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Journal articles on the topic 'Gandhara (Pakistan and Afghanistan)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Brancaccio, Pia, and Xinru Liu. "Dionysus and drama in the Buddhist art of Gandhara." Journal of Global History 4, no. 2 (July 2009): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809003131.

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AbstractThis essay examines the relationships existing between Dionysian traditions of wine drinking and drama that reached the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world, and the Buddhist culture and art that flourished in Gandhara (Eastern Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan) under the Kushan kings between the first and third centuries CE. By piecing together archaeological, artistic and literary evidence, it appears that along with viniculture and viticulture, Dionysian rituals, Greek theatre and vernacular drama also became rooted in these eastern lands. Continuous interactions with the Graeco-Roman world strengthened these important cultural elements. At the beginning of the Common Era Dionysian traditions and drama came to be employed by the Buddhists of Gandhara to propagate their own ideas. The creation of a body of artworks representing the life of the Buddha in narrative form along with the literary work of Ashvaghosha, may be an expression of the same dramatic format that developed locally along with a strong Dionysian ritual presence.

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2

Cambon, Pierre. "Pakistan / Afghanistan." Arts asiatiques 73, no. 1 (2018): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2018.2001.

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Cambon, Pierre. "Pakistan / Afghanistan." Arts asiatiques 74, no. 1 (2019): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2019.2033.

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4

Cambon, Pierre. "Pakistan / Afghanistan." Arts asiatiques 75, no. 1 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2020.2071.

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5

Young, Ruth. "Representation within the Landscape of Northern Pakistan: The Meanings of Gandhara." South Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (January 2009): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2009.9628697.

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6

Ziring, Lawrence. "Unraveling the Afghanistan-Pakistan Riddle." Asian Affairs: An American Review 36, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/aafs.36.2.59-78.

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7

Étienne, Gilbert. "Afghanistan/Pakistan : de redoutables engrenages." Politique étrangère Printemps, no. 1 (2010): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pe.101.0067.

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8

Rashid, Ahmed. "Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Gulf." MERIP Middle East Report, no. 148 (September 1987): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3012444.

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9

Addy, Doug. "Poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan." Archives of Disease in Childhood 97, no. 12 (November 19, 2012): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-303240.

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10

Alavi, Hamza. "Pakistan between Afghanistan and India." Middle East Report, no. 222 (2002): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1559267.

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11

Small, Andrew. "China's Caution on Afghanistan–Pakistan." Washington Quarterly 33, no. 3 (July 2010): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0163660x.2010.492343.

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12

Amin, S. "Pakistan and SCO." Journal of International Analytics, no. 2 (June 28, 2015): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2015-0-2-48-50.

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Peace and stability in Afghanistan are crucial for the economic potential not only of Central Asian region but Asia as a whole/ Possibilities of Pakistan to play a greater role in the SCO are under discussion in the paper. The author considers important economic issues (energy corridors from Turkmenistan to Pakistan via Afghanistan) and counter-terrorist struggle in Pakistan.

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13

Samay, M. Ali. "Afghanistan and Pakistan between the US new Strategy and Eurasian Great Powers." Köz-gazdaság 15, no. 3 (2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2020.03.14.

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One of the most intricate matters when it comes to fighting against terrorism in Afghanistan and South Asia is the perpetual conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The role of Pakistan is a central debate in all security, political and economic subjects of discussion in Afghanistan since its dawn of existence as a country. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, as the President of Afghanistan, believes his country is in a state of an undeclared war with Pakistan. The reason for this is that Pakistan plays a double-standard policy towards Afghanistan by having diplomatic relations with Kabul while actively supports the Taliban and terrorist groups who fight against the Afghan government and conduct terrorist attacks and bombings in the country. India shares the same point of view about Pakistan, thus becoming the most important strategic partner of Afghanistan in the region. Both countries are actively trying to turn the international community and international and Eurasian powers against Pakistan. Recently, the USA’s President has accepted its lobby and diplomacy. Today, America, Afghanistan, and India have a common voice in the fight against terrorism and its regional roots, which are in Pakistan. The practical result of this common voice is the newly shaped America-India-Afghan (AIA) strategic trinity against terrorism and Pakistan. In this article, we focus on: – The US new strategy towards Afghanistan and Pakistan – Afghanistan’s new position in the US foreign policy – The reaction and response of Pakistan, China, and Russia to the US new strategy – The fragmentation and lack of common initiatives among Eurasian large powers as far as the fight against terrorism and other trans-regional threats is concerned – The practical and possible outcome of the newly AIA strategical trinity or shift for the USA, Afghanistan, and Pakistan considering the policies of the regional or Eurasian great powers.

