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Journal articles on the topic 'Gametophore'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Cvetic, Tijana, Aneta Sabovljevic, M. Sabovljevic, and D. Grubisic. "Development of the moss Pogonatum urnigerum (Hedw.) P. Beauv. under in vitro culture conditions." Archives of Biological Sciences 59, no. 1 (2007): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0701057c.

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Pogonatum urnigerum (Polytrichaceae) in vitro culture was established from spores collected in nature. Both protonema and gametophore stages of gametophyte development were obtained. Also, a stable callus culture was established using hormone-free nutrient medium. The best nutrient medium for development was half-strength Murashige- Skoog medium supplemented with 1.5% sucrose. Auxin treatment enabled some gametophores to develop, but prolonged treatment induced early senescence. Tissues grown on cytokinin did not produce any gametophytes and did not survive prolonged treatment.

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2

Spychała, M., J. Schneider, and A. Szeykowska. "Relationship between formation of gametophore buds in the protonema of mosses and increase in ribonuclease activity." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 44, no. 3 (2015): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1975.039.

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Changes in RNase activity similar to those accompanying cytokinin-induced formation of gametophore buds in mosses (a decrease in the early phase of bud formation and later an increase in enzyme activity) have also been found during spontaneous formation of gametophores in moss ontogenesis. Using various factors affecting the cytokinin-induced process of bud formation a correlation has been found between this process and the increase in RNase activity.

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3

Mohanasundaram, Boominathan, Amey J. Bhide, Shirsa Palit, Gargi Chaturvedi, Maneesh Lingwan, Shyam Kumar Masakapalli, and Anjan K. Banerjee. "The unique bryophyte-specific repeat-containing protein SHORT-LEAF regulates gametophore development in moss." Plant Physiology 187, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab261.

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Abstract Convergent evolution of shoot development across plant lineages has prompted numerous comparative genetic studies. Though functional conservation of gene networks governing flowering plant shoot development has been explored in bryophyte gametophore development, the role of bryophyte-specific genes remains unknown. Previously, we have reported Tnt1 insertional mutants of moss defective in gametophore development. Here, we report a mutant (short-leaf; shlf) having two-fold shorter leaves, reduced apical dominance, and low plasmodesmata frequency. UHPLC-MS/MS-based auxin quantification and analysis of soybean (Glycine max) auxin-responsive promoter (GH3:GUS) lines exhibited a striking differential auxin distribution pattern in the mutant gametophore. Whole-genome sequencing and functional characterization of candidate genes revealed that a novel bryophyte-specific gene (SHORT-LEAF; SHLF) is responsible for the shlf phenotype. SHLF represents a unique family of near-perfect tandem direct repeat (TDR)-containing proteins conserved only among mosses and liverworts, as evident from our phylogenetic analysis. Cross-complementation with a Marchantia homolog partially recovered the shlf phenotype, indicating possible functional specialization. The distinctive structure (longest known TDRs), absence of any known conserved domain, localization in the endoplasmic reticulum, and proteolytic cleavage pattern of SHLF imply its function in bryophyte-specific cellular mechanisms. This makes SHLF a potential candidate to study gametophore development and evolutionary adaptations of early land plants.

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4

Pasiche-Lisboa, Carlos J., René J. Belland, and Michele D. Piercey-Normore. "Regeneration responses differ among three boreal mosses after exposure to extreme temperatures." Botany 96, no. 8 (August 2018): 521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0004.

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Many factors may affect the survival and establishment of a moss’s vegetative propagules after dispersal, but little is known about the species-specific nature of the response. This study examined the survival and regeneration of gametophore fragments after exposure to temperature changes for three boreal forest mosses from different habitats: Dicranum polysetum, Orthotrichum obtusifolium, and Pleurozium schreberi. Fragments were cultured on water agar and the survival and regeneration responses were recorded. Logistic regression analyses and AIC modeling evaluated the association between the response with the size of the gametophore fragments exposed to five abrupt or gradual temperatures for up to six exposure durations. The increased survival and regeneration was best explained when species were exposed to gradual, rather than abrupt temperatures; lower, rather than higher temperatures; and when the fragments had larger, rather than smaller sizes. The mosses had different survival and regeneration responses that may be species-specific, including clonal growth via the production of gametophore branches and protonemata, or mostly protonemata, even when exposed to elevated temperatures.

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5

Kofuji, Rumiko, Yasushi Yagita, Takashi Murata, and Mitsuyasu Hasebe. "Antheridial development in the moss Physcomitrella patens : implications for understanding stem cells in mosses." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1739 (December 18, 2017): 20160494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0494.

