Academic literature on the topic 'Galilean plane'

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Journal articles on the topic "Galilean plane"

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Öztekin, Handan Balgetir, and Serpil Tatlipinar. "On Some Curves in Galilean Plane and 3-Dimensional Galilean Space." Journal of Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories 10, no. 2 (2012): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1726037x.2012.10698620.

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Horváthy, Peter A., and Mikhail S. Plyushchay. "Non-relativistic anyons, exotic Galilean symmetry and noncommutative plane." Journal of High Energy Physics 2002, no. 06 (2002): 033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2002/06/033.

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Akbiyik, Mücahi̇t, and Sali̇m Yüce. "The areas of the trajectory surface under the Galilean motions in the Galilean space." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 15, no. 09 (2018): 1850162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887818501621.

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In the literature, Holditch theorem was obtained under periodic rotation and translation motions in [H. Holditch, Geometrical theorem, Q. J. Pure Appl. Math. 2 (1858) 38] or periodic shear and translation motions in [O. Röschel, Der satz von Holditch in der isotropen ebene. Abh. Braunschweig. Wiss. Ges. 36 (1984) 27–32]. In this paper, by introducing the projection of a vector onto a plane, scalar area, area vector of a surface, we investigate Holditch theorem under periodic rotation, translation and shear motions. We give two interpretations for the Holditch type theorem in Galilean space.
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Elsharkawy, Ayman, and Noha Elsharkawy. "Some Characterizations of Quasi-Curves in Galilean 3-Space." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 18, no. 2 (2025): 5875. https://doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v18i2.5875.

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This study investigates the theoretical basis of the quasi-frame in three-dimensional Galilean geometry. We derive mathematical expressions for the position vectors of curves defined in relation to this quasi-frame and establish the quasi equations that govern their behavior. Our findings demonstrate the absence of normal curves in Galilean 3-space, challenging existingtheories in the field and providing new insights into the geometric structure of the Galilean 3-space. We explore the geometric properties of quasi-rectifying and quasi-osculating curves, establishing the necessary and sufficient conditions for their classification. A curve is identified as quasi-rectifying if its position vector can be represented as a linear combination of its tangent and quasi-binormal vectors. In contrast, a curve is classified as quasi-osculating if it remains entirely within its quasi-osculating plane, determined by its tangent and quasi-normal vectors. The quasi-frame serves as a generalization of the classical Frenet frame, particularly useful in scenarios where the curvature vanishes and the Frenet frame becomes undefined. By introducing the quasi curvatures, we provide a robust framework for analyzing curves in Galilean 3-space. We derive explicit expressions for the position vectors of curves with respect to the Quasi frame and solve for their components under specific conditions. Furthermore, we prove that normal curves cannot exist in Galilean space, a result that clarifies the limitations of certain geometric classifications in this context.
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Kurudirek, Abdullah, and Hüseyin Akca. "On the Concept of Circle and Angle in Galilean Plane." OALib 02, no. 02 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101256.

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Yoon, Dae Won. "Weighted minimal translation surfaces in the Galilean space with density." Open Mathematics 15, no. 1 (2017): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/math-2017-0043.

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Abstract Translation surfaces in the Galilean 3-space G3 have two types according to the isotropic and non-isotropic plane curves. In this paper, we study a translation surface in G3 with a log-linear density and classify such a surface with vanishing weighted mean curvature.
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Morgado, B., G. Benedetti-Rossi, A. R. Gomes-Júnior, et al. "First stellar occultation by the Galilean moon Europa and upcoming events between 2019 and 2021." Astronomy & Astrophysics 626 (June 2019): L4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935500.

