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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gammarus pulex

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Academic literature on the topic 'Gammarus pulex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gammarus pulex"

1

Bentley, C. R., and H. Hurd. "Carbohydrate titres in the haemolymph and midgut glands of Gammarus pulex infected with the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis." Journal of Helminthology 70, no. 2 (June 1996): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00015236.

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AbstractAn examination of the effects of Pomphorhynchus laevis cystacanths on the haemolymph and midgut gland carbohydrate titres of its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea) was undertaken. In the haemolymph, infection with cystacanths did not alter the relationship between haemolymph carbohydrate titres and body wet weight. However, in the midgut glands, infection did alter the relationship between gammarid wet weight and titres of glucose and trehalose (P<0.05, Chow test). The linear relationship between gammarid size and midgut glycogen titre was also significantly altered by infection. Thus circulating carbohydrate titres are unaltered in infected gammarids but storage ones are. The changes in carbohydrate titres and the relationship between individual titres and body wet weight are discussed, especially regarding parasite index.

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2

Könemann, Sarah, Yvonne Müller, Daniel Tschentscher, Martin Krauss, Pedro Inostroza, Ira Brückner, Johannes Pinnekamp, Sabrina Schiwy, and Henner Hollert. "Combination of In Situ Feeding Rate Experiments and Chemical Body Burden Analysis to Assess the Influence of Micropollutants in Wastewater on Gammarus pulex." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050883.

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Wastewater discharge is one of the main sources of micropollutants within the aquatic environment. To reduce the risks for the aquatic environment, the reduction of the chemical load of wastewater treatment plant effluent is critical. Based on this need, additional treatment methods, such as ozonation, are currently being tested in several wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the present study, effects were investigated using in situ feeding experiments with Gammarus pulex and body burden analyses of frequently detected micropollutants which used a Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) multi-residue method to quantify internal concentrations in collected gammarids. Information obtained from these experiments complemented data from the chemical analysis of water samples and bioassays, which predominantly cover hydrophilic substances. When comparing up- and downstream feeding rates of Gammarus pulex for seven days, relative to the WWTPs, no significant acute effects were detected, although a slight trend of increased feeding rate downstream of the WWTP Aachen-Soers was observed. The chemical load released by the WWTP or at other points, or by diffuse sources, might be too low to lead to clear acute effects on G. pulex. However, some compounds found in wastewater are able to alter the microbial community on its leaves, leading to an increase in the feeding rate of G. pulex. Chemical analysis of internal concentrations of pollutants in the tissues of collected gammarids suggests a potential risk for chronic effects with the chemicals imidacloprid, thiacloprid, carbendazim, and 1H-benzotriazole when exceeding the critical toxic unit value of −3. This study has demonstrated that a combination of acute testing and measurement of the internal concentration of micropollutants that might lead to chronic effects is an efficient tool for investigating river systems, assuming all relevant factors (e.g., species or season) are taken into account.

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3

Bentley, C. R., and H. Hurd. "Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala): elevation of haemolymph protein concentrations in the intermediate host, Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Parasitology 107, no. 2 (August 1993): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000067305.

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SUMMARYComparisons were made between the protein concentrations and protein profiles of uninfected Gammarus pulex and those infected with cystacanths of Pomphorhynchus laevis. Comparisons of the extractable haemolymph volumes from uninfected and infected G. pulex, when related to host tissue weight, showed that there was no difference in the host tissue/haemolymph volume ratio between infected and uninfected individuals. SDS-PAGE of haemolymph samples resolved 36 bands of protein, the major components being band 6(19 kDa) and 21(33 kDa). Densitometric analysis of haemolymph samples showed that infected gammarids had total protein concentrations elevated by 84%. The (88 kDa) subunit was identified as the monomer of the respiratory protein haemocyanin. This band was significantly elevated in infected individuals (one-way ANOVA P < 0.001); increasing from 30 to 45% of the total haemolymph proteins.

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4

Kullmann, Harald, Timo Thünken, Sebastian A. Baldauf, Theo C. M. Bakker, and Joachim G. Frommen. "Fish odour triggers conspecific attraction behaviour in an aquatic invertebrate." Biology Letters 4, no. 5 (July 2008): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0246.

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Group living has evolved as an adaptation to predation in many animal species. In a multitude of vertebrates, the tendency to aggregate varies with the risk of predation, but experimental evidence for this is less well known in invertebrates. Here, we examine the tendency to aggregate in the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex in the absence and presence of predator fish odour. Without fish odour, the gammarids showed no significant tendency to aggregate. In contrast to this, in fish-conditioned water, they significantly preferred to stay close to conspecifics. Predation risk can, thus, influence gammarids social behaviour.

