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Journal articles on the topic 'Galliform birds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

SKORACKI, MACIEJ, and BOZENA SIKORA. "Quill mites (Acari: Syringophilidae) associated with galliform birds (Aves: Galliformes)." Zootaxa 2966, no. 1 (2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2966.1.2.

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A review of the syringophilid mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Cheyletoidea: Syringophilidae) parasitizing galliform birds is given. Four new species are described: Kalamotrypetes cracidus sp. nov. ex Penelope sp. from Guyana and Ortalis canicollis (Wagler) (Cracidae) from Paraguay; Galliphilopsis colinus sp. nov. ex Colinus cristatus (Linnaeus) from Surinam and C. leucopogon (Lesson) (Odontophoridae) from Colombia; G. szeptyckii sp. nov. ex Coturnix pectoralis Gould from Australia, C. chinensis (Linnaeus) from Indonesia and C. coturnix (Linnaeus) (Phasianidae) from Japan; Columbiphilus odontophoridus sp. nov. ex Colinus leucopogon (Lesson) from Colombia and C. cristatus (Linnaeus) from Surinam. The species K. pavodaptes Casto is transferred to the genus Mironovia Chirov and Kravtsova, and a new diagnosis for the quill mites of the genus Kalamotrypetes Casto is established. New host species are reported: Lagopus lagopus (Linnaeus) from Norway for Mironovia lagopus Bochkov and Skirnisson; Gallus sonneratii Temminck from India for Columbiphilus polonica Skoracki et al., and Alectoris rufa from France for C. alectoris Fain et al. Additionally, a complete check-list and a key to all genera and species of quill mites associated with galliform birds is proposed.

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2

Jiang, Lan, De Bi, Hengwu Ding, et al. "Systematic Identification and Evolution Analysis of Sox Genes in Coturnix japonica Based on Comparative Genomics." Genes 10, no. 4 (2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040314.

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Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) has been extensively used as a model animal for biological studies. The Sox gene family, which was systematically characterized by a high-mobility group (HMG-box) in many animal species, encodes transcription factors that play central roles during multiple developmental processes. However, genome-wide investigations on the Sox gene family in birds are scarce. In the current study, we first performed a genome-wide study to explore the Sox gene family in galliform birds. Based on available genomic sequences retrieved from the NCBI database, we focused on the global identification of the Sox gene family in C. japonica and other species in Galliformes, and the evolutionary relationships of Sox genes. In our result, a total of 35 Sox genes in seven groups were identified in the C. japonica genome. Our results also revealed that dispersed gene duplications contributed the most to the expansion of the Sox gene family in Galliform birds. Evolutionary analyses indicated that Sox genes are an ancient gene family, and strong purifying selections played key roles in the evolution of CjSox genes of C. japonica. More interestingly, we observed that most Sox genes exhibited highly embryo-specific expression in both gonads. Our findings provided new insights into the molecular function and phylogeny of Sox gene family in birds.

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3

Blackburn, Tim M., and Kevin J. Gaston. "Contribution of non-native galliforms to annual variation in biomass of British birds." Biological Invasions 23, no. 5 (2021): 1549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-021-02458-y.

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AbstractMillions of individuals of two species of non-native galliform birds, the Common Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Red-legged Partridge (Alectoris rufa) are released into the British countryside annually in late summer, supplementing established breeding populations of these two species. The biomass of birds involved in these releases has been compared to the British breeding bird biomass. However, the validity of this comparison is compromised because the biomass of wild birds varies across the year due to reproduction, mortality and migration. How the biomass of Common Pheasants and Red-legged Partridges compares to that of other British bird species in late summer, or across the whole year, is currently unknown. Here, we produce estimates of how British bird biomass varies across the year, to assess the contribution of the two non-native galliforms to this variation. We show that overall British bird biomass is probably lowest around the start of the breeding season in April, and peaks in late summer and autumn. We estimate that around a quarter of British bird biomass annually is contributed by Common Pheasants and Red-legged Partridges, and that at their peak in August these two species represent about half of all wild bird biomass in Britain.

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4

DYKE, GARETH J. "The phylogenetic position of Gallinuloides Eastman (Aves: Galliformes) from the Tertiary of North America." Zootaxa 199, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.199.1.1.