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Context. Bright stellar positions are now known with an uncertainty below 1 mas thanks to Gaia DR2. Between 2019–2020, the Galactic plane will be the background of Jupiter. The dense stellar background will lead to an increase in the number of occultations, while the Gaia DR2 catalogue will reduce the prediction uncertainties for the shadow path. Aims. We observed a stellar occultation by the Galilean moon Europa (J2) and propose a campaign for observing stellar occultations for all Galilean moons. Methods. During a predicted period of time, we measured the light flux of the occulted star and the object to determine the time when the flux dropped with respect to one or more reference stars, and the time that it rose again for each observational station. The chords obtained from these observations allowed us to determine apparent sizes, oblatness, and positions with kilometre accuracy. Results. We present results obtained from the first stellar occultation by the Galilean moon Europa observed on 2017 March 31. The apparent fitted ellipse presents an equivalent radius of 1561.2 ± 3.6 km and oblatenesses 0.0010 ± 0.0028. A very precise Europa position was determined with an uncertainty of 0.8 mas. We also present prospects for a campaign to observe the future events that will occur between 2019 and 2021 for all Galilean moons. Conclusions. Stellar occultation is a suitable technique for obtaining physical parameters and highly accurate positions of bright satellites close to their primary. A number of successful events can render the 3D shapes of the Galilean moons with high accuracy. We encourage the observational community (amateurs included) to observe the future predicted events.
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Chonan, S., and T. Hayase. "Stress Analysis of a Spinning Annular Disk to a Stationary Distributed, In-Plane Edge Load." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 109, no. 3 (1987): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269432.

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In-plane stress distribution in a spinning annular disk is studied analytically. The disk is clamped at the inner boundary and subjected to a stationary distributed load along the outer boundary. The solution is determined through a Galilean transformation by using the Lame´ potential functions and the two-dimensional elasticity theory. Numerical results are presented for WA vitrified grinding wheels with outer radii of 50 mm and inner radii of 25 mm rotating at 3000 rpm and 15000 rpm.
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Duval, C., and P. A. Horváthy. "Exotic Galilean symmetry in the non-commutative plane and the Hall effect." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 34, no. 47 (2001): 10097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/34/47/314.

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Öztürk, Ufuk, Emilija Nesovic, and Öztürk Koç. "On T-slant, N-slant and B-slant helices in pseudo-Galilean space G13." Filomat 32, no. 1 (2018): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fil1801245o.

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In this paper, we introduce T-slant, N-slant and B-slant helices in the pseudo-Galilean space G13 and define an angle between the spacelike and the timelike isotropic vector lying in the pseudo-Euclidean plane x = 0. In particular, we obtain the explicit parameter equations of the T-slant helices and prove that there are no N-slant and B-slant helices in G13. We also prove that there are no Darboux helices in the same space.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Galilean plane"

