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Stolarczyk, Thierry. "Bruits de fond dans l'experience gallex de detection des neutrinos solaires." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112229.
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Gallex, experience radiochimique de detection des neutrinos solaires, utilise 30 tonnes de gallium sous forme d'une solution de chlorure de gallium. Elle est installee dans le laboratoire souterrain du gran sasso (italie). L'observation de la desintegration des atomes de #7#1ge radioactifs produits par l'interaction des neutrinos sur les atomes de #7#1ga permet de calculer le flux des neutrinos solaires. Cette reaction possede un seuil de 233 kev. Gallex est donc sensible aux neutrinos emis lors de la reaction primordiale de fusion de l'hydrogene. Elle doit contribuer a resoudre le probleme des neutrinos solaires, ne en 1968 avec l'experience chlore et confirme en 1989 par kamiokande ii. Les modeles standards du soleil predisent 1,2 atome de germanium par jour. Il faut donc rechercher les phenomenes parasites produisant des atomes de germanium dans le reservoir-cible. Il s'agit essentiellement de la reaction #7#1ga(p,n)#7#1ge. Les protons proviennent soit de l'interaction des muons cosmiques, soit de l'interaction des neutrons rapides (radioactivite ambiante) qui produisent des protons en interagissant sur les atomes d'hydrogene ou de chlore de la solution. Le bruit de fond induit par les muons cosmiques est calcule a partir de leur flux, mesure dans le laboratoire souterrain, et des mesures de la section efficace de production de germanium par les muons au cern. Le bruit de fond induit par les neutrons est mesure a l'aide d'un detecteur utilisant une solution de nitrate de calcium (n+#4#0ca#3#7ar+alpha). Les atomes radioactifs de #3#7ar sont extraits et comptes par le meme procede que celui utilise dans l'experience chlore. Le bruit de fond total induit par ces deux sources de bruit de fond n'excede pas 3% du signal attendu dans gallex, si toutefois le nombre de germanium produits par les neutrinos solaires correspond aux predictions des modeles
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Charbit, Sylvie. "Analyse et interpretation des premieres donnees de l'experience gallex de detection de neutrinos solaires." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077130.
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Le but de l'experience radiochimique gallex est de detecter les neutrinos produits par les reactions de fusion de l'hydrogene au coeur du soleil. Le detecteur, installe dans le laboratoire souterrain du gran sasso (italie) est constitue de 30 tonnes de gallium sous forme d'une solution aqueuse de chlorure de gallium. Le #7#1ge, produit par les neutrinos solaires (1 par jour environ) a partir du #7#1ga, est extrait du reservoir cible et sa desintegration est observee dans un compteur proportionnel miniaturise. Le signal electrique obtenu au sortir du compteur est ensuite amplifie, puis echantillonne avec une frequence de 2,5 ghz. Les faibles taux de comptage mis en jeu dans ce type d'experience necessitent une vigilance particuliere quant au rejet du bruit de fond. L'analyse de la forme des signaux permet de distinguer les evenements caracteristiques d'une desintegration de #7#1ge de ceux qui proviennent de la radioactivite ambiante. Les evenements ainsi selectionnes sont passes au crible d'un maximum de vraisemblance dans lequel on ajuste le taux de bruit de fond et le taux de production de #7#1ge. Differentes methodes d'analyse ont ete confrontees afin de s'assurer que les erreurs systematiques sont bien controlees. Les resultats obtenus sont alors compares a une simulation de la forme des signaux en utilisant une technique de monte-carlo. Le resultat de gallex (79 12 snu) confirme aujourd'hui le deficit des neutrinos solaires par rapport aux predictions theoriques (125 - 132 snu). Ce deficit pourrait s'interpreter en termes d'oscillations de neutrinos ou de modeles solaires
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Soares, Jerry Luiz. "A defesa do copernicanismo por Galileu Galilei." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3721.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-18Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Galileo Galilei supported Nicolaus Copernicus astronomic theory, from which the former has attracted philosophical as well theological consequences. The celestial discoveries made possible with the usage of spyglasses allowed Galileo to challenge some of the aristotelic principles of cosmology and to break up the limits imposed to astronomy as hypothetical discipline which would aim just to "save the phenomena".
Galileu Galilei defendeu a teoria astronômica de Nicolau Copérnico, e dela extraiu consequências filosóficas e teológicas. As descobertas celestes com a utilização da luneta permitiram a Galileu questionar alguns princípios da cosmologia aristotélica, e romper os limites impostos à Astronomia, enquanto disciplina hipotética que teria como objetivo tão somente "salvar os fenômenos".
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Rezende, Evaldo Pereira de. "A noção de inércia em Galileu Galilei." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2018. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/33843.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília,Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, 2018.O presente trabalho visa analisar o desenvolvimento da noção de inércia em Galileu, tratando-se, portanto, de uma investigação que remonta às origens históricas para, então, realizar análises filosóficas. Dessa maneira, busca-se compreender as concepções aristotélicas acerca do movimento, imprescindíveis para que se possa refletir sobre a relação entre movimento e causalidade. Na sequência, procura-se apresentar os principais pensadores posteriores a Aristóteles cujas ideias contribuíram para o desenvolvimento científico que possibilitou a revolução copernicana e, consequentemente, a concepção galileana de inércia. Os escritos principais de Galileu são analisados, nomeadamente o Diálogo sobre os dois máximos sistemas do mundo e os Discorsi, obras nas quais o pesquisador italiano desenvolve de forma mais acurada a sua visão concernente ao movimento inercial. Por fim, apresenta-se uma discussão contemporânea relativa ao tema, a saber, se Galileu teria defendido uma inércia linear ou circular.
The present work aims to analyze the development of the notion of inertia in Galileo, dealing, therefore, with a investigation that goes back to historical origins to then carry out philosophical analysis. In this way, it seeks out to understand the Aristotelian conceptions concerning movement, which are indispensable so that we can reflect about the relationship between movement and causality. In the sequence, one looks for to present the main thinkers later to Aristotle whose ideas contributed for the scientific development that made possible the Copernican revolution and, consequently, the Galilean conception of inertia. We analyze the main writings of Galileo, namely the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems and the Discorsi, works in which the Italian researcher develops more accurately his vision concerning the inertial movement. Lastly, it presents a contemporary discussion on the subject, namely whether Galileo would have defended a linear or a conception of circular inertia.
