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Journal articles on the topic 'Gambian'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Kea, Pamela. "Photography, care and the visual economy of Gambian transatlantic kinship relations." Journal of Material Culture 22, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359183516679188.

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This article examines transnational kinship relations between Gambian parents in the UK and their children and carers in The Gambia, with a focus on the production, exchange and reception of photographs. Many Gambian migrant parents in the UK take their children to The Gambia to be cared for by extended family members. Mirroring the mobility of Gambian migrants and their children as they travel between the UK and The Gambia, photographs document changing family structures and relations. It is argued that domestic photography provides an insight into the representational politics, values and aesthetics of Gambian transatlantic kinship relations. Further, the concept of the moral economy supports a hermeneutics of Gambian family photographic practice and develops our understanding of the visual economy of transnational kinship relations in a number of ways: it draws attention to the way in which the value attributed to a photograph is rooted in shared moral and cultural codes of care within transnational relations of inequality and power; it helps us to interpret Gambians’ responses to and treatment of family photographs; and it highlights the importance attributed to portrait photography and the staging, setting and aesthetics of photographic content within a Gambian imaginary.

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2

Hultin, Niklas. "Voter Registration Cards, Political Subjectivity, and Trust in Paper in the Gambia." Journal of Legal Anthropology 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2008): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jla.2008.010104.

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This article examines the voter registration card and the social context of voter registrations in the Gambia, West Africa. Drawing on recent ethnographies of documents and using data on worries over foreigners’ efforts to fraudulently obtain voter registration cards, a public information campaign on the Gambian electoral process, international legal material on the Gambian democracy, and observations at voter registration stations, the article argues that the voter registration card delineates not only a national subject but also a generic political subject. This subject is characterized by a commitment to a bureaucratic process and an appreciation of the card as an official identification document inseparable from the person it identifies. The article also considers how the voter registration process allows Gambians to compare their experiences to citizens of other countries. In a political context of an authoritarian government and a weak rule of law, this comparison offers an ideal of a modern democratic state that both enables criticism of the Gambia’s present situation and confirms the centrality of a generic political subject to the realization of that ideal.

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3

Brown, Stewart. "Gambian fictions." Wasafiri 7, no. 15 (March 1992): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690059208574257.

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4

Eastman, Kathleen S. "Gambian fostering." Journal of International and Comparative Social Welfare 4, no. 2 (December 1988): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486838808415622.

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5

Peter, Lothar, Hans-Georg Wolf, and Augustin Simo Bobda. "An account of distinctive phonetic and lexical features of Gambian English." English World-Wide 24, no. 1 (May 9, 2003): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.1.04pet.

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The article discusses the specific features of the English used in The Gambia by looking at the phonetic and lexical markers that distinguish Gambian English from the other national varieties of West African English. The study shows that Gambian English has a number of established and exclusive features owing to the formation of a national norm and the influence of certain indigenous languages, yielding a national quasi-standard easy to identify.

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6

Janneh, Fatou. "Gambian Women’s Struggles through Collective Action." Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): p41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n3p41.

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Women have a long history of organizing collective action in The Gambia. Between the 1970s to the 1990s, they were instrumental?to The Gambia’s politics. Yet they?have?held no political power within its government. This paper argues that, since authorities failed to serve women’s interests, Gambian women resorted to using collective action to overcome their challenges through kafoolu and kompins [women’s grassroots organizations] operating in the rural and urban areas. They shifted their efforts towards organizations that focused on social and political change. These women’s organizations grew significantly as they helped women to promote social and economic empowerment. The women cultivated political patronage with male political leaders to achieve their goals. Political leaders who needed popular support to buttress their political power under the new republican government cash in patronage. Thus, this study relies on primary data from oral interviews. Secondary sources such as academic journals, books, and policy reports provide context to the study.

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7

Barnett, Linda K., Craig Emms, Alpha Jallow, Anna Mbenga Cham, and Jeanne A. Mortimer. "The distribution and conservation status of marine turtles in The Gambia, West Africa: a first assessment." Oryx 38, no. 2 (April 2004): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000353.