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Santos, Max Luiz de Oliveira. "Experimento de Galileu do plano inclinado em sala de aula." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4461.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6218.pdf: 2066679 bytes, checksum: a483fcd437c369b1bdc99a248f67b970 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-14<br>This work aims to make a suited reconstruction from the classic experiment of the inclined plane, attributed to Galileo Galilei. The intention is to apply it to high school classes, claiming that it might motivate these students to learn concepts related to physics, and should be able to better understand the subjective nature of what is behind the science and its construction process. It is intended to perform the experiment and guide the activities in order that the activities that students can better understand scientific knowledge as a result of human construction, as well as its inherent limitations, realizing that the science development is based on model making and experimentation, among others, which can be modified along the time. The discussion and investigation of the assumptions made by the great physicist, in the elaboration of the theory of falling bodies, and their validity, may result in rich discussions of scientific development. Students may discuss the possibility of adoption and acceptance of misconceptions in science, and what implications these have for the development of scientific theories. The work analyzes the measurement of time of ball bearings on the inclined plane, evaluating the primitive methods that Galileo could have used to reach its conclusions regarding this type of movement. The dissertation also approaches modern methods, as for example, the measurements of falling objects using a tape recorder of a microcomputer, and finally both time measurement procedures are discussing emphasizing historical and modern discussion of both forms, comparing historical and modern aspects in the development of science. Performed activities, finalize the work with the results of the project and its completion, prospects of continuity, assessing the feasibility of its use as an educational product that can serve as a tool in the process of teaching and learning in high school and used by other teachers in other contexts.<br>Este trabalho objetiva fazer uma reprodução adaptada do experimento clássico do plano inclinado, atribuído a Galileu Galilei. A intenção é a criação de situações de aprendizagem para serem aplicadas em turmas do ensino médio, pretendendo que as mesmas possam vir a ser um elemento motivador para que estes alunos aprendam conceitos ligados à física, bem como tenham condições de melhor perceber o caráter subjetivo que existe por trás da ciência e do seu processo de construção. Pretende-se com a realização do experimento, e com o direcionamento dado às atividades, que os estudantes possam melhor visualizar o conhecimento científico como fruto de uma construção humana, bem como suas limitações intrínsecas, percebendo que este se solidifica baseado na construção de modelos e hipóteses, que são modificados com o decorrer do tempo. A discussão e averiguação das hipóteses feitas pelo grande físico, na elaboração da teoria da queda dos corpos, bem como a validade das mesmas, poderá ser fruto de ricas discussões sobre o desenvolvimento científico. Os alunos poderão discutir sobre a possibilidade da adoção e aceitação de ideias equivocadas na ciência e as implicações que as mesmas teriam para a elaboração das teorias científicas. O trabalho pretende analisar a medição dos tempos de rolamentos de esferas sobre o plano inclinado, avaliando os métodos que Galileu poderia ter utilizado para efetuá-los e suas conclusões a respeito deste tipo de movimento, bem como fazer uma releitura apresentando métodos mais modernos, como por exemplo, a medição destes tempos com o gravador de som de um microcomputador, e a posterior discussão sobre ambas as formas, confrontando aspectos históricos e modernos na elaboração da ciência. Aplicadas as atividades, finalizaremos o trabalho com os resultados do projeto, e sua conclusão, perspectivas de continuidade, avaliando a viabilidade de sua utilização como um produto educacional que possa servir como ferramenta no processo de ensino aprendizagem em nível médio e utilizado por outros professores em outros contextos.
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Canguilhem, Philippe. "Les deux éditions de "Fronimo" (1568 et 1584) et la place du luth dans la pensée musicale de Vincenzo Galilei." Tours, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUR2025.

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Ce travail a pour but l'étude de "Fronimo", le traité que Galilei (1520-1591) a consacré à la mise en tablature de luth de modèle vocaux les points suivants sont développes : 1) comparaison de la méthode de mise en tablature préconisée par Galilei avec celle de ses contemporains 2) étude de "Fronimo" par rapport aux autres écrits théoriques de Galilei 3) étude du répertoire 4) histoire de la réception de "Fronimo"<br>This work consists in the study of Fronimo, Galilei's treatise concerning lute intabulation of vocal models. The following topics are discussed: 1) comparison of Galilei's intabulation technique with the contemporary instrumental theory 2) study of Fronimo in the context of the other Galilei's theoretical writings 3) study of the repertory 4) history of Fronimo's reception
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Books on the topic "Galilean plane"

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Barbieri, Cesare. The Three Galileos: The Man, the Spacecraft, the Telescope: Proceedings of the Conference held in Padova, Italy on January 7-10, 1997. Springer Netherlands, 1998.

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Irene, Brückle, and Hahn Oliver, eds. Galileo's O. Akademie Verlag, 2011.

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Audibert, Marc. Déformation discontinue et rotations de blocs: Méthodes numériques de restauration : application à la Galilée. Centre armoricain d'étude structurale des socles, Université de Rennes I, 1991.

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1942-, Barbieri Cesare, and Rampazzi Francesca, eds. Earth-moon relationships: Proceedings of the conference held in Padova, Italy, at the Accademia galileiana di scienze lettere ed arti, November 8-10, 2000. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Cole, Michael D. Galileo spacecraft: Mission to Jupiter. Enslow Publishers, 1999.

