Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gamma Butyrolactones / Journal articles
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Gamma Butyrolactones.

Journal articles on the topic 'Gamma Butyrolactones'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Gamma Butyrolactones.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Marino, Joseph P., Edgardo Laborde, and Robert S. Paley. "Stereospecific replacement of sulfur from chiral .gamma.-(arylsulfanyl)butyrolactones. Synthesis of optically pure ring-fused .gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 3 (1988): 966–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00211a047.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Greene, Andrew E., Fernando Coelho, Jean Pierre Depres, and Timothy J. Brocksom. "A synthesis of .beta.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 50, no. 11 (1985): 1973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00211a037.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Peterson, Eileen M., Kun Xu, Katherine D. Holland, et al. ".alpha.-Spirocyclopentyl- and .alpha.-spirocyclopropyl-.gamma.-butyrolactones: conformationally constrained derivatives of anticonvulsant and convulsant .alpha.,.alpha.-disubstituted .gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 37, no. 2 (1994): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00028a011.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Caine, Drury, S. D. Venkataramu, and Adam Kois. "Synthesis of chiral functionalized trans-.beta.-isopropenyl-.gamma.-(hydroxymethyl)-.gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 57, no. 10 (1992): 2960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00036a041.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Franot, Christelle, David W. Roberts, David A. Basketter, Claude Benezra, and Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin. "Structure-Activity Relationships for Contact Allergenic Potential of .gamma.,.gamma.-Dimethyl-.gamma.-butyrolactone Derivatives. 2. Quantitative Structure-Skin Sensitization Relationships for .alpha.-Substituted-.alpha.-methyl-.gamma.,.gamma.-dimethyl-.gamma.-butyrolactones." Chemical Research in Toxicology 7, no. 3 (1994): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx00039a006.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

TONARI, Kennosuke, and Kenji YONEMOTO. "Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of .ALPHA.-Methylene-.GAMMA.(.BETA.)-carboxy-.GAMMA.-butyrolactones." Journal of Oleo Science 51, no. 4 (2002): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.51.259.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Ribeiro, Joyce B., L. M. A. Sousa, C. A. M. Fraga, et al. "Microbial reduction of alpha-substituted-alpha-acetyl-gamma-butyrolactones." Catalysis Communications 9, no. 8 (2008): 1782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2008.02.012.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Mandal, A. K., and D. G. Jawalkar. "Studies toward the syntheses of functionally substituted .gamma.-butyrolactones and spiro-.gamma.-butyrolactones and their reaction with strong acids: a novel route to .alpha.-pyrones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 54, no. 10 (1989): 2364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00271a023.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Gutman, Arie L., Kheir Zuobi, and Tamar Bravdo. "Lipase-catalyzed preparation of optically active .gamma.-butyrolactones in organic solvents." Journal of Organic Chemistry 55, no. 11 (1990): 3546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00298a031.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Koch, Stacie S. Canan, and A. Richard Chamberlin. "Enantioselective preparation of .beta.-alkyl-.gamma.-butyrolactones from functionalized ketene dithioacetals." Journal of Organic Chemistry 58, no. 10 (1993): 2725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00062a013.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Holland, KD, JA Ferrendelli, DF Covey, and SM Rothman. "Physiological regulation of the picrotoxin receptor by gamma- butyrolactones and gamma-thiobutyrolactones in cultured hippocampal neurons." Journal of Neuroscience 10, no. 6 (1990): 1719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.10-06-01719.1990.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Barbier, Pierre, and Claude Benezra. "Allergenic .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones. Study of the capacity of .beta.-acetoxy- and .beta.-hydroxy-.alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones to induce allergic contact dermatitis in guinea pigs." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 29, no. 5 (1986): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00155a046.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Tomioka, Kiyoshi, Youn Sang Cho, Fuminori Sato, and Kenji Koga. "Stereoselective reactions. 14. Efficient enantioselective construction of quaternary carbon centers by the sequential dialkylation of (S)-.gamma.-[(trityloxy)methyl]-.gamma.-butyrolactone. Synthesis of optically active .beta.,.beta.-disubstituted .gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 53, no. 17 (1988): 4094–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00252a039.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

