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Journal articles on the topic 'Gambian women'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Janneh, Fatou. "Gambian Women’s Struggles through Collective Action." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (2021): p41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p41.

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Women have a long history of organizing collective action in The Gambia. Between the 1970s to the 1990s, they were instrumental?to The Gambia’s politics. Yet they?have?held no political power within its government. This paper argues that, since authorities failed to serve women’s interests, Gambian women resorted to using collective action to overcome their challenges through kafoolu and kompins [women’s grassroots organizations] operating in the rural and urban areas. They shifted their efforts towards organizations that focused on social and political change. These women’s organizations grew significantly as they helped women to promote social and economic empowerment. The women cultivated political patronage with male political leaders to achieve their goals. Political leaders who needed popular support to buttress their political power under the new republican government cash in patronage. Thus, this study relies on primary data from oral interviews. Secondary sources such as academic journals, books, and policy reports provide context to the study.

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2

Janson, Marloes. "Male Wives and Female Husbands." Journal of Religion in Africa 46, no. 2-3 (2016): 187–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340084.

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The Tablighi Jamaʻat—a transnational Islamic missionary movement that propagates greater religious devotion and observance in The Gambia—opens the door to a new experience of gendered Muslim piety.Tablighor Islamic missionary work results in novel roles for women, who are now actively involved in the public sphere—a domain usually defined as male. To provide their wives with more time to engage intabligh, Tablighi men share the domestic workload, although this is generally considered ‘women’s work’ in Gambian society. Contrary to the conventional approach in scholarship on gender and Islam to study such inversion of gender roles in terms of Muslim women’s ‘empowerment’ and Muslim men’s ‘emancipation’, in the Gambian branch of the Jamaʻat the reconfiguration of gender norms seems to be motivated by Tablighis’ wish to return to the purported origins of Islam. Following the example of the Prophet’s wives, Tablighi women actively engage intablighand, taking Muhammad as their example, Tablighi men have taken over part of their wives’ household chores. Paradoxically, by reconfiguring gender norms Gambian Tablighis eventually reinstate the patriarchal gender order.

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3

Gulati, R., R. Bailey, A. M. Prentice, B. J. Brabin, and S. Owens. "Haematological effects of multimicronutrient supplementation in non-pregnant Gambian women." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, no. 8 (2009): 970–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.11.

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4

Hawkesworth, S., S. E. Moore, A. J. C. Fulford, et al. "Evidence for metabolic endotoxemia in obese and diabetic Gambian women." Nutrition & Diabetes 3, no. 8 (2013): e83-e83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2013.24.

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5

Lien, Inger-Lise. "The perspectives of Gambian men on the sexuality of cut and uncut women." Sexualities 20, no. 5-6 (2016): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460716675142.

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The aim of the study has been to investigate men’s perspective on the effect of female genital cutting (FGC) on both women and men’s sexual feelings, their sensitivity, well-being and attitudes. Do men perceive any difference between a cut and an uncut woman when it comes to sexuality? If so, how do men understand and interpret the impact of FGC? Will their personal sexual experience have an influence on their attitude to the practice? Is there a mismatch between sexual scripts and personal experience when it comes to FGC? During 2014, 50 Gambian men, Mandinka and Wolof, and eight Mandinka women were interviewed. The interviews had a qualitative and open structure, and the men were asked to compare and assess the effects that they thought FGC had on the women, and on the sexual act itself, as they experienced it. The interviews disclosed that men perceive a difference in the feelings and behaviour expressed by women who are cut and those who are uncut. Their sense of women’s feelings have an impact on their own sexual pleasure, and on their attitude to the practice.

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6

Bailey, R., R. Coleman, B. West, L. Morison, and G. Walraven. "Reproductive tract infection, symptoms and syndromic management in rural gambian women." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 70 (2000): D22—D23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)82565-5.

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7

Willommet, L., Y. Schutz, R. Whitehead, E. Jequier, and E. B. Fern. "Whole body protein metabolism and resting energy expenditure in pregnant Gambian women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 263, no. 4 (1992): E624—E631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.4.e624.

