Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gallium industry

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Gallium industry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gallium industry"

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Chen, Wei-Sheng, Li-Lin Hsu, and Li-Pang Wang. "Recycling the GaN Waste from LED Industry by Pressurized Leaching Method." Metals 8, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100861.

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In recent years, with the increasing research and development of the light-emitting diode (LED) industry, which contains gallium nitride (GaN), it is expected that there will be a large amount of related wastes in the future. Gallium has an extremely high economic value, therefore, it is necessary to establish a recycling system for the GaN waste. However, GaN is a direct-gap semiconductor and with its high energy gap, high hardness, and high melting point, these make it difficult to recycle. Therefore, this study will analyze the physical characteristics of LED wastes containing GaN and carry out various leaching methods to leach the valuable metals from the waste optimally. Different acids are used to find out the best reagent for gallium leaching. Different experimental parameters are discussed, such as the effect of the different acid agents, concentration, pressure, liquid-solid mass ratio, temperature and time, which influence the leaching efficiency of gallium. Finally, acid leaching under high pressure is preferred to leach the GaN waste, and hydrochloric acid is used as the leaching solution because of its better leaching efficiency of gallium. Optimally, the leaching efficiency of gallium can reach 98%.
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Moskalyk, R. R. "Gallium: the backbone of the electronics industry." Minerals Engineering 16, no. 10 (October 2003): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2003.08.003.

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CARVALHO, MARCELO S., KÁTIA CRISTINA M. NETO, ARMI W. NOBREGA, and JOÃO A. MEDEIROS. "Recovery of Gallium from Aluminum Industry Residues." Separation Science and Technology 35, no. 1 (January 2000): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ss-100100143.

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Chen, Wei-Ting, Lung-Chang Tsai, Fang-Chang Tsai, and Chi-Min Shu. "Recovery of Gallium and Arsenic from Gallium Arsenide Waste in the Electronics Industry." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 40, no. 5 (January 23, 2012): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201100216.

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Zhao, Cunliang, Shenjun Qin, Yinchao Yang, Yanheng Li, and Mingyue Lin. "Concentration of Gallium in the Permo-Carboniferous Coals of China." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 27, no. 5 (October 2009): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.27.5.333.

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Gallium is widely used in electronic industry and its current price is about 500 US dollars pro kilogram. It has been found that its contents are very high in Permo-Carboniferous coal of China. In order to look for valuable associated gallium deposits in coal, gallium contents of 177 coal samples were determined by using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the data of 873 coal samples from Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coalfields were collected. The results show that the average gallium concentration of Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coals is 15.49μg·g−1. There are two concentration types of gallium in Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coals: One type is that gallium has enriched to an ore deposit, and another type is that gallium is locally enriched in coal seams, but has not formed a valuable associated gallium ore deposit. The gallium concentration in Chinese Permo-Carboniferous coal may have several different sources: concentration in sedimentation stage, magmatic hydrothermal inputs and low-temperature hydrothermal fluids.
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Swami, Monika, and Kinjal Patel. "Need of Gallium Recovery from Waste Samples: A Review." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 34, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 09–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2021-34-1-2.

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Gallium is an vital rare metal mainly because of its growing demand in different domain of life. It has wide applications. Gallium is considered as the backbone of the electronics industry. The supply and demand of gallium-bearing products has gradually increased during the past decade. Therefore, from the environmental stand point the need for sensitive and reliable methods for determining trace concentrations of gallium has become apparent in various fields. Gallium has become increasingly popular as a substrate material for electronic devices. Aside from ore, gallium can be obtained from such industrial sources as the Bayer process caustic liquor that is a byproduct of bauxite processing, flue dust removed from the fume-collection system in plants that produce aluminum by the electrolytic process, zinc refinery residues, gallium scrap materials, and coal fly ash. The purification process for gallium can start with solvent-extraction processes where the concentrations of impurities, especially metals, are reduced to the ppm range. The main aim of this paper is to simply put up the salient facts regarding gallium and identify applicable sources of information thereby one may create a suitable environment for the development of methods for the production of gallium via leaching through various waste samples.
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Yuanlong, Chen. "The Optimizations of MOSFET Contents in EE Undergraduate Course by using the Third Generation Semiconductor (Gallium Nitride)." E3S Web of Conferences 198 (2020): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019801025.

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Recently, the third generation semiconductor Gallium Nitride based electrical devices earn a more and more popular status in the industry for its easy popularization and cost effectivity. And another reason is the MOSFET with Gallium Nitride applied in power switching. However, transistors-related EE major (Electronic and Electrical engineering) courses are still focusing on the old silicon-based transistors, which own many deficiencies. In this paper, the current status of Gallium Nitride based MOSFET is investigated. Besides, a comparison in conducting capability, sensitivity and power efficiency between the MOSFET IRF510 and the Gallium Nitride based product GS-065-008-1-L is carried out. After the comparison, the application of MOSFET in EE courses is suggested and the priorities and difficulties are discussed as well.
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Alliata, D., N. Anderson, M. Durand de Gevigney, I. Bergoend, and P. Gastaldo. "How to secure the fabrication of Gallium Nitride on Si wafers." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2019, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 000444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2019.1.000444.

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Abstract Process control solutions to secure the High-Volume Manufacturing of Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices for power applications are a must today. Unity recently developed and introduced on the market a total control solution that address both defectivity and metrology needs of GaN industry. Proprietary technologies like Phase Shift Deflectometry, darkfield inspection, confocal chromatic imaging and infrared interferometry are here explored to detect killer defects potentially affecting the gallium nitride wafer. More in detail, we characterized Gallium nitride on Silicon substrate before and after the fabrication of the final device and demonstrated how the fabrication process can be optimized.
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Pan, Kefeng, Ying Li, Jiawei Zhang, and Qing Zhao. "A Facile and Low-Cost Method to Produce Ultrapure 99.99999% Gallium." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2018): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112308.