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This paper reports the first systematic survey of the marine turtles of the 80 km of Gambian coastline, and brings together new data and all past records and reports of marine turtles in The Gambia. Green turtles Chelonia mydas are the most abundant turtles and this is the only species so far observed nesting in The Gambia, with peak nesting between August and October. Although 75% (60 km) of The Gambian coastline appears to be suitable for turtle nesting, most nesting activity is confined to the southern coastline. Offshore foraging habitat is apparently extensive. Strandings of green turtles, olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea, leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea and hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata have been recorded, but we were unable to find evidence for loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta. Threats are mainly of human origin, and include illegal harvesting of eggs, juveniles and adults, as well as mortality as fisheries bycatch, including trawling. One stranded green turtle apparently had fibropapilloma disease. The major threat to nesting habitats is erosion and unregulated development of the coast for tourism. Marine turtles are fully protected under Gambian law. Other national efforts to conserve turtles in The Gambia are described and assessed.

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8

Wiser, Amy. "A Gambian Woman." Family Medicine 50, no. 7 (July 2, 2018): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2018.583966.

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9

Eastman, Clyde. "Gambian usufruct tenure." Land Use Policy 7, no. 1 (January 1990): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(90)90052-z.

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10

Perry, Neil D., Britta Hanson, Winston Hobgood, Roel L. Lopez, Craig R. Okraska, Kevin Karem, Inger K. Damon, and Darin S. Carroll. "NEW INVASIVE SPECIES IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA: GAMBIAN RAT (CRICETOMYS GAMBIANUS)." Journal of Mammalogy 87, no. 2 (April 2006): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-mamm-a-132rr.1.

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11

Bu, Congfan, and Yi Cao. "The complete mitochondrial genome of Cricetomys gambianus (Gambian pouched rat)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 1622–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1604096.

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12

Wells, Jonathan C. K., Kate Hawton, Tegan Darch, and Peter G. Lunn. "Body composition by 2H dilution in Gambian infants: comparison with UK infants and evaluation of simple prediction methods." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 12 (August 17, 2009): 1776–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509991255.

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Gambian infants show growth faltering, but the underlying body composition is unknown. The present study aimed to compare body composition in Gambian and UK infants using 2H dilution; and to evaluate accuracy of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and creatinine excretion for estimating lean mass (LM), using 2H as the reference. Body composition was measured in thirty Gambian infants, aged 3–18 months, using (1) anthropometry, (2) 2H, (3) BIA (equation of Fjeld et al.Pediatr Res (1990), 27, 98–102) and (4) 5 h urinary creatinine excretion. Compared with UK reference data, Gambian infants were light, short and had reduced BMI and skinfolds. The subscapular skinfold standard deviation score (SDS) was greater than the triceps SDS (P < 0·01), indicating central fat preservation. Both LM and fat mass were reduced in Gambian infants, with or without adjustment for length. However, whereas the Gambia–UK difference in LM increased with age, that in fat mass decreased. Average creatinine excretion was similar to that expected (95·5 (sd 23·2) % recovery), but LM estimates showed unacceptable error in individuals. BIA using Fjeld's equation overestimated total body water and LM (P < 0·001), hence a new equation was developed, with standard error of 0·47 kg LM. In conclusion, Gambian infants characterised by growth faltering had LM deficits that increased with age. However, adiposity increased with age, and showed indications of a more central distribution than in the reference infants. A new BIA equation for LM prediction is presented; however, creatinine excretion is not recommended for LM estimation in this population.

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13

Engeman, Richard, John W. Woolard, Neil D. Perry, Gary Witmer, Scott Hardin, Lawrence Brashears, Henry Smith, Britta Muiznieks, and Bernice Constantin. "Rapid assessment for a new invasive species threat: the case of the Gambian giant pouched rat in Florida." Wildlife Research 33, no. 6 (2006): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06014.