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Stem cells self-renew and produce precursor cells that differentiate to become specialized cell types. Land plants generate several types of stem cells that give rise to most organs of the plant body and whose characters determine the body organization. The moss Physcomitrella patens forms eight types of stem cells throughout its life cycle. Under gametangium-inducing conditions, multiple antheridium apical stem cells are formed at the tip of the gametophore and each antheridium apical stem cell divides to form an antheridium. We found that the gametophore apical stem cell, which typically forms leaf and stem tissues, changes to become a new type of stem cell, which we term the antheridium initial stem cell. This antheridium initial stem cell produces multiple antheridium apical stem cells, resulting in a cluster of antheridia at the tip of gametophore. This is the first report of a land plant stem cell directly producing another type of stem cell during normal development. Notably, the antheridium apical stem cells are distally produced from the antheridium initial stem cell, similar to the root cap stem cells of vascular plants, suggesting the use of similar molecular mechanisms and a possible evolutionary relationship. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

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6

Sabovljević, Marko, Milorad Vujičić, Jasmina Šinžar Sekulić, Jose Gabriel Segarra-Moragues, Beata Papp, Marijana Skorić, Luka Dragačević, and Aneta Sabovljević. "Reviving, In Vitro Differentiation, Development, and Micropropagation of the Rare and Endangered Moss Bruchia vogesiaca (Bruchiaceae)." HortScience 47, no. 9 (September 2012): 1347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.9.1347.

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This study provides the results of the developmental biology of the highly rare and endangered moss species Bruchia vogesiaca (recorded in less than 30 localities in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly western, central, and southwestern Europe). The aim of the study was to achieve the fully developed gametophyte and to propagate it for the purpose of conservation, reintroduction, and introduction to potential habitats free from xenic contamination. These gametophytes will be used for the study of genetics and genomics of this species. The micropropagation of B. vogesiaca was successfully applied on BCD medium supplemented with 0.1 μM BA and on BCD supplemented with 0.3 μM IBA and 0.3 μM BA for numerous gametophore production. The highest production of secondary protonema was achieved on MS/2 S/2 medium enriched with 0.1 or 0.3 μM IBA and 0.3 μM BA. Rather successfully applied micropropagation of this threatened moss species enables better knowledge of its biology and is of great value for its conservation biology and developmental research. Chemical names used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N6-benzyladenine (BA), Murashige and Skoog medium (MS).

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7

Woźny, Adam, Urszula Nowak, and Alicja Szweykowska. "Autoradiographic analysis of the effect of cytokinin on protein and RNA syntheses in the Ceratodon purpureus protonema." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 52, no. 2 (2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1983.018.

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In the protonema of <em>Ceratodon purpureus</em> (Hedw.) Brid., apical parts of the protonemal filaments (apical cells, initials of protonemal side branches and of gametophore buds) proved to be preferential sites of [<sup>14</sup>C]-leucine incorporation into proteins. In some filaments, a similar preference for [<sup>3</sup>H]-uridine incorporation into RNA was observed, whereas in others there was a rather uniform distribution of label over all cells. A short (0.5-2 h) treatment with cytokinin (N<sup>6</sup>-2-isopentenyladenine) enhanced [<sup>14</sup>C]-leucine incorporation, without changing the relative distribution of label. No such enhancement, as well as no change in label distribution could be observed in [<sup>3</sup>H]-uridine incorporation. No direct relationship seems to exist between the early promotion of protein synthesis by cytokinin in the protonema and cytokinin induction of gametophore buds.

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8

Szwejkowska, A., I. Korcz, B. Jaśkiewicz-Mroczkowska, and M. Metelska. "The effect of various cytokinins and other factors on the protonemal celi divisions and the induction of gametophores in Ceratodon purpureus." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 41, no. 3 (2015): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1972.032.

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The cytokinins specifically induce formation of gametophore buds in the protonema of <i>Ceratodon purpureus</i>. The responsein this species is less sensitive than in <i>Funaria hygrometrica</i>, but is independent of light. The cytokinins also stimulate protonemal cell divisions, this response, however, is not specific and affected by many other factors.

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9

Petersen, Raymond L., Augustus Bosley, and Joanne Rebbeck. "Ozone Stimulates Protonematal Growth and Gametophore Production in Polytrichum commune." Bryologist 102, no. 3 (1999): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3244226.