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Rivera, Victor Samuel. "Pitagorismo y legibilidad del mundo en Galileo Galilei." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113190.
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Dorn, Matthias. "Das problem der Autonomie der Naturwissenschaften bei Galilei /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38996157k.
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Beretta, Francesco. "Galilée devant le tribunal de l'Inquisition : une relecture des sources /." Fribourg (Suisse) : [s. n.], 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371553984.
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Parreira, Susana Margarida Isménio. "Galileu nosso contemporâneo : a dimensão retórica da comunicação científica no primeiro dia do diálogo de Galileu Galilei." Dissertação, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2002. http://aleph.letras.up.pt/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&request=000135622.
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À luz de uma obra de Pselli sobre retórica da ciência, procura-se mostrar como Galileu, no primeiro dia do "Diálogo" sobre os dois grandes sistemas do mundo: o ptolomaico e o copérnicano, através de um subtil uso retórico da linguagem, persuadiu os seus contemporâneos - e os vindouros - acerca da razoabilidade da sua visão da realidade, no sentido de lhes explicar o porquê da possibilidade de uma leitura da natureza através de caracteres matemáticos, do mesmo modo que hoje os cientistas também usam as palavras para entenderem eles mesmos a visão da realidade que está contida nas equações das teorias científicas mais complexas.
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Parreira, Susana Margarida Isménio. "Galileu nosso contemporâneo : a dimensão retórica da comunicação científica no primeiro dia do diálogo de Galileu Galilei." Master's thesis, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/10832.
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À luz de uma obra de Pselli sobre retórica da ciência, procura-se mostrar como Galileu, no primeiro dia do "Diálogo" sobre os dois grandes sistemas do mundo: o ptolomaico e o copérnicano, através de um subtil uso retórico da linguagem, persuadiu os seus contemporâneos - e os vindouros - acerca da razoabilidade da sua visão da realidade, no sentido de lhes explicar o porquê da possibilidade de uma leitura da natureza através de caracteres matemáticos, do mesmo modo que hoje os cientistas também usam as palavras para entenderem eles mesmos a visão da realidade que está contida nas equações das teorias científicas mais complexas.
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Heichele, Thomas. "Die galileische Kosmologie - neuzeitliches Weltbild? : Wissenschaft zwischen Tradition und Moderne /." München : Akad. Verl, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990355551/04.
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Brollo, Ana Paula. ""Galileu Galilei: Carta à Senhora Cristina de Lorena, Grã-Duquesa de Toscana."." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2006. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13353.
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Previous issue date: 2006-10-10This dissertation has as subject the relation of Copernicus system with the Bible; a crucial question that may be analyzed in Galileo s Letter to Cristine of Lorene, wrote in 1615, in which this subject is treated by the celebrated Florentine. At first, some observations of Galileo are considered (solar spots, phases of Venus and Jupiter satellites) which gave credit to the thesis of Nicolaus Copernicus, who placed Sun in the center of Universe and made Earth to turn around itself and around the Sun. This thesis was introduced more than one half century before, but without proofs to support it. The observacional discoveries of Galileo provided support for the copernican system, being argued the character of this support: a rigorous proof (necessary demonstration) or endorcement of an hypothesis saving the phenomena . We endeavor to analyze the Letter of Galileo to Cristine of Lorene, stressing the strategies used by Galileo to show the agreement of the copernican system with the Bible; stressing also as Galileo conceives the study of the book of Nature and the interpretation of the Bible. For Galileo, Nature as much as Sacred Scripture are works of God; they are, therefore, two books without error and cannot contradict one another; however, Nature and Scripture are two books written in different languages, with different purposes, not being able to be read in the same way
Esta dissertação tem como objeto a relação do sistema de Copérnico com a Bíblia; questão crucial que pode ser analisada na Carta a Cristina de Lorena, de Galileu, escrita em 1615, na qual tal tema é abordado pelo célebre florentino. São consideradas de início algumas observações de Galileu ( manchas solares, fases de Vênus e satélites de Júpiter) que davam crédito à tese de Nicolau Copérnico, que colocava o Sol no centro do universo e fazia a Terra girar em torno de si mesma e ao redor do Sol. Tese introduzida mais de meio século antes, mas sem provas para fundamentá-la. As descobertas observacionais de Galileu proporcionaram sustentação para o sistema copernicano, discutindo-se o caráter desta: prova rigorosa (demonstração necessária) ou fundamentação de uma hipótese capaz de salvar os fenômenos ?. Procuramos analisar a Carta de Galileu a Cristina de Lorena, destacando as estratégias utilizadas por Galileu para mostrar o acordo do sistema copernicano com a Bíblia; destacando também como Galileu concebe o estudo do livro da Natureza e a interpretação da Bíblia. Para Galileu, tanto a Natureza como a Sagrada Escritura são obras de Deus; são, portanto, dois livros desprovidos de erro e não podem se contradizer; no entanto, a Natureza e a Escritura são dois livros escritos em linguagens diferentes, com finalidades diferentes, não se podendo lê-los da mesma forma. As fontes primárias utilizadas foram as cartas de Galileu que se referem à relação do sistema copernicano com a Bíblia, principalmente a carta a Cristina de Lorena. Também utilizamos textos da época que foram úteis para a compreensão do confronto entre ciência e religião no caso em questão
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Moritzi, Diego. "Neue Freizeiträume in der Agglomeration St. Gallen-West : eine Untersuchung mit St. Galler Jugendlichen zu ihrem Freizeitmobilitätsverhalten und ihre Raumaneignung /." St. Gallen : FWR-HSG, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015444040&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Hagberg, Stephen C. "Science and the interpretation of Scripture Galileo's approach /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
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Nordholm, Johan. "NA transmembrane domain : Amphiphilic drift to accommodate two functions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142051.