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The Gambian giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) is a large rodent that has established a breeding population in the Florida Keys. Should it successfully disperse to mainland Florida, it could continue spreading through much of North America where significant negative ecological and agricultural consequences could result. We rapidly developed the information for implementing an efficient and successful eradication program before dispersal to the mainland occurs. This included development of monitoring and indexing methods and their application to define the animal’s range, the development of baits attractive to Gambian giant pouched rats, efficacy testing of toxicants, and development of bait-delivery devices that exclude native animals. Gambian giant pouched rats appeared confined to the western two-thirds of Grassy Key, but have dispersed across a soil-filled causeway west to Crawl Key. We identified preferred habitat characteristics and potential dispersal pathways. We developed photographic and tracking tile methods for detecting and indexing Gambian giant pouched rats, both of which work well in the face of high densities of non-target species. We identified a commercial anticoagulant bait and we developed a zinc phosphide (an acute toxicant) bait matrix that were well accepted and effective for controlling Gambian giant pouched rats. We also developed a bait station for delivering toxic bait to Gambian giant pouched rats without risk to native species. We consider that the criteria are met for a successful eradication to commence.

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14

Munday, K., A. Fulford, and C. J. Bates. "Vitamin C status and collagen cross-link ratios in Gambian children." British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 4 (April 2005): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041329.

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Vitamin C (ascorbate) is essential for hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues in nascent collagen, the failure of which leads to connective tissue lesions of scurvy. Of the pyridinium-type cross-links in mature collagen, pyridinoline requires more hydroxylysyl residues than does deoxypyridinoline. Our study tested the hypothesis that pyridinoline:deoxypyridinoline ratios in urinary degradation products may vary with ascorbate status in man. These ratios were compared between British and Gambian prepubertal boys, mean age 8·3 years, and in Gambian boys between two seasons with contrasting ascorbate availability. The mean cross-links ratio in 216 British boys was 4·36 (sd 0·71), significantly greater (P<0·0001) than in sixty-two Gambian boys: 3·83 (sd 0·52). In the Gambians the cross-links ratio was significantly higher in the dry season (with high ascorbate intake and status) than in the rains (with low intake and status). A 7-week controlled intervention was carried out in Gambian boys during the rainy season (the ‘hungry’ season, when vitamin C-containing foods are virtually unavailable): 100 mg ascorbate/d was given to one group of thirty-two Gambian boys and placebo to another group. The intervention did not, however, significantly alter the cross-link ratio, possibly because the response time and/or intervention–response delay is >7 weeks. If confirmed, the putative association between ascorbate and collagen cross-link ratios in man could become the basis for a functional test for adequacy of ascorbate status.

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15

Cawkell, E. M. "NOTES ON GAMBIAN BIRDS." Ibis 107, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1965.tb07337.x.

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16

Receveur, M. C., M. Le Bras, and P. Vincendeau. "Laboratory-Acquired Gambian Trypanosomiasis." New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 3 (July 15, 1993): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199307153290317.

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17

Janson, Marloes. "Male Wives and Female Husbands." Journal of Religion in Africa 46, no. 2-3 (February 27, 2016): 187–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340084.

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The Tablighi Jamaʻat—a transnational Islamic missionary movement that propagates greater religious devotion and observance in The Gambia—opens the door to a new experience of gendered Muslim piety.Tablighor Islamic missionary work results in novel roles for women, who are now actively involved in the public sphere—a domain usually defined as male. To provide their wives with more time to engage intabligh, Tablighi men share the domestic workload, although this is generally considered ‘women’s work’ in Gambian society. Contrary to the conventional approach in scholarship on gender and Islam to study such inversion of gender roles in terms of Muslim women’s ‘empowerment’ and Muslim men’s ‘emancipation’, in the Gambian branch of the Jamaʻat the reconfiguration of gender norms seems to be motivated by Tablighis’ wish to return to the purported origins of Islam. Following the example of the Prophet’s wives, Tablighi women actively engage intablighand, taking Muhammad as their example, Tablighi men have taken over part of their wives’ household chores. Paradoxically, by reconfiguring gender norms Gambian Tablighis eventually reinstate the patriarchal gender order.