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I have extended a recent phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters for galliform birds (pheasants, grouse, partridges and allies) to investigate the placement of the enigmatic fossil Gallinuloides wyomingensis Eastman. This analysis shows that, contrary to most previous interpretations, the fossil Gallinuloides is a basal member of the ‘phasianoid’ assemblage within Galliformes—not basal within the order as has been previously proposed. This conclusion is supported by several clear osteological features preserved on the holotype and only currently described specimen of this enigmatic fossil bird. Resolving the evolutionary relationships of Gallinuloides is of importance because this fossil taxon has proved a key player in debates regarding the timing of the diversification of all modern birds (Neornithes)—Gallinuloides has been used as both an internal and external fossil calibration point for molecular clock hypotheses dealing with the pattern and timing of the neornithine evolutionary radiation.

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5

KRAKAUER, ALAN H., and REBECCA T. KIMBALL. "Interspecific brood parasitism in galliform birds." Ibis 151, no. 2 (2009): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.2009.00916.x.

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6

Queiroz, Kevin de, and David A. Good. "The Scleral Ossicles of Opisthocomus and Their Phylogenetic Significance." Auk 105, no. 1 (1988): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/105.1.29.

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Abstract Dried scleral rings of Opisthocomus, Galliformes, Cuculiformes, and other birds were examined to determine the pattern of ossicle overlap in Opisthocomus and its bearing on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon. Although Opisthocomus shares a derived number of 12 scleral ossicles with cuculid Cuculiformes, the pattern of ossicle overlap differs. Nevertheless, fewer modifications are required to derive the number and pattern of ossicles in Opisthocomus from the conditions in cuculid or musophagid Cuculiformes than from the conditions in any galliform. Our findings also indicate that the scleral rings of birds, unlike those of lizards, often do not conserve overlap relations between adjacent ossicles during phylogeny.

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7

King, Ben, and Li Guiyuan. "China's most endangered galliform." Oryx 22, no. 4 (1988): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605300022353.

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The few remaining forests where the Sichuan hill-partridge lives are all being logged. This species, with its very restricted range, is one of China's most endangered birds and yet it has no protection at all. The authors say a reserve should be set aside for the partridge before it is too late; such action could save not only this species but others of restricted ranges, which also live in the same broad-leaved forests.

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8

DYKE, GARETH J., BONNIE E. GULAS, and TIMOTHY M. CROWE. "Suprageneric relationships of galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes): a cladistic analysis of morphological characters." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137, no. 2 (2003): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00048.x.

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9

Akramova, F. D., U. A. Shakarbaev, A. S. Zhangabaev, I. M. Arepbaev, S. Sh Rabbimov, and D. A. Azimov. "Helminths of domestic and wild chicken birds (Aves: Galliformes) of Uzbekistan." Russian Journal of Parasitology 15, no. 2 (2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2021-15-2-11-16.

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The purpose of the research is studying existing fauna and ecology of Galliform helminths in biogeocenoses of Uzbekistan.Materials and methods. Parasitic worms were collected from chicken-like birds of the terrestrial cenoses of Karakalpakstan and North-eastern Uzbekistan. Birds were studied in all seasons of 2018–2020. Wild birds – Himalayan hen, keklik, grey partridge, quail and pheasant, were hunted by local hunters during hunting seasons, while domestic birds - chickens, turkeys and guinea fowls were uncovered from different types of poultry farms. The study of birds was carried out by well-known methods. It was examined 913 wild and 755 domestic chicken-like animals. The detected cestodes and trematodes were fixed in 70% alcohol, and the nematodes were fixed in Barbagallo liquid. The determination of helminth species was carried out according to the well-known guidelines of domestic and foreign authors.Results and discussion. We found that helminthoses were widespread among representatives of Galliformes in Uzbekistan. Total helminth infections in domestic and wild Galliformes were 50.5%. In infected birds, 44 helminth species were identified, among which 10 species were cestodes, 12 species were trematodes and 22 species were nematodes. Helminth species diversity was the most extensive in the domestic chicken (36 species), turkey (21), and partridge (20). For the first time for the helminth fauna in Galliformes in Uzbekistan, we identified 3 trematode species – Brachylaema fuscatus, Collyriclum faba and Echinostoma miyagawai, and 10 nematode species of the genera Capillaria, Aonchotheca, Ascaridia, Heterakis, Dispharynx, Streptocara, Tetrameres, Diplotriaena and Ornithofilaria.

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10

Cunha, Felipe, Kelsey Racicot, Janae Nahirney, Courtney Heuston, Douglas R. Wylie, and Andrew N. Iwaniuk. "Allometric Scaling Rules of the Cerebellum in Galliform Birds." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 95, no. 2 (2020): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509069.