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As one of the critical raw materials, very pure gallium is important for the semiconductor and photoelectric industry. Unfortunately, refining gallium to obtain a purity that exceeds 99.99999% is very difficult. In this paper, a new, facile and efficient continuous partial recrystallization method to prepare gallium of high purity is investigated. Impurity concentrations, segregation coefficients, and the purification effect were measured. The results indicated that the contaminating elements accumulated in the liquid phase along the crystal direction. The order of the removal ratio was Cu > Mg > Pb > Cr > Zn > Fe. This corresponded to the order of the experimentally obtained segregation coefficients for each impurity: Cu < Mg < Pb < Cr < Zn < Fe. The segregation coefficient of the impurities depended strongly on the crystallization rate. All observed impurity concentrations were substantially reduced, and the purity of the gallium obtained after our refinement exceeded 99.99999%.
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Lécuyer, Christophe, and Takahiro Ueyama. "The Logics of Materials Innovation." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 43, no. 3 (November 2012): 243–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2013.43.3.243.

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This article examines the rise of gallium nitride as a major semiconductor material at the center of a new industry, solid-state lighting. It argues that the development of gallium nitride was shaped by the interplay of three contextual logics: material logic (the materiality of substances, tools, and fabrication techniques); market logic (the needs, demands, and interests of intended users); and competitive logic (the competitive tensions among laboratories, firms, and nations). For nearly forty years, chemists, physicists, and engineers in the United States and Japan struggled with the persistent material challenges presented by gallium nitride to meet the needs of potential markets in lighting and consumer electronics. Competition among firms and the technological and economic rivalry between the U.S. and Japan led to significant material developments and to the shaping of gallium nitride into a critical material for the manufacture of light emitting diodes. This article is intended to contribute to recent interest in the history of advanced materials and to the larger question of the determinants of innovation in technoscience.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gallium industry"

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Chavez, Ruiz Carlos Enrique, Labe Cristian Andrés Cortés, and Honores Rafael Enrique Flores. "Plan para el desarrollo de la produccion y comercializacion de ácido galico extraido del polvo de Tara." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657041.

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La presente tesis consiste en un plan para el desarrollo de la producción y comercialización de ácido gálico obtenido del polvo de la Tara. El ácido gálico se utiliza principalmente en la industria farmacéutica como insumo de productos para la salud y es un producto que se obtiene de la extracción de los taninos que se encuentran en el polvo de la tara. De acuerdo con la consultora Wise Guy Reports, en el mercado internacional se ha estimado el consumo de ácido gálico a nivel mundial en 2019 en US$ 58 millones de dólares, con un potencial de crecimiento hacia el año 2024 de US$ 90 millones de dólares. La producción de Tara se da en diversas regiones del país, lo que facilita el acceso a la materia prima directamente del productor a las empresas que producen el polvo de Tara, y permite la disponibilidad del principal insumo del ácido gálico a precios competitivos. Se tomó conocimiento de tres procesos para obtener ácido gálico por lixiviación y se seleccionó el proceso de extracción utilizando como solvente al etanol, debido a que es el proceso que provee una mejor calidad y pureza acorde con los objetivos de calidad previstos. Teniendo en consideración el acceso y disponibilidad de la materia prima, así como el proceso productivo seleccionado, se realizó el estudio de la producción estimada y comercialización requerida, teniendo en consideración una participación de mercado previamente establecida, para ello se ha previsto implementar una pequeña planta productiva, contar con una estructura organizacional de soporte para la producción y comercialización, y desarrollar un proceso de difusión y comercialización. El mayor consumo se da en los mercados de Norte América, Europa, China y Sudamérica. Si bien la industria farmacéutica es el principal consumidor de ácido gálico y hay una producción nacional, no se observa un consumo local significativo de ácido gálico debido a la tendencia hacia la importación de medicamentos, en consecuencia, hemos considerado el destino de la producción a los mercados extranjeros que tiene un mayor consumo e incremento de la demanda. Finalmente, realizamos la evaluación de la viabilidad financiera del plan considerando un periodo de crecimiento de 10 años y satisfaciendo los objetivos de participación de mercado y rentabilidad deseada.
Gallic acid is extracted from Tara powder. Tara is a fruit cultivated throughout Peru. Gallic acid is mainly used in the health area where its application has contributed in studies to achieve a progress on treatments of several diseases. According to Wise Guy Reports consultant, the worldwide consumption of gallic acid during 2019 was estimated in 58 million dollars with a potential growth of 90 million dollars towards 2024. The highest consumption occurs in North America, Europe, China and South America markets. The biggest gallic acid producer is china where find the top 10 producers, such as Jiurui Biology, Bei Yuan Chemical and, Hunan Linong. Peru is the world’s main producer of Tara, from which Tara powder is extracted, input used to obtain gallic acid. The production of Tara is performed on different regions of the country, which allows access to the raw material directly from the producer to the companies that produce an export Tara powder, making possible to access to competitive prices. The pharmaceutical industry is the main consumer of gallic acid. Although, there is a national production of medicines, there is also a strong trend towards imports. Consequently, gallic acid producers direct their production to foreign markets that show a greater consumption and an increased demand and from where medicines are imported.
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Moreno, Martínez José Antonio. "Evaluación de la alimentación aviar (Gallus gallus domesticus) con maíz fortificado en carotenoides." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/288367.

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La industria de las aves de corral utiliza carotenoides para mejorar la pigmentación de productos, tales como pollos y huevos, en parte, para satisfacer las preferencias del consumidor por la pigmentación de la piel de pollo y de la yema en tonos anaranjados. Las materias primas utilizadas en las formulaciones de alimentos de pollos y gallinas no son capaces de proporcionar cantidades suficientes de carotenoides para alcanzar la pigmentación de la piel y de la yema suficiente para satisfacer las demandas de los consumidores. Por lo tanto, la industria avícola utiliza pigmentos como aditivos para piensos. Estos pueden ser de origen natural o sintético y en las proporciones adecuadas de los ingredientes clave se puede alcanzar el color deseado. A partir del maíz blanco de Sudáfrica M37W carente de carotenoides en la UdL se ha creado por ingeniería genética una variedad (M37W Ph3) que acumula altos niveles de β-caroteno, licopeno, luteína α- criptoxantina y zeaxantina. M37W Ph3 se ha utilizado en este estudio para probar la hipótesis de que el maíz fortificado genéticamente puede suministrar los aditivos de color en la alimentación en una forma biodisponible. En los experimentos descritos en esta tesis hemos observado efectos significativos en términos de pigmentación en la piel, la carne de pechuga y muslo, crestas, patas, grasa y otros órganos en los animales criados con dietas suplementadas con maíz fortificado. No se observaron efectos negativos sobre la salud de los pollos alimentados con cualquiera de las dietas experimentales. Los hígados de las aves alimentadas con la dieta rica en carotenoides acumulan casi el doble de la cantidad de retinol en comparación con los de la dieta control. La bolsa de Fabricio, que normalmente se atrofia a medida que avanza la edad de los animales fue mayor en los animales criados con el maíz M37W-Ph3. También se deseó determinar si los animales criados con una dieta alta en carotenoides podrían ser protegidos en todo o en parte, después de la infección con Eimeria tenella, un parásito que causa coccidiosis. Curiosamente se observó una disminución significativa de la excreción de ooquistes de coccidios en las heces. Esto fue concomitante con una disminución en la gravedad de la dermatitis plantar y las lesiones ulcerosas digitales posteriores al desafío de E. tenella.
La indústria avícola utilitza carotenoides per millorar la pigmentació de productes, com ara pollastres i ous, en part, per satisfer les preferències del consumidor per la pigmentació de la pell de pollastre i del rovell en tons ataronjats. Les matèries primeres utilitzades en les formulacions d'aliments de pollastres i gallines no són capaços de proporcionar quantitats suficients de carotenoides per assolir la pigmentació de la pell i del rovell suficient per satisfer les demandes dels consumidors. Per tant, la indústria avícola utilitza pigments com a additius per a pinsos. Aquests poden ser d'origen natural o sintètic i en les proporcions adequades dels ingredients clau es pot aconseguir el color desitjat. A partir del blat de moro blanc de Sud-àfrica M37W sense carotenoides a la UdL s'ha creat per enginyeria genètica una varietat (M37W Ph3) que acumula alts nivells de β- carotè, licopè, luteïna α-criptoxantina i zeaxantina. M37W Ph3 s'ha utilitzat en aquest estudi per provar la hipòtesi que el blat de moro fortificat genèticament pot subministrar els additius de color a l'alimentació en una forma biodisponible. En els experiments descrits en aquesta tesi hem observat efectes significatius en termes de pigmentació a la pell, la carn de pit i cuixa, crestes, potes, greix i altres òrgans en els animals criats amb dietes suplementades amb blat de moro fortificat. No es van observar efectes negatius sobre la salut dels pollastres alimentats amb qualsevol de les dietes experimentals. Els fetges de les aus alimentades amb la dieta rica en carotenoides acumulen gairebé el doble de la quantitat de retinol en comparació amb els de la dieta control. La borsa de Fabricio, que normalment degenera a mesura que avança l'edat dels animals va ser més gran en els animals criats amb el blat de moro M37W-Ph3. També es va desitjar determinar si els animals criats amb una dieta alta en carotenoides podrien ser protegits en tot o en part, després de la infecció amb Eimeria tenella, un paràsit que causa coccidiosi. Curiosament es va observar una disminució significativa de l'excreció d'ooquists de coccidis en la femta. Aquest va ser concomitant amb una disminució en la gravetat de la dermatitis plantar i les lesions ulceroses digitals posteriors al desafiament d'E tenella.
The poultry industry utilizes carotenoids to enhance the pigmentation of products such as chickens and eggs in part to satisfy consumer preferences for yellow chicken skin and orange yolk pigmentation. The raw materials used in poultry feed formulations are unable to provide sufficient amounts of carotenoids to achieve the skin and yolk pigmentation levels to meet consumers’ demands. Therefore, the poultry industry uses pigments as feed additives. These can be of natural origin or synthetic and in the appropriate proportions of key ingredients the desired color can be achieved. The South African white maize inbred M37W is devoid of carotenoids but a genetically engineered derivative, created at the UdL (M37W-Ph3) accumulates high levels of β-carotene, lycopene, lutein α-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin. M37W-Ph3 has been used in this study to test the hypothesis that genetically fortified maize can supply the feed color additives in a bioavailable form. . In the experiments described in this thesis we observed dramatic effects in terms of the pigmentation in the skin, breast and thigh meat, crests, shanks, fat and other organs in animals reared on supplemented diets with the biofortified maize. No negative effects on the health of the chickens fed on any of the experimental diets were observed. The livers of birds fed on the high-carotenoid diet accumulated nearly double the amount of retinol compared to those on the control diet. The Bursa of Fabricius which normally degenerates as the animal matures was bigger in animals reared on the biofortified M37W-Ph3 maize. We also wished to ascertain if animals reared on the high carotenoid diet might be protected fully or in part following infection with Eimeria tenella, a causal parasite for coccidiocis. Interestingly a significant decrease of coccidia oocysts excretion in the feces was observed. This was concomitant with a decrease in the severity of foot pad dermatitis and digital ulcer lesions following the E. tenella challenge.
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Rostagno, Marianela. "Máquina volteadora para la elaboración de fertilizante orgánico a través de guano de gallina." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/4300.