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14

Weinbaum, Marvin G. "Pakistan and Afghanistan: The Strategic Relationship." Asian Survey 31, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645079.

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15

Etienne, Gilbert. "Un triangle dangereux : Inde-Pakistan-Afghanistan." Politique étrangère 68, no. 3 (2003): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polit.2003.1237.

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16

Weinbaum, Marvin G. "Pakistan and Afghanistan: The Strategic Relationship." Asian Survey 31, no. 6 (June 1991): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1991.31.6.00p00634.

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17

Qarani, Wais Mohammad, and Samina Iqbal Kanji. "Health System Analysis: Pakistan and Afghanistan." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDORSING HEALTH SCIENCE RESEARCH (IJEHSR) 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 06. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/ijehsr.v3.i3.2015.06-11.

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18

Wisner, Frank G. "Afghanistan and Pakistan: Mr. Obama's War∗." American Foreign Policy Interests 31, no. 6 (December 2009): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10803920903417555.

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19

COLE, JUAN. "Pakistan and Afghanistan: Beyond the Taliban." Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 2 (June 2009): 221–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00647.x.

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20

Wirsing, Robert G. "Pakistan and the War in Afghanistan." Asian Affairs: An American Review 14, no. 2 (June 1987): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00927678.1987.10553640.

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21

Khan, Muhammad Ahad Yar, Fateh Muhammad Burfat, and Tansif ur Rehman. "SOVIET-AFGHAN WAR AND PAKISTAN’S ROLE." Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia 38 (February 5, 2021): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol38.iss0.3131.

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The Russian invasion of Afghanistan and the consequent USSR-Afghan War provided an opportunity to Pakistan to counter the Indian and Russian influences in the country, and thus Pakistan tried to install a Pak-friendly regime in Afghanistan. Despite the war in Afghanistan was termed as a ‘holy’ war against the ‘Russian infidels’, it helped Pakistan to settle a score with the traditional Afghan regimes who raised the border issues with Pakistan. Thus, the decision of Pakistan to support Afghan Mujahideen was a strategic one, and it raised the status of Pakistan in the global world as a strong and strategic country that was equipped strategically to handle critical global issues capably. Throughout the Soviet-Afghan War, Pakistan fought a proxy war against the USSR by aiding the Afghan Mujahideen fighting against the Russian invaders. Being a close neighbour to Afghanistan, Pakistan’s sovereignty was at stake constantly as an independent country. Pakistan was thus successful in forcing the withdrawal of the so-called superpower from Afghanistan, keeping its sovereignty intact and restoring peace and stability in the region.

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22

Iqbal, Nazish. "India-Pakistan-Afghanistan Triad: A Case Study of Classical Realism." Global Foreign Policies Review III, no. I (December 30, 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2020(iii-i).03.

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India and Pakistan have their own political and economic aims in Afghanistan since inception. The association between Pakistan and Afghanistan have always remained uneven. This is due to the convergence and divergence of interest of both the states. Indian factor has played its greater role in the strained relationship between both the states. Hostile Indian presence on the Afghanistan border is a matter of security concern for Pakistan. Taliban factor always remained a threat for India. India signed strategic partnership deal with Afghanistan and became the sixth largest donor to Afghanistan. Afghanistan is getting greater economic benefits from India and in return has provided its land for terrorist activities against Pakistan. Pakistan on the other hand has played very effective role in bringing Afghan Taliban and United states to the negotiation table for achieving peace in Afghanistan. This paper utilizes the classical realism theory to explain the political and economic interests of India and Afghanistan and also explains the strained Pak Afghan relations ever since due to the involvement of Indian factor. So this triad always remained in conflict and on trajectory of uneven relationship.