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Although the internal circuitry of the cerebellum is highly conserved across vertebrate species, the size and shape of the cerebellum varies considerably. Recent comparative studies have examined the allometric rules between cerebellar mass and number of neurons, but data are lacking on the numbers and sizes of Purkinje and granule cells or scaling of cerebellar foliation. Here, we investigate the allometric rules that govern variation in the volumes of the layers of the cerebellum, the numbers and sizes of Purkinje cells and granule cells and the degree of the cerebellar foliation across 7 species of galliform birds. We selected Galliformes because they vary greatly in body and brain sizes. Our results show that the molecular, granule and white matter layers all increase in volume at the same rate relative to total cerebellum volume. Both numbers and sizes of Purkinje cells increased with cerebellar volume, but numbers of Purkinje cells increased at a much faster rate than size. Granule cell numbers increased with cerebellar volume, but size did not. Sizes and numbers of Purkinje cells as well as numbers of granule cells were positively correlated with the degree of cerebellar foliation, but granule cell size decreased with higher degrees of foliation. The concerted changes among the volumes of cerebellar layers likely reflects the conserved neural circuitry of the cerebellum. Also, our data indicate that the scaling of cell sizes can vary markedly across neuronal populations, suggesting that evolutionary changes in cell sizes might be more complex than what is often assumed.

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11

Kan, X. Z., J. K. Yang, X. F. Li, et al. "Phylogeny of major lineages of galliform birds (Aves: Galliformes) based on complete mitochondrial genomes." Genetics and Molecular Research 9, no. 3 (2010): 1625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/vol9-3gmr898.

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12

Boev, Zlatozar. "Wild galliform and gruiform birds (Aves, Galliformes and Gruiformes) in the archaeological record of Bulgaria." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7, no. 4 (1997): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1212(199707/08)7:4<430::aid-oa356>3.0.co;2-5.

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13

Palleroni, Alberto, Marc Hauser, and Peter Marler. "Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size?" Animal Cognition 8, no. 3 (2005): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-004-0250-y.

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14

Bech, N., C. Novoa, J. F. Allienne, and J. Boissier. "Transferability of microsatellite markers among economically and ecologically important galliform birds." Genetics and Molecular Research 9, no. 2 (2010): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/vol9-2gmr760.

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15

Corfield, Jeremy R., Justin M. Krilow, Maureen N. Vande Ligt, and Andrew N. Iwaniuk. "A quantitative morphological analysis of the inner ear of galliform birds." Hearing Research 304 (October 2013): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.07.004.

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16

Dimcheff, Derek E., Sergei V. Drovetski, Mallika Krishnan, and David P. Mindell. "Cospeciation and Horizontal Transmission of Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus gag Genes in Galliform Birds." Journal of Virology 74, no. 9 (2000): 3984–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.9.3984-3995.2000.

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ABSTRACT In a study of the evolution and distribution of avian retroviruses, we found avian sarcoma and leukosis virus (ASLV) gag genes in 26 species of galliform birds from North America, Central America, eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Nineteen of the 26 host species from whom ASLVs were sequenced were not previously known to contain ASLVs. We assessed congruence between ASLV phylogenies based on a total of 110gag gene sequences and ASLV-host phylogenies based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal DNA and ND2 sequences to infer coevolutionary history for ASLVs and their hosts. Widespread distribution of ASLVs among diverse, endemic galliform host species suggests an ancient association. Congruent ASLV and host phylogenies for two species of Perdix, two species ofGallus, and Lagopus lagopus and L. mutus also indicate an old association with vertical transmission and cospeciation for these ASLVs and hosts. An inference of horizontal transmission of ASLVs among some members of the Tetraoninae subfamily (grouse and ptarmigan) is supported by ASLV monophyletic groups reflecting geographic distribution and proximity of hosts rather than host species phylogeny. We provide a preliminary phylogenetic taxonomy for the new ASLVs, in which named taxa denote monophyletic groups.

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17

Mayr, Gerald. "The fossil record of galliform birds: comments on Crowe et al. (2006)." Cladistics 24, no. 1 (2008): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00170.x.

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18

Corfield, Jeremy R., Nobuhiro Harada, and Andrew N. Iwaniuk. "Aromatase expression in the brain of the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and comparisons with other galliform birds (Aves, Galliformes)." Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 47 (January 2013): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.12.001.

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19

Franceschi, P. F. De, and D. A. Boag. "Summer foraging by spruce grouse: implications for galliform food habits." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 6 (1991): 1708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-236.