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Neuraminidase (NA) is one of two major antigens on the surface of influenza A viruses. It is comprised of a single N-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD), a stalk domain, and a C-terminal enzymatic head domain that cleaves sialic acid, most notably to release new particles from the host cell surface. NA is only enzymatically active as a homo-tetramer. However, it is not known which properties facilitate the oligomerization of NA during assembly. Our results show that, apart from anchoring the protein to the membrane, the NA TMD also contributes to the assembly process by keeping the stalk in a tetrameric conformation. The ability of the TMD to oligomerize is shown to be dependent on its amphiphilic characteristics that was largely conserved across the nine NA subtypes (N1-N9). Over time the NA TMDs in human H1N1 viruses were found to have become more amphiphilic, which correlated with stronger oligomerization. An old H1N1 virus with a more recent N1 TMD had impaired growth, but readily acquired compensatory mutations in the TMD to restore growth, by reverting the TMD oligomerization strength back to that of the old TMD, demonstrating a biological role of the TMD in folding and assembly. NA and the other viral proteins are spatially and temporally coordinated to achieve optimal viral production. By using a co-transfection analysis, the high AU-content in the NA and HA ER-targeting sequence coding regions (for NA TMD as well as the HA signal sequence) were found to inhibit their expression. The inhibition was alleviated by the early expressed influenza RNA-binding protein NS1, which promoted translation and showed enriched foci at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). NS1, which expresses early during infection, is therefore likely the regulator of NA and HA to prevent premature expression. These results show that the NA TMD is under substantial selection pressure at both the nucleotide and amino acid level to accommodate its roles in ER-targeting, protein folding, and post-transcriptional regulation.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Accepted.
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Garcia, Stéphane. "Élie Diodati et Galilée : naissance d'un réseau scientifique dans l'Europe du XVIIe siècle /." Firenze : L. S. Olschki, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399618794.
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Degryse, Lucette. "Écriture et communication dans l'oeuvre de Galilée : étude rhétorique de la première journée du dialogue de 1632." Lille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL30009.
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L'oeuvre de Galilée (1564-1642) est abordée dans une perspective littéraire autour de deux axes principaux : le genre dialogique et les enjeux de l'écriture. L'accent est mis sur l'argumentation et les atouts du style habilement exploités pour la rendre plus séduisante. Dans la première partie, l'histoire du dialogue avant Galilée vise à éclairer les motivations d'un tel choix littéraire chez le savant décidé à livrer au public son audacieuse défense du copernicianisme. On assiste d'ailleurs à une extension du potentiel expressif de ce genre, grâce au subterfuge de la théatralisation, où s'expriment brillamment les talents de l'écrivain. La deuxième partie s'attache essentiellement aux procédés stylistiques à l'oeuvre dans la "Première journée". À partir de quelques enquêtes linguistiques, l'étude porte successivement sur dénotation et connotation, concepts modernes derrière lesquels se profile la distinction aristotélicienne entre logos, ethos et pathos. La réflexion s'oriente enfin vers les formes de littérarité que l'écrivain Galilée met au service de l'ambitieux message du savant. C'est ce lien puissant entre écriture et "forma mentis" nouvelle qui nous suggère de mettre l'accent sur l'admirable rhétorique du dialogue. Brio du style et du raisonnement, mouvement de la plume et de la pensée pour une oeuvre suspendue entre l'univers de la science et celui de l'art, qui se détache majestueusement de l'esthétisme pré-baroqueGalileo 's work is tackled in a literary perspective aroun two main lines of study : the dialogical genre and the stakes of style. The emphasis is put upon the argumentation and assets of qualities of style, skillfully exploited in order to make it more attractive. In the first part, the history of the dialogue before galileo aims at throwing light on the motivations of such a literary choice for the scholar determined to put forward to the public his bold defence of copernicanism. Besides, we can witness and extension of the expressive potential of the genre, thanks to the subterfuge of theatralisation in which the raconter 's talents can express themselves brilliantly. The second part is mainly devoted to the figures of speech used in the first day. From a few linguistic researches, the study deals successively with denotation and connotation, modern concepts behind which emerges the aristotelian difference between logos, ethos and pathos. The reflection eventually directs itself toward the literary forms which galileo, as a writer, puts at the service of the scientist's ambitious message. It is this powerful link between style and "forma mentis" which suggest to us to put the emphasis on the dialogue's admirable rhetoric. Brilliancy of the style and of reflection strokes of pen and thought for a work hanging between the world of science and art, which is majestically brought out of pre-baroque aestheticism
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Machado, Yuri Alexander Michelutti. "Diálogo e conhecimento no Ensino de Física: contribuições a partir das epistemologias de Paulo Freire e Galileu Galilei." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/81/81131/tde-05072018-140342/.
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Essa pesquisa tem o objetivo de discutir qual é o papel do diálogo na construção do conhecimento e no Ensino de Física. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a respeito dos conceitos de diálogo e conhecimento presentes na literatura e desenvolvido um estudo de caso histórico-epistemológico sobre esses conceitos a partir das epistemologias de Paulo Freire e Galileu Galilei. A síntese entre os pensamentos desses dois autores mostra que os principais papéis do diálogo na construção do conhecimento e no Ensino de Física são: fundamentar os processos de educação e construção de conhecimento de forma dialética e totalizante; estabelecer o encontro dos seres humanos entre si e com o mundo, visando sua humanização, transformação e emancipação por meio do conhecimento; propiciar a problematização e a descodificação da realidade de modo a transformá-la; fundamentar o processo de investigação científica e a sua comunicação; propiciar a escolha de temas significativos que, estabelecendo um contato com a realidade dos educando(a)s e partindo dela, tenha condições de problematizá-la, entendê-la e transformá-la; fundamentar atividades e ações pedagógicas no Ensino de Física que, pautando-se nos conhecimentos científicos construídos, levem o(a)s estudantes a um autoconhecimento, à percepção crítica de sua presença no mundo e, sobretudo, ao desenvolvimento de sua autonomia e responsabilidade perante a própria formação e a transformação do mundo; desnaturalizar, criticar e repensar, através do conhecimento científico, os preconceitos e as ideias enraizadas na sociedade pela ideologia dominante; e, por fim, estabelecer o contato entre a cultura trazida pelo(a)s aluno(a)s e a cultura científica.This research aims to discuss the role of dialogue in the construction of knowledge and in Physics Teaching. A literature review was carried out upon the concepts of dialogue and knowledge, as well as a historico-epistemological case study was developed regarding these concepts, based on Paulo Freire\'s and Galileo Galilei\'s epistemology. The synthesis between the thoughts of these two authors shows that the main roles of dialogue in the construction of knowledge and in Physics Teaching are: underpin the processes of education and construction of knowledge in a dialectical and totalizing form; establish the meeting of human beings with each other and with the world, aiming at their humanization, transformation and emancipation through knowledge; enable the problematization and decoding of reality in order to transform it; underpin the scientific research process and its communication; enable the choice of significant themes which, establishing a contact with the reality of the students and starting from it, has conditions to problematize, understand and transform it; underpin pedagogical activities and actions in Physics Teaching which, based on the scientific knowledge built, lead students to self-knowledge, a critical perception of their presence in the world and, above all, the development of their autonomy and responsibility towards their own education and the transformation of the world; denaturalize, criticize and rethink, through scientific knowledge, the prejudice and ideas rooted in society by the dominant ideology; and, finally, establish the contact between the students\' culture and the scientific culture.