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23

Wahid, Fazal. "The US War on Terror in Afghanistan and its Impact on FATA in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. III (September 30, 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-iii).03.

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The US counterattack on Afghanistan in October 2001 changed in the overall security structure of the region. The Taliban and Al Qaeda fighters escaped the US bombing of the Tora Bora in Afghanistan and crossed into the FATA region of Pakistan. Pakistan’s military operations against these militants in the FATA provided a boost to the latter’s cause and almost the entire FATA experienced a sort of Talibanization. The US war in Afghanistan had its spillover effect in FATA. Terrorist activities unleashed in the entire Pakistan and turmoil in Afghanistan added fuel to this situation. FATA’s special constitutional status was adding to the woes of Pakistan and subsequently FATA was merged with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). This paper analyzes the impact of the US war in Afghanistan on the FATA region of Pakistan.

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24

Gregory, Shaun. "The View Across the Durand Line." Central Asian Affairs 1, no. 1 (April 18, 2014): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00101007.

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As the regional state with the greatest influence on Afghanistan, Pakistan is pivotal to the prospects for a smooth us/nato transition in Afghanistan and for a stable Afghanistan over the longer term. Despite this, Pakistan has been largely side-lined in us and Afghan efforts to engage the Taliban and find a negotiated peace. The explanations for this lie in part in the strained contemporary us-Pakistan relationship and in historic Afghan-Pakistan antipathy and mutual suspicion, the latter shaped decisively by Afghan-Indian relations. This paper considers the view from Islamabad and argues that Pakistan could be a more constructive player in Afghanistan if the West did more to recognise and accommodate Pakistan’s national interests and paid more attention to Pakistani prescriptions for security problem-solving. It argues for a moratorium on drone strikes and cautions the West not to disengage from Pakistan or subject it to punitive sanctions.

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25

Nadein, Konstantin S., Zubair Ahmed, and Maxim Sergeev. "Distributional notes on Chrysomelidae from Pakistan and Afghanistan (Coleoptera)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 62, no. 1 (May 15, 2012): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.62.1.225-233.

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Die Verbreitungsdaten von 19 Arten aus Pakistan und 9 Arten aus Afghanistan werden präsentiert. Acht Arten werden als neu für Pakistan gemeldet: Coptocephala crassipes (Lefevre, 1876), Chloropterus ornatus Lopatin, 1984, Pachnephorus tesselatus Duftschmidt 1825, Macrocoma sacra (Lopatin, 1983), Macrocoma marquardti (Breit, 1913), Palpoxena pallida (Jacoby, 1896), Aulacophora impressa (Fabricius, 1801), und Chaetocnema belli Jacoby, 1904. Eine Art wird in Afghanistan neu nachgewiesen: Tituboea heptneri (Medvedev, 1957).StichwörterChrysomelidae, leaf beetles, Pakistan, Afghanistan, distribution, new records.

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26

Machitidze, G. "Terrorist Threats in Afghanistan and Pakistan: Cоmparative Analysis." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 2 (2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-2-71-80.

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The article is devoted to analysis of terrorist threats in Afghanistan and Pakistan, identifies their similar external and essential characteristics. Afghanistan is remarkable for the highest level of terrorist threats. Drivers of terrorist activity are the Taliban insurgency, more than 20 radical Islamist groups affiliated with Al-Qaida and partly with ISIL. Relying on the Afghan Taliban cooperation, Al-Qaida tries to regain its position in Afghanistan. Radical groups, consisting of foreign terrorist fighters are active in eastern, north-eastern and northern provinces of Afghanistan. Strengthening of the radical groups in the northern part of Afghanistan is a potential threat to the states of Central Asia. It can encourage the dissemination of extremist ideology in the region. Despite heavy casualties, ISIL tries not to lean back in Afghanistan. Pakistan’s security is tied with the situation in Afghanistan. The terrorist elements operating in Af-Pak region always played a major role in destabilization of the country. The paper also highlights that increasing presence of militant groups in Pakistan contributed to the deepening of religious differences in Pakistani society. The presence of the supporters of Al-Qaida in the region also complicates the security situation in Pakistan. The author emphasizes existing trend of cultivation of extremist ideologies to get political support of conservative hardliners and to flirt with extremist groups in Pakistan’s ruling circles. In recent years Islamabad could decrease the level of terrorist threats in Pakistan by conducting major military operations.