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Proyecto Integrador (II)--FCEFN-UNC, 2015
Muestra un procedimiento sencillo para obtener buena calidad de compost sin contaminar el ambiente. La alternativa es un proceso aeróbico en el cual se generan bacterias que necesitan oxígeno para trabajar.
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Kim, Hyunok. "Prediction and elimination of galling in forming galvanized advanced high strength steels (AHSS)." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1204515296.

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Carrasco, Emmanuel. "Codigestión anaerobia de guano de gallina con residuos orgánicos generados por la fábrica de aceite de oliva de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 2019. http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/11576.

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La elaboración de aceite de oliva produce residuos que poseen alta carga orgánica, que provoca un problema de contaminación cuando se vuelcan sin tratamiento previo a cauces públicos y/o terrenos. Por otro lado, los sistemas intensivos de producción avícola crean problemas de polución, por acumulación de estiércol que se deposita en el suelo y/o agua, sin tratamiento. La ventaja de codigerir éstos residuos permite la neutralización del pH, además, la gallinaza es fuente de nutrientes para los microorganismos intervinientes en la biodigestión. El objetivo de este trabajo, es estudiar la evolución de la codigestión anaerobia de los residuos orgánicos anteriormente mencionados, mediante dos ensayos de laboratorio a distintas escalas. Por un lado, se evaluó la capacidad generadora de biogás de residuos de la industria oleícola mendocina empleando como sustratos, alpechín (A) y torta residual (T) de la fábrica experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y como cosustrato guano de gallina (G). La biodigestión se llevó a cabo en jeringas de 60 mL de capacidad, en las que se incorporó una mezcla en partes iguales de A o T y G se incubaron a 35 ± 2 ºC. Por otro lado, en una segunda etapa del ensayo, se llevó a cabo la codigestión anaerobia empleando Alperujo (Ap) y Guano de Gallina (G) en digestores de 250 mL de capacidad, con distintas proporciones de sustrato. La temperatura de trabajo fué de 35± 2 ºC. Se determinó en ambos ensayos, Sólidos Totales, Sólidos Volátiles, C. E. y pH. Se concluyó que tanto la torta como el alpechín y alperujo, pueden producir biogás cuando se someten a codigestión anaeróbica con guano de gallina. Además de la ventaja de producir metano, como una fuente de energía renovable, se disminuye la contaminación ambiental, en respuesta al problema planteado en el territorio.
Fil: Carrasco, Emmanuel. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.
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Bigot, Fabrice. "Nouvelles données, nouvelles réflexions sur la production et la diffusion des amphores gauloises à partir de l'étude des contextes portuaires et littoraux de Gaule Narbonnaise (Ier s. av. – IVe s. ap.)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30062.

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Les recherches menées sur les amphores gauloises depuis plus de trente ans ont livré d’abondantes données sur la production et le commerce de ces conteneurs. Toutefois la spécificité de l’implantation des ateliers de Narbonnaise, dans l’arrière-pays plutôt que près des ports et sur le littoral, semblait constituer une anomalie, au regard de l’organisation de la fabrication des amphores dans les autres provinces de l’Empire. L’hypothèse d’une lacune des découvertes a été étayée par les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques conduites sur des conteneurs mis au jour dans les centres de consommation en dehors de la Province. Elles ont montré que certains secteurs, comme la vallée du Rhône, comportaient une concentration d’officines beaucoup plus élevée que ne le laissait paraître les vestiges identifiés.Cette thèse a donc pour objectif de prendre en compte l’importance du littoral et des ports quant à elle de la production des amphores de Narbonnaise entre la fin du Ier s. av. J.-C. et le IVe s. ap. J.-C. en se basant sur l’étude de la très riche documentation fournie par les opérations archéologiques terrestres et subaquatiques menées dans les ports et les établissements littoraux.Ce travail porte sur le mobilier publié et inédit livré par l’ensemble des ateliers, des dépotoirs portuaires et des contextes de consommation urbains du littoral compris entre Narbonne et Antibes. Ce corpus est rassemblé dans un catalogue répartissant les sites entre sept secteurs définis par leur géographie et qui constituent autant d’ensembles micro-régionaux ou régionaux cohérents.L’analyse des données présentées dans le catalogue et leur mise en perspective avec la documentation publiée des sites de l’arrière-pays et des contextes extra-régionaux montre que le nombre d’ateliers dans ce secteur était largement sous-évalué. En effet, dix nouvelles officines ont été identifiées grâce à la mise en place d’une méthodologie corrélant les données fournies par les prospections et les fouilles aux études céramologiques et archéométriques. En outre, l’étude met en évidence que les fabriques implantées dans les agglomérations portuaires dominent l’approvisionnement des marchés extra-régionaux. Elle montre également que les officines littorales résistent mieux au déclin de la viticulture spéculative à partir de la seconde moitié du IIe s. que celles de l’arrière-pays. Enfin, la comparaison des différentes zones de production de la côte témoigne d’une hiérarchie entre celles-ci résultant de leur position au centre ou davantage à la marge des courants commerciaux de l’Occident romain. Ainsi, Arles et la basse vallée du Rhône dominent les autres régions. Les amphores de ce territoire sont exportées vers le nord de la Gaule ou Rome. Les officines de Marseille, et dans une moindre mesure celles du reste de la Provence, sont également dynamiques et leurs productions sont massivement exportées vers Ostie. Les amphores vinaires du Languedoc sont davantage diffusées régionalement, en particulier celles de la cité de Nîmes. Le principal débouché du vin languedocien demeure toutefois inconnu.Enfin, les nouveaux acquis sur la typo-chronologie des amphores gauloises confirment une étroite relation entre la diversité morphologique des productions de Narbonnaise, la qualité des crus conditionnés en amphores, et la destination de ces conteneurs.Ce travail apporte de nouveaux éléments témoignant de l’importance de l’étude des amphores de Narbonnaise pour la compréhension de l’économie de cette province durant l’Antiquité. L’analyse de ces emballages perdus révèle ainsi une organisation extrêmement rationalisée de cet artisanat qui répond à des circuits de distribution sans doute plus diversifiés qu’on ne le supposait
The researches on amphorae of Narbonensis, for more than thirty years, has provided abundant data on the production and trade of these containers. However, the specificity of the implantation of the Narbonensis’ workshops, in the hinterland rather than near the harbours and on the coast, seemed to constitute an anomaly, considering the organization of the manufacture of amphorae in the other provinces of the Empire. The hypothesis of a hiatus in the discoveries was supported by the results of physico-chemical analysis carried out on containers uncovered in centers of consumption, located outside the Province. The outcome indicated that some of sectors, such as the Rhone valley, had a much higher concentration of workshops than the identified vestiges showed.The aim of this thesis is to take account to the importance of the littoral and ports in the production of the amphorae of Narbonensis, between the end of the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. It was based on a study of the very rich documentation provided by land and underwater archaeological operations in the ports and coastal settlements.This work concerns the published and unpublished furniture delivered by all the workshops, harbour’s dumps and urban consumption’s contexts of the littoral between Narbonne and Antibes. This corpus is gathered in a catalog that divides the sites into seven sectors defined by their geography and which constitute so many coherent micro-regional or regional sets.The analysis of the data presented in the catalog and the published data of hinterland sites and extra-regional contexts shows that the number of workshops in this area was largely undervalued. In fact, ten new workshop have been identified by the establishment of a methodology who combine the data provided by the prospecting operations and the excavations with the ceramological and archaeometrical studies. In addition, the study indicates that the factories located in the harbour’s agglomerations dominate the supply of extra-regional markets. It also shows that coastal workshops are more resistant to the decline of speculative viticulture from the second half of the second century, than those of the hinterland. Finally, the comparison of the various production’s zones on the coast reveals a hierarchy between them, resulting from their position in the center, or more, at the margin of the commercial currents of the Empire. Thus, Arles and the lower Rhone valley dominate the other regions. The amphorae of this territory are exported to the north of Gaul or Rome. The factories of Marseille, and, to a lesser extent, those of the rest of Provence, are also dynamic and their production is massively exported to Ostia. The wine amphorae of Languedoc are more widely diffused regionally, especially those of the city of Nîmes. However, the main outlet for Languedoc wine remains unknown.Finally, new acquisitions on the typo-chronology of Narbonensis’ amphorae confirm a close relationship between the morphological diversity of Narbonensis' productions, the quality of the wines, and the destination of these containers.This work brings new evidences of the importance of the study of the Narbonensis’ amphorae for understanding the economy of this province during the Antiquity. The analysis of these lost packaging reveals an extremely rationalized organization of this craft, which responds to distribution channels that are probably more diversified than was supposed
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7