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Whole body protein metabolism and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured at 11, 23, and 33 wk of pregnancy in nine pregnant (not malnourished) Gambian women and in eight matched nonpregnant nonlactating (NPNL) matched controls. Rates of whole body nitrogen flux, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown were determined in the fed state from the level of isotope enrichment of urinary urea and ammonia during a period of 9 h after a single oral dose of [15N]glycine. At regular intervals, REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (hood system). Based on the arithmetic end-product average of values obtained with urea and ammonia, a significant increase in whole body protein synthesis was observed during the second trimester (5.8 +/- 0.4 g.kg-1.day-1) relative to values obtained both for the NPNL controls (4.5 +/- 0.3 g.kg-1.day-1) and those during the first trimester (4.7 +/- 0.3 g.kg-1.day-1). There was a significant rise in REE during the third trimester both in the preprandial and postprandial states. No correlation was found between REE after meal ingestion and the rate of whole body protein synthesis.

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8

Rowland-Jones, Sarah, Julian Sutton, Koya Ariyoshi, et al. "HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cells in HIV-exposed but uninfected Gambian women." Nature Medicine 1, no. 1 (1995): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0195-59.

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9

Aspray, TJ, A. Prentice, Y. Sawo, RM Francis, and J. Reeve. "O5. Bone mineral content decreases with age in elderly rural Gambian women." Bone 15, no. 4 (1994): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90828-1.

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10

Riley, E. M., I. Sambou, B. M. Greenwood, and G. Schneider. "Suppression of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Malaria Antigens in Pregnant Gambian Women." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 40, no. 2 (1989): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1989.40.141.

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11

Castelino, Jovita M., Paula Dominguez-Salas, Michael N. Routledge, et al. "Seasonal and gestation stage associated differences in aflatoxin exposure in pregnant Gambian women." Tropical Medicine & International Health 19, no. 3 (2013): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12250.

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12

Frigerio, C., Y. Schutz, R. Whitehead, and E. Jéquier. "A new procedure to assess the energy requirements of lactation in Gambian women." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 3 (1991): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.3.526.

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13

Prentice, Ann, M. Ann Laskey, Jacquie Shaw, et al. "The calcium and phosphorus intakes of rural Gambian women during pregnancy and lactation." British Journal of Nutrition 69, no. 3 (1993): 885–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930088.

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The Ca and P intakes of 148 pregnant and lactating women in a rural village in The Gambia. West Africa, have been estimated by direct weighing of food on a total of 4188 d. The Ca and P contents of local foods were determined by analysis of raw ingredients, snack foods and prepared dishes. Information about the contribution of mineral-rich seasonings was obtained. Efforts were made to discover unusual sources of Ca that might not be perceived as food by subject or observer. The main contributors to daily Ca intake were shown to be leaves, fish, cereals, groundnuts and local salt. Cow's milk accounted for only 5 % of Ca intake. Unusual sources of Ca were discovered, namely baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit and selected earths, but these were consumed infrequently and their contributions to Ca intakes were small. Cereals and groundnuts were the main sources of P. Ca and P intakes (mg/d) were shown to average 404 (SD 110) and 887 (SD 219) respectively. Seasonal changes in the availability of leaves, cereals and groundnuts resulted in variations in Ca and P intakes. The rainy season was associated with increased Ca intakes (by 16%) but decreased P consumption (by 15%). No difference was observed in Ca intake between pregnant and lactating women but P intake in lactation was 11 % higher than that in pregnancy during the post-harvest season. The implications of these low Ca intakes require investigation.

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14

Prentice, A., LMA Jarjou, TJ Cole, Y. Sawo, S. Darboe, and S. Fairweather-Tai. "P5. Bone mineral changes in rural Gambian women during 18 months of lactation." Bone 15, no. 4 (1994): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90839-7.

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15

Prentice, Ann, Jacquie Shaw, M. Ann Laskey, Tim J. Cole, and David R. Fraser. "Bone mineral content of British and rural Gambian women aged 18–80+ years." Bone and Mineral 12, no. 3 (1991): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-6009(91)90033-v.

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16

Cham, Scholes, Groce, and Mindell. "Prevalence and Predictors of Smoking among Gambian Men: A Cross-Sectional National WHO STEP Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (2019): 4719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234719.