Najdi, Samir, Daniel Reichlin, and Mark J. Kurth. "Enantioselective route to .gamma.-butyrolactones: chiral auxiliary mediated amide alkylation and iodolactonization." Journal of Organic Chemistry 55, no. 26 (1990): 6241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00313a005.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Sidduri, AchyuthaRao, and Paul Knochel. "New preparation of .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones mediated by (iodomethyl)zinc iodide." Journal of the American Chemical Society 114, no. 19 (1992): 7579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00045a050.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Dulcere, Jean Pierre, Mohamed Naceur Mihoubi, and Jean Rodriguez. "Allenyl ethers as precursors of .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones and botryodiplodin derivatives." Journal of Organic Chemistry 58, no. 21 (1993): 5709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00073a033.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Franot, Christelle, David W. Roberts, Richard G. Smith, David A. Basketter, Claude Benezra, and Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin. "Structure-Activity Relationships for Contact Allergenic Potential of .gamma.,.gamma.-Dimethyl-.gamma.-butyrolactone Derivatives. 1. Synthesis and Electrophilic Reactivity Studies of .alpha.-(.omega.-Substituted-alkyl)-.gamma.,.gamma.-dimethyl-.gamma.-butyrolactones and Correlation of Skin Sensitization Potential and Cross-Sensitization Patterns with Structure." Chemical Research in Toxicology 7, no. 3 (1994): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/tx00039a005.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Canney, Daniel J., Katherine D. Holland, Jeffrey A. Levine, Ann C. McKeon, James A. Ferrendelli, and Douglas F. Covey. "Synthesis and structure-activity studies of alkyl-substituted .gamma.-butyrolactones and .gamma.-thiobutyrolactones: ligands for the picrotoxin receptor." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 34, no. 4 (1991): 1460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00108a034.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Brown, Herbert C., Shekhar V. Kulkarni, and Uday S. Racherla. "Chiral Synthesis via Organoboranes. 39. A Facile Synthesis of .gamma.-Substituted-.gamma.-butyrolactones in Exceptionally High Enantiomeric Purity." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 2 (1994): 365–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00081a014.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

NAKANO, Taichi, Mikio KAYAMA, and Yoichiro NAGAI. "The reduction of .ALPHA.-chloro-.GAMMA.-butyrolactones using sodium iodide-N,N-dimethylformamide." NIPPON KAGAKU KAISHI, no. 2 (1985): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/nikkashi.1985.203.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

KABLAOUI, N. M., F. A. HICKS, and S. L. BUCHWALD. "ChemInform Abstract: Titanocene-Catalyzed Cyclocarbonylation of o-Allyl Aryl Ketones to . gamma.-Butyrolactones." ChemInform 28, no. 36 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199736122.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

MORITANI, Y., T. UKITA, T. NISHITANI, M. SEKI та T. IWASAKI. "ChemInform Abstract: A Synthesis of α-Substituted trans-α,β-Dibenzyl-. gamma.-butyrolactones: Diastereofacial Differentiation in the Electrophilic Attack on the Metal Enolates of α,β-Dibenzyl-. gamma.-butyrolactones (I)." ChemInform 22, № 17 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199117040.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Ziegler, Frederick E., Alyssa Kneisley, John K. Thottathil, and Ronald T. Wester. "3-Methyl-.gamma.-butyrolactones as templates for the synthesis of polypropionates: the basic strategy." Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, no. 16 (1988): 5434–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00224a031.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Naritoku, Dean K., Jeffrey A. Levine, Douglas F. Covey, and James A. Ferrendelli. "Effects of anticonvulsant and convulsant gamma-butyrolactones and thiobutyrolactones on gaba-mediated chloride uptake." Biochemical Pharmacology 36, no. 6 (1987): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(87)90165-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Moon, Hong Sik, Neil E. Schore, and Mark J. Kurth. "A polymer-supported chiral auxiliary applied to the iodolactonization reaction: preparation of .gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 57, no. 23 (1992): 6088–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00049a003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Levine, Jeffrey A., James A. Ferrendelli, and Douglas F. Covey. "Alkyl-substituted thiolo-, thiono-, and dithio-.gamma.-butyrolactones: new classes of convulsant and anticonvulsant agents." Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 29, no. 10 (1986): 1996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00160a032.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Tanaka, Kazuhiko, Hidemi Yoda, Yutaka Isobe, and Aritsune Kaji. "Asymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones using chiral N-monosubstituted 2-[(tributylstannyl)methyl]propenamides." Journal of Organic Chemistry 51, no. 10 (1986): 1856–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00360a038.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