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18

Hultin, Niklas, and Tone Sommerfelt. "Anticipatory tribalism: accusatory politics in the ‘New Gambia’." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 2 (June 2020): 257–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x20000178.

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AbstractThis article examines the upsurge in denunciations of ‘tribalism’ in public debate during The Gambia's transition from the autocracy of Yahya Jammeh to the ‘New Gambia’ under President Adama Barrow. In these public debates, derogatory statements about particular ethnicities articulate fears of present or future alliances to monopolise political power. These fears are disproportionate to attempts of organised political mobilisation on ethnic grounds, which remain marginal. It is argued that accusatory politics are a salient, and neglected, feature of ethnic dynamics in contemporary Gambian – and African – politics. This politics of accusation involves the contestation and negotiation of moral legitimacy in the political sphere, in a manner challenging the separation of the moral and the political undergirding scholarly distinctions between ethnicity and tribalism.

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19

Mohammed, Ousman. "Beekeeping In a Gambian Village." Community Development Journal 24, no. 4 (1989): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdj/24.4.240.

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20

Drakeley, C. J., K. Flobbe, B. M. Greenwood, and G. A. T. Targett. "Plasmodium falciparumgametocytes in Gambian adults." Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 94, no. 4 (June 2000): 399–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2000.11813555.

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21

Raymond, Mareeni. "Distance learning the Gambian way." BMJ 333, Suppl S4 (October 1, 2006): 0610380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0610380.

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22

Obstbaum, Stephen A. "The Gambian Eye Care Program." Archives of Ophthalmology 123, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.123.2.262.

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23

Hartmann, Christof. "ECOWAS and the Restoration of Democracy in the Gambia." Africa Spectrum 52, no. 1 (April 2017): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971705200104.

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Following the disputed December 2016 presidential elections in The Gambia, ECOWAS managed to “restore democracy” in the country by using the threat of force, but without any use of direct physical violence. Both the African Union and the United Nations Security Council backed ECOWAS, which also gave ECOWAS legitimacy, for what was essentially ECOWAS's policy, and indeed an African solution to African problems. Only when the scenario of military invasion became credible did the Gambian regime accept the defeat. Four main factors explain the behaviour of ECOWAS and its success: ECOWAS had a clear legal mandate to threaten the use of force in order to protect democracy in one of its member states; there was consensus that ECOWAS forces could have coped with the relatively small Gambian army; the Gambian president could not rely on friends among his regional peers or some powerful ally from outside Africa; and regional leaders such as Nigeria and Senegal made a credible commitment to the regional intervention. While the intervention was a victory for pro-democratic activist regionalism, the specific West African conditions make a diffusion of the model to other parts of Africa unlikely.

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24

Wright, Donald R. "The Effect of Alex Haley's Roots on How Gambians Remember the Atlantic Slave Trade." History in Africa 38 (2011): 295–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2011.0014.

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Beginning in late August 1974, I spent eight months in The Gambia, collecting oral traditions. My intention was to use what I obtained to reconstruct the history of Niumi, a precolonial “state” (Mandinka: banko) located at the mouth of the Gambia River. Over three centuries of slave trading in the river, Niumi was a dominant player in the region's political economy. Thus, one of my primary goals was to learn how Gambians remembered the centuries-long commerce that connected people living along the Gambia River to a vast Atlantic economic system, the heart of which was the sale and transportation of humans.To my disappointment, with only a few exceptions, Gambian informants did not recall much about the slave trade. In Albreda and Juffure, the two Gambia-River villages where people were most involved in dealings with Europeans during the slave-trading era, the best informants could say little beyond noting ruins of old buildings and mentioning vague doings of “the Portuguese.” In the end, only three informants were able and willing to say anything beyond the most banal generalities about the capture, movement, and sale of slaves that occurred in the Gambia River. My assessment was that in the body of stories that Gambians held in their collective memory, a vast void existed between tales of the long-ago, and likely mythical, origins of a clan, village, or state and events that occurred much more recently, in this case after the British settled Bathurst, near the river's mouth, in 1816.

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25

Snow, R. W., M. Jawara, and C. F. Curtis. "Observations on Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) during a trial of permethrin-treated bed nets in The Gambia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, no. 2 (June 1987): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300011755.

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AbstractIn a Gambian village, the peak collections of females of the complex of Anopheles gambiae Giles occurred three months after the onset of the heaviest rains; 32% of these were A. melas Theobald, and 54% of blood-meals were identified as originating from man. Counts of A. gambiae s.l. in rooms containing permethrin-treated bed nets were compared with those in rooms containing placebo-treated nets. The numbers in the permethrin-treated nets were far lower than in placebo-treated nets. A higher rate of exophily was noted in rooms containing permethrin-treated nets. The numbers of unfed A. gambiae s.l. found inside the rooms with placebo-treated nets were significantly higher than those with permethrin-treated nets. However, the proportion fed and the mortality in the exit traps were not significantly affected by permethrin treatment. Three-minute bioassays conducted on four different fabric types impregnated at the same concentration showed that the toxicity varied between the fabrics. Handwashing severely reduced the toxicity and approximately halved the permethrin content. Bed nets are frequently washed in Gambian villages, and this could be a problem in the application of permethrin impregnation of bed nets for vector control. Methods are discussed to overcome this problem at the village level.

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26

Witmer, Gary W., Nathan P. Snow, and Patrick W. Burke. "Potential attractants for detecting and removing invading Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus )." Pest Management Science 66, no. 4 (December 10, 2009): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.1892.

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27

Witmer, Gary W., Nathan P. Snow, and Patrick W. Burke. "Evaluating commercially available rodenticide baits for invasive Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus)." Crop Protection 29, no. 9 (September 2010): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.05.009.

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28

Elliott, Alison, A. K. Bradley, S. Tulloch, and B. M. Greenwood. "Tuberculin sensitivity in rural Gambian children." Annals of Tropical Paediatrics 5, no. 4 (December 1985): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724936.1985.11748389.

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29

LINDSAY, S. W., J. R. M. ARMSTRONG SCHELLENBERG, H. A. ZEILER, R. J. DALY, F. M. SALUM, and H. A. WILKINS. "Exposure of Gambian children to Anopheles gambiae malaria vectors in an irrigated rice production area." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 9, no. 1 (January 1995): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00116.x.

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30

Ulijaszek, Stanley J. "Influence of birth interval and child labour on family energy requirements and dependency ratios in two traditional subsistence economics in Africa." Journal of Biosocial Science 25, no. 1 (January 1993): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000020320.

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SummaryThe consequences of different birth intervals on dietary energy requirements and dependency ratios at different stages of the family lifecycle are modelled for Gambian agriculturalists and !Kung hunter–gatherers. Energy requirements reach a peak at between 20 and 30 years after starting a family for the Gambians, and between 15 and 20 years for the !Kung. For the Gambians, shorter birth interval of 30 months. For the !Kung, the lack of participation in subsistence activities by children gives an output:input ratio in excess of that reported in other studies, suggesting that they are in a state of chronic energy deficiency.

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31

Taranenko, Leonid. "The Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) as a synanthropic rodent species in western Africa." Proceedings of the Theriological School 2012, no. 11 (December 17, 2012): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ptt2012.11.143.

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32

Buckley, Liam. "Photography and Photo-Elicitation after Colonialism." Cultural Anthropology 29, no. 4 (November 10, 2014): 720–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14506/ca29.4.07.

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In photo-elicitation studies of colonial imagery, photographs are seen as repositories of historical data. This article examines the author’s experience of photo-elicitation in the postcolonial context of The Gambia, West Africa. Here, Gambian viewers responded to the aesthetic and compositional details of colonial photographs rather than their historical content. This attention to the surface of the photograph and its aesthetic qualities suggests a disconnection or distraction from the colonial history depicted in the images. This photo-elicitation does not engage or resolve a historical relationship with the colonial past. Rather, it reveals an engagement with elements of the photograph in which the visual legacies of colonialism—identification, representation, memorialization—remain absent. The absence of acknowledged connections to the past calls into question the ability of the photograph to represent the colonial past or its subjects to the viewer. In Gambian viewers’ preoccupation with aesthetic details, the photograph becomes a crafted object, rather than a link to colonial subordination. This calls into question the efficacy of photo-elicitation to demonstrate reactions to colonialism that move beyond Eurocentric frameworks.

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33

Buckley, Liam. "Self and Accessory in Gambian Studio Photography." Visual Anthropology Review 16, no. 2 (September 2000): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/var.2000.16.2.71.

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34

Solon, Juan Antonio, Gareth Morgan, and Andrew Prentice. "Mucosal immunity in severely malnourished gambian children." Journal of Pediatrics 149, no. 5 (November 2006): S100—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.06.060.

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35

Rasmuson, Mark, Renata Seidel, and Haddy Gabbidon. "Dietary management of diarrhea: The gambian experience." Journal of Nutrition Education 22, no. 1 (January 1990): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80288-3.

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36

Northrop-Clewes, C. A., P. G. Lunn, and R. M. Downes. "Lactose Maldigestion in Breast-Feeding Gambian Infants." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &amp Nutrition 24, no. 3 (March 1997): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-199703000-00005.

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37

Carney, Judith A. "The Bitter Harvest of Gambian Rice Policies." Globalizations 5, no. 2 (June 2008): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747730802057456.

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38

Pickering, H., J. Todd, D. Dunn, J. Pepin, and A. Wilkins. "Prostitutes and their clients: A Gambian survey." Social Science & Medicine 34, no. 1 (January 1992): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(92)90069-3.

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39

Anyanwu, Matthew, and Grace Titilope. "Ectopic pregnancy at the Gambian Tertiary hospital." African Health Sciences 21, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i1.38.

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Background/Aims: Ectopic pregnancy is a gynaecological emergency with significant burden of maternal mortality and morbidity in the tropics. The incidence reported in the literature range from 1:60 to 1:250 pregnancies. The aim was to determine incidence and risk factors of ectopic pregnancy in the Gambia. Methodology: A longitudinal study of ectopic pregnancy at Gambian tertiary hospital from January 2016 to April 2018. Data was collected from patients’ folders, entered into SPSS version 20 and analysed with de- scriptive statistics. The test of variation and significance was by ANOVA and Chi-square respectively with error margin set at 0.05 and confidence interval of 95%. Results: A total number of 2562 pregnancies were recorded, 43 were ectopic pregnancies. The estimated incidence was 0.2%. Majority of the patients were between 26 – 35 years (56%), primiparous (32%), heterogeneous marriage (82%) and housewives (86%). Occupation was not associated with ruptured or unruptured ectopic pregnancy (p-0.421). Low parity was associated with more ectopic pregnancy than high parity (p-0.001). The commonest clinical feature was abdominal pain (65.1%), whilst the most prominent risk factors were pelvic inflamma- tory disease (27.9%) and previous abortion (23.3%). Ectopic pregnancy was seasonal. Conclusion: The incidence rate of 0.2% was in the range reported in the literature. Low parity, previous abortion and pelvic inflammatory disease were the risk factors. Keywords: Ectopic; pregnancy; incidence; risk factors.

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40

Jukes, Matthew C. H., Stephanie S. Zuilkowski, and Elena L. Grigorenko. "Do Schooling and Urban Residence Develop Cognitive Skills at the Expense of Social Responsibility? A Study of Adolescents in the Gambia, West Africa." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117741989.