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10

Brun, Florent, Martine Gonneau, Michel Laloue, and Fabien Nogué. "Identification of Physcomitrella patens genes specific of bud and gametophore formation." Plant Science 165, no. 6 (December 2003): 1267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(03)00335-2.

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11

Hashida, Yoshikazu, Katsuaki Takechi, Tomomi Abiru, Noriyuki Yabe, Hiroaki Nagase, Koro Hattori, Susumu Takio, et al. "Two ANGUSTIFOLIA genes regulate gametophore and sporophyte development in Physcomitrella patens." Plant Journal 101, no. 6 (December 5, 2019): 1318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14592.

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12

Sobkowiak, A., F. Młodzianowski, and A. Szweykowska. "Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in the protonema of the moss Ceratodon purpureus during differentiation of gametophore buds induced by kinetin." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 45, no. 1–2 (2015): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1976.011.

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An increase in the activity of peroxidases under the influence of kinetin has been demonstrated in the protonema of the moss <i>Ceratodon purpureus</i>. It was connected above all with initiation and acceleration of the differentiation process of gametophore buds which showed a high activity of these enzymes. The increase in peroxidase activity was also noted in the degenerating intercalary cells which produced the buds. The colour reaction characteristic for peroxidases was best noticeable in the minute spherical granules (peroxysomes), nucleoli and cell walls.

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13

Kawade, Kensuke, Gorou Horiguchi, Yuu Hirose, Akira Oikawa, Masami Yokota Hirai, Kazuki Saito, Tomomichi Fujita, and Hirokazu Tsukaya. "Metabolic Control of Gametophore Shoot Formation through Arginine in the Moss Physcomitrium patens." Cell Reports 32, no. 10 (September 2020): 108127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108127.

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14

Rogozińska, J. H., T. Maciejewski, U. Prusińska, and A. Szwejkowska. "The activity of deaza- and aza-purine analogues ol cytokinins in gametophore induction in protonema cultures of Funaria hygrometrica." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 45, no. 3 (2015): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1976.029.

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Cytokinin activities of the 1-deaza-, 3-deaza-, l-deaza-8-aza- and of 3-deaza-8-aza-purine analogues of kinetin and of 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino) purine were determined in gametophore induction in protonema cultures of <i>Funaria hygrometrica</i> and compared with those of the parent compounds. A relatively high activity of the 1-deaza-anaiogues and very low activity of the 3-deaza-analogues were found. The results confirm the suggestion that the nitrogen in the 3-position of the purine ring is more important with regard to the cytokinin activity of a compound than the nitrogen in the 1-position.

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15

Młodzianowski, F., and A. Szweykowska. "Fine structure of kinetin-treated protonema and kinetin-induced gametophore buds in Funaria hygrometrica." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 40, no. 4 (2015): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1971.042.

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Besides occasional hypertrophy of grana and disintegration of stroma thylakoids occurring in some chloroplasts, no significant changes were found in ultrastructure of typical protonema cells treated for six days with kinetin. On the other hand, the fine structure of cells in kinetin--induced gametophore buds differed much from that of the protonema cells and showed characteristics of cells of with high metabolic activity and high division rates. The results indicate that cytokinins enhance development and differentiation in the protonema by activating only some of its cells, whereas the others remain unchanged or show symptoms of destruction and ageing. This is supported by the fact that in the presence of chloramphenicol, which prevents bud induction, kinetin acts synergistically with the inhibitor in producing degeneration and destruction of chloroplasts.

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16

Ryo, Masashi, Takafumi Yamashino, Yuji Nomoto, Yuki Goto, Mizuho Ichinose, Kensuke Sato, Mamoru Sugita, and Setsuyuki Aoki. "Light-regulated PAS-containing histidine kinases delay gametophore formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens." Journal of Experimental Botany 69, no. 20 (August 3, 2018): 4839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery257.

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17

Futers, T. S., T. L. Wang, and D. J. Cove. "Characterisation of a temperature-sensitive gametophore over-producing mutant of the moss, Physcomitrella patens." Molecular and General Genetics MGG 203, no. 3 (June 1986): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00422081.

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18

Goss, Chessa A., Derek J. Brockmann, John T. Bushoven, and Alison W. Roberts. "A CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) gene essential for gametophore morphogenesis in the moss Physcomitrella patens." Planta 235, no. 6 (January 4, 2012): 1355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-011-1579-5.

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19

Scheneider, J., A. Szweykowska, and M. Spychała. "Evidence against mediation of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the bud-inducing effect of cytokinins in moss protonemata." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 44, no. 4 (2015): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1975.055.

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Effects Oif adenosdne-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), N<sup>6</sup>,O<sup>2</sup>-dibuityryl adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP), caffeine and theophylline on the bud-inducing activity of cytokinin in the protonema of two moss species, <i>Ceratodon purpureus</i> and <i>Funaria hygrometrica</i> were examined. The sub-stances have been found ineffective as gametophore bud inducers. Some synergism between cytokinin and cAMP or DBcAMP was observed with relation to the buds' growth, but this effect is nonspecific since it can be obtained with 5'-AMP or 5'-GMiP as well, The results seem to exclude the possibility of an involvement of cAMP as a second messenger in the mechanism of cytokinin action on morphogenetic processes in moss protonemata.

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20

Spychała, Michał, Irena Kocz-Zajchert, and Alicja Szwejkowska. "Cytokinin-induced decrease in ribonuclease activity and initiation of gametophore buds in the protonema of mosses." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 45, no. 3 (2015): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1976.028.

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As early as after 4 hours of kinetin treatment a decrease in RNase activity was found in the moss protonema and it was maintained to at least 10 hours. It was shown that this decrease was correlated with the morphogenetic effect of kinetin (bud induction). No allosteric inhibition of RNase toy kinetin could be found. The decrease in enzyme activity was more pronounced When additionally inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis were used. It is concluded that kinetin affects the RNase rather by an inhibition of de novo synthesis of the enzyme than by an increase of its decomposition by proteases.

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21

Idzikowska, Krystyna, and Alicja Szweykowska. "Fine structure ot the protonema in the moss Ceratodon purpureus and its response to a cytokinin." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 47, no. 1–2 (2015): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1978.012.

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Fine structure of the protonema is described, with a special attention to its differentiation depending on the position of cells in the protanemal filament, as well as in response to a cytokinin treatment. Complexes of micro-filaments with osmiophilic globules represented structures of particular interest. They appeared temporarily, almost exclusively in apical cells. The cytokinin treatment resulted in the apical cells in an increased number of cytokinetic figures and in structural changes indicating increased metabolic activity. In the intercalary cells, changes in response to the cytokinin were much smaller and mostly concerned an augmented development of the thylakoid system in chloroplasts. After a prolonged (5 days) treatment, degeneration symptoms developed in all cells, particularly in nuclei and chloroplasts, whereas the structure of mitochondria was relatively stable. The results are compared with the observations concerning the cytokinin-induced gametophore buds and with the data of biochemical and physiological investigations of the protonema.

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22

Conrad, Patricia A., and Peter K. Hepler. "The Effect of 1,4-Dihydropyridines on the Initiation and Development of Gametophore Buds in the Moss Funaria." Plant Physiology 86, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.86.3.684.

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23

Fesenko, Igor A., Georgij P. Arapidi, Alexander Skripnikov, Dmitry G. Alexeev, Elena S. Kostryukova, Alexander I. Manolov, Ilya A. Altukhov, et al. "Specific pools of endogenous peptides are present in gametophore, protonema, and protoplast cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens." BMC Plant Biology 15, no. 1 (2015): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0468-7.

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24

Perroud, Pierre-François, and Ralph S. Quatrano. "BRICK1 Is Required for Apical Cell Growth in Filaments of the Moss Physcomitrella patens but Not for Gametophore Morphology." Plant Cell 20, no. 2 (February 2008): 411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.053256.

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25

KATSUMATA, Takumi, Jutarou FUKAZAWA, Hiroshi MAGOME, Yusuke JIKUMARU, Yuji KAMIYA, Masahiro NATSUME, Hiroshi KAWAIDE, and Shinjiro YAMAGUCHI. "Involvement of the CYP78A Subfamily of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases in Protonema Growth and Gametophore Formation in the MossPhyscomitrella patens." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 75, no. 2 (February 23, 2011): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100759.

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26

Hata, Yuki, Satoshi Naramoto, and Junko Kyozuka. "BLADE-ON-PETIOLE genes are not involved in the transition from protonema to gametophore in the moss Physcomitrella patens." Journal of Plant Research 132, no. 5 (August 20, 2019): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-019-01132-8.

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27

Lee, Saet Buyl, Sun Ui Yang, Garima Pandey, Myung‐Shin Kim, Sujin Hyoung, Doil Choi, Jeong Sheop Shin, and Mi Chung Suh. "Occurrence of land‐plant‐specific glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferases is essential for cuticle formation and gametophore development in Physcomitrella patens." New Phytologist 225, no. 6 (December 19, 2019): 2468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16311.

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28

Ryo, Masashi, Takafumi Yamashino, Hisanori Yamakawa, Yuichi Fujita, and Setsuyuki Aoki. "PAS-histidine kinases PHK1 and PHK2 exert oxygen-dependent dual and opposite effects on gametophore formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 503, no. 4 (September 2018): 2861–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.056.

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29

Sahu, Vinay, K. K. Rawat, Ankita Srivastava, and A. K. Asthana. "In vitro Propagation of Saprophytic Moss Splachnum sphaericum Hedw." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 02 (July 31, 2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i02.10436.

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In vitro propagation of Splachnum sphaericum Hedw. has been carried out to study its growth pattern and morphogenetic attributes. Plants of this species were freshly collected from Se La Pass, Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. Axenic culture of the species has been established using spores as explants. Half Knop's macronutrients, Half Knop's + Vitamins, Hoagland and Murashige and Skoog media were used for culture. Half Knop's macronutrients medium was found as most suitable for the growth of plants under controlled laboratory condition and after 50 days a well grown dense population of gametophores has been achieved. Observations made on morphogenesis of protonema and gametophyte development in different media are provided.

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30

Legocka, Jolanta, and Anna Żarnowska. "Role of polyamines in cytokinin-dependent physiological processes. III. Changes in polyamine levels during cytokinin-induced formation of gametophore buds in Ceratodon purpureus." Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 24, no. 3 (September 2002): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11738-002-0056-y.

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31

Vujičić, Milorad, Aneta Sabovljević, Jasmina Šinžar-Sekulić, Marijana Skorić, and Marko Sabovljević. "In Vitro Development of the Rare and Endangered Moss Molendoa hornschuchiana (Hook.) Lindb. ex Limpr. (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta)." HortScience 47, no. 1 (January 2012): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.1.84.

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The high mountain pottioid moss Molendoa hornschuchiana (Hook) Lindb. ex Limpr. is a very rare and critically endangered bryophyte species in Europe in need for ex situ conservation. A 25-year-old herbarium sample was used to revive and propagate this species for further reintroduction and introduction to potential natural habitats. The reviving of “dead” herbarium specimen was achieved by disposing of axenical organisms as well as adjusting condition for developing secondary protonema, bud inductions, and optimization of gametophyte propagation in vitro condition.The influence of exogenously added growth regulators on the morphogenesis of this species was studied. The plants were cultured in the two basic types of media, viz., BCD and half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with different concentrations (0.01–0.3 μM) of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and N6-benzyladenine (BA) under a 16-h photoperiod. The influence of growth regulators on gametophores multiplication in vitro as well as on protonemal diameter was recorded. Well-developed gametophores were obtained on BCD medium, whereas on half-strength MS medium, secondary protonema was produced, both on hormone-free and supplemented substrate exclusively. Based on multiplication index in vitro, maximum development of gametophores was realized on BCD medium supplemented with 0.3 μM IBA and 0.1 μM BA. However, the widest diameter of secondary protonema was obtained on BCD medium enriched with low concentration of both BA (0.01 and 0.03 μM) and constant concentration of IBA (0.03 μM). Chemical names used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N6-benzyladenine (BA), Murashige and Skoog medium (MS).

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32

Kosetsu, Ken, Takashi Murata, Moé Yamada, Momoko Nishina, Joanna Boruc, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Daniël Van Damme, and Gohta Goshima. "Cytoplasmic MTOCs control spindle orientation for asymmetric cell division in plants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 42 (October 2, 2017): E8847—E8854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713925114.

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Proper orientation of the cell division axis is critical for asymmetric cell divisions that underpin cell differentiation. In animals, centrosomes are the dominant microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) and play a pivotal role in axis determination by orienting the mitotic spindle. In land plants that lack centrosomes, a critical role of a microtubular ring structure, the preprophase band (PPB), has been observed in this process; the PPB is required for orienting (before prophase) and guiding (in telophase) the mitotic apparatus. However, plants must possess additional mechanisms to control the division axis, as certain cell types or mutants do not form PPBs. Here, using live imaging of the gametophore of the moss Physcomitrella patens, we identified acentrosomal MTOCs, which we termed “gametosomes,” appearing de novo and transiently in the prophase cytoplasm independent of PPB formation. We show that gametosomes are dispensable for spindle formation but required for metaphase spindle orientation. In some cells, gametosomes appeared reminiscent of the bipolar MT “polar cap” structure that forms transiently around the prophase nucleus in angiosperms. Specific disruption of the polar caps in tobacco cells misoriented the metaphase spindles and frequently altered the final division plane, indicating that they are functionally analogous to the gametosomes. These results suggest a broad use of transient MTOC structures as the spindle orientation machinery in plants, compensating for the evolutionary loss of centrosomes, to secure the initial orientation of the spindle in a spatial window that allows subsequent fine-tuning of the division plane axis by the guidance machinery.

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33

Sobotka, Dygna. "Regeneration and vegetative propagation of Sphagnum palustre as factor of population stability." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 45, no. 4 (2015): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1976.031.

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The stability of the <i>Sphagnum palustre</i> populations on the meadows of the Kampinos National Park situated north-west of Warsaw was investigated in the period 1971-1974. Laboratory cultures were also started to establish the regenerative ability of various gametophyte parts of <i>Sphagnum</i>: the main stem, branches, leaves and spore germination. The green stems and apical branches of the plants showed the highest regeneration ability. Brown stems and white branches developed less intensively. Leaves showed no tendency to develop into new plants. Gametophores were found to form quicker and more effectively by way of regeneration than from spores. In natural conditions more intensive growth of branchings (new shoots) from the apical and green parts of <i>Sphagnum</i> was also observed, whereas the brown parts did not exhibit this ability.

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34

Li, Wuxing, and Hong Ma. "Gametophyte development." Current Biology 12, no. 21 (October 2002): R718—R721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01245-9.

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Whittier, Dean P. "Induced apogamy in Tmesipteris (Psilotaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 721–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-049.

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Gametophytes of Tmesipteris lanceolata Dang., which are mycorrhizal in nature, were grown in axenic culture. If cultured in the light on a nutrient medium containing minerals and 0.5% glucose, they did not become photosynthetic; however, about 15% of them produced apogamous sporophytes with stems and microphylls. The gametophytesporophyte junction had a direct connection between the gametophyte and sporophyte tissues and lacked a foot, which is typical for apogamy. Gametangia were limited to the gametophyte portions of these gametophytesporophyte growths, and the vascular tissue was present only in the sporophyte regions. The apogamous aerial stems had the normal anatomy for a sporophyte, with vascular tissue, epidermal cells, stomata, and chlorenchyma. The origin of the apogamous sporophytes was different from the origin in fern gametophytes. The Tmesipteris sporophytes arose terminally from the gametophyte apices. It appears that the apical meristem of the gametophyte is converted to a shoot apical meristem to form the apogamous aerial shoot.Key words: Tmesipteris, Psilotaceae, apogamy, sporophyte, gametophyte.

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36

Bibi, Asia, Shabbir Ejaz, Sidra Rafique, and Saima Ashraf. "Morphology and pigment content of sporophytes and gametophytes of ten fern species." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 48, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v48i4.49034.

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The morphology and pigment contents of sporophytes and gametophytes of ten fern species were studied. In the morphological study, variations were found in stipe, texture, rachis, fronds and sori of these species. Photosynthestic pigment contents of sporophyte and gametophyte of ten species vary to a great extent. Even sporophyte and gametophyte of same species vary in pigment content. Sporophyte revealed higher chlorophyll content than gametophyte. The highest chlorophyll a and b were found in the gametophyte of Cetarach officinarum Gametophyte of Adiantum flabellatum produced maximum anthocyanin whereas minimum anthocyanin content was found in the sporophyte of Cetarach dalhousiae. The highest carotenoid content was obtained from the gametophyte of Cheilanthus albomarginata. Altitudinal variations were also found to affect morphology and pigment content of sporophytes and gametophytes of ten fern species.

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Shimizu, K. K., and K. Okada. "Attractive and repulsive interactions between female and male gametophytes in Arabidopsis pollen tube guidance." Development 127, no. 20 (October 15, 2000): 4511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.20.4511.