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Angotti, Franco, Giuseppe Pelosi, and Simonetta Soldani, eds. Alle radici della moderna ingegneria. Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-142-7.

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The subject around which the contributions in this volume gravitate is the creation of a higher institute of engineering studies in Florence in the late nineteenth-century. On the eve of the unification of Italy, Florence was a promising centre for a Polytechnic, in view of the experience of the Corpo di Ingegneri di Acque e Strade, the precocious railway building, the importance of the mining sector and the solidity of the Istituto Tecnico Toscano. Despite this, unlike what took place in Milan and in Turin, the Istituto Tecnico Toscano was not transformed into a Polytechnic for the training of engineers. The reasons for this non-development can be traced to the lack of "industrialist" propensities in the managerial group that emerged victorious from the "peaceful revolution" of 1859, to a desire for independence from the national academic system built on the Casati law, and to a local demand for engineering skills that was less dynamic than expected. Consequently, the prevailing winds were those of "normalisation" blowing from the government, the universities and the most prestigious Colleges of Engineers. Nevertheless, Florence continued to represent an important technological centre, especially in relation to railway infrastructures, public works, and the mechanical engineering industries (for example Pignone and Galileo). In the end it was not until one hundred years after unification that the city finally became the seat of a Faculty of Engineering.
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Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the Galileo Spacecraft. Copernicus, 2011.

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Fischer, Daniel. Mission Jupiter: The Spectacular Journey of the Galileo Spacecraft. Springer, 2013.

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Mission Jupiter: The spectacular journey of the Galileo spacecraft. Copernicus Books, 2001.

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(Editor), Cesare Barbieri, Jürgen H. Rahe (Editor), Torrence V. Johnson (Editor), and Anita M. Sohus (Editor), eds. The Three Galileos: The Man, The Spacecraft, The Telescope (Astrophysics and Space Science Library). Springer, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Galilean plane"

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Yüzbaşı, Zühal Küçükarslan, Ebru Cavlak Aslan, Dumitru Baleanu, and Mustafa Inc. "Evolution of Plane Curves via Lie Symmetry Analysis in the Galilean Plane." In Nonlinear Systems and Complexity. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37141-8_12.

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Vergara Caffarelli, Roberto. "The conception of Galilei’s machine: The “vertical plane”." In Galileo Galilei and Motion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04353-6_19.

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Vergara Caffarelli, Roberto. "Before 1610: Launching from the inclined plane without a straightener." In Galileo Galilei and Motion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04353-6_12.

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Vergara Caffarelli, Roberto. "Another comparison between two motions: free fall and descent along a plane. Difficulties due to the rolling of the sphere." In Galileo Galilei and Motion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04353-6_14.

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Vergara Caffarelli, Roberto. "The time taken to descend along inclined planes of equal height and the theorem of final velocity." In Galileo Galilei and Motion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04353-6_13.

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Mariani, Alessandro. "La scrittura scientifica dopo la ‘rivoluzione scientifica’. Tre exempla: Galilei, Darwin, Piaget." In Educazione degli Adulti: politiche, percorsi, prospettive. Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0006-6.11.

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This paper focuses on the structure and function, as well as on the interweavings, variations and integrations of three types of scientific writing (the dialogue, the treatise, the essay) to which Italian pedagogy has focused only partially. From the reflections presented and through the examples given (Galilei, Darwin, Piaget) it emerges that, starting with the "scientific revolution," the renewal of science has also taken place with the contribution of scientific writing, which has become progressively more linear, more open, more disseminated, more dialectical, and more informative.
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Marconcini, Mattia, Thomas Esch, Felix Bachofer, and Annekatrin Metz-Marconcini. "Digital Earth in Europe." In Manual of Digital Earth. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9915-3_20.