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Observations of foraging birds showed that the summer diet of adult and juvenile spruce grouse (Dendaragapus canadensis) in southwestern Alberta included 31 taxa of fungi, vascular plants, and animals. The genus Vaccinium was confirmed as the major food source for these grouse during summer. For the first time, however, conifer needles and fungi were recorded as important components of the diet at this time of the year. The latter observations raised questions about the potential for bias, particularly in terms of the type of the food ingested and the time of day when it was consumed, in studies of the food habits of galliforms that are based only on analyses of crop contents.

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20

Dimcheff, Derek E., Sergei V. Drovetski, and David P. Mindell. "Phylogeny of Tetraoninae and other galliform birds using mitochondrial 12S and ND2 genes." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24, no. 2 (2002): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00230-0.

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21

KOLM, N., R. W. STEIN, A. Ø. MOOERS, J. J. VERSPOOR, and E. J. A. CUNNINGHAM. "Can sexual selection drive female life histories? A comparative study on Galliform birds." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20, no. 2 (2007): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01248.x.

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22

Talabante, Carlos, Jesús Gómez, Alejandro Aparicio, and Beatriz Arroyo. "Mixed clutches in Montagu's harrierCircus pygargusnests: a maladaptive brood parasitism by galliform birds." Bird Study 60, no. 3 (2013): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2013.792779.

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23

Lundqvist, Mats L., Darlene L. Middleton, Cynthia Radford, Gregory W. Warr, and Katharine E. Magor. "Immunoglobulins of the non-galliform birds: Antibody expression and repertoire in the duck." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 30, no. 1-2 (2006): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.019.

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24

Pis, T. "Can erythrocyte size affect the metabolic rate in the ontogeny of galliform birds?" Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 151, no. 1 (2008): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.05.134.

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25

Haupaix, Nicolas, Camille Curantz, Richard Bailleul, Samantha Beck, Annie Robic, and Marie Manceau. "The periodic coloration in birds forms through a prepattern of somite origin." Science 361, no. 6408 (2018): eaar4777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4777.

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The periodic stripes and spots that often adorn animals’ coats have been largely viewed as self-organizing patterns, forming through dynamics such as Turing’s reaction-diffusion within the developing skin. Whether preexisting positional information also contributes to the periodicity and orientation of these patterns has, however, remained unclear. We used natural variation in colored stripes of juvenile galliform birds to show that stripes form in a two-step process. Autonomous signaling from the somite sets stripe position by forming a composite prepattern marked by the expression profile of agouti. Subsequently, agouti regulates stripe width through dose-dependent control of local pigment production. These results reveal that early developmental landmarks can shape periodic patterns upstream of late local dynamics, and thus constrain their evolution.

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26

Mueller, L. R., G. E. Duke, and O. A. Evanson. "Investigations of the migrating motor complex in domestic turkeys." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 259, no. 3 (1990): G329—G333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.259.3.g329.

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The motor correlate of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was characterized in domestic turkeys, and feeding state, age, sex, and time of day were examined as possible factors influencing the motor activity observed. Strain gauge transducers, and in a few birds Ag-AgCl bipolar electrodes, were implanted on the caudoventral thin muscle of the muscular stomach, the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon. Contractility was recorded for 8-10 h per bird on alternating days for 2-3 wk, except in birds involved in four 24-h recording sessions during a 2-wk period. Intense motor activity characteristic of phase III of the MMC occurred only in the ileum; other phases could not be identified. The duration, propagation velocity, and percent of cyclic motor patterns propagating from one site to another were similar to those reported in other galliform species. The occurrence of cyclic motor activity appeared to be related to food consumption; the number of motor patterns occurring during an intense feeding session was less than the number observed 1.5-2 h after feeding. In addition, more motor patterns were recorded in fasted poults during the light period than in the dark; however, the reverse was observed in juveniles fed ad libitum. Cyclic motor activity recorded in fasted 18-wk-old birds was of longer duration than that in fasted 8-wk-old birds. No statistically significant differences were noted in the cyclic motor patterns of male vs. female poults.

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27

Dietz, Maurine W., and Robert E. Ricklefs. "Growth Rate and Maturation of Skeletal Muscles over a Size Range of Galliform Birds." Physiological Zoology 70, no. 5 (1997): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/515859.

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28

Shea, Russell E., John M. Olson, and Robert E. Ricklefs. "Growth Rate, Protein Accumulation, and Catabolic Enzyme Activity of Skeletal Muscles of Galliform Birds." Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80, no. 3 (2007): 306–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/512984.

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29

Kaiser, V. B., M. van Tuinen, and H. Ellegren. "Insertion Events of CR1 Retrotransposable Elements Elucidate the Phylogenetic Branching Order in Galliform Birds." Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, no. 1 (2006): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl164.