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Background: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the world, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and predictors of smoking among Gambian men using nationally representative data. Methods: Data was collected in 2010 from a random, nationally representative sample of 4111 adults aged 25–64 years (78% response rate) using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise cross-sectional survey methods. Our analyses focused on men with valid information on smoking status (n = 1766) because of the low prevalence of smoking among women (1%). Results: The prevalence of current smoking among men was 31.4% (95% CI: 27.2–35.9). The median age of starting smoking was 19 years; 25% started before the age of 18 years and 10% started aged 8–10 years. Rural residence, underweight, and hypertension were significantly associated with smoking. Conclusion: The study reveals a high prevalence of smoking among Gambian men. It is evident that cigarettes are obtained by minors in The Gambia, as a high proportion of current smokers started at a young age. Advice and support to quit smoking should be extended to all smokers regardless of their age and whether or not they have any underlying health conditions.

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17

Barrow, Amadou, Amienatta Jobe, and Friday Okonofua. "Prevalence and determinants of unmet family planning needs among women of childbearing age in The Gambia: analysis of nationally representative data." Gates Open Research 4 (September 2, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13175.1.

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Background: Family planning is imperative in the control of population growth by preventing unintended pregnancies and reducing other pregnancy-related risks. However, the effectiveness of family planning is constrained by unmet needs. This study determined the proportion and identify factors associated with unmet family planning needs among women of childbearing age in The Gambia. Methods: We utilized cross-sectional population-based Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Gambian women aged 15-49 years in 2013. The outcome measured was the total unmet/met need for FP. The sample comprised 10,233 women aged 15-49 years old. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Of the 10,233 eligible women recruited in the study, the mean age was 27.4±9.1 years while 67.5% were married. Overall, 17.6% of women reported unmet FP need, of whom 14.0% and 3.6% reported unmet birth spacing and birth limitation needs, respectively. The women's age, region, ethnicity, number of live children, number of household/family members, the optimal number of children, and husband/partners’ desire for the children were found as significant determinants of unmet FP needs. Furthermore, breastfeeding has been identified as the key reason for the non-use of FP in mothers. Conclusions: The study findings suggest a need to expand FP programs and related strategic communications especially for younger women in order to improve their contraceptive prevalence. Improving women empowerment and accessibility to FP will help to lessen the current trend towards rising unmet needs in The Gambia.

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18

Barrow, Amadou, Amienatta Jobe, and Friday Okonofua. "Prevalence and determinants of unmet family planning needs among women of childbearing age in The Gambia: analysis of nationally representative data." Gates Open Research 4 (January 22, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13175.2.

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Background: Family planning is imperative in the control of population growth by preventing unintended pregnancies and reducing other pregnancy-related risks. However, the effectiveness of family planning is constrained by unmet needs. This study determined the proportion and identify factors associated with unmet family planning needs among women of childbearing age in The Gambia. Methods: We utilized cross-sectional population-based Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Gambian women aged 15-49 years in 2013. The outcome measured was the total unmet/met need for FP. The sample comprised 10,233 women aged 15-49 years old. Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Of the 10,233 eligible women recruited in the study, the mean age was 27.4±9.1 years while 67.5% were married. Overall, 17.6% of women reported unmet FP need, of whom 14.0% and 3.6% reported unmet birth spacing and birth limitation needs, respectively. The women's age, region, ethnicity, number of live children, number of household/family members, the optimal number of children, and husband/partners’ desire for the children were found as significant determinants of unmet FP needs. Furthermore, breastfeeding has been identified as the key reason for the non-use of FP in mothers. Conclusions: The study findings suggest a need to expand FP programs and related strategic communications especially for younger women in order to improve their contraceptive prevalence. Improving women empowerment and accessibility to FP will help to lessen the current trend towards rising unmet needs in The Gambia.

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19

Green, Toby. "Hassoum Ceesay: Gambian Women: Profiles and Historical Notes. 120 pp. Kanifing, The Gambia: Fulladu Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9983 9926 4 7." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 74, no. 3 (2011): 531–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x11000747.

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20

Heini, A., Y. Schutz, E. Diaz, A. M. Prentice, R. G. Whitehead, and E. Jequier. "Free-living energy expenditure measured by two independent techniques in pregnant and nonpregnant Gambian women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 261, no. 1 (1991): E9—E17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.1.e9.

