Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gallium industry'

La presente tesis consiste en un plan para el desarrollo de la producción y comercialización de ácido gálico obtenido del polvo de la Tara. El ácido gálico se utiliza principalmente en la industria farmacéutica como insumo de productos para la salud y es un producto que se obtiene de la extracción de los taninos que se encuentran en el polvo de la tara. De acuerdo con la consultora Wise Guy Reports, en el mercado internacional se ha estimado el consumo de ácido gálico a nivel mundial en 2019 en US$ 58 millones de dólares, con un potencial de crecimiento hacia el año 2024 de US$ 90 millones de dólares. La producción de Tara se da en diversas regiones del país, lo que facilita el acceso a la materia prima directamente del productor a las empresas que producen el polvo de Tara, y permite la disponibilidad del principal insumo del ácido gálico a precios competitivos. Se tomó conocimiento de tres procesos para obtener ácido gálico por lixiviación y se seleccionó el proceso de extracción utilizando como solvente al etanol, debido a que es el proceso que provee una mejor calidad y pureza acorde con los objetivos de calidad previstos. Teniendo en consideración el acceso y disponibilidad de la materia prima, así como el proceso productivo seleccionado, se realizó el estudio de la producción estimada y comercialización requerida, teniendo en consideración una participación de mercado previamente establecida, para ello se ha previsto implementar una pequeña planta productiva, contar con una estructura organizacional de soporte para la producción y comercialización, y desarrollar un proceso de difusión y comercialización. El mayor consumo se da en los mercados de Norte América, Europa, China y Sudamérica. Si bien la industria farmacéutica es el principal consumidor de ácido gálico y hay una producción nacional, no se observa un consumo local significativo de ácido gálico debido a la tendencia hacia la importación de medicamentos, en consecuencia, hemos considerado el destino de la producción a los mercados extranjeros que tiene un mayor consumo e incremento de la demanda. Finalmente, realizamos la evaluación de la viabilidad financiera del plan considerando un periodo de crecimiento de 10 años y satisfaciendo los objetivos de participación de mercado y rentabilidad deseada.
Gallic acid is extracted from Tara powder. Tara is a fruit cultivated throughout Peru. Gallic acid is mainly used in the health area where its application has contributed in studies to achieve a progress on treatments of several diseases. According to Wise Guy Reports consultant, the worldwide consumption of gallic acid during 2019 was estimated in 58 million dollars with a potential growth of 90 million dollars towards 2024. The highest consumption occurs in North America, Europe, China and South America markets. The biggest gallic acid producer is china where find the top 10 producers, such as Jiurui Biology, Bei Yuan Chemical and, Hunan Linong. Peru is the world’s main producer of Tara, from which Tara powder is extracted, input used to obtain gallic acid. The production of Tara is performed on different regions of the country, which allows access to the raw material directly from the producer to the companies that produce an export Tara powder, making possible to access to competitive prices. The pharmaceutical industry is the main consumer of gallic acid. Although, there is a national production of medicines, there is also a strong trend towards imports. Consequently, gallic acid producers direct their production to foreign markets that show a greater consumption and an increased demand and from where medicines are imported.
Trabajo de investigación

La industria de las aves de corral utiliza carotenoides para mejorar la pigmentación de productos, tales como pollos y huevos, en parte, para satisfacer las preferencias del consumidor por la pigmentación de la piel de pollo y de la yema en tonos anaranjados. Las materias primas utilizadas en las formulaciones de alimentos de pollos y gallinas no son capaces de proporcionar cantidades suficientes de carotenoides para alcanzar la pigmentación de la piel y de la yema suficiente para satisfacer las demandas de los consumidores. Por lo tanto, la industria avícola utiliza pigmentos como aditivos para piensos. Estos pueden ser de origen natural o sintético y en las proporciones adecuadas de los ingredientes clave se puede alcanzar el color deseado. A partir del maíz blanco de Sudáfrica M37W carente de carotenoides en la UdL se ha creado por ingeniería genética una variedad (M37W Ph3) que acumula altos niveles de β-caroteno, licopeno, luteína α- criptoxantina y zeaxantina. M37W Ph3 se ha utilizado en este estudio para probar la hipótesis de que el maíz fortificado genéticamente puede suministrar los aditivos de color en la alimentación en una forma biodisponible. En los experimentos descritos en esta tesis hemos observado efectos significativos en términos de pigmentación en la piel, la carne de pechuga y muslo, crestas, patas, grasa y otros órganos en los animales criados con dietas suplementadas con maíz fortificado. No se observaron efectos negativos sobre la salud de los pollos alimentados con cualquiera de las dietas experimentales. Los hígados de las aves alimentadas con la dieta rica en carotenoides acumulan casi el doble de la cantidad de retinol en comparación con los de la dieta control. La bolsa de Fabricio, que normalmente se atrofia a medida que avanza la edad de los animales fue mayor en los animales criados con el maíz M37W-Ph3. También se deseó determinar si los animales criados con una dieta alta en carotenoides podrían ser protegidos en todo o en parte, después de la infección con Eimeria tenella, un parásito que causa coccidiosis. Curiosamente se observó una disminución significativa de la excreción de ooquistes de coccidios en las heces. Esto fue concomitante con una disminución en la gravedad de la dermatitis plantar y las lesiones ulcerosas digitales posteriores al desafío de E. tenella.