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27

Kugelman, Michael. "Pakistan in 2017." Asian Survey 58, no. 1 (January 2018): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2018.58.1.100.

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The ouster of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif marked the culmination of a tumultuous political year in 2017 for Pakistan. On the external front, tensions with India, Afghanistan, and the United States soared before abating, albeit modestly, later in the year.

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28

Mahmood, Tahir, Afaq Ali Muluk, and Seema Zubair. "Afghanistan’s Food Security: Evidence from Pakistan and Afghanistan Wheat Price Transmission using Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM))." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.511.

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Afghanistan's food security mainly depends on Pakistan's wheat prospect, circumstances, agriculture policies, and market price dynamics. This study explores the price transmission mechanism of the wheat flour and wheat grain between Pakistan and Afghanistan using monthly price pairs from January 2003 through October 2017. The paper investigates the existing knowledge of how Pakistan’s agricultural policy and wheat market affects the wheat market and food security of Afghanistan. The results confirm that the wheat flour price of Pakistan is found to be driving the price of wheat flour of Afghanistan. This implies that wheat flour price of Pakistan evolves independently, and that wheat flour price of Afghanistan balances any divergence in the long-run relationship between the two markets prices. The policy implication is to eradicate transaction costs as well as procuring timely wheat grain and flour, in order to maintain price stability between Pakistan and Afghanistan wheat markets.

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29

Jan, Amir, Muhammad Hassan, and Ishrat Afshan Abbasi. "Khyber Pakhtoonistan is a Factor in Pak-Afghan Relations: Challenges and Way Forward." Progressive Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (PRJAH) 2, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51872/prjah.vol2.iss1.27.

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This paper aims to explore out the challenges of Pak-Afghan relations and their impact on regional peace. Despite geographical proximity and common socio-cultural legacy, Pakistan and Afghanistan failed to settle their mutual differences amicable as a result, their bilateral relations have been exploited by the regional and international power. In addition to this, KPK and Balochistan provinces of Pakistan which are the main causes of geo-political differences between Pakistan and Afghanistan have been the home of terrorism, extremism and Afghan refugees since 1980s. The paper is qualitative in nature, and based on investigation of the various events and facts in order to address the question why did Pakistan and Afghanistan failto set a mechanism to end up their mutual geo-political difference? The paper also intends to forward policy recommendations for the durable and permanent friendly relations of Pakistan and Afghanistan and their possible impacts on the region.

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30

Riley, Jonathon. "Afghanistan and Pakistan: One British Commander's View." Orbis 64, no. 1 (2020): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.12.007.

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31

Afroz, Sultana. "Afghanistan in US ‐ Pakistan relations, 1947–1960." Central Asian Survey 8, no. 2 (January 1989): 131–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634938908400667.

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32

Ghosh, Sourish. "AFGHANISTAN: THE THEATRE OF INDIA-PAKISTAN RIVALRY." Jadavpur Journal of International Relations 16, no. 1 (June 2012): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973598412110005.

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33

Kennedy, Charles H., Leo E. Rose, and Kemal Matinuddin. "Beyond Afghanistan: The Emerging US-Pakistan Relations." Pacific Affairs 64, no. 1 (1991): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2760410.

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34

Taylor, Rosalyn. "Afghanistan and Pakistan: Stepping back in time." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 14, no. 3 (July 1998): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699808409397.

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35

Palsule, Vaibhavi. "“Connecting India, Pakistan, Afghanistan Through Social Media”." Asian Politics & Policy 5, no. 1 (January 2013): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12005.

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36

Kumar, Sumita. "Pakistan–Afghanistan Relations: Stabilizing Politics Through Economics." Strategic Analysis 32, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 223–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700160801994860.

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37

Shukla, Ashish. "Pakistan, Afghanistan and the Westby Ahmed Rashid." Strategic Analysis 37, no. 2 (March 2013): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2013.737553.

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38

Bahar, Hazrat M. "Afghanistan and Pakistan Relations: What Issues Matter." Kardan Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 1 (June 25, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31841/kjssh.2021.1.

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39

Sami, Sarwat Sultana, Noor Fatima, and Syed Ali Shah. "Development of Indo-Afghan Relations in Political Economic and Social Aspects Post 9/11 Scenario; Implication for Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. I (March 30, 2018): 411–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-i).24.

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Indo-Afghan relations are developing with accelerated pace post 9/11. Indian increasing involvement in Afghanistan is a matter of grave concern for Pakistan. Indian investment in Afghanistan aims; to minimize Pakistan’s influence in Afghanistan, to create a soft image of India in Afghanistan and to access Central Asian Republic’s markets through Afghanistan. India is so far being successful in all of its objectives. India is investing in political, economic and social sectors in Afghanistan and successful in creating a soft image of Indians in Afghans heart. Keeping in view this scenario, study of this situation was a good case. India, Pakistan and Afghanistan all three have many observations regarding each other and none of them accept it. Due to the physical presence of United States in Afghanistan for more than a decade, peace in the area is still a dream come true. Therefore, it was an interesting study to understand the dynamics of Indo-Afghan relations and its implications for Pakistan. Neo realism theory is applied in this study.

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40

Muhammad, Rehan Khan. "International Forced Migration and Pak- Afghan Development Concerns: Exploring Afghan Refugee Livelihood Strategies." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v2i4.667.

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This study investigates the livelihood strategies employed by Afghan refugees residing in Pakistan. These refugees were forced to take refuge in Pakistan after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1978. Three decades after their migration, and after repeated Pakistani government attempts to resettle them in Afghanistan, scores of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan. This paper discusses the evolving relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan over the years and their respective implications. Researching the various livelihood strategies that Afghan refugees pursued their impact on the Pakistani labor market is discussed. By means of taking a case study of an Afghan refugee woman, this study concludes that there exists a gender dimension in Afghan refugee population. In doing so two developmental concerns are identified i) development projects focused on refugee assistance in Afghanistan and Pakistan ignore the development concerns of the women population ii) countries that provide refuge to victims of war are exposed to a new set of development challenges in addition to their already burdened economy. This paper furthers the academic debate on achieving the development challenge of attaining a stable South Asia, in light of the AfPak strategy initiated by President Obama in 2010, and reflects on potential areas for policy making for Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States.

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41

Qayum, Huma, Syed Ali Shah, and Zubaria Andlib. "Implications of Pak-Afghan Transit Trade for Regional Security." Global Regional Review I, no. I (December 30, 2016): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2016(i-i).13.

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Pak-Afghan relations have almost remained far from being normal and under the grip of allegations and counter allegation due to several bilateral political issues. However, trade relations have remained unrestrained from several decades. Afghanistan as a landlocked state always relied on Pakistani ports for its trade requirements with the rest of the world. Despite ups and downs in the relations, Pakistan provided the trade provision to Afghanistan under 1965 trade agreement which was replaced in October 2010 with agreement providing better trade facilities to Afghanistan with India. Pakistan has security concerns over India, as Indo-Afghan trade will reduce Pakistan’s imports of goods. Growing Indian presence in the form of huge investment in Afghanistan has threatened Pakistan’s security. Trade has great potential for Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan but security and sincereity are required for implementation of such agreements.

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42

Ali, Imran, and Xiaochuan Dong. "The Revenge Game: U.S Foreign Policy During Afghan-Soviet War and Afghan-Pakistan Falling Into Hell." Asian Social Science 11, no. 27 (November 22, 2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n27p43.