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30

Amin, Omar M., Paul Evans, Richard A. Heckmann, and Atif M. El-Naggar. "The description of Mediorhynchus africanus n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Gigantorhynchidae) from galliform birds in Africa." Parasitology Research 112, no. 8 (2013): 2897–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-013-3461-9.

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31

Ishige, Taichiro, Hiromi Hara, Takashi Hirano, Tomohiro Kono, and Kei Hanzawa. "Analysis of the Diversity of the AvBD Gene Region in Japanese Quail." Journal of Heredity 111, no. 5 (2020): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esaa035.

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Abstract The avian β-defensin (AvBD) gene region is an important component of the innate immune system, encoding a variety of antimicrobial peptides. The AvBD region forms a multigene cluster in a specific chromosomal region. Comparison of the AvBD region among various birds suggests the presence of defects, duplications, and pseudogenization at many loci. The AvBD region in certain galliform birds, namely chicken, turkey, and bobwhite quail, includes AvBD3, -6, and -7, with the latter exhibiting copy number variants (CNVs) in chickens. DNA for genomic analysis was extracted from the peripheral blood of 99 randomly selected quail (Coturnix japonica) from 6 inbred lines. Nine CjAvBD1 and 8 CjAvBD12 alleles were detected. Ten haplotypes, including three that were strain specific, were found in alleles from the quail AvBD1 (CjAvBD1) and -12 (CjAvBD12) loci. Next-generation sequencing was used to determine the nucleotide sequences of the CjAvBD gene region (56–70 kb) for 7 homozygous diplotypes of these 10 haplotypes. These 7 haplotypes contained between 12 and 16 CjAvBD genes and were composed of 11 common loci: CjAvBD1, -2, -4, -5, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, and -14, but lacked CjAvBD3 and -7. Furthermore, up to 5 CjAvBD101 (AvBD6 ortholog) CNVs were observed among the 7 haplotypes. In addition, we detected amino acid substitutions causing net charge mutations that could affect antimicrobial activity in CjAvBD4, -13, -14, and -101. These results suggest that the CjAvBD region is unique among the Galliformes and that its diversity results in potential functional variation in innate immunity.

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32

Lu, Xin, and Guangmei Zheng. "Time budgets of Tibetan eared pheasants during the non-breeding season in an alpine scrub habitat." Current Zoology 55, no. 3 (2009): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.3.193.

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Abstract Time allocations of the group-living Tibetan eared pheasants Crossoptilon harmani with and without supplementary food were investigated by full-day sampling from winter through spring in an alpine scrub zone, south Tibet. At a flock scale, both the different food-supply flocks displayed similar daily patterns of activity, foraging in the morning and evening, and resting around midday. In terms of individual activity, either foraging or resting was highly synchronous with the flock’s. Non-provisioned birds spent more time feeding and less resting in midwinter than in late autumn. In early spring as climates became warmer and day longer, however, non-provisioned birds did not decrease their feeding efforts significantly but the provisioned birds did. Across the non-breeding seasons, the provisioned birds (relying on nutrition-rich artificial food) devoted less time to feeding and more to resting than did the non-provisioned ones (relying on nutrition-poor plant roots). Multivariate analysis showed increased food supply and ambient temperature resulted in a reduced foraging effort. However, the fact that the non-provisioned birds can save daily time for resting even in the cold short-day length mid-winter indicated that they faced no energetic constraint. Thus, protecting shelter vegetation rather than providing extra food is suggested to be important for long-term survival of the endangered galliform birds.

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33

Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile, Martin Pickford, and Brigitte Senut. "Stem group galliform and stem group psittaciform birds (Aves, Galliformes, Paraortygidae, and Psittaciformes, family incertae sedis) from the Middle Eocene of Namibia." Journal of Ornithology 156, no. 1 (2014): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1124-y.

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34

Zhou, Taicheng, Xuejuan Shen, David M. Irwin, Yongyi Shen, and Yaping Zhang. "Mitogenomic analyses propose positive selection in mitochondrial genes for high-altitude adaptation in galliform birds." Mitochondrion 18 (September 2014): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2014.07.012.

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35

Aire, T. A. "Aspects of the Functional Morphology of the Ductus Epididymidis in Domestic Anseriform and Galliform Birds." Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C 29, no. 3 (2000): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0264.2000.00259.x.

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36

Ericson, Per G. P. "The Skeletal Evidence for a Sister-Group Relationship of Anseriform and Galliform Birds: A Critical Evaluation." Journal of Avian Biology 27, no. 3 (1996): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3677222.