La indústria avícola utilitza carotenoides per millorar la pigmentació de productes, com ara pollastres i ous, en part, per satisfer les preferències del consumidor per la pigmentació de la pell de pollastre i del rovell en tons ataronjats. Les matèries primeres utilitzades en les formulacions d'aliments de pollastres i gallines no són capaços de proporcionar quantitats suficients de carotenoides per assolir la pigmentació de la pell i del rovell suficient per satisfer les demandes dels consumidors. Per tant, la indústria avícola utilitza pigments com a additius per a pinsos. Aquests poden ser d'origen natural o sintètic i en les proporcions adequades dels ingredients clau es pot aconseguir el color desitjat. A partir del blat de moro blanc de Sud-àfrica M37W sense carotenoides a la UdL s'ha creat per enginyeria genètica una varietat (M37W Ph3) que acumula alts nivells de β- carotè, licopè, luteïna α-criptoxantina i zeaxantina. M37W Ph3 s'ha utilitzat en aquest estudi per provar la hipòtesi que el blat de moro fortificat genèticament pot subministrar els additius de color a l'alimentació en una forma biodisponible. En els experiments descrits en aquesta tesi hem observat efectes significatius en termes de pigmentació a la pell, la carn de pit i cuixa, crestes, potes, greix i altres òrgans en els animals criats amb dietes suplementades amb blat de moro fortificat. No es van observar efectes negatius sobre la salut dels pollastres alimentats amb qualsevol de les dietes experimentals. Els fetges de les aus alimentades amb la dieta rica en carotenoides acumulen gairebé el doble de la quantitat de retinol en comparació amb els de la dieta control. La borsa de Fabricio, que normalment degenera a mesura que avança l'edat dels animals va ser més gran en els animals criats amb el blat de moro M37W-Ph3. També es va desitjar determinar si els animals criats amb una dieta alta en carotenoides podrien ser protegits en tot o en part, després de la infecció amb Eimeria tenella, un paràsit que causa coccidiosi. Curiosament es va observar una disminució significativa de l'excreció d'ooquists de coccidis en la femta. Aquest va ser concomitant amb una disminució en la gravetat de la dermatitis plantar i les lesions ulceroses digitals posteriors al desafiament d'E tenella.
The poultry industry utilizes carotenoids to enhance the pigmentation of products such as chickens and eggs in part to satisfy consumer preferences for yellow chicken skin and orange yolk pigmentation. The raw materials used in poultry feed formulations are unable to provide sufficient amounts of carotenoids to achieve the skin and yolk pigmentation levels to meet consumers’ demands. Therefore, the poultry industry uses pigments as feed additives. These can be of natural origin or synthetic and in the appropriate proportions of key ingredients the desired color can be achieved. The South African white maize inbred M37W is devoid of carotenoids but a genetically engineered derivative, created at the UdL (M37W-Ph3) accumulates high levels of β-carotene, lycopene, lutein α-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin. M37W-Ph3 has been used in this study to test the hypothesis that genetically fortified maize can supply the feed color additives in a bioavailable form. . In the experiments described in this thesis we observed dramatic effects in terms of the pigmentation in the skin, breast and thigh meat, crests, shanks, fat and other organs in animals reared on supplemented diets with the biofortified maize. No negative effects on the health of the chickens fed on any of the experimental diets were observed. The livers of birds fed on the high-carotenoid diet accumulated nearly double the amount of retinol compared to those on the control diet. The Bursa of Fabricius which normally degenerates as the animal matures was bigger in animals reared on the biofortified M37W-Ph3 maize. We also wished to ascertain if animals reared on the high carotenoid diet might be protected fully or in part following infection with Eimeria tenella, a causal parasite for coccidiocis. Interestingly a significant decrease of coccidia oocysts excretion in the feces was observed. This was concomitant with a decrease in the severity of foot pad dermatitis and digital ulcer lesions following the E. tenella challenge.