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Abstract In recent years, with the advancements in technology and research as well as changes in society, Digital Earth transformed. It evolved from its original concept of a 3D multilayer representation of our planet into a more practical system design to fulfil the demand for information sharing, which now embraces fields such as global climate change, food security and natural disaster prevention. In this novel scenario, Europe has become one of the major players at the global level; accordingly, the goal of this chapter is to provide a general overview of the major European contributions to the overall objectives of Digital Earth. These include the establishment of a European spatial data infrastructure through the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) directive, the initiation of the Galileo and Copernicus programs that provide a wealth of big data from space, the launch of novel cloud-based platforms for data processing and integration and the emergence of citizen science. An outlook on major upcoming initiatives is also provided.
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Owen, Tobias. "The Contributions of Comets to Planets, Atmospheres, and Life: Insights from Cassini-Huygens, Galileo, Giotto, and Inner Planet Missions." In Space Sciences Series of ISSI. Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-85455-7_20.

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Beerling, David. "Leaves, genes, and greenhouse gases." In The Emerald Planet. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192806024.003.0009.

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The Galileo spacecraft, named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), who launched modern astronomy with his observations of the heavens in 1610, plunged to oblivion in Jupiter’s crushing atmosphere on 21 September 2003. Launched in 1989, it left behind a historic legacy that changed the way we view the solar system. Galileo’s mission was to study the planetary giant Jupiter and its satellites, four of which Galileo himself observed, to his surprise, moving as ‘stars’ around the planet from his garden in Pardu, Italy. En route, the spacecraft captured the first close-up images of an asteroid (Gaspra) and made direct observations of fragments of the comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 smashing into Jupiter. Most remarkable of all were the startling images of icebergs on the surface of Europa beamed backed in April 1997, after nearly eight years of solar system exploration. Icebergs suggested the existence of an extraterrestrial ocean, liquid water. To the rapt attention of the world’s press, NASA’s mission scientists commented that liquid water plus organic compounds already present on Europa, gave you ‘life within a billion years’. Whether this is the case is a moot point; water is essential for life on Earth as we know it, but this is no guarantee it is needed for life elsewhere in the Universe. Oceans may also exist beneath the barren rocky crusts of two other Galilean satellites, Callisto and Ganymede. Callisto and Ganymede probably maintain a liquid ocean thanks to the heat produced by natural radioactivity of their rocky interiors. Europa, though, lies much closer to Jupiter, and any liquid water could be maintained by heating due to gravitational forces that stretch and squeeze the planet in much the same way as Earth’s moon influences our tides. To reach Jupiter, Galileo required two slingshots (gravitational assists) around Earth and Venus. Gravitational assists accelerate the speed and adjust the trajectory of the spacecraft without it expending fuel. The planets doing the assisting pay the price with an imperceptible slowing in their speed of rotation. In Galileo’s case, the procedure fortuitously permitted close observations of Earth from space, allowing a control experiment in the search for extraterrestrial life, never before attempted.
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"The Basilica di Santa Croce: The Florentine Site of Learned Memory." In Rethinking the Republic of Letters. Amsterdam University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789048559855_ch05.

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This chapter examines the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence as a site of learned memory. It traces its transformation from a Franciscan church into a mausoleum for scholars, focusing on monuments for figures such as Leonardo Bruni and Galileo Galilei. The chapter shows how funer-ary monuments and inscriptions celebrated intellectual virtues, emphasising how local memory practices were intertwined with broader European scholarly traditions. Santa Croce became a place where Florentine civic pride and European intellectual ideals converged, demonstrating the role of such spaces for scholarly identity formation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Galilean plane"

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Yi, Ding, Caitlyn Hayden, and Sunil Bisnath. "Enhancing Smartphone Positioning with Galileo HAS Corrections and an Environmentally-Aware PPP/IMU Approach." In 2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/plans61210.2025.11028581.

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Schreiber, Benedikt, Fabio Garzia, Rocío Parra, Himanshu Gupta, Matthias Overbeck, and Alexander Rügamer. "Range Authentication of Galileo E1 / E5a Signals Using the ACAS Method on a GNSS Hardware Receiver." In 2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/plans61210.2025.11028563.