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Ortiz, Centeno Modesto Abundio. "La nueva concepción de objetividad ontológica en la ciencia galileana." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6525.
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Se toma en cuenta que en la investigación de la naturaleza se supone el postulado denominado “realismo ontológico” que define el enfoque de la investigación fundamentalmente como realista. Se muestra que en las investigaciones de la naturaleza realizadas por Galileo subyace de hecho el postulado del realismo ontológico; por ello y por el hecho de que tal postulado, por sus raíces presocráticas, presenta un carácter materialista, el enfoque de la actividad científica galileana fue de hecho realista materialista. El postulado del realismo ontológico materialista, o mecanicista en sentido lato, señala que hay un mundo exterior que existe independientemente del sujeto cognoscente y que es material. Este postulado supone a su vez un concepto general de objetividad ontológica mecanicista según el cual la objetividad es una condición de la materia en sí misma y no lo pone el sujeto cognoscente. Pero, para hacer frente al racionalismo esencialista que identifica propiedades primarias con entes, se distingue dos sentidos o dimensiones diferentes de objetividad ontológica: dimensión propia y dimensión derivada. Esta distinción es paralela a dos niveles de realidad con estatus ontológico distinto: elemental (primario) y compuesto (secundario). En dimensión propia la objetividad se aplica en el dominio de los elementos a los que se reduce la materia corpórea en última instancia y algunos de cuyos rasgos básicos, en la versión final galileana, son: indivisibles y no extensos, tal vez sin consistencia alguna, análogos a puntos geométricos, plenos, no vacíos. De elementos con tales condiciones se dice, entonces, que son objetivos en sentido ontológico propio. La dimensión derivada del concepto de objetividad ontológica se aplica en el dominio de las propiedades de objetos materiales, entre las que Galileo considera la forma, cantidad de materia y movimiento mecánico fundamentalmente; de tales propiedades se dice que son objetivas en sentido ontológico derivado. En ninguna de las dos dimensiones se ha encontrado que Galileo haya salido del esquema mecanicista. Cuando tuvo la necesidad de fundamentar la matematización de la naturaleza (posibilidad de la física matemática) estimó que no era necesario salir del marco ontológico mecanicista, sino que consideró suficiente una concepción realista de las teorías de tipo semántico. En tal intención, postuló la existencia de “propiedades matemáticas” en los cuerpos (propiedades mecánicas o primarias) y consideró un puente semántico entre estas propiedades materiales (no conceptuales) con estatuto ontológico derivado y los conceptos e ideas de la ciencia matemática, estos últimos son así objetos conceptuales con significado fáctico. De modo que no fue necesario postular en la naturaleza material la existencia de entidades ideales (objetos matemáticos) con estatus ontológico primario. Se complementa este estudio con una breve consideración semántica intuitiva orientada a enfatizar el carácter complejo y sistémico del concepto de objetividad ontológica.Tesis
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Schaffer, Bernardo Davi. "O teatro épico na modernidade: notas a partir de “A vida de Galileu Galilei”, de Bertolt Brecht." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2707.
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Através deste trabalho de pesquisa, pretende-se apresentar uma análise sobre a representação do desenvolvimento tecnológico na dramaturgia de Bertolt Brecht na peça teatral “A Vida de Galileu Galilei”. Na primeira parte, apresenta-se o panorama histórico do século XX, tema que serve como base ao assunto tratado. Na segunda parte do trabalho, apresentam-se as referências que articulam a tecnologia como tema político, no âmbito do período analisado. Por último, a análise refletirá sobre a relação social da tecnologia com a sociedade no decorrer do século XX, investigando a hipótese de que a tecnologia faz parte da ideologia social hegemônica mas pode ser usada também pela militância cultural e democrática. A peça analisada retrata o início da Ciência moderna, e evidencia como desde o seu início a ciência nunca foi imparcial frente aos conflitos ideológicos e sociais. Portanto, analisar a peça e colocá-la no contexto da história contemporânea permite entender a relação da tecnologia com a linguagem e com a estética no escopo de cada período.In this research work we intend to present an analysis on the representation of technological development in the dramaturgy of Bertolt Brecht. In the first part of this work the 20th century will be presented as the historic base for this study. The second part will reflect on the social relation between technology and society throughout the 20th century, an era in which technological rationality cursed the paths of History. At last, the analysis will be made taking for model the play “Life of Galileo”. The play takes as a scenario the initial phase of the Modern Age, making it clear that Science has never been neutral to ideological and social conflicts. Therefore, making an analysis of this play and putting it in comparison with the events of Contemporary History allows us to understand the relation between technology, language and aesthetics in the scope of each historic period that is analyzed in this work.
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Santos, Max Luiz de Oliveira. "Experimento de Galileu do plano inclinado em sala de aula." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4461.
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-14This work aims to make a suited reconstruction from the classic experiment of the inclined plane, attributed to Galileo Galilei. The intention is to apply it to high school classes, claiming that it might motivate these students to learn concepts related to physics, and should be able to better understand the subjective nature of what is behind the science and its construction process. It is intended to perform the experiment and guide the activities in order that the activities that students can better understand scientific knowledge as a result of human construction, as well as its inherent limitations, realizing that the science development is based on model making and experimentation, among others, which can be modified along the time. The discussion and investigation of the assumptions made by the great physicist, in the elaboration of the theory of falling bodies, and their validity, may result in rich discussions of scientific development. Students may discuss the possibility of adoption and acceptance of misconceptions in science, and what implications these have for the development of scientific theories. The work analyzes the measurement of time of ball bearings on the inclined plane, evaluating the primitive methods that Galileo could have used to reach its conclusions regarding this type of movement. The dissertation also approaches modern methods, as for example, the measurements of falling objects using a tape recorder of a microcomputer, and finally both time measurement procedures are discussing emphasizing historical and modern discussion of both forms, comparing historical and modern aspects in the development of science. Performed activities, finalize the work with the results of the project and its completion, prospects of continuity, assessing the feasibility of its use as an educational product that can serve as a tool in the process of teaching and learning in high school and used by other teachers in other contexts.