Proyecto Integrador (II)--FCEFN-UNC, 2015
Muestra un procedimiento sencillo para obtener buena calidad de compost sin contaminar el ambiente. La alternativa es un proceso aeróbico en el cual se generan bacterias que necesitan oxígeno para trabajar.

La elaboración de aceite de oliva produce residuos que poseen alta carga orgánica, que provoca un problema de contaminación cuando se vuelcan sin tratamiento previo a cauces públicos y/o terrenos. Por otro lado, los sistemas intensivos de producción avícola crean problemas de polución, por acumulación de estiércol que se deposita en el suelo y/o agua, sin tratamiento. La ventaja de codigerir éstos residuos permite la neutralización del pH, además, la gallinaza es fuente de nutrientes para los microorganismos intervinientes en la biodigestión. El objetivo de este trabajo, es estudiar la evolución de la codigestión anaerobia de los residuos orgánicos anteriormente mencionados, mediante dos ensayos de laboratorio a distintas escalas. Por un lado, se evaluó la capacidad generadora de biogás de residuos de la industria oleícola mendocina empleando como sustratos, alpechín (A) y torta residual (T) de la fábrica experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y como cosustrato guano de gallina (G). La biodigestión se llevó a cabo en jeringas de 60 mL de capacidad, en las que se incorporó una mezcla en partes iguales de A o T y G se incubaron a 35 ± 2 ºC. Por otro lado, en una segunda etapa del ensayo, se llevó a cabo la codigestión anaerobia empleando Alperujo (Ap) y Guano de Gallina (G) en digestores de 250 mL de capacidad, con distintas proporciones de sustrato. La temperatura de trabajo fué de 35± 2 ºC. Se determinó en ambos ensayos, Sólidos Totales, Sólidos Volátiles, C. E. y pH. Se concluyó que tanto la torta como el alpechín y alperujo, pueden producir biogás cuando se someten a codigestión anaeróbica con guano de gallina. Además de la ventaja de producir metano, como una fuente de energía renovable, se disminuye la contaminación ambiental, en respuesta al problema planteado en el territorio.
Fil: Carrasco, Emmanuel. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias.

Les recherches menées sur les amphores gauloises depuis plus de trente ans ont livré d’abondantes données sur la production et le commerce de ces conteneurs. Toutefois la spécificité de l’implantation des ateliers de Narbonnaise, dans l’arrière-pays plutôt que près des ports et sur le littoral, semblait constituer une anomalie, au regard de l’organisation de la fabrication des amphores dans les autres provinces de l’Empire. L’hypothèse d’une lacune des découvertes a été étayée par les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques conduites sur des conteneurs mis au jour dans les centres de consommation en dehors de la Province. Elles ont montré que certains secteurs, comme la vallée du Rhône, comportaient une concentration d’officines beaucoup plus élevée que ne le laissait paraître les vestiges identifiés.Cette thèse a donc pour objectif de prendre en compte l’importance du littoral et des ports quant à elle de la production des amphores de Narbonnaise entre la fin du Ier s. av. J.-C. et le IVe s. ap. J.-C. en se basant sur l’étude de la très riche documentation fournie par les opérations archéologiques terrestres et subaquatiques menées dans les ports et les établissements littoraux.Ce travail porte sur le mobilier publié et inédit livré par l’ensemble des ateliers, des dépotoirs portuaires et des contextes de consommation urbains du littoral compris entre Narbonne et Antibes. Ce corpus est rassemblé dans un catalogue répartissant les sites entre sept secteurs définis par leur géographie et qui constituent autant d’ensembles micro-régionaux ou régionaux cohérents.L’analyse des données présentées dans le catalogue et leur mise en perspective avec la documentation publiée des sites de l’arrière-pays et des contextes extra-régionaux montre que le nombre d’ateliers dans ce secteur était largement sous-évalué. En effet, dix nouvelles officines ont été identifiées grâce à la mise en place d’une méthodologie corrélant les données fournies par les prospections et les fouilles aux études céramologiques et archéométriques. En outre, l’étude met en évidence que les fabriques implantées dans les agglomérations portuaires dominent l’approvisionnement des marchés extra-régionaux. Elle montre également que les officines littorales résistent mieux au déclin de la viticulture spéculative à partir de la seconde moitié du IIe s. que celles de l’arrière-pays. Enfin, la comparaison des différentes zones de production de la côte témoigne d’une hiérarchie entre celles-ci résultant de leur position au centre ou davantage à la marge des courants commerciaux de l’Occident romain. Ainsi, Arles et la basse vallée du Rhône dominent les autres régions. Les