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Pintor, Pedro, Emilio González, and Pierluigi Fedele. "Plan and Execute a Collision Avoidance Strategy for Galileo GSAT0219." In 22nd IAA Symposium on Space Debris, Held at the 75th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2024). International Astronautical Federation (IAF), 2024. https://doi.org/10.52202/078360-0165.

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Dampf, Jürgen, Mohamed Bochkathi, and Thomas Pany. "RTK performance of synthetic aperture processing on top of the ULB-PLL method with real-world urban GPS/Galileo L1/L5 signals." In 2025 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/plans61210.2025.11028302.

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Gagnon, L. "Some exact solutions in self-focusing." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.wl11.

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It is well known that self-focusing and self-(de)focusing theories are described by the (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation iuz + us1a1 + us2s2 = a1u|u|2, where u(z, S1, S2) is the slowly varying field amplitude, z is the propagation coordinate, a1 is a constant, and S1 and S2 are proportional to transverse coordinates. (A similar equation stands for the dispersive self-modulation of waves including one transverse dimension.) Since not integrable, one cannot use the inverse scattering method to solve it. However, particular solutions can be obtained on the basis of symmetry arguments. In fact, one observes that the equation is invariant under translations of coordinates, rotation in the (S1, S2)-plane, constant change of phase, simultaneous dilation of coordinates, Galilean boosts and Talanov's lens transformation.1 By appropriate combinations of these symmetries, one can find an optimal set of invariant quantities that can be used to reduce it to ordinary differential equations. These equations are finally solved, for particular parameter values, by identification to Pain-leve type equations. The norm of the solutions are all expressed in terms of elliptic functions of the variables p 2 = S 1 2 + S 2 2 or tanθ = S1/S2. Their diagram representations show similar behavior with solutions obtained from numerical analysis.2
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Boschi, A., E. Cimini, L. Parracone, M. Pocai, and M. Russo. "Nuclear Research Reactor RTS-1 “G. Galilei” Decommissioning: Preliminary Operations and Cutting Facilities." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49427.

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The RTS-1 “Galileo Galilei” is an open pool research reactor with light water as moderator and coolant, it has a nominal power of 5 MWth and an average thermal flux of 5 E+13 n/cm2sec. It went critical for the first time on April 1963 and it was definitively shutdown in March 1980. The reactor is situated at CISAM (Joint Centre of Studies for Military Application - Italian Ministry of Defence), S. Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy, and its decommissioning is in progress. In this paper the preliminary activities necessary to eliminate the most part of radioactive materials present into the plant are described. Emphasis is placed on the description of the “Irradiation Channel” facility, used to manage safely all the activated materials to be conditioned and on the MASCOT robot, used in the channel. All the conditioning devices to be used are described with particular consideration to the cleanness of the cutting process and the radiological risk due to the operations. The first cutting and conditioning operation carried on in the Galilei Reactor is described. This operation regards the conditioning of some experimental equipments used during the reactor life, with particular attention to the radiation protection of the personnel and to the control of radioactive emission.
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Icke, Vincent. "The Extreme Structures of our Universe." In International Conference on the 4th Game Set and Match (GSM4Q-2019). Qatar University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/gsm4q.2019.0030.

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My story is a tale of extremes. Extreme artificial structures that we have built on and around planet Earth. Extreme natural structures that exist in our Universe, and extreme structures in our mind, when we try to understand how this all works. Of all the possible artificial structures, consider telescopes. The first one, invented by Johannes Lipperhey of Zeeland, was soon copied by Galileo Galilei, which dramatically changed our understanding of the Universe. The object itself did not look very dramatic, but its human impact was extreme. Currently, engineers in Chile are building the European Extremely Large Telescope, which will contain a segmented mirror with a total diameter of 39 meters. The building of this extreme instrument could more than cover the full grounds of the original Leiden Observatory, which is the oldest still operating observatory in the world.
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Meyssignac, Benoit, Maria Hakuba, Tim Boyer, and Jérôme Benveniste. "First Earth Energy Imbalance Assessment WCRP-ESA Workshop Summary and Recommendations Executive Brief." In First Earth Energy Imbalance Assessment WCRP-ESA Workshop. ESA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/wcrp-esa-eeia-2023.final_report_brief.