Este trabalho objetiva fazer uma reprodução adaptada do experimento clássico do plano inclinado, atribuído a Galileu Galilei. A intenção é a criação de situações de aprendizagem para serem aplicadas em turmas do ensino médio, pretendendo que as mesmas possam vir a ser um elemento motivador para que estes alunos aprendam conceitos ligados à física, bem como tenham condições de melhor perceber o caráter subjetivo que existe por trás da ciência e do seu processo de construção. Pretende-se com a realização do experimento, e com o direcionamento dado às atividades, que os estudantes possam melhor visualizar o conhecimento científico como fruto de uma construção humana, bem como suas limitações intrínsecas, percebendo que este se solidifica baseado na construção de modelos e hipóteses, que são modificados com o decorrer do tempo. A discussão e averiguação das hipóteses feitas pelo grande físico, na elaboração da teoria da queda dos corpos, bem como a validade das mesmas, poderá ser fruto de ricas discussões sobre o desenvolvimento científico. Os alunos poderão discutir sobre a possibilidade da adoção e aceitação de ideias equivocadas na ciência e as implicações que as mesmas teriam para a elaboração das teorias científicas. O trabalho pretende analisar a medição dos tempos de rolamentos de esferas sobre o plano inclinado, avaliando os métodos que Galileu poderia ter utilizado para efetuá-los e suas conclusões a respeito deste tipo de movimento, bem como fazer uma releitura apresentando métodos mais modernos, como por exemplo, a medição destes tempos com o gravador de som de um microcomputador, e a posterior discussão sobre ambas as formas, confrontando aspectos históricos e modernos na elaboração da ciência. Aplicadas as atividades, finalizaremos o trabalho com os resultados do projeto, e sua conclusão, perspectivas de continuidade, avaliando a viabilidade de sua utilização como um produto educacional que possa servir como ferramenta no processo de ensino aprendizagem em nível médio e utilizado por outros professores em outros contextos.
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Schaab, Rupert. "Mönch in Sankt Gallen : zur inneren Geschichte eines frühmittelalterlichen Klosters /." Ostfildern : Thorbecke, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/345554078.pdf.
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Larché, Stéphane. "Galien, Des Dogmes d’Hippocrate et de Platon, édition et traduction annotée des livres I et II, traduction annotée du livre III." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040243.
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La présente thèse est composée de l’édition et de la traduction annotée des livres I et II, d’un traité du médecin grec ancien Galien, traité connu sous son intitulé latin De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis. Elle comporte également la traduction annotée, mais sans travail d’édition, du livre III du même traitéThe present doctoral thesis comprises the edition and French annotated translation of the first and second books of greek physician Galen’s treatise known under the Latin title De Placitis Hippocratis et Platonis. It also includes the annotated translation alone of the same treatise’s third book
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Calemme, Angelo. "La modernidad política clásica y la filosofía experimental." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402515.
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El presente trabajo establece los siguientes puntos fundamentales:
1) que la elaboración ontológica galileana del concepto metafísico de una naturaleza independiente y de un pensamiento automático y objetivo de las cosas ha revolucionado de una manera histórica la cultura institucional y popular de los siglos XVI y XVII, orientando un nuevo horizonte de sentido;
2) que en su totalidad la revolución de Galileo tuvo su primer y crucial desarrollo en la propagación, académica y urbana, de una mera opinión, que, en un momento dado, se convirtió, en un primer momento en convicción política y luego en saber social;
3) que el galileismo, basado en el consenso que fue capaz de determinar en tomo suyo, llegó a organizar la lucha política de los innovadores contra las autoridades tradicionales en el campo de la ciencia;
4) que el alcance político-filosófico de la ciencia galileana del movimiento se remonta al valor performativo de sus palabras y a lo tecnológico de sus objetos; que, sobre todo después de la síntesis newtoniana, el galileísmo se ha convertido en el símbolo de la modernidad clásica no tanto sobre la base de sus descubrimientos, en parte erróneos, sino por causa de la definición físico-matemática de la naturaleza y por la elección decisiva del objeto técnico como organon del conocimiento.
La presente tesis se estructura en tres capítulos que a través de los textos mismos se cortocircuitan en torno al mito científico galileano de la independencia de la naturaleza con respecto a Dios, a la salida de Dios de la escena del mundo y a la concepción de la historia como un avance tecnológico del conocimiento, tres concepciones fundamentales de las que la filosofía experimental no puede prescindir. A través de esta operación, la primera parte del primer capítulo, propondrá una mirada sobre el joven Galileo; es decir, sobre la primera fase de su pensamiento. Observaremos aquí que Galileo, aun manteniendo a grandes rasgos su peripatetismo hasta el 1602/1604, empezó a sentir a partir de 1590/1595 una cierta impaciencia y disgusto ante la autoridad de Aristóteles; que lo llevaron lenta pero firmemente a despegarse de manera crítica de la ontología tradicional, integrando progresivamente la astronomía de Copérnico con una nueva concepción del movimiento y de la estructura de la materia derivada del estudio simultáneo sobre la estática e hidrostática de Arquímedes y el atomismo democríteo. En los primeros pasos de los Juvenilia, del De motu, de las Mecaniche y, sobre todo, en el periodo comprendido entre 1602/07, mostraremos que, independientemente de la construcción del telescopio, Galilei esbozó ya las piedras angulares de la
física sublunar en un sistema heliocéntrico. En la segunda parte del primer capítulo hemos llamado la atención sobre el período de incubación del Sidereus Nuncius, en el que Galileo pasó de la elaboración de un realismo platónico a la elaboración de un realismo telescópico, con el que fue finalmente posible para él ver con sus propios ojos lo que antes de 1610 era sólo una cuestión de opinión y simpatía.
En el segundo capítulo, analizamos, a partir de lo dicho anteriormente, el cambio en la filosofía experimental sucesivo al 1616, es decir, desde su fase crítica a la controversia, a través de las obras de la madurez.