amphores de ce territoire sont exportées vers le nord de la Gaule ou Rome. Les officines de Marseille, et dans une moindre mesure celles du reste de la Provence, sont également dynamiques et leurs productions sont massivement exportées vers Ostie. Les amphores vinaires du Languedoc sont davantage diffusées régionalement, en particulier celles de la cité de Nîmes. Le principal débouché du vin languedocien demeure toutefois inconnu.Enfin, les nouveaux acquis sur la typo-chronologie des amphores gauloises confirment une étroite relation entre la diversité morphologique des productions de Narbonnaise, la qualité des crus conditionnés en amphores, et la destination de ces conteneurs.Ce travail apporte de nouveaux éléments témoignant de l’importance de l’étude des amphores de Narbonnaise pour la compréhension de l’économie de cette province durant l’Antiquité. L’analyse de ces emballages perdus révèle ainsi une organisation extrêmement rationalisée de cet artisanat qui répond à des circuits de distribution sans doute plus diversifiés qu’on ne le supposait
The researches on amphorae of Narbonensis, for more than thirty years, has provided abundant data on the production and trade of these containers. However, the specificity of the implantation of the Narbonensis’ workshops, in the hinterland rather than near the harbours and on the coast, seemed to constitute an anomaly, considering the organization of the manufacture of amphorae in the other provinces of the Empire. The hypothesis of a hiatus in the discoveries was supported by the results of physico-chemical analysis carried out on containers uncovered in centers of consumption, located outside the Province. The outcome indicated that some of sectors, such as the Rhone valley, had a much higher concentration of workshops than the identified vestiges showed.The aim of this thesis is to take account to the importance of the littoral and ports in the production of the amphorae of Narbonensis, between the end of the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. It was based on a study of the very rich documentation provided by land and underwater archaeological operations in the ports and coastal settlements.This work concerns the published and unpublished furniture delivered by all the workshops, harbour’s dumps and urban consumption’s contexts of the littoral between Narbonne and Antibes. This corpus is gathered in a catalog that divides the sites into seven sectors defined by their geography and which constitute so many coherent micro-regional or regional sets.The analysis of the data presented in the catalog and the published data of hinterland sites and extra-regional contexts shows that the number of workshops in this area was largely undervalued. In fact, ten new workshop have been identified by the establishment of a methodology who combine the data provided by the prospecting operations and the excavations with the ceramological and archaeometrical studies. In addition, the study indicates that the factories located in the harbour’s agglomerations dominate the supply of extra-regional markets. It also shows that coastal workshops are more resistant to the decline of speculative viticulture from the second half of the second century, than those of the hinterland. Finally, the comparison of the various production’s zones on the coast reveals a hierarchy between them, resulting from their position in the center, or more, at the margin of the commercial currents of the Empire. Thus, Arles and the lower Rhone valley dominate the other regions. The amphorae of this territory are exported to the north of Gaul or Rome. The factories of Marseille, and, to a lesser extent, those of the rest of Provence, are also dynamic and their production is massively exported to Ostia. The wine amphorae of Languedoc are more widely diffused regionally, especially those of the city of Nîmes. However, the main outlet for Languedoc wine remains unknown.Finally, new acquisitions on the typo-chronology of Narbonensis’ amphorae confirm a close relationship between the morphological diversity of Narbonensis' productions, the quality of the wines, and the destination of these containers.This work brings new evidences of the importance of the study of the Narbonensis’ amphorae for understanding the economy of this province during the Antiquity. The analysis of these lost packaging reveals an extremely rationalized organization of this craft, which responds to distribution channels that are probably more diversified than was supposed