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The recent growth of schooling and urban residence represents a major change to the cultural context of child development across Africa. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between these social changes in the Gambia and the development of both cognitive skills and behaviors viewed by participant communities as the basis for success in village life, comprising six aspects of social responsibility. We compared these skills and behaviors in a sample of 562 Gambian adolescents ( M age = 17.1 years) from 10 villages who had either attended a government primary school ( n = 207; 36.8%) or a madrasa ( n = 355; 63.2%). A total of 235 participants (41.8%) had spent a short time living in the Gambia’s major urban center (median visit duration of 4.2 months). This temporary urban residence was associated with improved performance in all six cognitive tests and a decrease in five of the six social responsibility scores, as rated by adults in the community. Government schooling was associated with improved performance in five of the six cognitive tests, but there was no consistent relationship with social responsibility ratings. Associations may result from the profiles of young Gambians who choose or who are selected to go to school or live in the city, or they may result from the effects of those environments on their behaviors and skills. In either case, the implications of our findings are that schooling values certain cognitive abilities and urban life values these cognitive abilities too but devalues social responsibility.

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Müller, Kerstin, Britta Horn, Guido Fritsch, Friederike Range, and Robert Klopfleisch. "Chronic Heart Failure due to Severe Endocardiosis in a Gambian Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys gambianus)." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 41, no. 1 (January 2010): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2008-0131.1.

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Duran, Lucy. "Key to N'Dour: roots of the Senegalese star." Popular Music 8, no. 3 (October 1989): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000003561.

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Overland travel in Senegal and Gambia is the best introduction to local music. Blaring out from every market stall, taxi radio-cassette and record shop in every town along the trans-Gambian highway, is the music of Youssou N'Dour, Baaba Maal, Ismael Lo, Super Diamono, Toure Kunda or some kora player. The smells of perfumed incense and smoked fish mingle with the rich inflections of Youssou's voice. You stop to buy a piece of tie-dye cloth, or maybe you are waiting at Farafenni to catch the ferry across the river. ‘I like his music too much,’ says a Gambian standing next to you, listening to Youssou's latest cassette, Kocc Barma. ‘I like the tama (drum) with keyboards, it makes me want to dance.’ ‘That's deep Wolof,’ says another; ‘He's singing for Alla Seck who died, Ndyesan (alas).’ The nearby stall-owner disagrees. ‘I prefer his old tapes, like Tabaski,’ he says. ‘That was sayisayi (rascal) music, that was real Wolof music, now he's too toubab (European). Now I listen to Baaba Maal.’ A fourth person joins in. ‘Baaba only sings for his own people, the Tukulor: he doesn't care about anyone else.’

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Saffari, Ayden, Smeeta Shrestha, Prachand Issarapu, Sara Sajjadi, Modupeh Betts, Sirazul Ameen Sahariah, Ashutosh Singh Tomar, et al. "Effect of maternal preconceptional and pregnancy micronutrient interventions on children's DNA methylation: Findings from the EMPHASIS study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 4 (September 5, 2020): 1099–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa193.