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37

Maxwell, Erin E. "Comparative embryonic development of the skeleton of the domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) and other galliform birds." Zoology 111, no. 3 (2008): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2007.08.004.

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38

Junker, Kerstin, Andrea Spickett, Owen R. Davies, Raymond Jansen, and Boris R. Krasnov. "Gastrointestinal nematodes in two galliform birds from South Africa: patterns associated with host sex and age." Parasitology Research 120, no. 9 (2021): 3229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07254-0.

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Arrieta, Ramiro S., Darío A. Lijtmaer, and Pablo L. Tubaro. "Evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation in galliform birds: analysis of first and second hybrid generations and backcrosses." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 110, no. 3 (2013): 528–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12153.

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Józwik, Milena, Beata Trawińska, and Marta Kowaleczko. "Effect of galliform birds on microbial pollution of soil and water in a chosen agro-tourist farm." Annales UMCS, Zootechnica 27, no. 1 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10083-009-0001-2.

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Thureen, Dean R., and Calvin L. Keeler. "Psittacid Herpesvirus 1 and Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus: Comparative Genome Sequence Analysis of Two Avian Alphaherpesviruses." Journal of Virology 80, no. 16 (2006): 7863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00134-06.

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ABSTRACT Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV-1) is the causative agent of Pacheco's disease, an acute, highly contagious, and potentially lethal respiratory herpesvirus infection in psittacine birds, while infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is a highly contagious and economically significant avian herpesvirus which is responsible for an acute respiratory disease limited to galliform birds. The complete genome sequence of PsHV-1 has been determined and compared to the ILTV sequence, assembled from published data. The PsHV-1 and ILTV genomes exhibit similar structural characteristics and are 163,025 bp and 148,665 bp in length, respectively. The PsHV-1 genome contains 73 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), while the ILTV genome contains 77 predicted ORFs. Both genomes contain an inversion in the unique long region similar to that observed in pseudorabies virus. PsHV-1 is closely related to ILTV, and it is proposed that it be assigned to the Iltovirus genus. These two avian herpesviruses represent a phylogenetically unique clade of alphaherpesviruses that are distinct from the Marek's disease-like viruses (Mardivirus). The determination of the complete genomic nucleotide sequences of PsHV-1 and ILTV provides a tool for further comparative and functional analysis of this unique class of avian alphaherpesviruses.

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Tsai, Cheng-Hsiu, and Gerald Mayr. "A phasianid bird from the Pleistocene of Tainan: the very first avian fossil from Taiwan." Journal of Ornithology 162, no. 3 (2021): 919–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01886-w.

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AbstractTaiwan accommodates more than 600 avian species, including about 30 endemic ones. As yet, however, no fossil birds have been scientifically documented from Taiwan, so that the evolutionary origins of this diversified avifauna remain elusive. Here we report on the very first fossil bird from Taiwan. This Pleistocene specimen, a distal end of the left tarsometatarsus, shows diagnostic features of the galliform Phasianidae, including an asymmetric plantar articular facet trochlea metatarsi III. Our discovery of a Pleistocene phasianid from Taiwan opens a new perspective on studies of the evolution of the avifauna in Taiwan because the fossil shows that careful search for fossils in suitable localities has the potential of recovering avian remains. In general, East Asia has an extremely poor avian fossil record, especially if terrestrial birds are concerned, which impedes well-founded evolutionary scenarios concerning the arrival of certain groups in the area. The Phasianidae exhibit a high degree of endemism in Taiwan, and the new fossil presents the first physical evidence for the presence of phasianids on the island, some 400,000–800,000 years ago. The specimen belongs to a species the size of the three larger phasianids occurring in Taiwan today (Syrmaticus mikado, Lophura swinhoii, and Phasianus colchicus). Still, an unambiguous assignment to either of these species is not possible due to the incomplete nature of the left tarsometatarsus. Because the former two species are endemic to Taiwan, the fossil has the potential to yield the first data on their existence in the geological past of Taiwan if future finds allow identification on species-level.

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Miska, K. B., R. S. Schwarz, M. C. Jenkins, T. Rathinam, and H. D. Chapman. "Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eimeria From Turkeys and Gamebirds: Implications for Evolutionary Relationships in Galliform Birds." Journal of Parasitology 96, no. 5 (2010): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-2344.1.

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Venkatesh, Divya, Adam Brouwer, Gabriela Goujgoulova, et al. "Regional Transmission and Reassortment of 2.3.4.4b Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Viruses in Bulgarian Poultry 2017/18." Viruses 12, no. 6 (2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12060605.