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5

Yardy, Lewis, and Amanda Callaghan. "Microplastic and Organic Fibres in Feeding, Growth and Mortality of Gammarus pulex." Environments 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8080074.

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Microplastic fibres (MPFs) are a major source of microplastic pollution, most are released during domestic washing of synthetic clothing. Organic microfibres (OMF) are also released into the environment by the same means, with cotton and wool being the most common in the UK. There is little empirical evidence to demonstrate that plastic fibres are more harmful than organic fibres if ingested by freshwater animals such as Gammarus pulex. Using our method of feeding Gammarus MPFs embedded in algal wafers, we compared the ingestion, feeding behaviour and growth of Gammarus exposed to 70 µm sheep wool, 20 µm cotton, 30 µm acrylic wool, and 50 µm or 100 µm human hair, and 30 µm cat hair at a concentration of 3% fibre by mass. Gammarus would not ingest wafers containing human hair, or sheep wool fibres. Given the choice between control wafers and those contaminated with MPF, cat hair or cotton, Gammarus spent less time feeding on MPF but there was no difference in the time spent feeding on OMFs compared to the control. Given a choice between contaminated wafers, Gammarus preferred the OMF to the MPF. There were no significant differences in growth or mortality among any of the treatments. These results conclude that MPFs are less likely to be ingested by Gammarus if alternative food is available and are not more harmful than OMFs.

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6

ÖZBEK, MURAT, and BELGİN ÇAMUR-ELİPEK. "Gammarus kesanensis sp. nov., a new blind amphipod species from Turkey (Amphipoda, Gammaridae), with a key to eyeless Gammarus species of Europe." Zootaxa 2399, no. 1 (March 15, 2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2399.1.5.

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A new blind species of freshwater amphipod, Gammarus kesanensis sp. nov., collected from Erikli Fountain, Keşan, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to Gammarus pulex- group and is the fourth blind species of the group reported from Europe and Turkey. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the new species are given and differences from related species are discussed. In addition, a key to the blind/eyeless species of Gammarus genus of Europe is presented.

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7

Birkhead, T. R., and S. Pringle. "Multiple mating and paternity in Gammarus pulex." Animal Behaviour 34, no. 2 (April 1986): 611–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(86)80134-8.

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8

Ponton, F., T. Lefevre, C. Lebarbenchon, F. Thomas, H. D. Loxdale, L. Marché, L. Renault, M. J. Perrot-Minnot, and D. G. Biron. "Do distantly related parasites rely on the same proximate factors to alter the behaviour of their hosts?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1603 (August 14, 2006): 2869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3654.

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Phylogenetically unrelated parasites often increase the chances of their transmission by inducing similar phenotypic changes in their hosts. However, it is not known whether these convergent strategies rely on the same biochemical precursors. In this paper, we explored such aspects by studying two gammarid species ( Gammarus insensibilis and Gammarus pulex ; Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridae) serving as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of two distantly related parasites: the trematode, Microphallus papillorobustus and the acanthocephalan, Polymorphus minutus . Both these parasite species are known to manipulate the behaviour of their amphipod hosts, bringing them towards the water surface, where they are preferentially eaten by aquatic birds (definitive hosts). By studying and comparing the brains of infected G. insensibilis and G. pulex with proteomics tools, we have elucidated some of the proximate causes involved in the parasite-induced alterations of host behaviour for each system. Protein identifications suggest that altered physiological compartments in hosts can be similar (e.g. immunoneural connexions) or different (e.g. vision process), and hence specific to the host–parasite association considered. Moreover, proteins required to alter the same physiological compartment can be specific or conversely common in both systems, illustrating in the latter case a molecular convergence in the proximate mechanisms of manipulation.

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MacNeil, Calum, and Jaimie T. A. Dick. "The enemy of my enemy is my friend: intraguild predation between invaders and natives facilitates coexistence with shared invasive prey." Biology Letters 10, no. 8 (August 2014): 20140398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0398.