En el tercer capítulo hemos dado una mayor contextualización a lo que hemos expuesto en los dos primeros capítulos y, a través de las obras publicadas por los peripatéticos contra la filosofía de Galileo, acentuamo los efectos políticos de la verdad con la que Galileo, en la disputa contra los aristotélicos, trazó los contornos finales de la Nueva ciencia y con ellos la “modernidad clásica”.In order to start a genealogy of the strong sciences demonstrates the following points: 1) the Galileian metaphysical concepts of the nature’s independence and of technological object, revolutionized historically the European culture of the XVI-XVII centuries and opened a new horizon of sense; 2) the development of the galileian nature’s philosophy from mere opinion to public conviction and from political conviction to scientific knowledge; 3) the galileism by common consent organized and identified political struggle of the innovators against the traditional authorities on science; 4) they political and philosophical importance of the galileian science is due to the performative and technological value of its words and objects; galileism, expecially after the Newtonian synthesis, became the symbol of the classical modernity not because of his discoveries but thanks to the physical-mathematical definition of the nature and to the revaluation of the technical object as instrument (organon) for knowledge. Thesis is structured of three chapters that, on the basis of the literary sources, show how Galileo invented the nature’s scientific mith of independence from history knowledge and the concept of knowledge’s history as progress. In the first chapter was possible discover the Galileo’s thought beyond the traditional approaches and studied the juvenile works, where we observe that the young Galileo, despite being an Aristotelian until 1602/1604, already from 1590/1595 started to express intolerance to Aristotele’s authority. This intolerance led him away critically from the traditional ontology in Juvenilia, in De motu and Mecaniche and, specially between 1602 and 1607, integrated Copernico’s astronomy with Archimedean hydrostatic and democritean materialism and defined the principles of his new physic in a heliocentric system. In the second half of the first chapter, Galileo moved from platonic realism to telescopic realism that allowed him to see with his own eyes what, before 1616, was only a opinion and sympathy. In the second chapter we analyzed the turning of exsperimental philosophy after 1615, from the critical phase to the polemic one. In the third chapter through the historical analysis of the peripatetic’s works, we pointed out the political of Galileo’s philosophy and how Galileo outlined the modernity.
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Dubayan, Ahmad M. "Galen : "Über die Anatomie der Nerven" Originalschrift und alexandrinisches Kompendium in arabischer Überlieferung /." Berlin : K. Schwarz, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37648976v.
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Jüstrich, Jacqueline. "Entwicklung des Baurechts im Kanton St. Gallen /." Zürich : Schulthess, Polygraph. Verl, 1995. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/27372889X.pdf.
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Galler, Stefan [Verfasser]. "Beiträge zur Ultra-Wideband Ortung / Stefan Galler." Aachen : Shaker, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1051576040/34.
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Metzger, Thomas. "Antisemitismus in der Stadt St. Gallen : 1918 - 1939 /." Fribourg : Acad. Press, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2882282&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Hirt, Rebecca. "Die Regelung der Kosten nach St. Gallischem Verwaltungsrechtspflegegesetz /." Lachen SZ [u.a.] : Dike-Verl, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/471057320.pdf.
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Arnett, Joanne. "Rogue gallery." Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1555301.
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I seek to capture the ephemeral in a series of large-scale weavings that examine relationships between public and private, real and artificial, the mundane and the extraordinary.
I use mug shots as a device because they represent a perfect juncture between conflict and resolution. I assume the role of the accused in all the compositions. Rather than present the images as photographs I transform them into weavings. The zeros and ones that make up a digital image file become a code which translates as the over and under of warp and weft and embeds the image in the finished cloth. Matte yarn is used for the warp, shiny wire is used for the weft, transforming darks and lights in to rich tactile surfaces. The resulting image appears and disappears depending on the viewer's perspective.
The viewer is required to physically interact with the artwork in order to see the portrait, creating a dynamic between him and the person pictured. The image slips away as the viewer steps closer, shifting the viewer's focus to other aspects of the work, and as he circles the art work to recapture the portrait there is time for layers of information to be read. The luxurious weavings are enigmatic and inspire a sense of wonder. Content, materials, and form combine to create a moment where the viewer is taken out of the expected, suspending a fleeting exchange in time and resulting in an experience rather than just a viewing.
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Brunstorp, Jimmi. "Gallery Wall." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-4763.
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För vissa är graffiti konst, för andra är det ett tecken på förlorad kontroll. För mig är det ett redskap för att mötas. Jag har delat in mitt examensarbete i två delar. Den första behandlar visionen jag baserat mitt arbete på. Den andra handlar om design och placering av de fysiska paviljongerna. I den första delen har jag utgått ifrån ett scenario där den fysiska arkitekturen återspeglas i ett virtuellt gallerisystem jag get namnet Gallery Wall. Denna del finns bara på idébasis men har varit utgångspunkt då jag formgivit mina paviljonger. Jag har skapat fem olika paviljongstyper som tillsammans på ett teoretiskt plan utgör en och samma virtuella huvudform. I, eller rättare sagt på, paviljongerna ges tillfälle för vem som helst att måla och presenteras sin gatukonst. Min förhoppning är att mina paviljongtyper skall inspirera andra att bygga egna varianter som alla är del av Gallery Wall. Systemet är tänkt att vara open source. Jag vill också med mitt arbete ifrågasätta och belysa vad som får visas upp och värdesätts inom konstvärlden och i samhället. Mitt examensarbete är baserat på en dröm som förhoppningsvis i framtiden blir verklighet.
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Lee, Wonkyu. "Urban Gallery." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71766.
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Since the dawn of high-rise buildings, human relationships have been limited by the floors. Compared to the pre-industrialized era where residential streets fostered community socialization, it is safe to say our relationships are constrained to the physical boundaries that surround us. Especially large cities such as New York, Chicago, Tokyo and Hong Kong, citizens lack compassion towards each other, treating neighbors as strangers.
The fundamental problem of this phenomenon originates from the stacked floor arrangements that divide people. I believe it's not people's choices to be indifferent to each other; our built environment induces this behavior. The solution is to integrate a new concept of vertical plazas to the design of high-rise buildings. This social space provides citizens not only multiple paths of movement, but also the chances to interact with people outside of the boundary that vertical floors create.
This thesis explores the possibilities of the architecture as a contributor of better human relationship.Master of Architecture
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Vicens, Rebeca. "Alley-Gallery." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9660.