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Between 2017 and 2018, several farms across Bulgaria reported outbreaks of H5 highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In this study we used genomic and traditional epidemiological analyses to trace the origin and subsequent spread of these outbreaks within Bulgaria. Both methods indicate two separate incursions, one restricted to the northeastern region of Dobrich, and another largely restricted to Central and Eastern Bulgaria including places such as Plovdiv, Sliven and Stara Zagora, as well as one virus from the Western region of Vidin. Both outbreaks likely originate from different European 2.3.4.4b virus ancestors circulating in 2017. The viruses were likely introduced by wild birds or poultry trade links in 2017 and have continued to circulate, but due to lack of contemporaneous sampling and sequences from wild bird viruses in Bulgaria, the precise route and timing of introduction cannot be determined. Analysis of whole genomes indicates a complete lack of reassortment in all segments but the matrix protein gene (MP), which presents as multiple smaller clusters associated with different European 2.3.4.4b viruses. Ancestral reconstruction of host states of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of viruses involved in the outbreaks suggests that transmission is driven by domestic ducks into galliform poultry. Thus, according to present evidence, we suggest the surveillance of domestic ducks as they are an epidemiologically relevant species for subclinical infection. Monitoring the spread due to movement between farms within regions and links to poultry production systems in European countries can help to predict and prevent future outbreaks. The 2.3.4.4b lineage which caused the largest recorded poultry epidemic in Europe continues to circulate, and the risk of further transmission by wild birds during migration remains.

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Lozano, João, Cristina Almeida, Ana Cláudia Victório, et al. "Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 8 (2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080160.

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Mini-FLOTAC (MF) has recently been proposed for the fecal quantification of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in birds due to its higher sensitivity and precision in comparison with the McMaster method. The current research aimed to test the use of MF in routine diagnosis of coccidia and helminth infections in several domestic and exotic bird collections in Portugal. Between July 2020 and April 2021, a total of 142 fecal samples from organic layers, peacocks and ratites were collected in four Portuguese bird collections and processed using MF and fecal cultures to identify and calculate GI parasite shedding and prevalence. The McMaster method was also used to compare the shedding levels obtained for both quantitative techniques. MF’s relative sensitivity and specificity were also assessed, using McMaster as the reference technique. The implementation of MF resulted in an average Eimeria spp. shedding higher in peacocks from bird collection 2 (502 OPG), followed by peacocks from collection 1 (107 OPG) and organic layers (24 OPG) and peacocks from collection 3 (9 OPG). Peacocks were also positive for Capillaria spp., Trichostrongylus tenuis and Strongyloides pavonis, whereas ostriches and emus were infected by L. douglassii. The MF protocol for exotic animals and the McMaster method did not differ significantly for each parasitic agent and bird species, and MF achieved relative sensitivities and specificities higher than 70% for Galliform Eimeria spp., peacock helminths and ratites’ L. douglassii infections. Higher L. douglassii EPG values were identified using the MF protocol for exotic species (2 g of feces/38 mL of sucrose solution), followed by McMaster 2/28, MF 5/45 and MF 2/18. The use of MF allowed for obtaining different intestinal parasitic populations in several bird species and locations, and MF 2/38 is globally proposed as the most suitable protocol for bird fecal samples as an alternative to the McMaster method in the diagnosis of avian intestinal parasitic infections.

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Mantini, Cléa, Jocelyne Dalia-Cornette, Satoko Noda, et al. "Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of trichomonad isolates of galliform birds inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA gene sequences." Parasitology Research 106, no. 1 (2009): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1643-2.

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Bande, Faruku, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Mohd Hair Bejo, Muhammad Salisu Abubakar, and Yusuf Abba. "Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Approaches of Avian Infectious Bronchitis." Advances in Virology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4621659.

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Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the major economically important poultry diseases distributed worldwide. It is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and affects both galliform and nongalliform birds. Its economic impact includes decreased egg production and poor egg quality in layers, stunted growth, poor carcass weight, and mortality in broiler chickens. Although primarily affecting the respiratory tract, IBV demonstrates a wide range of tissues tropism, including the renal and reproductive systems. Thus, disease outcome may be influenced by the organ or tissue involved as well as pathotypes or strain of the infecting virus. Knowledge on the epidemiology of the prevalent IBV strains in a particular region is therefore important to guide control and preventions. Meanwhile previous diagnostic methods such as serology and virus isolations are less sensitive and time consuming, respectively; current methods, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and sequencing, offer highly sensitive, rapid, and accurate diagnostic results, thus enabling the genotyping of new viral strains within the shortest possible time. This review discusses aspects on pathogenesis and diagnostic methods for IBV infection.