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Understanding and predicting the outcomes of biological invasions is challenging where multiple invader and native species interact. We hypothesize that antagonistic interactions between invaders and natives could divert their impact on subsequent invasive species, thus facilitating coexistence. From field data, we found that, when existing together in freshwater sites, the native amphipod Gammarus duebeni celticus and a previous invader G. pulex appear to facilitate the establishment of a second invader, their shared prey Crangonyx pseudogracilis. Indeed, the latter species was rarely found at sites where each Gammarus species was present on its own. Experiments indicated that this may be the result of G. d. celticus and G. pulex engaging in more intraguild predation (IGP) than cannibalism; when the ‘enemy’ of either Gammarus species was present, that is, the other Gammarus species, C. pseudogracilis significantly more often escaped predation. Thus, the presence of mutual enemies and the stronger inter- than intraspecific interactions they engage in can facilitate other invaders. With some invasive species such as C. pseudogracilis having no known detrimental effects on native species, and indeed having some positive ecological effects, we also conclude that some invasions could promote biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

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Redondo-Hasselerharm, P. E., G. Vink, D. M. Mitrano, and A. A. Koelmans. "Metal-doping of nanoplastics enables accurate assessment of uptake and effects on Gammarus pulex." Environmental Science: Nano 8, no. 6 (2021): 1761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1en00068c.

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The combination of nanoplastic metal doping and biodynamic modeling allows for accurate assessment of bioaccumulation and effects on Gammarus pulex, even in a complex environmental matrix such as sediment.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gammarus pulex"

1

Fear, Lesley Anne. "Microbial ecology of the gut of Gammarus pulex." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250026.

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Crane, Mark. "The use of Gammarus pulex (L.) to assess pollution." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333512.

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3

Bollache, Loïc. "Sélection sexuelle, parasitisme et patterns d'appariement chez le crustacé amphipode Gammarus pulex." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10206.

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La biologie de reproduction de Gammarus lupex est caractérisée par une phase de gardiennage précopulatoire couramment analysée comme une stratégie compétitive développée par les mâles afin d'assurer leur reproduction. Une homogamie en fonction de la taille est fréquemment observée lors de cette phase de gardiennage, tel que les grands mâles sont appariés aux grandes femelles, et les mâles d'une taille moindre aux femelles plus petites. Un suivi sur le terrain de plusieurs populations naturelles, complété par des expériences au laboratoire ont permis de préciser le ou les processus responsables de l'homogamie pour la taille chez Gammarus pulex. En confrontant les prédictions propres à chaque hypothèse avec le pattern observé dans les populations naturelles, les hypothèses de contraintes et de disponibilité des partenaires ont pu être réfutées. La sélection sexuelle apparaît désormais comme le processus majeur permettant d'expliquer l'homogamie. Nous avons comparé dans un second temps les effets de deux parasites acanthocéphales, Pomphorhyncus laevis et Polymorphus minutus sur le succès d'appariement des individus des deux sexes chez Gammarus pulex. Le succès d'appariement des mâles et des femelles parasitées s'avère être fortement affecté sur le terrain. Les mâles parasités sont moins compétitifs que les mâles sains, et les femelles infectées moins attractives que les femelles saines, principalement due à une diminution de leur fécondité. Le succès des mâles et des femelles parasités par P. Minutus est plus faible que celui des individus parasités par P. Laevis. Les différences observées entre les deux parasites doivent vraisemblablement être liées à leur impact au niveau de la physiologie de leur hôte intermédiaire, sans que l'on sache encore ce qui, à ce niveau, diffère réellement entre les deux espèces parasitaires.

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4

Clarke, Hazel Caroline. "Ecology and behaviour of the invasive freshwater amphipod gammarus pulex (L.)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601109.

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The sucess of invasive species is said to depend upon the availability of resources, interactions with natural enemies and the abiotic environment. However, the behavioural interactions also play an important role. This thesis uses the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex (L.) to investigate the ecology and behaviour of an invasive species, with particular emphasis on female reproduction.

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5

Dick, Jaimie T. A. "Assessments and decisions during mate choice in Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: amphipoda)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336112.

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6

Miller, Thomas Henry. "Measurement and modelling of pharmaceutical bioconcentration in an aquatic invertebrate, Gammarus pulex." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/measurement-and-modellingof-pharmaceutical-bioconcentration-in-an-aquatic-invertebrate-gammarus-pulex(0cb58627-4405-4096-b735-d5344357c171).html.