Aujourd’hui les réacteurs d’irradiations technologiques (MTR) ont un rôle de premier plan pour l’industrie du nucléaire. Dans les réacteurs d’irradiation les niveaux de flux neutroniques et photoniques sont très importants. Un des besoins cruciaux des mesures en MTR est la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif de détection de rayonnement, précis, sélectif, fiable et robuste dans les conditions extrêmes de flux neutroniques et photoniques, et de températures élevées. Les semi-conducteurs à grande bande d’énergie interdite tels que le carbure de silicium (SiC) le diamant et le nitrure de gallium (GaN) possèdent des propriétés remarquables en termes de tenue en température et de résistance aux radiations. Cette thèse a pour principal objectif la comparaison des performances des détecteurs de neutrons dont les parties sensibles sont faites de carbure de silicium (SiC) avec celles des détecteurs basés sur le diamant pour la mesure de neutrons en conditions d’irradiation identiques. Pour cela nous avons réalisé les essais d’irradiation dans le réacteur de recherche de type maquette critique MINERVE au CEA Cadarache. Nous avons également testé les capteurs pour la détection des neutrons rapides de 14 MeV afin d’investiguer la future possibilité de mesurer en ligne des flux de neutrons rapides notamment pour les besoins de la fusion nucléaire (projet ITER). L’ensemble de ces travaux contribue à l’amélioration de la fonctionnalité du détecteur de neutrons en SiC, qui peut être augmentée en intégrant le détecteur à une électronique adaptée et aux outils spécifiques pour l’analyse du signal développés dans le cadre de cette thèse
Nowadays, the material testing reactors (MTR) are playing a crucial role for nuclear industry. The research reactors allow carrying out the research on material damage and nuclear fuel advanced studies. Harsh radiation environment near the nuclear reactor core requires the radiation detectors to be resistant to high radiation level and high temperature. Neutron radiation detector for nuclear reactor applications plays an important role in getting information about the actual neutron flux. Most suitable semiconductors for harsh environment applications are SiC and diamond thanks to their outstanding properties. The aim of this thesis is to compare the ability of these two semi-conductors to detect neutrons. For this purpose, the neutron irradiation tests of detectors were implemented at MINERVE nuclear research reactor at CEA Cadarache. In this work we also studied the response of both materials to 14 MeV neutron beam with the prospect for future applications for fusion facilities. This work helps to improve the SiC-based detector characterization. The functionality of this detector could be enhanced by integrating it with appropriate radiation resistant electronics and tools for the signal analysis which was developed in the frame of this thesis

L'étude a consisté à effectuer l'inventaire, dans l'actuel département des Alpes-Maritimes, des sites archéologiques ayant produit de l'huile d'olive et du vin et à établir le catalogue des mobiliers dédiés à ces productions. A fin 2015, 70 sites ont été répertoriés, comportant 250 éléments de mobiliers appartenant principalement à des installations de pressage, ainsi qu'à quelques moulins à broyer les olives de type mola olearia, qui ont fait chacun l'objet d'une fiche. Les installations de pressage ont connu leur plus fort développement au début de l'Empire romain. Alors que la plupart des installations vinicoles cessent de produire au IIe siècle ap. J.-C. ou au début du IIIe siècle, , la production d'huile d'olive, après un ralentissement au IIIe s., est relancée au Bas-Empire, jusqu'à l'Antiquité tardive. Cette étude donne un premier aperçu global des aspects technologiques et économiques des productions d'huile d'olive et de vin dans la région
This work presents a catalogue of archeological sites and equipments related to the production of olive oil and wine in the present Département des Alpes-Maritimes. By the end of 2015, 70 sites had been indexed, including 250 archeological items , mostly concerning pressing facilities and some crushing mills (molae oleariae); all of which have been recorded on individual data sheets. The major development of the rural press settlements was found at the beginning of the Roman Empire. While most wineries stopped producing during the 2nd century A.C. or in the early 3rd century, the production of olive oil, after a slowing down in the 3rd century, experienced a revival during the Low Empire and until the Late Antiquity. The analysis has given a global first insight into the economic and technological dimensions of olive oil and wine production in the region

碩士
雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
96