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The site chosen for this thesis project is located in downtown Blacksburg, Virginia. It consists of a 30'x110' infill lot and an alley running parallel to it. An initial desire to blur the boundary between the alley and the proposed building led to a study of the potential of parallel planes overlapped along the shared border. Representation of these planes in two dimensions allowed almost simultaneous perceptions of multiple spatial and geometrical configurations among them. The architectural consequences of this phenomenon became the main subject of inquiry. Exploration through silkscreen prints and model studies culminated in the design of an outdoor art gallery.Master of Architecture
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Arnett, Joanne M. "Rogue Gallery." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1366636723.
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Basar, Murat. "INTERACTIVE GALLERY." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, fysik och matematik, DFM, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23220.
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Today, there are many high-level interactive applications and products around the world which are developed by using programming languages or software. Basically, games, virtual museums, educational applications, interactive architectural products are the simplest examples about these interactive solutions. In this thesis, interactive gallery means moving objects in a three-dimensional room. Objects can be re-placed by using keyboard keys in this three-dimensional room. Thus, user can move these interactive objects in accordance with intended purpose. Interactive gallery is similar with a room that has furniture, door and windows. Also, this room includes interactive objects in it. The main focal point is about how these objects can be displayed interactively and how different methods are used, when these processes are started to be made. This thesis helps to solve these questions. Interactive gallery bases on model loading structure and on the following thesis, this process is parted. It starts with 3D modelling, continuous with model loading and it ends with key implementation.
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Cavelti, Urs Peter Vögeli Thomas. "Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit im Kanton St. Gallen - dargestellt an den Verfahren vor dem Verwaltungsgericht /." St. Gallen : Universität St. Gallen, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/371292867.pdf.
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Lok, Shien-wai. "A galley and page formatter based on relations /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63352.
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Metzger, Thomas. "Antisemitismus in der Stadt St. Gallen 1918 - 1939." Fribourg Acad. Press, 2005. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2882282&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Arnet, Martin. "Die Orts- und Flurnamen der Stadt St. Gallen /." St. Gall : St. Galler Namenbuch, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355634914.
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German, Gary. "Étude sociolinguistique de l'anglais du Pays de Galles." Littoral, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DUNK0002.
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Cette thèse a pour but d'analyser l'anglais du Pays de Galles. Nous adoptons une approche linguistique (synchronique et diachronique) et sociolinguistique, qui recouvre la période allant de 1480, date de la composition d'un des premiers poèmes anglo-gallois, jusqu'à nos jours. Nos principales sources sont donc à la fois littéraires (1480-1939) et sociolinguistiques (enquêtes menées sur le terrain depuis les années 60). Nous tachons d'identifier l'influence que le gallois exerce sur les différentes variétés d'anglo-gallois. Nous abordons également une question clé: la possibilité d'un substrat brittonique dans les basilectes du vieil- et du moyen anglais. Nous concluons par une étude sociolinguistique qui vise à déterminer la valeur symbolique de ce substrat en anglo-gallois moderneThe objective of this thesis is to analyze we Ish English. The approach which has been adopted is both linguistic (synchronic and diachronic) and sociolinguistic, covering a period extending from 1480, composition date of one of the earliest Anglo-Welsh poems, to the present. The principal sources are thus literary (1480-1939) as well as sociolinguistic (fieldwork undertaken since the 1960s). I attempt to identify the influence which Welsh continues to exert on the different varieties of Welsh English. I also address a key question: the possibility of an older brittonic substratum in the basilects of Old and Middle English. I conclude with a sociolinguistic study of the symbolic value of the Celtic substratum in modern Welsh English
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Tibbetts, Tanya Nicole Sidney. "Uses of the Psalter in Carolingian St Gallen." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251873.
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Schreiber, Sabine. "Hirschfeld, Strauss, Malinsky : jüdisches Leben in St. Gallen 1803 bis 1933 /." Zürich : Chronos, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2761523&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Paula, Ronaldo César de Oliveira. "O uso de experimentos históricos no ensino de física : integrando as dimensões histórica e empírica da ciência na sala de aula." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2006. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/3096.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Decanato de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Instituto de Física, Instituto de Química, 2006.Submitted by Kathryn Cardim Araujo (kathryn.cardim@gmail.com) on 2009-11-20T12:59:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_Ronaldo César de Oliveira Paula.pdf: 1407898 bytes, checksum: 4966edf57e6e6568e7e0fe54f4f79055 (MD5)
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As ciências naturais são vistas como ciências empíricas porque a experimentação tem um papel central no processo de produção de novos conhecimentos (Höttecke, 2000). No entanto, a dimensão empírica da prática científica, enquanto constitutiva do conhecimento científico, é pouco explorada nas aulas de Física. A exemplo do que acontece com os aspectos históricos e filosóficos, geralmente concebidos como adereços motivacionais ao ensino da ciência, a experimentação científica, que a prática laboratorial representa, permanece ocultada, quando não distorcida. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir o uso de "experimentos históricos" no Ensino de Física como estratégia no processo de contextualização e articulação da dimensão histórica do conhecimento científico na sala de aula. Como exemplo desta articulação, sugerimos o resgate da experiência do Plano Inclinado, extraída da obra Discursos e Demonstrações Matemáticas acerca de Duas Novas Ciências (1638), de Galileu Galilei (1564-1642), onde a lei de queda dos corpos é investigada. Propomos ainda a exploração desse tema no contexto de sala de aula, sobretudo, através do emprego de simulações computacionais com o software Modellus. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The natural sciences are regarded as empirical sciences because experimentation plays a central role in the process of production of new knowledge (Höttecke, 2000). However, the empirical dimension of scientific practice even though being an essential part of scientific knowledge is poorly used in the teaching of physics inside the classroom. As what happens with the historical and philosophical aspects, in general considered as secondary aspect to science education, scientific experimentation, represented in the laboratory practice, remains occult if not distorted. The purpose of this work is to discuss the use of “historical experiments” in the Teaching of Physics as a strategy in contextualizing and articulating the historical dimension of scientific knowledge inside the classroom. As an example of this articulation, the use of the inclined plane used in the Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations about the Two New Sciences (1638) of Galileu Galilei (1564-1642) is suggested, where the law of the fall of the bodies is investigated. We propose in exploration, that this should be researched in the classroom context, mainly through the means of computational simulations with the software Modellus.