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The aim of this work was to understand the bioconcentration potential of pharmaceuticals in a freshwater invertebrate. The novelty of this work lies in several parts of which the most important was that a computational model was developed to successfully predict bioconcentration in invertebrates, which has not been achieved previously. For the first time, a developed analytical method using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Gammarus pulex across several tributaries of the River Thames (London, UK). The occurrence reached low level ng g-1 concentrations and indicated that further experiments were needed to determine the accumulation potential. Toxicokinetic exposures were performed to characterise the bioconcentration potential of 16 pharmaceuticals. The determined bioconcentration factors (BCFs) remained below regulatory thresholds indicative of bioaccumulation, which contrasted field-derived bioaccumulation factors that would have triggered regulatory guidelines. However, the standardised models employed for kinetic BCF estimation were evaluated and it was found that model assumptions concerning the uptake rate constant were not reliable, leading to extremely important implications for regulatory bodies. In addition, the developed LC-MS/MS method determined phase I and phase II metabolites in G. pulex, indicating that these organisms are capable of extensive biotransformation of pharmaceuticals. To further understand uptake mechanisms such as passive diffusion, a modelling approach using artificial neural networks were developed to characterise the uptake of pharmaceuticals onto passive sampling devices. No previous investigations have aimed to predict uptake onto polar organic chemical integrative sampler devices and this work represented the first of its kind. The passive sampling models demonstrated good predictive accuracy at a fraction of the cost and time required by experimental measurements. Furthermore, the modelling gave mechanistic insight into molecular descriptors that were related to uptake onto passive samplers. The modelling approach was extended to predict bioconcentration of pharmaceuticals in fish and G. pulex using data from the literature and data determined from the toxicokinetic experiments presented here. Interestingly, the fish-based model could not be used to predict the invertebrate data. This indicated that either the class of compounds (pharmaceuticals) or the fish-to-invertebrate bioconcentration data could not be cross predicted. Thus, a standalone model was developed for the invertebrates and showed good predictive accuracy for this species. Overall, the work presented herein has achieved novel impact to address the lack of knowledge concerning bioconcentration in invertebrates.

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7

Holmgen, Jonas. "Ger olika temperaturförhållanden ¨trade off¨- effekter mellan tillväxt och exokutikulans tjocklek hos Gammarus pulex? En pilotstudie." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-928.

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I rinnande vatten, så som bäckar och åar, har Gammarus pulex en viktig ställning i näringsväven. Arten bidrar till att bryta ner organiskt material och göra energin i detta tillgänglig för andra organismer. G. pulex är dessutom en viktig föda för ett stort antal predatorer. Flera studier visar att G. pulex reagerar på olika temperaturer. Tillväxthastighet, livslängd, reproduktion, aktivitet och syreförbrukning är exempel på karaktärer som påverkas av temperaturen. Ingen studie har tidigare behandlat om anläggningen av exokutikula påverkas av temperaturen. En höjd temperatur ökar tillväxthastigheten och detta skulle kunna ge minskade resurser till generering av exokutikula, såkallad ”trade off”. Min studie syftar till att undersöka hur G. pulex tvingas fördela sina resurser mellan tillväxt och exokutikulans tjocklek i förhållande till förändrade temperaturförhållande. Till undersökningen användes 80 djur från två naturliga system med en genomsnittlig temperaturskillnad på 1,9ºC. Säsongsvariation mellan höst och vinter studerades utifrån samma lokaler. Exokutikulans tjocklek mättes och kroppslängden användes som storleksreferens. Statistisk analys gjordes av kvoten exokutikulatjocklek/kroppslängd och ingen signifikant skillnad hittades mellan de olika grupperna. Denna studie visar att ingen ”trade off” finns mellan exokutikulans tjocklek och tillväxt hos G. pulex, varken i de två systemen, eller p.g.a. säsongsvariation, höst och vinter. Detta kan bero på Amfipoders möjligheter att återanvända kalcium för uppbyggnad av en ny exokutikula samt eventuell god tillgång på resurser. Dessutom ger en höjd metabolism vid ökad temperatur ökade möjligheter till en snabb generering av en ny exokutikula. Vidare studier bör göras i både naturliga och artificiella miljöer för att vidare undersöka en eventuell ”trade off” mellan tillväxt och exokutikula.

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8

Bentley, Christopher R. "The pathophysiology of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) in its intermediate host Gammarus pulex (Crustacea)." Thesis, Keele University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359161.

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9

Hadfield, Simon John. "Genetic structure and colonisation history of European and UK population of Gammarus pulex." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5483.