Gallium Arsenide had some characteristic, including high frequency, high electronic mobility, so gallium arsenide is better than other semiconductor. Gallium Arsenide widely apply in many products, such as Light Emitting Diode, Integrated Circuit and Microwave, Hence it also produces a lot of hazardous wastes. This research aims to the recovery of gallium and arsenic from waste gallium arsenide with hydrometallurgial methods and annealing process. The hydrometallurgial methods includes leaching, coagulation ; and the dry type process includes annealing method, vacuum separation and sublimation by heating. This study shows that Ga and As can be leached with 4N HNO3 (solid/liquid: 3g/100mL; leaching time: 30 minutes; ambient temperatures) to obtain a 100% recovery of Ga and As. The pH of leaching solution is 0.1, then it adjusts pH to 3 with NaOH, controlling circuit potential at 0.5mV, adding Na2S(6.3g/0.1L) and the rejection of arsenic is 90%. Another method is that pH adjust to 2 and 11 with NaOH, controlling temperature to 90℃, adding FeO(OH) (As/Fe=1:10) and the rejection of arsenic are 55%, 42% but gallium will be also precipitated together with Arsenic. Leaching solution (solid /liquid: 10g/100mL royal water) is adjusted pH to 4~5 with NaOH, then the gallium arsenide can be precipitated. These precipitate is heating to 300℃, then the rejection of arsenic is 50% and 25% gallium also coprecipitated. The gallium arsenide powder is heated to 1000℃, 3hrs, then the rejection of arsenic is 100% and obtain about 92.6% gallium. The product is Ga2O3, its’ purity is 99.9% and recovery is 92.6%. Arsenic is volatilizing by 1000℃, then condensing and the purity of As2O3 is 99.2%. Dissolving Ga2O3 powder and electrolyzing with electric current of 4A for 3 hours. The recovery of Ga is 95.9% and the purity is 99.9%.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
93
There is approximatly 0.0015 % of gallium concentration in the earth. The Gallium metal chemical compound is can react with the Sulphur , Selenium , Tellurium , Phosphorus , Arsenic , and Antimony under high temperature; resulting chemical compound including high frequency , high electron person who move and characteristic such as being with low noise that produce, so receive the extensive application of electronic science and technology industry . Through the scarce Gallium metal retrieving , can sell then obtain profits. The ones that produce grind the mud all with solidification and bury the way to deal with at present. There is no proper Gallium metal that retrieve treatment technology and organization yet at home. If it is improper to be dealed with, may influence the environment to be very huge . So, as regards economic worth and environmental impact, the Gallium metal offal needs retrieving and dealing with badly. Bake the universe and procedure of grinding , dehydrating to bake the universe , acid to dissolve appearing , zinc replacement , retrieving electrolytically etc. to the offal of electron industry and Gallium metal mainly in this research, retrieve the scarce Gallium metal, retrieve the goal utilized again in order to avoid polluting the environment and reaching offals. And study and probe into the electron industry Gallium metal and retrieve the method . According to achievement of this research, the acid is dissolved, choosing 4N nitric acid and 4N sulphuric acid as dissolving out the thickness bestly separately, it is lowest that can drop the consumption to , and can reach the greatest result of dissolving . The Zinc replaces the experiment , when the nitric acid dissolves the liquid in 2.5 A, it is relatively good in purity to add 20 g of electrolytic efficiency of zinc and finished product; In 5 A, it is relatively good to add 20 g of electrolytic efficiency of Zinc. The sulphuric acid does not have obvious difference. Electrolytic result, the nitric acid dissolves the liquid and controls temperature in 20℃ when being electrolytic, the electrolytic result is better than to have no temperature of controlling. Different ampere is electrolytic, it is all relatively good in purity with electrolytic efficiency of 5A and finished product that the nitric acid dissolves the liquid ; It is relatively good that the sulphuric acid dissolves the liquid with electrolytic efficiency of 5A. Oxidizing gallium producting after being electrolytic, have arsenic metal to remain. Judge tentatively , the nitric acid dissolves the electrolytic finished product of the liquid in order to oxidizeGalliums after being electrolytic; The electrolytic finished product that the sulphuric acid dissolves the liquid is a sulphuric acid gallium. This best research condition of research, dissolve samples for the nitric acid , add 20 g of zinc and D2EPHA, after by 5A the electrolytic,whether make it last Gallium result finished product (the electrolytic to last 61.7% efficiencies, 98.2% of purity ) relatively good. Under the best research condition, 25 g abolish the Gallium sample (55.6% ) , is retrieved 61.7% by the experiment course gallium , get and make and oxidize 8.8 grams of Galliums thickly, its purity is 98.2%, other composition are Lead (1.76% ) and Zinc (0.09% ).