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Abdul-Rahman, Ibn Iddriss, Frederick Y. Obese, and Jane E. Robinson. "Testis Size and Asymmetry in the Guinea Fowl (Numida Meleagris): A Test of the Compensation Hypothesis." Avian Biology Research 11, no. 2 (2018): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815618x15203333340470.

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Despite numerous studies on testicular asymmetry in birds, there are still inconsistent reports on the pattern of asymmetry in species belonging to various phylogenetic groups and exhibiting diverse lifestyles. In addition, there is a lack of clarity on whether functional differences exist between the left and right testes despite differences in size, as well as no evidence of naturally occurring compensation in testis size in terrestrial and galliform birds. A study involving 400 Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) cocks was conducted to determine asymmetry and compensatory growth in the testes as well as age-related changes in absolute and relative testicular asymmetry. The left testis had significantly higher weight, volume and relative weight than the right testis. Similarly, populations of round spermatids, type I spermatocytes, total germ cell, Sertoli efficiency, actual and apparent seminiferous tubular diameters and testicular sperm production were higher in the left than the right testis. Correlations between the left and right testicular gross anatomical and histological biometric traits were strong and positive. Left biased asymmetry was recorded in the Guinea Fowl. Absolute testicular asymmetry increased with age, but tended to stabilise from 20 weeks of age, while relative testicular asymmetry remained stable throughout. Both absolute and relative testicular asymmetries were higher in breeding than non-breeding males. Compensatory growth was recorded in both testes with no difference in the degree of compensation. The left biased asymmetry observed in the Guinea Fowl was reflected in functional differences between the two testes.

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Stidham, Thomas A., K. E. Beth Townsend, and Patricia A. Holroyd. "Evidence for Wide Dispersal in a Stem Galliform Clade from a New Small-Sized Middle Eocene Pangalliform (Aves: Paraortygidae) from the Uinta Basin of Utah (USA)." Diversity 12, no. 3 (2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12030090.

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A new bird coracoid from the Uinta Formation in the Uinta Basin in Utah (USA) records the presence of the only known pangalliform from the middle Eocene of North America, occurring in a >15 million year gap in their history. This fossil represents a new taxon, informally termed the Uintan paraortygid, which is also currently the best-supported record of the extinct Paraortygidae in North America (and among the oldest records of the group in the world). The specimen exhibits a derived enlarged procoracoid prominence with a small procoracoid process, and concave elliptical scapular cotyle that are shared with the middle Eocene paraortygids, Xorazmortyx and Scopelortyx; however, the Uintan paraortygid also has a possibly autapomorphic (pneumatic) fossa adjacent to the scapular cotyle. The similarity in body size and morphology among these widely distributed early paraortygids suggests phylogenetic affinity among them. Given their occurrence in the United States, Uzbekistan, and Namibia during the middle Eocene, these birds likely were good fliers with an increased ability to disperse; and probably had a flexible biology or diet allowing them to occupy a diversity of habitats from coasts and forests to semi-arid savannah-like habitats. The problematic early records of Odontophoridae need to be reexamined as potential members of Paraortygidae and associates of these small-bodied taxa.

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BILIC, I., M. LEBERL, and M. HESS. "Identification and molecular characterization of numerous Histomonas meleagridis proteins using a cDNA library." Parasitology 136, no. 4 (2009): 379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008005477.

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SUMMARYHistomonas meleagridis is a protozoan parasite of various galliform birds causing a type of enterohepatitis termed histomonosis or ‘blackhead disease’. Due to the ban of chemotherapeutic substances and an increase in free-range poultry production, histomonosis is currently a re-emerging disease. So far limited molecular knowledge is available. In the present work, mRNAs coding for antigenic proteins of H. meleagridis were identified. For this purpose, a cDNA expression library was constructed from a mono-eukaryotic culture of H. meleagridis. The library was screened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against purified H. meleagridis trophozoites. Polyclonal rabbit serum specifically recognized the same major H. meleagridis antigens as chicken and turkey sera originating from animal trials, but displayed a significantly lower bacteria-dependent background signal. After 2 rounds of screening, a total of 95 positive clones were sequenced. Bioinformatics analyses were performed on nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences, identifying 37 unique clones. Based on the homology to other protozoan parasites, mostly Trichomonas vaginalis, the clones were grouped according to functional aspects: structural proteins, possible surface proteins, oxygen reducing proteins, ribosomal proteins, protein kinases and various other intracellular proteins.

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