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The structure of populations has been studied for many years and there have been three main factors that have been suggested as the cause for present-day distributions of species, those being environment, biology and history. With the use of molecular data and advanced phylogeographic approaches it is now possible to distinguish between the main causes of population structuring. The present study considers the extent of population structure in G. pulex on regional (UK) and large geographic (Europe) scales using studies of molecular genetic (allozymes, mtDNA sequencing and microsatellites) and morphological variation. Molecular analysis of Gammarus pulex in Europe revealed more diversity than previously thought. This was thought to be a consequence of two separate waves of colonisation after the formation of the major drainages in the Miocene. The UK appears to have been colonised once from either the Elbe, Mosel and Rhine drainages separately or cumulatively across the drainage basins late in the Pleistocene before a land bridge connection to mainland Europe was submerged. Limited molecular variation in the UK is thought to be a result of reduced genetic variation in the colonising individuals. This in turn was caused by repeated founder events during population expansion and contraction from European refugia. A detailed analysis of a transplantation experiment in 1950 in the Isle of Man revealed little genetic impoverishment of the introduced population when compared to the source. In contrast, morphological variation increased in the introduced population. Unlike in mainland Europe there was no historical explanation for the diversity recorded (as the introduced population was so young) and, in the absence of fragmentation, speciation and colonisation the contemporary forces of gene flow, selection and limited genetic drift are thought to be the determining factors in population structure.

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Amer, Aisha Arhouma Ali. "The effect of cadmium chloride on the biology of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15496.

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Increased releases of cadmium to the aquatic environment have raised concern over the potential for adverse impacts on freshwater organisms in affected aquatic bodies. This thesis explored the responses of a common freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex (G. pulex) to sublethal concentrations of cadmium under different environmental conditions and at various stages of the lifestyle. Endpoints studied encompassed molecular, cellular, physiological and behavioural changes, to enable a comprehensive analysis of the effects of the organism. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0.001, 0.005 and 0.01 mg Cd L–1) for 7 and 14 days, influenced the percent survival, induced lipid peroxidation and damaged DNA in haemolymph cells of G. pulex. These concentrations also reduced feeding and ventilation rates as well as the motility, in particular of the females, with increasing Cd concentration and time of exposure. Furthermore, Cd accumulation from water in the body tissues of the amphipods was lower than in their food, with increasing Cd concentrations. These results illustrate how concentrations of Cd below the Environmental Quality Standard for European waters can cause sublethal molecular and cellular damage after relatively short periods of exposure. Histopathological effects of Cd on the gills and hepatopancreas (mid-gut gland) were examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Multiple effects were observed on the tissues and cell organelles including external alternations in the muscular fibres of the hepatopancreas, lysis of microvilli and morphological changes in mitochondria. Exposure to 0.01 mg Cd L–1 altered the epithelial layer of the gill, causing vacuolation and lysis across the whole gill structure. Mitochondria showed damage to the inner membrane, shortened cristae and swelling, with an increase in apoptosis at concentrations of 0.005 and 0.01 mg Cd L–1. Collectively, these results document the adverse effects of Cd on target organs at concentrations within the range found in freshwater bodies. An investigation of the effects of water hardness on bioaccumulation and toxicity showed that hardness of water inhibited Cd toxicity and protected the juveniles during long term exposures, without affecting growth rate and food consumption. Soft water reduced the rate of survival, growth rate and food consumption during chronic exposure to low Cd concentrations, and facilitated Cd accumulation in the body parts compared with juveniles exposed in hard water. The results show that water quality plays a vital role in reducing or increasing detrimental effects of low Cd concentrations on the early life stage of amphipods which are a source of food for many species in aquatic environments. Exposure to Cd led to an increase in metallothionein concentrations in the amphipods in both hard and soft water. It also caused disruption to ion/osmoregulation, which may represent one mechanism of compensation for the ions lost in the amphipods exposed to Cd in soft water. In conclusion, these results add to the body of evidence describing the sublethal toxicity of Cd, a priority pollutant, to a common freshwater sentinel species. These results are of relevance for future environmental management and remediation approaches, because they provide scientific data to help in assessing, interpreting and understanding the effects of the heavy metal Cd in freshwater environments.

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Books on the topic "Gammarus pulex"

1

Sartoris, Franz Josef. Ökophysiologische Untersuchungen zur Säuresensitivität der Bachflohkrebse Gammarus pulex (L.) und Gammarus fossarum (Koch.). Aachen: Shaker, 1992.

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2

Hinchcliffe, M. T. The Effect of sub-lethal doses of copper on the whole copper body loads and growth rates in the freshwater shrimp,Gammarus pulex (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Wolverhampton: University of Wolverhampton, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gammarus pulex"

1

Naylor, Caroline, Lorraine Maltby, and Peter Calow. "Scope for growth in Gammarus pulex, a freshwater benthic detritivore." In Environmental Bioassay Techniques and their Application, 517–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1896-2_52.

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2

Thompson, D. B. A., and A. F. Brown. "Behaviour of the amphipod Gammarus pulex, infected with cystacanths of acanthocephalans." In Practical Exercises in Parasitology, 423–32. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173353.051.

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