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Lacher, Kria. "Blenko Glass Gallery." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53421.
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This master's thesis is the design and discussion of a glass gallery and museum for the Blenko Glass factory in Milton, West Virginia. It is an exploration of Hertzberger’s concept of warp and weft.
Let us take the image of a fabric such as constituted by warp and weft. You could say the warp established the basic ordering of the fabric, and in doing so creates the greatest opportunity to achieve the greatest possible variety and colorfulness in the weft. The warp must first and foremost be strong and of the correct tension, but as regards to color it needs merely to serve as a base. It is the weft that gives color, pattern and texture to the fabric, depending on the imagination of the weaver. Warp and weft make up an invisible whole, the one cannot exist without the other, they give each other their purpose.Master of Architecture
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Ajlani, Tarek F. "Gallery For Art." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33977.
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For my thesis I explored the idea of the mask in relation to architecture. For my project I designed an art gallery located in Georgetown Washington DC which is composed of three layers: a structural layer, an environmental casing, and an outer layer. Theoretical parallels are drawn between the outer layer of the gallery and what is commonly referred to as a mask. Additionally, I explored the interaction between the layers of the gallery. The distinguishing characteristics of the building include the tri-facade mask, the unique spaces in between the gallery's layers, the glass system, the mask's ghost effect, and the floor system.Master of Architecture
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Gomez, José. "Diagnose und Entwicklung von Teamkompetenzen : eine theoretische und empirische Analyse /." Paderborn : Eusl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=3006146&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Capdecomme, Marie. "La vie des morts : un essai d'approche anthropologique du fantôme." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H083.
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Bien plus qu'une image de silhouette blanche trainant des chaines, le fantôme, en occident, est l'élément principal d'une tradition maintenue vivante par la littérature écrite et orale ainsi que par le circuit médiatique. Cette tradition, qui veut qu'un grand nombre de personnes aujourd'hui encore "croient aux fantômes" et qu'un certain nombre d'autres en "voient", appuie l'affirmation que les morts peuvent pénétrer le quotidien des vivants sur la preuve empirique que forme l'ensemble des témoignages d'expériences fantomatiques. L’humanité a toujours cru en l'immortalité de l'âme et au rôle actif que peuvent avoir les morts dans la société des vivants. Le moyen-âge prenait de multiples précautions contre la possible malfaisance des revenants, le christianisme en introduisant la notion de purgatoire transforma les manifestations violentes de morts mécontents en apparitions édifiantes d’âmes en peine porteuses des règles morales et sociales. Mais, après les protestants et les scientifiques qui nièrent toute forme de surnaturel, c'est avec le spiritisme, ne au milieu du XIXe siècle, qui ouvrit le monde des esprits a toutes sortes de défunts et élargit la communication avec l'au-delà grâce aux pouvoirs psychiques de mediums se déclarant un peu partout, que se dessinèrent les formes de la tradition fantomatique d'aujourd'hui, remarquable surtout par sa façon de séparer le monde en deux catégories : d'un cote le monde des morts se trouve divise entre manifestations malfaisantes et bienfaisantes, de l'autre celui des vivants est partage entre ceux qui ne voient et ne verront sans doute aucun fantôme, et ceux qui en ont vu ou bien en voient régulièrement. Une enquête effectuée au pays de galles auprès d'une famille ou plusieurs générations de femmes ont hérité de capacité psychiques, et auprès aussi d'autres personnes directement concernées ou pas par les fantômes a abordé les questions de savoir ce que signifie d'être psychique et ce que signifie un dialogue avec l'au-delà.
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Brücker, Jürgen. "Kommunikationskultur im Internet : Geschichte und Erfolgspotentiale am Beispiel des internationalen Austauschdienstes der Universität St. Gallen /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/485105152.pdf.
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Muller, Holger. "Herrschaft in Gallien : Studien zur Entwicklung der Keltischen Herrschaftsfroment im Vorromischen Gallien." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/herrschaft-in-gallien-studien-zur-entwicklung-der-keltischen-herrschaftsfroment-im-vorromischen-gallien(6a2d2186-be73-41a5-82d5-23bef3e0d1f6).html.
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Müller, Holger. "Herrschaft in Gallien : studien zur Entwicklung der keltischen Herrschaftsformen im vorrömischen Gallien." Thesis, Bangor University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568797.
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Felsenheld, Édouard. "La médecine du sport chez Galien : corps athlétiques, corps sains, corps malsains." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040229/document.
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Galien de Pergame, médecin et philosophe grec du IIe siècle de notre ère, approfondit la critique des athlètes inaugurée à l’époque classique, notamment par Hippocrate, mais la sévérité de son jugement à l’égard des compétiteurs professionnels est compensée par une reconsidération pratique et théorique de la réalité sportive.Le corpus galénique permet en effet de dresser un tableau diagnostique complet des dérèglements sanitaires auxquels s’exposent les sportifs amateurs et, plus encore, les athlètes, dont l’activité et le statut se trouvent ébranlés jusque dans leurs fondements : mauvaise santé, procès généralisé et subversion générique viennent ainsi ternir l’image du sport antique.Toutefois, Galien procède en même temps à une réhabilitation du sport, dont il fait un instrument performant pour garantir le succès de son action et de sa pensée. La réconciliation de l’exercice physique et de la santé représente la première étape d’une revalorisation qui se manifeste également sur le plan théorique, non seulement à l’intérieur de l’argumentation médicale, mais aussi dans les rapprochements que Galien établit entre le sport et sa propre activité de médecin philosopheThe physician and philosopher Galen of Pergamon (2nd century AC) criticizes athletes, even more strongly than Hippocrates and other intellectuals of the classical period did. But this denunciation is counterbalanced by another point of vue: sport is reappraised in a practical and theoretical way.On the one hand, Galen makes a diagnosis of all disorders that might affect amateur and, most of all, professional athletes. As a consequence, sportsmen involved in competitions are deeply depreciated. Physical activity is considered as producing bad health and, for many other reasons, it is the target of a general condemnation. In particular, the human nature of athletes comes into question.On the other hand, Galen rehabilitates sport as a usefull activity that is beneficial for health and indirectly for the intellect: physical exercise plays a role in the development of the medical argumentation and parallels can be drawn between sport and Galen’s activity both as a physician and as a philosopher