–150 cm interval of the mesotrophic peat, which is characterized by pH 4.9–4.5 of pore water. Kaolinite is the dominant clay mineral in the oligotrophic peat. Gypsum, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and relicts of carbonate are noted in association with kaolinite. Changes in oxygen concentrations are reflected in newly formed mineral associations in corresponding intervals of the peat. This can be explained by the activity of microbiological processes such as the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) and bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR), expressed in specific carbonatization (100–225 cm) and sulfidization (175–250 cm), respectively.