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The first edition of the Earth Energy Imbalance Assessment Workshop series was organized by the European Space Agency (ESA) with the support from CNES and 4 others institutions, and took place on 15 to 17 May 2023 at ESA-ESRIN in Frascati (Italy). The workshop brought together 61 scientists from 14 countries. The workshop engaged a wide community with expertise in radiometric remote sensing, satellite altimetry, space gravimetry, ocean in situ measurements and ocean reanalysis to assess and intercompare estimates of Earth's energy imbalance and their time variability and uncertainties. This document is the Executive brief reporting the Summary and Recommendations of the Workshop. Published by: Jérôme Benveniste, European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN), Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes, Largo Galileo Galilei, 1, Frascati (Roma), I-00044, Italy, email: altimetry.info@esa.int Cite as: Benoit Meyssignac, Maria Hakuba, Seiji Kato, Tim Boyer and Jérôme Benveniste (2023) First Earth Energy Imbalance Assessment WCRP-ESA Workshop Summary and Recommendations Executive Brief, ESA Publication, http://doi.org/10.5270/wcrp-esa-eeia-2023.final_report_brief
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Walding, J. C., A. Paluszny, and R. W. Zimmerman. "Numerical Modelling of the Influence of Tidal Stresses on Qualitative Fracture Patterns on the Surface of Europa." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0947.

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ABSTRACT The ice crust of Jupiter's Galilean satellite Europa exhibits a number of large-scale lineae features, as well as numerous regions with smaller scale lineae patterns. In this work, a three-dimensional finite-element simulator is used to model lineae as fractures in the crust that nucleate, grow, and interact. The medium is assumed to be isotropic and linearly elastic. Fractures are assumed to grow primarily in tension due to tidal stresses in the ice crust, and a damage criterion is used to model the weakening of the ice matrix that occurs concurrently with fracturing. The growth of multiple fractures is modelled geometrically as a function of multi-modal stress intensity factors computed at the fracture tips. The tidal forces that drive this fracturing process are computed according to the model of Wahr et al. (2009), and fracturing is evaluated over multi-scale periods from days to millions of years. Fracture nucleation and growth are modelled within the span of the satellite, with emphasis on characterizing the fracture patterns in the equatorial region. Multiple three-dimensional non-planar fractures are seen to grow and interact within each region. The simulated patterns are qualitatively compared against images obtained by NASA's Galileo mission. INTRODUCTION Europa is the fourth largest Galilean moon of Jupiter; with a radius of 1560 km (Nimmo et al., 2007), and is the sixth closest to its parent planet. It has a rocky core that is entirely surrounded by an ice shell, which is estimated to be between 1 and 30 km thick (Billings and Kattenhorn, 2005), where the lower estimates arise from mechanical flexure analysis (Figueredo et al., 2002; Nimmo et al., 2007), and the higher estimates arise from thermodynamic analysis (Hussmann et al., 2002; McKinnon, 1999; Ojakangas and Stevenson, 1989). Estimates based on impact cratering tend to lie between these two bounds (Greeley et al., 1998; Moore et al., 1998; Schenk, 2002). Encased between the silicate core and the ice shell is thought to be a vast liquid water ocean, approximately 100 km thick (Pappalardo et al., 1999). This ocean, and therefore Europa as a whole, is the object of great scientific curiosity, due to its viability as a habitat for extra-terrestrial life (Schulze-Makuch and Irwin, 2000; Kargel et al., 2000).
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Kanj, Amale, Jerome Delporte, Norbert Suard, Bernard Bonhoure, and Pascale Defraigne. "Galileo open service time performance." In 2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plans.2018.8373533.

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