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Free-living energy expenditure (EE) was assessed in 37 young pregnant Gambian women at the 12th (n = 11, 53.5 +/- 1.7 kg), 24th (n = 14, 54.7 +/- 2.1 kg), and 36th (n = 12, 65.0 +/- 2.6 kg) wk of pregnancy and was compared with nonpregnant nonlactating (NPNL) control women (n = 12, 50.3 +/- 1.6 kg). The following two methods were used to assess EE: 1) the heart rate (HR) method using individual regression lines (HR vs EE) established at different activity levels in a respiration chamber and 2) the doubly labeled water (2H2(18)O) method in a subgroup of 25 pregnant and 7 control women. With the HR method the EE during the agricultural rainy season was found to be 2,408 +/- 87, 2,293 +/- 122, and 2,782 +/- 130 kcal/day at 12, 24, and 36 wk of gestation and were not significantly different from the control group (2,502 +/- 133 kcal/day). These findings were confirmed by the 2H2(18)O measurements, which failed to show any effect of pregnancy on EE. Expressed per unit body weight, the free-living EE was found to be lower (P less than 0.01 with 2H2(18)O method) at 36 wk of gestation than in the NPNL group. It is concluded that, in these Gambian women, energy-sparing mechanisms that contribute to meet the additional energy stress of gestation are operating during pregnancy (e.g., diminished spontaneous physical activity).

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21

Bates, Christopher, Neal Matthews, Beryl West, Linda Morison, and Gijs Walraven. "Plasma Carotenoid and Vitamin E Concentrations in Women Living in a Rural West African (Gambian) Community." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, no. 3 (2002): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.72.3.133.

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Vitamin E and carotenoid pigments are important nutrients for the maintenance of health and protection of tissues against free radical damage. They also play a potential role in disease-risk-prediction and -protection, but little is known about their physiological and sociodemographic correlates and determinants, especially in a West African context. As part of a study of reproductive health in rural Gambian women, blood samples were obtained from 1286 women aged 15 to 54 years, living in the Farafenni area of The Gambia. Measurement of two forms of vitamin E and six carotenoids in plasma was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. All eight components, but especially the carotenoids: lycopene, alpha- and beta-carotene, exhibited a major seasonal variation, with maximum levels between May and July, corresponding to the end of the “mango” season and the beginning of the “rainy” season. Only the tocopherols varied significantly (increasing) with age. Several unexpected ethnic group differences were observed, and canthaxanthin was present at lower concentrations in women with manual occupations, compared to those with non-manual occupations. There were also significant differences associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially for the tocopherols, but fewer differences associated with marital status. The observed patterns confirm that there are important seasonal, physiological, possibly genetic, and sociodemographic determinants of these nutrients in blood plasma, which may have significance for health and longevity

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22

Mace, Ruth, and Alexandra Alvergne. "Female reproductive competition within families in rural Gambia." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (2012): 2219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2424.

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Many studies show that the extended human family can be helpful in raising offspring, with maternal grandmothers, in particular, improving offspring survival. However, less attention has been given to competition between female kin and co-residents. It has been argued that reproductive conflict between generations explains the evolution of menopause in cooperatively breeding species where females disperse, and that older females are related to the offspring of younger females through their sons, whereas younger, incoming females are unrelated to older females. This means the pattern of help will be asymmetric, so older females lose in reproductive conflict and become ‘sterile helpers'. Here, we seek evidence for female reproductive competition using longitudinal demographic data from a rural Gambian population, and examine when women are helping or harming each other's reproductive success. We find that older women benefit and younger women suffer costs of reproductive competition with women in their compound. But the opposite is found for mothers and daughters; if mother and daughter's reproductive spans overlap, the older woman reduces her reproduction if the younger woman (daughter) reproduces, whereas daughters' fertility is unaffected by their mothers' reproduction. Married daughters are not generally co-resident with their mothers, so we find not only competition effects with co-resident females, but also with daughters who have dispersed. Dispersal varies across human societies, but our results suggest reproductive conflict could be influencing reproductive scheduling whatever the dispersal pattern. A cultural norm of late male marriage reduces paternal grandmother/daughter-in-law reproductive overlap almost to zero in this population. We argue that cultural norms surrounding residence and marriage are themselves cultural adaptations to reduce reproductive conflict between generations in human families.

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23

Sawo, Y., L. M. A. Jarjou, G. R. Goldberg, M. A. Laskey, and A. Prentice. "Bone mineral changes after lactation in Gambian women accustomed to a low calcium intake." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, no. 11 (2013): 1142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.162.

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24

Lawrence, M., F. Lawrence, W. H. Lamb, and R. G. Whitehead. "Maintenance Energy Cost of Pregnancy in Rural Gambian Women and Influence of Dietary Status." Studies in Family Planning 16, no. 3 (1985): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1967023.

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25

Aspray, Terence J., Liya Yan, and Ann Prentice. "Parathyroid hormone and rates of bone formation are raised in perimenopausal rural Gambian women." Bone 36, no. 4 (2005): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2005.01.002.

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26

Reiches, Meredith W., Sophie E. Moore, Andrew M. Prentice, and Peter T. Ellison. "Endocrine responses, weight change, and energy sparing mechanisms during Ramadan among Gambian adolescent women." American Journal of Human Biology 26, no. 3 (2014): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22531.

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27

Prentice, Ann, Landing M. A. Jarjou, Dorothy M. Stirling, Rochelle Buffenstein, and Susan Fairweather-Tait. "Biochemical Markers of Calcium and Bone Metabolism during 18 Months of Lactation in Gambian Women Accustomed to a Low Calcium Intake and in Those Consuming a Calcium Supplement1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83, no. 4 (1998): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.4.4737.

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The effect of 18 months of lactation on indexes of calcium and bone metabolism was studied in 60 Gambian women accustomed to a very low calcium intake. Half the women consumed a calcium supplement from 10 days postpartum for 52 weeks (supplement, 714 mg Ca/day; total Ca intake, 992 ± 114 mg/day), and half consumed placebo (total Ca intake, 288 ± 128 mg/day). Fasting blood and 24-h urine samples were collected at 1.5, 13, 52, and 78 weeks of lactation and analyzed for calciotropic hormones (intact PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and calcitonin), bone turnover markers (osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, and urinary deoxypyridinoline), and plasma minerals (calcium and phosphate). The first months of lactation were associated with increased bone turnover and plasma phosphate, and decreased PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. These effects diminished by 52 weeks, although breast milk volumes remained high. The Gambians had higher PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and bone formation than British women with a greater customary calcium intake. None of the biochemical indexes was affected by calcium supplementation, with the possible exception of bone alkaline phosphatase (−29% at 52 weeks; P = 0.015). These data demonstrate that lactation-associated changes in calcium and bone metabolism are physiological and are independent of dietary calcium supply in women with very low calcium intakes.

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28

XU, YA, ANDREW DOEL, SINEAD WATSON, et al. "Study of an Educational Hand Sorting Intervention for Reducing Aflatoxin B1 in Groundnuts in Rural Gambia." Journal of Food Protection 80, no. 1 (2016): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-152.

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ABSTRACTAflatoxin, a human liver carcinogen, frequently contaminates groundnuts, maize, rice, and other grains, especially in Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention that involved training rural Gambian women on how to identify and remove moldy groundnuts to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination. In total, 25 women, recruited from the West Kiang region of The Gambia, were trained on how to recognize and remove moldy groundnuts. Market-purchased groundnuts were hand sorted by the women. Groundnuts were sampled at baseline (n =5), after hand sorting (“clean,” n =25 and “moldy,” n =25), and after roasting (n =5). All samples were analyzed for AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A reduction of 42.9% was achieved based on the median AFB1 levels at baseline and after hand sorting (clean groundnuts), whereas an alternative estimate, based on the total AFB1 in moldy and clean groundnuts, indicated a reduction of 96.7%, with a loss of only 2% of the groundnuts. By roasting the already clean sorted groundnuts, the AFB1 reduction achieved (based on median levels) was 39.3%. This educational intervention on how to identify and remove moldy groundnuts was simple and effective in reducing AFB1 contamination.

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29

Yan, Liya, Ann Prentice, Bakary Dibba, Landing M. A. Jarjou, Dorothy M. Stirling, and Susan Fairweather-Tait. "The effect of long-term calcium supplementation on indices of iron, zinc and magnesium status in lactating Gambian women." British Journal of Nutrition 76, no. 6 (1996): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19960089.

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The effect of long-term supplementation with CaCO3 on indices of Fe, Zn and Mg status was investigated in a randomized, double-blind intervention study of sixty lactating Gambian women. The supplement contained 1000 mg Ca and was consumed between meals 5 d/week, for 1 year starting 1.5 weeks postpartum. Compliance was 100%. Plasma ferritin concentration, plasma Zn concentration and urinary Mg output were measured before, during and after supplementation at 1.5, 13, 52 and 78 weeks postpartum. No significant differences in mineral status were observed at any time between women in the supplement and placebo group. Analysis of the longitudinal data series showed that plasma ferritin and Mg excretion were characteristic of the indivdiual (P < 0·001). Within individuals, ferritin concentration was higher at 1.5 weeks postpartum than later in lactation (P = 0.002). Plasma Zn concentration was lower at 1.5 weeks postpartum than at other tima (P < 0·001), an effect which disappeared after albumin correction. Low plasma concentrations of ferritin and Zn indicated that the Gambian women were at high risk of Fe and Zn deficiency. Measurements of α1-antichymotrypsin suggested that the results were not confounded by acute-phase responses. The results of the present study indicate that 1000 mg Ca as CaCO3 given between meals does not deleteriously affect plasma ferritin and Zn concentrations or urinary Mg excretion in women who are at risk of Fe and Zn deficiency

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30

Richards, Anna A., Momodou K. Darboe, Kate Tilling, George Davey Smith, Andrew M. Prentice, and Debbie A. Lawlor. "Breast milk sodium content in rural Gambian women: between- and within-women variation in the first 6 months after delivery." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 24, no. 3 (2010): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01111.x.

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31

Greenwood, A. M., C. Menendez, J. Todd, and B. M. Greenwood. "The distribution of birth weights in Gambian women who received malaria chemoprophylaxis during their first pregnancy and in control women." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, no. 3 (1994): 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(94)90094-9.

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32

Le Doare, K., S. Jarju, S. Darboe, et al. "Risk factors for Group B Streptococcus colonisation and disease in Gambian women and their infants." Journal of Infection 72, no. 3 (2016): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2015.12.014.

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33

Allal, N., R. Sear, A. M. Prentice, and R. Mace. "An evolutionary model of stature, age at first birth and reproductive success in Gambian women." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271, no. 1538 (2004): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2623.

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34

Singh, J., A. M. Prentice, E. Diaz, et al. "Energy expenditure of Gambian women during peak agricultural activity measured by the doubly-labelled water method." British Journal of Nutrition 62, no. 2 (1989): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890033.

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The doubly-labelled water (2H218O) method was used to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) in ten non-pregnant, non-lactating (NPNL), six pregnant (P) and fourteen lactating (L) women in a rural Gambian community. Measurements were made on free-living subjects at a period of peak energetic stress when high agricultural work loads coincided with a hungry season to induce moderately severe negative energy balance. TEE averaged 10.42 (SD 2.08) MJ/d, equivalent to 1.95 (SD 0.38) times resting metabolic rate (RMR). The energy cost of physical activity plus thermogenesis, derived as TEE – RMR, averaged 4.94 (SD 1.96) MJ/d. Expressed per kg body-weight (103 kJ/kg per d) this component of expenditure was 2.5 times greater than comparative values from inactive, affluent women studied previously (39 kJ/kg per d). Estimated energy intake (EI) in a subset of the women (n 13) was only 4.80 (SD 1.58) MJ/d, yielding an apparent deficit of 6.08 MJ/d between EI and TEE. Weight changes suggested that endogenous fat oxidation accounted for only about 0.85 MJ/d, leaving an unexplained difference of over 5 MJ/d. Critical analysis of possible errors suggests that the new doubly-labelled water method has provided the most reliable estimates and that the estimates of EI were substantially in error. This finding has important consequences for other food intake studies.

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Jobarteh, Modou Lamin, Sophie Moore, Christine Kennedy, Lorraine Gambling, and Harry J. McArdle. "The effect of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on placental transporter expression in placentas from Gambian women." Placenta 34, no. 9 (2013): A81—A82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.241.

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Poppitt, S. D., A. M. Prentice, E. Jéquier, Y. Schutz, and R. G. Whitehead. "Evidence of energy sparing in Gambian women during pregnancy: a longitudinal study using whole-body calorimetry." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, no. 3 (1993): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/57.3.353.

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Spain, P. L., and J. A. McDivitt. "Continuous and Non-continuous Use of WSS Solution for Oral Rehydration Therapy among Rural Gambian Women." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 34, no. 2 (1988): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/34.2.88.

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Aspray, Terence J., Ann Prentice, Timothy J. Cole, Yankuba Sawo, Jonathon Reeve, and Roger M. Francis. "Low bone mineral content is common but osteoporotic fractures are rare in elderly rural Gambian women." Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11, no. 7 (2009): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.5650110720.

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Sear, Rebecca. "The impact of reproduction on gambian women: Does controlling for phenotypic quality reveal costs of reproduction?" American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132, no. 4 (2007): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20558.

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Wannamakok, Wisuwat, Oumie Sissokho, and Trevor G. Gates. "Human rights and education for Gambian young women during COVID-19: Recommendations for social policy and practice." International Social Work 63, no. 6 (2020): 825–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872820952860.

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COVID-19 is not only a global health disaster but a full-fledged social, economic, and political crisis that could disrupt the gains made in women’s education and empowerment. In The Gambia, issues of unequal access to educational resources determined by gender, geographical location, and social class; a disproportionate burden of household chores imposed on women and girls; and economic pressures have the potential to expose girls to more violence, exclusion, and abuse. In this article, we use a human rights framework, as conceptualized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), and discuss increases in educational inequality that young women in a poor, conservative, and patriarchal society will face during the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose solutions to mitigate these issues through social protection policies and practices that can ensure the right to education for the most vulnerable and marginalized.

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Jones, Kerry S., Sarah R. Meadows, Inez Schoenmakers, Ann Prentice, and Sophie E. Moore. "Vitamin D Status Increases During Pregnancy and in Response to Vitamin D Supplementation in Rural Gambian Women." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 3 (2019): 492–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz290.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Vitamin D is important to maternal, fetal, and infant health, but quality data on vitamin D status in low- and middle-income countries and response to cholecalciferol supplementation in pregnancy are sparse. OBJECTIVE We characterized vitamin D status and vitamin D metabolite change across pregnancy and in response to cholecalciferol supplementation in rural Gambia. METHODS This study was a secondary analysis of samples collected in a 4-arm trial of maternal nutritional supplementation [iron folic acid (FeFol); multiple micronutrients (MMN); protein energy (PE) as lipid-based supplement; PE + MMN]; MMN included 10 μg/d cholecalciferol. Plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D3], 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25(OH)2D3], and C3-epimer-25-hydroxycholecalciferol [3-epi-25(OH)D3] were measured by LC-MS/MS in 863 women [aged 30 ± 7 y (mean ± SD)] in early pregnancy (presupplementation) and late pregnancy, (gestational age 14 ± 3 and 30 ± 1 wk). Changes in 25(OH)D3 and vitamin D metabolite concentrations and associations with pregnancy stage and maternal age and anthropometry were tested. RESULTS Early pregnancy 25(OH)D3 concentration was 70 ± 15 nmol/L and increased according to pregnancy stage (82 ± 18 and 87 ± 17 nmol/L in the FeFol and PE-arms) and to cholecalciferol supplementation (95 ± 19 and 90 ± 20 nmol/L in the MMN and PE + MMN-arms) (P &lt; 0.0001). There was no difference between supplemented groups. Early pregnancy 25(OH)D3 was positively associated with maternal age and gestational age. Change in 25(OH)D3 was negatively associated with late pregnancy, but not early pregnancy, triceps skinfold thickness. The pattern of change of 24,25(OH)2D3 mirrored that of 25(OH)D3 and appeared to flatten as pregnancy progressed, whereas 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentration increased across pregnancy. CONCLUSION This study provides important data on the vitamin D status of a large cohort of healthy pregnant women in rural Africa. Without supplementation, vitamin D status increased during pregnancy, demonstrating that pregnancy stage should be considered when assessing vitamin D status. Nutritionally relevant cholecalciferol supplementation further increased vitamin D status. These data are relevant to the development of fortification and supplementation policies in pregnant women in West Africa.

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Morison, L. "Bacterial vaginosis in relation to menstrual cycle, menstrual protection method, and sexual intercourse in rural Gambian women." Sexually Transmitted Infections 81, no. 3 (2005): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2004.011684.

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Heini, A., Y. Schutz, and E. Jéquier. "Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure in pregnant and nonpregnant Gambian women, measured in a whole-body indirect calorimeter." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, no. 6 (1992): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1078.

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Owens, Stephen, Ruchi Gulati, Anthony J. Fulford, et al. "Periconceptional multiple-micronutrient supplementation and placental function in rural Gambian women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102, no. 6 (2015): 1450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.072413.

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Zengin, Ayse, Landing M. Jarjou, Ann Prentice, Cyrus Cooper, Peter R. Ebeling, and Kate A. Ward. "The prevalence of sarcopenia and relationships between muscle and bone in ageing West-African Gambian men and women." Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle 9, no. 5 (2018): 920–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12341.

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Reddy, V. A. P., C. J. Bates, S. G. J. Goh, et al. "Riboflavin, folate and vitamin C status of Gambian women during pregnancy: a comparison between urban and rural communities." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, no. 6 (1987): 1033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(87)90390-7.

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Obaro, Stephen K., Hedwig E. Deubzer, Vanessa O. Newman, Richard A. Adegbola, Brian M. Greenwood, and Don C. Henderson. "Serotype-Specific Pneumococcal Antibodies in Breast Milk of Gambian Women Immunized With a Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine During Pregnancy." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 23, no. 11 (2004): 1023–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000143651.54880.09.

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Bojang, Abdoulie, Sarah L. Baines, Liam Donovan, et al. "Genomic investigation of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from Gambian women and newborns following an oral dose of intra-partum azithromycin." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 74, no. 11 (2019): 3170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz341.

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Abstract Background Oral azithromycin given during labour reduces carriage of bacteria responsible for neonatal sepsis, including Staphylococcus aureus. However, there is concern that this may promote drug resistance. Objectives Here, we combine genomic and epidemiological data on S. aureus isolated from mothers and babies in a randomized intra-partum azithromycin trial (PregnAnZI) to describe bacterial population dynamics and resistance mechanisms. Methods Participants from both arms of the trial, who carried S. aureus in day 3 and day 28 samples post-intervention, were included. Sixty-six S. aureus isolates (from 7 mothers and 10 babies) underwent comparative genome analyses and the data were then combined with epidemiological data. Trial registration (main trial): ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01800942. Results Seven S. aureus STs were identified, with ST5 dominant (n = 40, 61.0%), followed by ST15 (n = 11, 17.0%). ST5 predominated in the placebo arm (73.0% versus 49.0%, P = 0.039) and ST15 in the azithromycin arm (27.0% versus 6.0%, P = 0.022). In azithromycin-resistant isolates, msr(A) was the main macrolide resistance gene (n = 36, 80%). Ten study participants, from both trial arms, acquired azithromycin-resistant S. aureus after initially harbouring a susceptible isolate. In nine (90%) of these cases, the acquired clone was an msr(A)-containing ST5 S. aureus. Long-read sequencing demonstrated that in ST5, msr(A) was found on an MDR plasmid. Conclusions Our data reveal in this Gambian population the presence of a dominant clone of S. aureus harbouring plasmid-encoded azithromycin resistance, which was acquired by participants in both arms of the study. Understanding these resistance dynamics is crucial to defining the public health drug resistance impacts of azithromycin prophylaxis given during labour in Africa.

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Jobarteh, Modou Lamin, Harry J. McArdle, Grietje Holtrop, Ebrima A. Sise, Andrew M. Prentice, and Sophie E. Moore. "mRNA Levels of Placental Iron and Zinc Transporter Genes Are Upregulated in Gambian Women with Low Iron and Zinc Status." Journal of Nutrition 147, no. 7 (2017): 1401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244780.

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Stokes, E., I. Dumbaya, S. Owens, and L. Brabin. "The right to remain silent: a qualitative study of the medical and social ramifications of pregnancy disclosure for Gambian women." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115, no. 13 (2008): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01950.x.

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