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ABSTRACT Background Maternal nutrition in pregnancy has been linked to offspring health in early and later life, with changes to DNA methylation (DNAm) proposed as a mediating mechanism. Objective We investigated intervention-associated DNAm changes in children whose mothers participated in 2 randomized controlled trials of micronutrient supplementation before and during pregnancy, as part of the EMPHASIS (Epigenetic Mechanisms linking Preconceptional nutrition and Health Assessed in India and sub-Saharan Africa) study (ISRCTN14266771). Design We conducted epigenome-wide association studies with blood samples from Indian (n = 698) and Gambian (n = 293) children using the Illumina EPIC array and a targeted study of selected loci not on the array. The Indian micronutrient intervention was food based, whereas the Gambian intervention was a micronutrient tablet. Results We identified 6 differentially methylated CpGs in Gambians [2.5–5.0% reduction in intervention group, all false discovery rate (FDR) <5%], the majority mapping to ESM1, which also represented a strong signal in regional analysis. One CpG passed FDR <5% in the Indian cohort, but overall effect sizes were small (<1%) and did not have the characteristics of a robust signature. We also found strong evidence for enrichment of metastable epialleles among subthreshold signals in the Gambian analysis. This supports the notion that multiple methylation loci are influenced by micronutrient supplementation in the early embryo. Conclusions Maternal preconceptional and pregnancy micronutrient supplementation may alter DNAm in children measured at 7–9 y. Multiple factors, including differences between the nature of the intervention, participants, and settings, are likely to have contributed to the lack of replication in the Indian cohort. Potential links to phenotypic outcomes will be explored in the next stage of the EMPHASIS study.

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Redmond, J., L. M. A. Jarjou, B. Zhou, A. Prentice, and I. Schoenmakers. "Ethnic differences in calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114000068.

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The prevalence of osteoporosis and the incidence of age-related fragility fracture vary by ethnicity. There is greater than 10-fold variation in fracture probabilities between countries across the world. Mineral and bone metabolism are intimately interlinked, and both are known to exhibit patterns of daily variation, known as the diurnal rhythm (DR). Ethnic differences are described for Ca and P metabolism. The importance of these differences is described in detail between select ethnic groups, within the USA between African-Americans and White-Americans, between the Gambia and the UK and between China and the UK. Dietary Ca intake is higher in White-Americans compared with African-Americans, and is higher in White-British compared with Gambian and Chinese adults. Differences are observed also for plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D, related to lifestyle differences, skin pigmentation and skin exposure to UVB-containing sunshine. Higher plasma 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and parathyroid hormone are observed in African-American compared with White-American adults. Plasma parathyroid hormone is also higher in Gambian adults and, in winter, in Chinese compared with White-British adults. There may be ethnic differences in the bone resorptive effects of parathyroid hormone, with a relative skeletal resistance to parathyroid hormone observed in some, but not all ethnic groups. Renal mineral excretion is also influenced by ethnicity; urinary Ca (uCa) and urinary P (uP) excretions are lower in African-Americans compared with White-Americans, and in Gambians compared with their White-British counterparts. Little is known about ethnic differences in the DR of Ca and P metabolism, but differences may be expected due to known differences in lifestyle factors, such as dietary intake and sleep/wake pattern. The ethnic-specific DR of Ca and P metabolism may influence the net balance of Ca and P conservation and bone remodelling. These ethnic differences in Ca, P and the bone metabolism may be important factors in the variation in skeletal health.

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Olubomehin, Oladipo, and S. Ademola Ajayi. "Yahya Jammeh and the Gambian Revolution, 1994-2001." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 38, no. 2 (2004): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4107307.

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von Seidlein, L., C. Drakeley, B. Greenwood, G. Walraven, and G. Targett. "Risk factors for gametocyte carriage in Gambian children." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 65, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.523.

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Bojang, K. A., A. Palmer, M. Boele van Hensbroek, W. A. S. Banya, and B. M. Greenwood. "Management of severe malarial anaemia in Gambian children." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, no. 5 (September 1997): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(97)90025-0.

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Burton, M. J., O. Nyong'o, K. J. Burton, W. John, E. Inkoom, M. Pinder, T. Corrah, G. J. Johnson, and R. L. Bailey. "Retinopathy in Gambian children admitted tohospital with malaria." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 6 (November 2003): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(03)80064-0.

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Bailey, R. L., L. Hayes, M. Pickett, H. C. Whittle, M. E. Ward, and D. C. Mabey. "Molecular epidemiology of trachoma in a Gambian village." British Journal of Ophthalmology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.78.11.813.

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Bello, C., and H. Whittle. "Cytomegalovirus infection in Gambian mothers and their babies." Journal of Clinical Pathology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.44.5.366.

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