碩士
國立臺灣大學
公共衛生碩士學位學程
104
Gallium arsenide is widely used in the microelectronics industry; workers involved in the cutting, grinding, sandblasting, and cleaning of gallium arsenide wafers may be exposed to gallium arsenide particles, leading to health hazards. This study targeted the health risk assessment of semiconductor industry workers’ exposure to gallium arsenide particles from the manufacture of AlGaInP Light Emitting Diode (LEDs) chips. The health risk assessment process was conducted in four main parts: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Chronic toxicity study found female rats developing alveolar and bronchial cancer when exposed to 0.1 mg/m3 and 1 mg/m3. The concentrations from chronic inhalation studies by NTP (2000) were converted to dosages and entered in the Benchmark Dose software for asssessment; the resulting estimation was 0.02 mg/kg-bw/day with a cancer slope factor (CSF) of 5(mg/kg/day)-1. To account for animal and human inhalation differences, a total uncertainty factor of 100 from inter-species extrapolation factor of 10 and human sensitivity factor of 10 was assigned. The resulting reference concentration and cancer slope factor (CSF) of gallium arsenide in human was 0.05(mg/kg/day)-1. After a walkthrough survey, lithography stations and AlGaInP trimming sations were selected to collect short-term environmental samples to assess workers’ chronic exposure. The calculated cancer risk of exposure to gallium arsenide from working at the manufacturing process was 6.15*10-7; the cancer risk of working at lithography station was 3.91*10-9; AlGaInP trimming station was 1.23*10-6. The cancer risks of exposure to arsenic and gallium were 6.97*10-8 and 1.03*10-7, respectively. The risks were all within the acceptable threshold for occupational risk of10-4.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
105
Different from the limited energy of coal, petroleum and natural gas, as well as hydraulic power generation and nuclear power generation can not supply power stably, solar energy has the characteristic of inexhaustible energy. Taiwan also is located near Tropic of Cancer with sufficient sunshine that extremely suitable for developing photovoltaic industry because of its favorable climate. Global photovoltaic industry grew up rapidly between 1998 and 2008, it is estimated that there will be numerous of waste solar modules and related wastes since 2023. To be sure of the critical material can supply stably and waste modules can be properly recovery; nowadays, waste flow and management of photovoltaic industry become significant issues. The perspectives of this study are from literature analysis and material flow analysis, according to the data of Customs Administration Ministry of Finance and Industrial Development Bureau Ministry of Economic Affairs, consulting manufacturers simultaneously. Conducting material flow analysis for investigating Gallium, Silver and Silicon of photovoltaic industry in Taiwan. Via material flow analysis, it is learned that from 2013 to 2015 total importing quantity of Silicon is 37,586 tons three years, total exporting quantity is 21,161 tons three years, total manufacturing quantity is 7,070 tons three years, and the amounts of waste is 17,994 tons three years. Total importing quantity of Silver is 112 tons three years, total exporting quantity is 158 kilograms three years, and about 1,085 kilograms three years of waste. As for Gallium, total manufacturing quantity is 59 tons three years, total exporting quantity is 3 tons three years, and the amounts of waste Gallium is around 47 tons three years. Currently, the technologies of recovering Gallium, Silver and Silicon still leave much to be desired, it is suggested that reinforcing terminal recycling will keep rare resources effectively for reusing of industry in Taiwan.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
106
Taiwans LED industry market had grown rapidly from 2009 to 2013；in addition, domestic manufacturers aggressive layout LED to replace lighting market and take the preemptive opportunities, so that the output value of Taiwans LED industry increases sharply. However, development of global economic has been pessimistic and lighting market has gradually saturated in recent years, all countries enforce the policy of disabling incandescent lamps, but for rising efficiencyand over production, that over demand and low prices competition lead to LED industrys growth slowly. In addition, it is estimated that a large amount of LED waste will be produced worldwide in the next five to ten years. If it can make sure that the critical materials for LED lighting industry will keep supplying stably and the waste from LED products can be recoveri properly, material flow analysis and management of LED lighting productswill conducive to industrial development. The research method of this study are literature analysis and material flow analysis. According to the data collected from Customs Administration Ministry of Finance, Industrial Development Bureau Ministry of Economic Affairs and manufacturers- consulting, conducting material flow analysis for investigating Gallium, Indium and Yttrium of Taiwans LED industry. The results of the study show that the total importing quantity is 1,952.606 tonnes in Taiwans LED industry, and total manufacturing quantity is 458,868.36 tonnes, volume of export is 403,405.55 tonnes, internal sales volume is 13,045.69 tonnes in 2016. The amount of waste is 351,936.38 tonnes, of which gallium is 3,629.38 tonnes, indium is 141.24 tonnes, and yttrium is 1.52 tonnes. If the waste can be fully recycled, the resource value is 1,352.53 million US dollars and reduce 4,526.57 tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Nowadays, all countries have actively developed waste LED products regeneration technology and established related laws and regulations. Since 2017, the LED lighting products in Taiwan have been brought into recovery regulation. The LED recycling system should be built up in the future so that the rare resources can be used for industry to improve its industrial value.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