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<p>The U.S Foreign policy during the Soviets encroachment of Afghanistan at the height of Cold War has been evaluated, as well as its negative effects in Afghanistan-Pakistan (Af-Pak). During 1979, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R) landed on Afghanistan in order to secure Warm Water Ports and Persian Gulf Oil. (This was called as the “Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan”). By having this situation, The U.S government established a mission in Afghanistan which consisted on two main purposes. One of them was to stand against the invasion of Afghanistan provoked by U.S.S.R. and the second one was to provide Afghan Mujahedeen Movements with some help and be prepared for the coming situation. So, the provision of the most dangerous weapons and the need of billions of dollars were made to these fundamentalist Afghan mujahedeen. Thus, they could protect themselves and fight against the U.S.S.R invasion. As a matter of fact, the Taliban groups were founded due to U.S policy. Nevertheless, the establishment of them has become the biggest general threat to global peace, particularly for Afghanistan and Pakistan. This research consists of three parts which are going to be developed in the order as follows: The internal milieu of Afghanistan and the intervention by U.S.S.R, The U.S policy interests and the outcomes of these policies, The Afghan and Pakistan consequences which were gotten by these policies. This Research is going to be a new source of knowledge for understanding the U.S foreign policy during this War and their negative effects on Afghanistan and Pakistan such as refugee’s settlement and number of other problems. Although Americans just revenge from Soviets but this game also destroyed the Pakistan. Also as an explanation on the nowadays coming international terrorism and how the Afghan insurgents have become strong enough. </p>

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43

Bakhsh, Faiz, and Muhammad Asif Safdar. "ROLE OF THE UNHCR IN REPATRIATION OF AFGHAN REFUGEES FROM PAKISTAN: POST 9/11 ERA." PETITA: JURNAL KAJIAN ILMU HUKUM DAN SYARIAH 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/petita.v5i1.95.

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The post 9/11-armed conflict in Afghanistan resulted in the displacement of millions of Afghans and many of these displaced persons entered Pakistan as refugees. Moreover, the involvement of Pakistan in the conflict as an ally to NATO claimed Pakistan an internal armed conflict that displaced waves and waves of internal displacements. Repatriation is considered as a durable solution of the refugee problem. It is the responsibility of the host state to plan for safe and voluntary return of refugees and the UNHCR plays a supportive role in complying with this responsibility. However, the principles of safety, voluntariness and dignity are preserved during repatriation. To comply with the legal framework for refugees regarding repatriation, Pakistan had been struggling a lot in the context of the ongoing armed conflict in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. UNHCR has been helping and assisting the government of Pakistan in planning and executing the safe and voluntary Afghan refugees. This cooperation between the UNHCR and Pakistan has remained effective in achieving the goal of repatriation of Afghan Refugees in the context of ongoing conflicts in both Afghanistan and Pakistan in the context of difficult circumstances This paper discusses the repatriation of the Afghan refugees from Pakistan, engineered by the UNHCR and Pakistan, under the legal framework applicable for safe and voluntary return of refugees, amid waves of repeated displacements due to the ongoing conflicts in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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44

Shah, Aqil. "Pakistan in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.216.

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Pakistan’s government adopted an ambitious National Action Plan to counter terrorism. Aside from poor implementation, the plan remains bedeviled by the powerful military’s selective counterterrorism approach, which targets hostile militant groups, like the Pakistani Taliban, but employs others, including the Afghan Taliban, to assert its own influence over Kabul and limit what it sees as Indian interference in Afghanistan.

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45

Tchekrizova, O. P. "Islamic Radicalism in North-West Pakistan." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(28) (February 28, 2013): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-1-28-89-95.

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The article covers the issue of the evolution of Islamic Radical movement in Pakistan at the present stage. Since 2001 the north-western Pakistan has gained prominence. It witnessed accumulating of various extremist forces opposing the international coalition in Afghanistan. The problem of the presence of radical forces in the volatile Afghan- Pakistani border region remains relevant in this period of decreasing extremist activities. The significance of the problem is amplified by the upcoming 2013 general elections in Pakistan and the forthcoming withdrawal of coalition troops from Afghanistan.