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Sexual reproduction in plants, unlike that of animals, requires the action of multicellular haploid gametophytes. The male gametophyte (pollen tube) is guided to a female gametophyte through diploid sporophytic cells in the pistil. While interactions between the pollen tube and diploid cells have been described, little is known about the intercellular recognition systems between the pollen tube and the female gametophyte. In particular, the mechanisms that enable only one pollen tube to interact with each female gametophyte, thereby preventing polysperm, are not understood. We isolated female gametophyte mutants named magatama (maa) from Arabidopsis thaliana by screening for siliques containing half the normal number of mature seeds. In maa1 and maa3 mutants, in which the development of the female gametophyte was delayed, pollen tube guidance was affected. Pollen tubes were directed to mutant female gametophytes, but they lost their way just before entering the micropyle and elongated in random directions. Moreover, the mutant female gametophytes attracted two pollen tubes at a high frequency. To explain the interaction between gametophytes, we propose a monogamy model in which a female gametophyte emits two attractants and prevents polyspermy. This prevention process by the female gametophyte could increase a plant's inclusive fitness by facilitating the fertilization of sibling female gametophytes. In addition, repulsion between pollen tubes might help prevent polyspermy. The reproductive isolations observed in interspecific crosses in Brassicaceae are also consistent with the monogamy model.

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Frey, Wolfgang, Maria Hofmann, and Hartmut H. Hilger. "Gametophyte-sporophyte junction in the Lower Devonian plant Horneophyton lignieri?" Nova Hedwigia 64, no. 3-4 (September 22, 1997): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/64/1997/549.

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39

McCormick, Sheila. "Male Gametophyte Development." Plant Cell 5, no. 10 (October 1993): 1265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3869779.

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WHITTIER, D. P. "The Fern Gametophyte." Science 252, no. 5003 (April 12, 1991): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5003.321-a.

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41

Drews, Gary N., and Anna M. G. Koltunow. "The Female Gametophyte." Arabidopsis Book 9 (January 2011): e0155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1199/tab.0155.

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Yadegari, R. "Female Gametophyte Development." PLANT CELL ONLINE 16, suppl_1 (March 12, 2004): S133—S141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.018192.

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Guo, Ai, and Cai Xia Zheng. "Female gametophyte development." Journal of Plant Biology 56, no. 6 (November 12, 2013): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12374-013-0131-5.

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44

Sánchez-Tinoco, María Ydelia, E. Mark Engleman, and Andrew P. Vovides. "Cronología reproductora de Ceratozamia mexicana (Cycadales)." Botanical Sciences, no. 66 (May 27, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1607.

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In Ceratowmia mexicana Brongn. seed development is completed in 24 months from the initiation of ovules in August until the full development of the body of the embryo. Megasporogenesis and megagametophytogenesis occur during the first three months. At the end of February the gametophyte is coenocytic. Cellularization of the gametophyte ends in May, when other changes begin: hardening of the gametophyte, lignification of the stony layer, disappearance of trichomes, and accumulation of starch in the gametophyte. Pollination probably occurs in February and March. By the beginning of September, proteins and oil droplets appear in the gametophyte. Seeds are dispersed in September, at which time arquegonia may be present and occasionally developing suspensors. Fertilization occurs approximately at the time of dispersal, separately from the mother plant. Suspensors grow during five months and the body of the embryo develops during four months. Thus, development of protection and storage of nutrients precede the formation of the embryo.

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45

Peterson, R. L., and D. P. Whittier. "Transfer cells in the sporophyte–gametophyte junction of Lycopodium appressum." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-031.

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The sporophyte–gametophyte interface in cultured Lycopodium appressum gametophytes consists of a sporophytic foot embedded in gametophyte tissue. Foot cells and contiguous gametophytic cells develop extensive wall ingrowths, making them transfer cells. Transfer cells in the foot of young sporophytes and in adjacent gametophyte cells have elongated, narrow wall ingrowths forming a labrynthine wall–membrane apparatus, numerous mitochondria, and plastids with variable amounts of starch. Transfer cells in older interfaces have thickened wall ingrowths, few mitochondria, plastids with numerous plastoglobuli and little starch, and a large central vacuole. Plasmodesmata do not develop between cells of sporophyte and gametophyte generations and these are, therefore, isolated symplastically during all stages of sporophyte development. Key words: Lycopodium, foot, haustorium, transfer cells, ultrastructure.

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Dobrovol’skaya, A. A., G. B. Rodionova, A. S. Voronkov, and L. V. Kovaleva. "Sporophyte-gametophyte interactions between anther and male gametophyte in petunia." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 56, no. 3 (May 2009): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443709030133.

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47

Borg, Michael, and David Twell. "Life after meiosis: patterning the angiosperm male gametophyte." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380577.