Obraztsova, Olga. "Comparaison du diamant et du carbure de silicium (SiC) pour la détection de neutrons en milieux nucléaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0468/document.

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Aujourd’hui les réacteurs d’irradiations technologiques (MTR) ont un rôle de premier plan pour l’industrie du nucléaire. Dans les réacteurs d’irradiation les niveaux de flux neutroniques et photoniques sont très importants. Un des besoins cruciaux des mesures en MTR est la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif de détection de rayonnement, précis, sélectif, fiable et robuste dans les conditions extrêmes de flux neutroniques et photoniques, et de températures élevées. Les semi-conducteurs à grande bande d’énergie interdite tels que le carbure de silicium (SiC) le diamant et le nitrure de gallium (GaN) possèdent des propriétés remarquables en termes de tenue en température et de résistance aux radiations. Cette thèse a pour principal objectif la comparaison des performances des détecteurs de neutrons dont les parties sensibles sont faites de carbure de silicium (SiC) avec celles des détecteurs basés sur le diamant pour la mesure de neutrons en conditions d’irradiation identiques. Pour cela nous avons réalisé les essais d’irradiation dans le réacteur de recherche de type maquette critique MINERVE au CEA Cadarache. Nous avons également testé les capteurs pour la détection des neutrons rapides de 14 MeV afin d’investiguer la future possibilité de mesurer en ligne des flux de neutrons rapides notamment pour les besoins de la fusion nucléaire (projet ITER). L’ensemble de ces travaux contribue à l’amélioration de la fonctionnalité du détecteur de neutrons en SiC, qui peut être augmentée en intégrant le détecteur à une électronique adaptée et aux outils spécifiques pour l’analyse du signal développés dans le cadre de cette thèse
Nowadays, the material testing reactors (MTR) are playing a crucial role for nuclear industry. The research reactors allow carrying out the research on material damage and nuclear fuel advanced studies. Harsh radiation environment near the nuclear reactor core requires the radiation detectors to be resistant to high radiation level and high temperature. Neutron radiation detector for nuclear reactor applications plays an important role in getting information about the actual neutron flux. Most suitable semiconductors for harsh environment applications are SiC and diamond thanks to their outstanding properties. The aim of this thesis is to compare the ability of these two semi-conductors to detect neutrons. For this purpose, the neutron irradiation tests of detectors were implemented at MINERVE nuclear research reactor at CEA Cadarache. In this work we also studied the response of both materials to 14 MeV neutron beam with the prospect for future applications for fusion facilities. This work helps to improve the SiC-based detector characterization. The functionality of this detector could be enhanced by integrating it with appropriate radiation resistant electronics and tools for the signal analysis which was developed in the frame of this thesis
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Clément, Paul. "Les productions d’huile et de vin dans les Alpes-Maritimes antiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3020.

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L'étude a consisté à effectuer l'inventaire, dans l'actuel département des Alpes-Maritimes, des sites archéologiques ayant produit de l'huile d'olive et du vin et à établir le catalogue des mobiliers dédiés à ces productions. A fin 2015, 70 sites ont été répertoriés, comportant 250 éléments de mobiliers appartenant principalement à des installations de pressage, ainsi qu'à quelques moulins à broyer les olives de type mola olearia, qui ont fait chacun l'objet d'une fiche. Les installations de pressage ont connu leur plus fort développement au début de l'Empire romain. Alors que la plupart des installations vinicoles cessent de produire au IIe siècle ap. J.-C. ou au début du IIIe siècle, , la production d'huile d'olive, après un ralentissement au IIIe s., est relancée au Bas-Empire, jusqu'à l'Antiquité tardive. Cette étude donne un premier aperçu global des aspects technologiques et économiques des productions d'huile d'olive et de vin dans la région
This work presents a catalogue of archeological sites and equipments related to the production of olive oil and wine in the present Département des Alpes-Maritimes. By the end of 2015, 70 sites had been indexed, including 250 archeological items , mostly concerning pressing facilities and some crushing mills (molae oleariae); all of which have been recorded on individual data sheets. The major development of the rural press settlements was found at the beginning of the Roman Empire. While most wineries stopped producing during the 2nd century A.C. or in the early 3rd century, the production of olive oil, after a slowing down in the 3rd century, experienced a revival during the Low Empire and until the Late Antiquity. The analysis has given a global first insight into the economic and technological dimensions of olive oil and wine production in the region
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Chen, Wei-ting, and 陳韋廷. "Study on Recovery of Gallium and Arsenic from Electronics Industry Waste Gallium Arsenide." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43794862006713869672.

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碩士
雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
96
Gallium Arsenide had some characteristic, including high frequency, high electronic mobility, so gallium arsenide is better than other semiconductor. Gallium Arsenide widely apply in many products, such as Light Emitting Diode, Integrated Circuit and Microwave, Hence it also produces a lot of hazardous wastes. This research aims to the recovery of gallium and arsenic from waste gallium arsenide with hydrometallurgial methods and annealing process. The hydrometallurgial methods includes leaching, coagulation ; and the dry type process includes annealing method, vacuum separation and sublimation by heating. This study shows that Ga and As can be leached with 4N HNO3 (solid/liquid: 3g/100mL; leaching time: 30 minutes; ambient temperatures) to obtain a 100% recovery of Ga and As. The pH of leaching solution is 0.1, then it adjusts pH to 3 with NaOH, controlling circuit potential at 0.5mV, adding Na2S(6.3g/0.1L) and the rejection of arsenic is 90%. Another method is that pH adjust to 2 and 11 with NaOH, controlling temperature to 90℃, adding FeO(OH) (As/Fe=1:10) and the rejection of arsenic are 55%, 42% but gallium will be also precipitated together with Arsenic. Leaching solution (solid /liquid: 10g/100mL royal water) is adjusted pH to 4~5 with NaOH, then the gallium arsenide can be precipitated. These precipitate is heating to 300℃, then the rejection of arsenic is 50% and 25% gallium also coprecipitated. The gallium arsenide powder is heated to 1000℃, 3hrs, then the rejection of arsenic is 100% and obtain about 92.6% gallium. The product is Ga2O3, its’ purity is 99.9% and recovery is 92.6%. Arsenic is volatilizing by 1000℃, then condensing and the purity of As2O3 is 99.2%. Dissolving Ga2O3 powder and electrolyzing with electric current of 4A for 3 hours. The recovery of Ga is 95.9% and the purity is 99.9%.
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Huang, Yin-Xiong, and 黃銀雄. "A Study on the Recovery of Gallium from Electronics Industry Scrap." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75207670431452217837.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
93
There is approximatly 0.0015 % of gallium concentration in the earth. The Gallium metal chemical compound is can react with the Sulphur , Selenium , Tellurium , Phosphorus , Arsenic , and Antimony under high temperature; resulting chemical compound including high frequency , high electron person who move and characteristic such as being with low noise that produce, so receive the extensive application of electronic science and technology industry . Through the scarce Gallium metal retrieving , can sell then obtain profits. The ones that produce grind the mud all with solidification and bury the way to deal with at present. There is no proper Gallium metal that retrieve treatment technology and organization yet at home. If it is improper to be dealed with, may influence the environment to be very huge . So, as regards economic worth and environmental impact, the Gallium metal offal needs retrieving and dealing with badly. Bake the universe and procedure of grinding , dehydrating to bake the universe , acid to dissolve appearing , zinc replacement , retrieving electrolytically etc. to the offal of electron industry and Gallium metal mainly in this research, retrieve the scarce Gallium metal, retrieve the goal utilized again in order to avoid polluting the environment and reaching offals. And study and probe into the electron industry Gallium metal and retrieve the method . According to achievement of this research, the acid is dissolved, choosing 4N nitric acid and 4N sulphuric acid as dissolving out the thickness bestly separately, it is lowest that can drop the consumption to , and can reach the greatest result of dissolving . The Zinc replaces the experiment , when the nitric acid dissolves the liquid in 2.5 A, it is relatively good in purity to add 20 g of electrolytic efficiency of zinc and finished product; In 5 A, it is relatively good to add 20 g of electrolytic efficiency of Zinc. The sulphuric acid does not have obvious difference. Electrolytic result, the nitric acid dissolves the liquid and controls temperature in 20℃ when being electrolytic, the electrolytic result is better than to have no temperature of controlling. Different ampere is electrolytic, it is all relatively good in purity with electrolytic efficiency of 5A and finished product that the nitric acid dissolves the liquid ; It is relatively good that the sulphuric acid dissolves the liquid with electrolytic efficiency of 5A. Oxidizing gallium producting after being electrolytic, have arsenic metal to remain. Judge tentatively , the nitric acid dissolves the electrolytic finished product of the liquid in order to oxidizeGalliums after being electrolytic; The electrolytic finished product that the sulphuric acid dissolves the liquid is a sulphuric acid gallium. This best research condition of research, dissolve samples for the nitric acid , add 20 g of zinc and D2EPHA, after by 5A the electrolytic,whether make it last Gallium result finished product (the electrolytic to last 61.7% efficiencies, 98.2% of purity ) relatively good. Under the best research condition, 25 g abolish the Gallium sample (55.6% ) , is retrieved 61.7% by the experiment course gallium , get and make and oxidize 8.8 grams of Galliums thickly, its purity is 98.2%, other composition are Lead (1.76% ) and Zinc (0.09% ).
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Books on the topic "Gallium industry"

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Kramer, Deborah A. Gallium and gallium arsenide: Supply, technology, and uses. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1988.

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Kramer, Deborah A. Gallium and gallium arsenide: Supply, technology, and uses. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1988.

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Miller, Richard Kendall. Survey on gallium arsenide. Madison, GA: Future Technology Surveys, 1988.

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Lande, Simon. GaAs electronic materials and devices: A strategic study of markets, technologies, and companies worldwide. Edited by Szweda Ralph A. 2nd ed. Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1996.

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Castellano, Robert N. The gallium arsenide integrated circuit market: A technology impact report analyzing GaAs applications and their impact on silicon IC's. Cupertino, CA: Electronic Trend Publications, 1985.

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Szweda, Roy. Gallium nitride & related wide bandgap materials & devices: A market & technology overview 1996-2001. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1997.

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H, Miska Kurt, and Business Communications Co, eds. Gallium arsenide: Materials, technologies, applications. Norwalk, Conn., U.S.A: Business Communications Co., 1989.

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Frost & Sullivan., ed. The U.S. gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor market. New York, N.Y. (106 Fulton St., New York, 10038): Frost & Sullivan, 1989.

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Joseph, Mun, and M'baye A. A, eds. Gallium arsenide technology in Europe. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Simon, Lande, ed. GaAs electronic materials and devices: A strategic study of markets, technologies, and companies worldwide. Oxford: Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gallium industry"

1

Rizwan, M. "Simulation Models for Solar Photovoltaic Materials." In Materials Research Foundations, 114–33. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901410-5.

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Semiconducting materials have dominated the photovoltaic industry for a long time. The advancement in solar cell technology is significantly influenced by computer modelling, designing and simulations of the semiconductor materials used for the device operation. Different modelling techniques including one, two and three dimensional models had been employed to comprehend the device operation of solar cell and other electronic devices based on semiconductor materials such as silicon and gallium arsenide. The performance of computing power is increasing with the passage of time in order to improve modelling and designing of different semiconductor materials for solar cell devices. In this chapter, different reported semiconductor materials, their standard characteristics and basic history of modelling, standard models used in photovoltaic industry and principles of modelling such as carrier statistics, transitions, band structure and mobility are explained in detail. Different characteristics of semiconductor material like the carrier transportation, carrier statistics, band structure, and heavy doping effect and carrier generations are described with respect to material modelling.
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Silva da Costa, Russany, Taís Vanessa Gabbay Alves, Raimundo Lopes da Silva, Lindalva Maria de Meneses Costa Ferreira, Roseane Maria Ribeiro Costa, and José Otávio Carréra Silva. "Agro-industrial By-Products from Amazonian Fruits: Use for Obtaining Bioproducts." In Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91174.

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Fruit processing contributes significantly to the agricultural exportation of the Amazonian; however, it generates large amounts of solid waste, despite its high content of bioactive compounds and nutritional properties, and they are discarded in the environment. Therefore, in order to add economic value and potential reuse of agro-industrial by-products from cocoa, cupuassu, pracaxi, and tucumã, we investigated the chemical characteristics of the seed by-product resulting from the industrial extraction of these oils. The investigation of the nutritional and chemical composition of by-product was submitted to green extraction, besides other qualitative and quantitative techniques for the characterization of the main bioactive compounds. The extracts obtained from these by-products had a significant total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis identified and quantified some flavonoids present in these by-products (gallic, caffeic and protocatechuic acid, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, epicatechin, catechin, and quercetin). The oil from these species is widely used in the treatment of skin scarring and inflammation and is also used by the cosmetic industry. These results show that these by-products have a great potential for use, since they still have bioactive substances in their composition, which could alternatively be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or food industries.
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Vehovar, Vasja. "The Technological Revolution in Survey Data Collection." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 1373–78. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch185.

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Surveys—data collection based on standardized questionnaires— started with censuses thousands of years ago. However, it was only in the 1930s, following some breakthrough developments in applied statistics, that the sample survey data collection approach was widely acknowledged. The possibility of inferring about the total population from samples of 300 or 1,000 units radically expanded the potential of survey data collection. In addition to sampling, survey data collection procedures also rely on a proper measurement instrument (i.e., a survey questionnaire) as well as effective administrative and managerial activities. Since the 1930s, opinion polling has become a major tool of democratic development (Gallup & Rae, 1968). Official statistics have recognized the enormous potential of survey data collection for the fast estimation of crops, industry outputs, unemployment, and so forth. Further, the marketing and media industries obtained a tool to effectively measure the characteristics of their target groups. The survey industry has therefore become an established activity with its own associations (e.g., ESOMAR, AAPOR), codes of conduct, publications, conferences, professional profiles, and large multinational companies generating annual revenues worth billions of dollars (e.g., A.C. Nielsen). Surveys were traditionally performed as personal interviews, over the telephone or in the form of selfadministrated questionnaires. Information-communication technology (ICT) developments introduced radical changes to the survey data collection processes, particularly because the core of this activity is manipulation with the information itself. The early implementations of ICT in survey data collection are linked to computer developments. Mass computerization started with the emerging PC in the 1980s and enabled computer-assisted survey information collection (CASIC), firstly with the introductionn of computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). In the late 1980s, portable computers started to be used with face-to-face interview data collection, leading to computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). When personal computers started to become the mainstream, computerized self-administered questionnaires (CSAQ) were implemented in various forms. The last crucial milestone came in the 1990s with the rise of the Internet, which enabled e-mail and Web-based types of CSAQ. This started a new stream of ICT development which is radically transforming the entire survey industry. Internet-based data collection will soon become the mainstream survey mode. Studies for 2005 projected that market research organizations worldwide would generate over a billion dollars in revenue on the basis of Internet surveys (Terhanian & Bremer, 2005). In addition, about 40% of research work in the USA in 2003-2004 was conducted on the Internet (E-consultancy, 2004).
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Ian, Ralston. "Bourges in the Earlier Iron Age: An Interim View." In Communities and Connections. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199230341.003.0022.

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Berry in central France figures frequently in assessments of the level of complexity in western temperate Europe at the annexation of Gallia comata in 52 BC. Information from a number of sites, particularly Levroux (Indre: e.g. Büchsenschütz et al. 1988; 1992; 2000; Krausz 1993), contributes to what is now a tolerably well-understood pattern, contrasting markedly with the poorly known settlement record for the earlier Iron Age of the area. One site forms a conspicuous exception. For the end of the Hallstatt Iron Age and the initial phase of its successor—broadly the decades either side of 500 BC— Bourges (Cher) is now known to be of critical importance, not only in regional terms, but also as a variant of the elite phenomenon known as the Fürstensitze that occurs widely across west-central temperate Europe. It will come as no surprise that the first English-language author to recognize the emerging importance of this site was Barry Cunliffe in The Ancient Celts, and it is thus with pleasure that this interim statement on Bourges and its immediate hinterland at the time of the transition from the Hallstatt to La Tène Iron Age has been prepared. Since 1995, with Jacques Troadec, the municipal archaeologist, Olivier Büchsenschütz, Pierre-Yves Milcent and others, the author has been excavating within and on the periphery of Bourges—by the first century BC certainly Avaricum of the Bituriges—as part of a long-term rescue project on that site and its surroundings. A few, selected aspects of this are considered below. The pace of development, and evolving legislative arrangements for rescue archaeology, mean that other important sites in the commune have been examined by Alexis Luberne and colleagues in the State Archaeological Rescue Service, INRAP, and reference to some of their work is included below. The rate of change in and around the city, particularly as military establishments—many initially set up at the time of the 1870 Franco-Prussian war—are redeveloped for light industry, and new housing, transport and other infrastructure is constructed, provides much scope for new discoveries; what follows is thus by necessity provisional.
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Conference papers on the topic "Gallium industry"

1

Houdayer, Alain J., Cosmo Carlone, Kenji Yoshino, Marcel Aubin, Sidi Aboujja, and Martin Parenteau. "Gallium vacancy production in carbon, oxygen, and arsenic irradiated n-type gallium arsenide." In Lasers and Materials in Industry and Opto-Contact Workshop, edited by Emile J. Knystautas. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.321956.

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Hewak, Daniel W., Dominic Brady, and Thorsten Schweizer. "Gallium lanthanum sulphide fiber for active and passive applications." In Lasers and Materials in Industry and Opto-Contact Workshop, edited by Mohammed Saad. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.323380.

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Xiaoke, Yan. "NIM Realization of the Gallium Triple Point." In TEMPERATURE: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry; Volume VII; Eighth Temperature Symposium. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1627131.

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Kulkarni, P. V. "Radio indium and gallium labeled porphyrins for medical imaging." In The CAARI 2000: Sixteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1395433.

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Duarte, Renan R., Guilherme F. Ferreira, Marco A. Dalla Costa, and J. Marcos Alonso. "Performance investigation of silicon and gallium nitride transistors in an integrated double buck-boost LED driver." In 2017 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2017.8101811.

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Yan, X., Y. Duan, J. T. Zhang, and W. Wang. "Automated realization of the gallium melting and triple points." In TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOLUME 8: Proceedings of the Ninth International Temperature Symposium. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4819546.

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Li, X. "A New Stainless Steel-Cased Gallium Cell and its Automatic Maintenance Apparatus." In TEMPERATURE: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry; Volume VII; Eighth Temperature Symposium. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1627132.

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Lozhkin, K., C. J. Patton, P. McCartney, M. Sant’anna, M. B. Shah, J. Geddes, and H. B. Gilbody. "Pure ionization in collisions of fast H[sup +] and He[sup 2+] ions with gallium atoms." In The fourteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.52406.

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Kharashvili, George, Vakhtang Makarashvili, Marc Mitchell, Wendland Beezhold, Randy Spaulding, Douglas Wells, Thomas Gesell, Wayne Wingert, Floyd D. McDaniel, and Barney L. Doyle. "Development and Testing of Gallium Arsenide Photoconductive Detectors for Ultra Fast, High Dose Rate Pulsed Electron and Bremsstrahlung Radiation Measurements." In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twentieth International Conference. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3120099.

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Kang, Z., J. Lan, Y. Duan, J. T. Zhang, B. Thiele-Krivoi, S. Chen, and H. Zhang. "Analysis of the ITS-90 inconsistency in overlap region of the mercury-gallium and the water-argon sub-ranges." In TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOLUME 8: Proceedings of the Ninth International Temperature Symposium. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4819522.

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Reports on the topic "Gallium industry"

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Moskowitz, P. D., N. Bernholc, M. P. DePhillips, and J. Viren. Derived reference doses for three compounds used in the photovoltaics industry: Copper indium diselenide, copper gallium diselenide, and cadmium telluride. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95217.

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Request for assistance in reducing the potential risk of developing cancer from exposure to gallium arsenide in the microelectronics industry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, October 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub88100.

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