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46

Manish and Prashant Kaushik. "CPEC, Afghanistan and India’s Concerns." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 75, no. 2 (June 2019): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928419841790.

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This paper highlights China’s views regarding CPEC and argues that stakes are very high for China in CPEC, and it is a project that must succeed if BRI is to go down in history as a success. However, CPEC’s success cannot be ensured without responding to the security challenge present in Pakistan and Afghanistan, which has the potential to jeopardise the CPEC and as a result the entire BRI. Hence, China is required to engage with both Pakistan and Afghanistan to ensure the long-term security of the CPEC. Building of CPEC and its further extension leaves India with limited options but augmenting economic, political and security concerns.

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47

Fair, C. Christine. "Pakistan's Deadly Grip on Afghanistan." Current History 116, no. 789 (April 1, 2017): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2017.116.789.136.

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48

ZAMAN, Amir, and Riaz AHMAD. "Elementary & Secondary Education Department Mardan, KP Pakistan." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 33 (October 5, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.33.4.

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Afghanistan that remained the epicenter of terrorism and insurgency in the post 9/11 incident, suffered irreparable loss in both human and infrastructure, is now heading towards an era of peace and political stability. The signing of the peace agreement on February 29, 2020 by both the US government and the Taliban is a great development for strengthening democratization and power-sharing among the stakeholders in Afghanistan. However, certain hurdles stand in the way of peace and stability. This paper discusses some of the key areas such as the dilemma of Afghan presidential elections, Pakistan’s controversial role, role of neighboring countries and the Indo-Afghan Nexus. Lacunae in the US-Taliban agreement to the exclusion of the Afghan government in the agreement and the threat of the ISIS are some of the other hurdles in bringing peace and stability in the country. Bargaining among the US and Taliban and the various stakeholders of Afghanistan is the only viable solution to the problem which provides the basis for theoretical framework. Keywords: Peace, Hurdles, Afghanistan, Taliban, US

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49

Qayum, Huma, Nargis Zaman, and Syed Ali Shah. "The Role of Peace Process in Mitigating the Trust-Deficit in Pak-Afghan Bilateral Relations." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. II (June 30, 2018): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-ii).24.

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The history of Pak-Afghan relations is dominated more by conflicts then by cooperation since emergence of Pakistan. In the ongoing pattern of peace process, it is proposed that Pakistan should pave the way to bring the Taliban on negotiation table for peace and stability in Afghanistan. The recent steps taken in the form of different Confidence Building Measures show flurry of diplomatic relationship in the emerging cordiality between the two countries. Diverse civil society groups of Pakistan are of the view that the drawdown of US forces from Afghanistan will ultimately create a power vacuum and plunge the country again into yet another civil war. Pakistan’s efforts to use its influence to bring the Taliban on table talk will smooth the way for peace, stability and prosperity of Afghanistan as well as security of the entire region. Keeping in view the geographical proximity of the two countries, Pakistan’s own vital interests are attached to peace and stability in Afghanistan. Pakistan took cognizance of this very fact and played highly constructive role in facilitating dialogue process in Afghanistan and improving bilateral ties of the two countries.

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Fatima, Noor, and Iqra Jathol. "Afghanistan Factor in Pak-US Relations." Global Foreign Policies Review I, no. I (December 30, 2018): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gfpr.2018(i-i).05.

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Afghan's interference of the Soviet Union in 1979 made anger worldwide and demonstrated a definitive minute in the universal political situation. Soviet imperialism strategy when tested the security of Pakistan, it showed up as a front - line nation and the primary course to give help to Afghan Mujahedin. This paper has logically surveys the Pakistan's choice to join 1979 Afghan war and assessed how it profited financial and barrier states of Pakistan. All the while, the article exhibits how this Afghan war postured grave dangers to security (inside and additionally outer) of the nation because of outsiders surge that came about not just in complicated situation regarding the economy, governmental issues, and society yet in addition delivered organic challenges. Afghan refugees caused deforestation for their food, battered soil, propped up Kalashnikov culture, illegal drug trade, and other infinite law and order troubles. However, Pakistan had no better option except to take part in the Afghan war.

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