CHEN, Yeh-Long, Tai-Chi WANG, Nein-Chen CHANG, Ya-Ling CHANG, Che-Ming TENG, and Cherng-Chyi TZENG. ".ALPHA.-Methylene-.GAMMA.-butyrolactones: Synthesis and Vasorelaxing Activity Assay of Coumarin, Naphthalene, and Quinoline Derivatives." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 46, no. 6 (1998): 962–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.46.962.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

CARLSON, R. M., та Q. YANG. "ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to the Synthesis of α-Methylene-β-hydroxy-. gamma.-butyrolactones." ChemInform 26, № 13 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199513133.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

Du, Yi-Ling, Xue-Ling Shen, Pin Yu, Lin-Quan Bai, and Yong-Quan Li. "Gamma-Butyrolactone Regulatory System of Streptomyces chattanoogensis Links Nutrient Utilization, Metabolism, and Development." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 23 (2011): 8415–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05898-11.

Full text
Abstract:
ABSTRACTGamma-butyrolactones (GBLs) produced by severalStreptomycesspecies have been shown to serve as quorum-sensing signaling molecules for activating antibiotic production. The GBL system ofStreptomyces chattanoogensisL10, a producer of antifungal agent natamycin, consists of three genes:scgA,scgX, andscgR. BothscgAandscgXcontribute to GBL production, whilescgRencodes a GBL receptor.ΔscgAandΔscgXmutants ofS. chattanoogensisbehaved identically: they had a growth defect in submerged cultures and delayed or abolished the morphological differentiation and secondary metabolites production on sol
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

OZAKI, YUTAKA, KEIKO MOCHIDA, and SANG-WON KIM. "Aromatic annelation with .ALPHA.-phenylsulfinyl-.GAMMA.-butyrolactones. A novel route to 4-(2-hydroxyalkyl)-1,3-benzenediols." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 35, no. 5 (1987): 1790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.1790.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

Moon, Hongsik, Shawn W. E. Eisenberg, Mark E. Wilson, Neil E. Schore, and Mark J. Kurth. "Preparation of Nonracemic 3,5-Disubstituted-.gamma.-butyrolactones: An Effective Sequent Auxiliary for Amide Alkylation and Iodolactonization." Journal of Organic Chemistry 59, no. 22 (1994): 6504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00101a002.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

MIYATA, Okiko, Tetsuro SHINADA, Nanako KAWAKAMI, et al. "A new steroselective route to .GAMMA.-butyrolactones: asymmetric syntheses of (+)-trans-whisky and (+)-trans-cognac lactones." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 40, no. 9 (1992): 2579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.2579.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

CHEN, Yeh-Long, Tai-Chi WANG, Shiu-Chuan LIANG, Che-Ming TENG, and Cherng-Chyi TZENG. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Coumarin .ALPHA.-Methylene-.GAMMA.-butyrolactones: A New Class of Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 44, no. 8 (1996): 1591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.44.1591.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
35

ROJO, J., M. GARCIA та J. C. CARRETERO. "ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted γ-Butyrolactones from . gamma.-Hydroxy-α,β-unsaturated Phenyl Sulfones." ChemInform 25, № 6 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199406049.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
36

Grimm, Erich L., and Hans Ulrich Reissig. "2-Siloxy-substituted methyl cyclopropanecarboxylates as building blocks in synthesis: efficient one-pot conversion to .gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 50, no. 2 (1985): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00202a017.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
37

Zhu, Guoxin, and Xiyan Lu. "A Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Construction of .alpha.-Methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones in Optically Active Form. Total Synthesis of (-)-Methylenolactocin." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 4 (1995): 1087–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00109a051.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
38

SRIKRISHNA, A., S. NAGARAJU та G. V. R. SHARMA. "ChemInform Abstract: A Radical Cyclization Strategy to α-Spiro-β-methylene-. gamma.-butyrolactones. Total Synthesis of (.+-.)-Norbakkenolide-A." ChemInform 24, № 24 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199324154.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
39