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Pollen grains represent the highly reduced haploid male gametophyte generation in angiosperms. They play an essential role in plant fertility by generating and delivering twin sperm cells to the embryo sac to undergo double fertilization. The functional specialization of the male gametophyte and double fertilization are considered to be key innovations in the evolutionary success of angiosperms. The haploid nature of the male gametophyte and its highly tractable ontogeny makes it an attractive system to study many fundamental biological processes, such as cell fate determination, cell-cycle progression and gene regulation. The present mini-review encompasses key advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling male gametophyte patterning in angiosperms. A brief overview of male gametophyte development is presented, followed by a discussion of the genes required at landmark events of male gametogenesis. The value of the male gametophyte as an experimental system to study the interplay between cell fate determination and cell-cycle progression is also discussed and exemplified with an emerging model outlining the regulatory networks that distinguish the fate of the male germline from its sister vegetative cell. We conclude with a perspective of the impact emerging data will have on future research strategies and how they will develop further our understanding of male gametogenesis and plant development.

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Ashapkin, Vasily V., Lyudmila I. Kutueva, Nadezhda I. Aleksandrushkina, and Boris F. Vanyushin. "Epigenetic Regulation of Plant Gametophyte Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 3051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123051.

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Unlike in animals, the reproductive lineage cells in plants differentiate from within somatic tissues late in development to produce a specific haploid generation of the life cycle—male and female gametophytes. In flowering plants, the male gametophyte develops within the anthers and the female gametophyte—within the ovule. Both gametophytes consist of only a few cells. There are two major stages of gametophyte development—meiotic and post-meiotic. In the first stage, sporocyte mother cells differentiate within the anther (pollen mother cell) and the ovule (megaspore mother cell). These sporocyte mother cells undergo two meiotic divisions to produce four haploid daughter cells—male spores (microspores) and female spores (megaspores). In the second stage, the haploid spore cells undergo few asymmetric haploid mitotic divisions to produce the 3-cell male or 7-cell female gametophyte. Both stages of gametophyte development involve extensive epigenetic reprogramming, including siRNA dependent changes in DNA methylation and chromatin restructuring. This intricate mosaic of epigenetic changes determines, to a great extent, embryo and endosperm development in the future sporophyte generation.

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DeYoung, Brody, Todd Weber, Barbara Hass, and Jo Ann Banks. "Generating Autotetraploid Sporophytes and Their Use in Analyzing Mutations Affecting Gametophyte Development in the Fern Ceratopteris." Genetics 147, no. 2 (October 1, 1997): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.809.

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The haploid gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii are autotrophic and develop independently of the diploid sporophyte plant. While haploid genetics is useful for screening and characterizing mutations affecting gametophyte development in Ceratopteris, it is difficult to assess whether a gametophytic mutation is dominant or recessive or to determine allelism by complementation analysis in a haploid organism. This report describes how apospory can be used to produce genetically marked polyploid sporophytes whose gametophyte progeny are heterozygous for mutations affecting sex determination in the gametophyte and a known recessive mutation affecting the phenotype of both the gametophyte and sporophyte. The segregation ratios of wild-type to mutant phenotypes in the gametophyte progeny of polyploid sporophyte plants indicate that all of the mutations examined are recessive. The presence of many multivalents and few univalents in meiotic chromosome preparations of spore mother cells confirm that the sporophyte plants assayed are polyploid. The DNA content of the sperm of their progeny gametophytes was also found to be approximately twice that of sperm from wild-type haploid gametophytes.

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Gregorich, Michele, and Roxanne Fisher. "Auxin regulates lateral meristem activation in developing gametophytes of Ceratopteris richardii." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 10 (October 2006): 1520–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-113.

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This study investigates the auxin regulation of lateral meristem activation in the gametophytes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii Brongn. Exogenous auxin in the form of α-naphthaleneacetic acid or 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid repressed the activation of the lateral meristem, and generated a male-like body plan. The auxin antagonist p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid reduced activity of both the apical and lateral meristems, and produced a circular-shaped gametophyte. Disrupting auxin transport with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid led to a time lag in lateral meristem activation, while disrupting auxin transport with n-1-naphthylphthalamic acid produced several different body plans generated by the formation of a second lateral meristem. These findings suggest auxin mediates the activation of the lateral meristem and regulates lateral meristem function. In addition, auxin transport may be necessary for communication between the lateral meristem and other regions of the developing gametophyte. Auxin also controls the position of rhizoids produced by the gametophyte, and exogenous auxin interferes with the sexual differentiation of the gametophyte. These results are summarized in a model of how auxin regulates lateral meristem activation and meristem activity during gametophyte development in C. richardii.

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