工業工程與管理系
100
In times of the rapid development of current information, technology products have been ever changing relentlessly, and in the manufacture production it also constantly attempts to make the better best. On the contrary, while the traditional mass production seeks to reduce cost, it often results in huge inventory. Worse, if the global economy is in the recession, or the competition is stiff resulting in the poor sale for the firm, the excess stock is not a company asset but becomes its big debt. In more than a decade, to cope with this kind of dilemma, the theory of constraints (TOC) is often applied to improving the traditional production management model so that the business production performance can be effectively enhanced. In recent years, the range of the application of the TOC is getting wider, from the early stage of manufacturing industry to the current service industry, the contribution of which is really very huge with respect to cost effectiveness. On the other hand, although the TOC model is enormously used for factory practices, the establishment and application of a complete TOC model is limited. For the complex floor shop production factory, the bottle capacity determines the whole production process capacity. Through the TOC, the capacity can be used to find out the bottle of the whole process. Thus, the rationale of the TOC is through the control and management of the bottle to achieve the output increase, and the stock and operation expenditure reduction. This study aims to use factory practice as a case study, where by building the TOC model, in discussing the factory in the current production management, focusing on the problems encountered, we submit a set of systematic management procedure of TOC, step by step find out the core problems, inspire solution alternatives, and then build a complete implementation plan. In such TOC process, via continual-improving five steps, plus Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) scheduling rule, the capacity of bottleneck process station can be maximized, or the waste can be minimized. In doing so, they can be compared with the traditional scheduling rule to understand the increasing degree of long-term performance of each process. As to this research case, the results show that the production performance has been significantly enhanced by the application of the TOC, which can provide managers for the reference of running business.

碩士
弘光科技大學
職業安全與防災研究所
96
Indium, gallium, and theirs compounds have numerous applications in the high technology industries. Indium and gallium compounds are considered hazardous materials that can be carcinogenic. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, which is a feasible “green” alternative, was applied in this study as a sample pretreatment step for extraction of indium and gallium ions from acidic aqueous solution. The effects of various process parameters, including type of chelating agent, extraction pressure, and temperature, dimensionless CO2 volume, the concentration of the chelating agent, and the pH of the solution, governing the efficiency and throughput of the procedure were systematically investigated. The performance of removal indium combine various chelating agents from different studies indicated that the extraction efficiency by the supercritical CO2 was in the order: piperidinyldithiocarbamic acid (C5H10NCS2H)> thiopyridine (PySH) > thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTAH) > acetylacetone (AcAcH). The optimum pH for supercritical CO2 extraction should fall in the range from 2.0 to 3.0. The optimum molar ratio of chelating agent to gallium(III) ions was found to be 10:1. A value of 7.5 was selected as the optimum dimensionless CO2 volume. It was also revealed that the optimal extraction pressure and temperature for the supercritical CO2 extraction of indium with various chelating agents AcAcH, PySH and C5H10NCS2H were 70℃ 2000 psi, 60℃ 2000 psi, and 60℃ 2000 psi, respectively. The performance of removal gallium combine various chelating agents from different studies indicated that the extraction efficiency of supercritical CO2 was in the order: PySH > TTAH>>AcAcH. The optimal extraction pressure and temperature for the supercritical CO2 extraction of gallium (III) with chelating agent PySH were found to be 70 °C and 3000 psi, respectively. The optimum molar ratio of chelating agent to gallium(III) ions was found to be 10:1. A value of 7.5 was selected as the optimum dimensionless CO2 volume. The optimum pH of the solution for supercritical CO2 extraction should fall in the range of 2.0–3.0. For the synthesis of gallium complex, it was revealed that complex (Ga(AcAcH)3) was play the catalyze rule and make reaction between C5H10NC(S)SH and CH2Cl2.