SCHIEWE, HANS-JÖRG, and AXEL ZEECK. "Cineromycins, .GAMMA.-Butyrolactones and Ansamycins by Analysis of the Secondary Metabolite Pattern Created by a Single Strain of Strepomycest." Journal of Antibiotics 52, no. 7 (1999): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.52.635.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
40

Amer, Adel, Douglas Ho, Klaus Rumpel, Ralf I. Schenkel, and Hans Zimmer. "Substituted .gamma.-butyrolactones. Part 37: reactions of (arylmethylene)furandiones with nucleophiles. A novel approach to the cyclolignan lactone skeleton." Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 17 (1991): 5210–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00017a040.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
41

SHIMIZU, M., O. MORITA, S. ITOH та T. FUJISAWA. "ChemInform Abstract: Regio- and Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Bicyclic α-Methylene-. gamma.-butyrolactones Containing a Fluorine via Halofluorination- Radical Cyclization." ChemInform 24, № 15 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199315170.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
42

BANDO, T., S. TANAKA, K. FUGAMI, Z. YOSHIDA та Y. TAMARU. "ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2-Vinyl-γ-butyrolactones and 2-Vinyl-. gamma.-butyrolactams by Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Carbonylation." ChemInform 23, № 18 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199218125.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
43

CANNEY, D. J., J. A. LEVINE, H. F. LU та D. F. COVEY. "ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of α,β- and/or γ-Alkyl-Substituted . gamma.-Butyrolactones Using Readily Prepared Olefinic Esters." ChemInform 22, № 9 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199109177.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
44

Arcadi, Antonio, Alfredo Burini, Sandro Cacchi, Monica Delmastro, Fabio Marinelli, and Bianca Rosa Pietroni. "Palladium-catalyzed reaction of vinyl triflates and vinyl/aryl halides with 4-alkynoic acids: regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (E)-.delta.-vinyl/aryl-.gamma.-methylene-.gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 57, no. 3 (1992): 976–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00029a035.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
45

Tamaru, Yoshinao, Makoto Hojo, and Zenichi Yoshida. "Palladium(II)-catalyzed carbonylation of 3-buten-1-ols and 3-butyn-1-ols: an efficient synthesis of .gamma.-butyrolactones." Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 3 (1991): 1099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00003a036.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
46

Tsuboi, Sadao, Junichi Sakamoto, Takayuki Kawano, Masanori Utaka, and Akira Takeda. "Asymmetric reduction of chlorinated 4-oxopentanoates with Bakers' yeast. Synthesis of optically active .gamma.-butyrolactones and useful chiral building blocks." Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 25 (1991): 7177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00025a043.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
47

DULCERE, J. P., M. N. MIHOUBI, J. RODRIGUEZ та M. SANTELLI. "ChemInform Abstract: The Reaction of Cohalogenation. Preparation of α-Methylene-. gamma.-butyrolactones. Application to the Synthesis of a Botryodiplodin Derivative". ChemInform 23, № 19 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199219348.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
48

BROWN, H. C., S. V. KULKARNI та U. S. RACHERLA. "ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Synthesis via Organoboranes. Part 39. A Facile Synthesis of . gamma.-Substituted-γ-butyrolactones in Exceptionally High Enantiomeric Purity." ChemInform 25, № 23 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199423130.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
49

SILVEIRA, C. C., A. L. BRAGA, A. MACHADO, G. L. FIORIN та M. J. DABDOUB. "ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of α-Chloro-α-phenylselenoesters with Silyl Enol Ethers. Synthesis of α-Phenylseleno-γ-keto Esters and . gamma.-Butyrolactones." ChemInform 28, № 14 (2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199714145.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
50

Takahata, Hiroki, Yasuhiro Uchida, and Takefumi Momose. "Concise Syntheses of Natural .gamma.-Butyrolactones, (+)-trans-Whisky Lactone, (+)-trans-Cognac Lactone, (-)-Methylenolactocin, (+)-Nephrosteranic Acid, and (+)-Roccellaric Acid Using Novel Chiral Butenolide Synthons." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 17 (1995): 5628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00122a051.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the bibliographies on the topic 'Gamma Butyrolactones' for other source types:
Dissertations / Theses
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography