Academic literature on the topic 'Ganges-Brahmaputra River discharge'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ganges-Brahmaputra River discharge"
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Mirza, M. Monirul Qader. "The Choice of Stage-Discharge Relationship for the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in Bangladesh." Hydrology Research 34, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2003.0010.
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The Ganges and Brahmaputra are the two largest rivers in Bangladesh. Discharge estimations of these rivers from a stage-discharge relationship or rating curve are crucial for flood warning/control/mitigation and water resources development. So far, logarithmic rating curves have been widely used in Bangladesh. The suitability of semi-logarithmic, polynomial and quadratic rating curves has not been investigated. In this study, all four recognised stage-discharge relationships were examined for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Unbiased least squares estimators were determined for the segmented logarithmic and semi-logarithmic rating curves. This enhanced their efficiency in inter-and extrapolating discharges from the given river stages. Based on detailed analysis and goodness-of-fit criteria, segmented logarithmic and third order polynomial rating curves were found to be the best for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, respectively.
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Hopson, Thomas M., and Peter J. Webster. "A 1–10-Day Ensemble Forecasting Scheme for the Major River Basins of Bangladesh: Forecasting Severe Floods of 2003–07*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 618–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1006.1.
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Abstract This paper describes a fully automated scheme that has provided calibrated 1–10-day ensemble river discharge forecasts and predictions of severe flooding of the Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers as they flow into Bangladesh; it has been operational since 2003. The Bangladesh forecasting problem poses unique challenges because of the frequent life-threatening flooding of the country and because of the absence of upstream flow data from India means that the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins must be treated as if they are ungauged. The meteorological–hydrological forecast model is a hydrologic multimodel initialized by NASA and NOAA precipitation products, whose states and fluxes are forecasted forward using calibrated European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction system products, and conditionally postprocessed to produce calibrated probabilistic forecasts of river discharge at the entrance points of the Ganges and Brahmaputra into Bangladesh. Forecasts with 1–10-day horizons are presented for the summers of 2003–07. Objective verification shows that the forecast system significantly outperforms both a climatological and persistence forecast at all lead times. All severe flooding events were operationally forecast with significant probability at the 10-day horizon, including the extensive flooding of the Brahmaputra in 2004 and 2007, with the latter providing advanced lead-time warnings for the evacuation of vulnerable residents.
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Islam, S. M. N., S. H. Rahman, D. A. Chowdhury, M. M. Rahman, and S. M. Tareq. "Seasonal Variations of Arsenic in the Ganges and Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7820.
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Dissolved arsenic concentrations in the Ganges, Brahmaputra Rivers and confluence of these two rivers show important seasonal variations and maximum arsenic concentrations are observed during the monsoon season (July–October). These seasonal variations of dissolved arsenic concentrations were closely related to intense river-water discharge during the monsoon season with high arsenic-rich suspended particulate matter (SPM) loads. These arsenic-rich SPM mainly are primarily originated from erosion of agricultural land in upstream region irrigated with arsenic contaminated shallow groundwater and to some extent weathering of bed rocks. Considerable amount of iron and manganese enriched SPM adsorbs arsenic and increased water temperature in the summer accelerates microbially-mediated reduction of arsenic (V) to more soluble arsenic (III). Additionally, dissolution of solid arsenic-bearing mineral phases also attributes to high arsenic concentrations in water and causes seasonal variations. It is realized that the SPM of these two major rivers primarily controls the arsenic inputs into the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta system. The cycling of arsenic in this delta is related to the monsoon seasonal dynamics, land use patterns and biogeochemical processes.Keywords: Arsenic; Ganges; Brahmaputra; Seasonal variation; Bangladesh.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7820J. Sci. Res. 4 (1), 65-75 (2012)
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Alam, Md Ashraful, Craig Farnham, and Kazuo Emura. "Bayesian inference for extreme value flood frequency analysis in Bangladesh using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo techniques." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927604006.
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In Bangladesh, major floods are frequent due to its unique geographic location. About one-fourth to one-third of the country is inundated by overflowing rivers during the monsoon season almost every year. Calculating the risk level of river discharge is important for making plans to protect the ecosystem and increasing crop and fish production. In recent years, several Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been proposed in extreme value analysis (EVA) for assessing the flood risk in a certain location. The Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) method was employed to obtain the approximations to the posterior marginal distribution of the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) model by using annual maximum discharges in two major river basins in Bangladesh. The discharge records of the two largest branches of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river system in Bangladesh for the past 42 years were analysed. To estimate flood risk, a return level with 95% confidence intervals (CI) has also been calculated. Results show that, the shape parameter of each station was greater than zero, which shows that heavy-tailed Frechet cases. One station, Bahadurabad, at Brahmaputra river basin estimated 141,387 m3s-1 with a 95% CI range of [112,636, 170,138] for 100-year return level and the 1000-year return level was 195,018 m3s-1 with a 95% CI of [122493, 267544]. The other station, Hardinge Bridge, at Ganges basin estimated 124,134 m3 s-1 with a 95% CI of [108,726, 139,543] for 100-year return level and the 1000-year return level was 170,537 m3s-1 with a 95% CI of [133,784, 207,289]. As Bangladesh is a flood prone country, the approach of Bayesian with HMC in EVA can help policy-makers to plan initiatives that could result in preventing damage to both lives and assets.
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Islam, A. K. M. Saiful, Supria Paul, Khaled Mohammed, Mutasim Billah, Md Golam Rabbani Fahad, Md Alfi Hasan, G. M. Tarekul Islam, and Sujit Kumar Bala. "Hydrological response to climate change of the Brahmaputra basin using CMIP5 general circulation model ensemble." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 3 (October 25, 2017): 434–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.076.
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Abstract The Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna river system carries the world's third-largest fresh water discharge and Brahmaputra alone carries about 67% of the total annual flow of Bangladesh. Climate change will be expected to alter the hydrological cycles and the flow regime of these basins. Assessment of the fresh water availability of the Brahmaputra Basin in the future under climate change condition is crucial for both society and the ecosystem. SWAT, a semi-distributed physically based hydrological model, has been applied to investigate hydrological response of the basin. However, it is a challenging task to calibrate and validate models over this ungauged and poor data basin. A model derived by using gridded rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and temperature data from reanalysis product ERA-Interim provides acceptable calibration and validation. Using the SWAT-CUP with SUFI-2 algorithm, sensitivity analysis of model parameters was examined. A calibrated model was derived using new climate change projection data from the multi-model ensemble CMIP5 Project over the South Asia CORDEX domain. The uncertainty of predicting monsoon flow is less than that of pre-monsoon flow. Most of the regional climate models (RCMs) show an increasing tendency of the discharge of Brahmaputra River at Bahadurabad station during monsoon, when flood usually occurs in Bangladesh.
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Hale, Richard, Rachel Bain, Steven Goodbred Jr., and Jim Best. "Observations and scaling of tidal mass transport across the lower Ganges–Brahmaputra delta plain: implications for delta management and sustainability." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-231-2019.
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Abstract. The landscape of southwest Bangladesh, a region constructed primarily by fluvial processes associated with the Ganges River and Brahmaputra River, is now maintained almost exclusively by tidal processes as the fluvial system has migrated east and eliminated the most direct fluvial input. In natural areas such as the Sundarbans National Forest, year-round inundation during spring high tides delivers sufficient sediment that enables vertical accretion to keep pace with relative sea-level rise. However, recent human modification of the landscape in the form of embankment construction has terminated this pathway of sediment delivery for much of the region, resulting in a startling elevation imbalance, with inhabited areas often sitting >1 m below mean high water. Restoring this landscape, or preventing land loss in the natural system, requires an understanding of how rates of water and sediment flux vary across timescales ranging from hours to months. In this study, we combine time series observations of water level, salinity, and suspended sediment concentration with ship-based measurements of large tidal-channel hydrodynamics and sediment transport. To capture the greatest possible range of variability, cross-channel transects designed to encompass a 12.4 h tidal cycle were performed in both dry and wet seasons during spring and neap tides. Regional suspended sediment concentration begins to increase in August, coincident with a decrease in local salinity, indicating the arrival of the sediment-laden, freshwater plume of the combined Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna rivers. We observe profound seasonality in sediment transport, despite comparatively modest seasonal variability in the magnitude of water discharge. These observations emphasize the importance of seasonal sediment delivery from the main-stem rivers to this remote tidal region. On tidal timescales, spring tides transport an order of magnitude more sediment than neap tides in both the wet and dry seasons. In aggregate, sediment transport is flood oriented, likely as a result of tidal pumping. Finally, we note that rates of sediment and water discharge in the tidal channels are of the same scale as the annually averaged values for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. These observations provide context for examining the relative importance of fluvial and tidal processes in what has been defined as a quintessentially tidally influenced delta in the classification scheme of Galloway (1975). These data also inform critical questions regarding the timing and magnitude of sediment delivery to the region, which are especially important in predicting and preparing for responses of the natural system to ongoing environmental change.
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Gain, A. K., W. W. Immerzeel, F. C. Sperna Weiland, and M. F. P. Bierkens. "Impact of climate change on the stream flow of the lower Brahmaputra: trends in high and low flows based on discharge-weighted ensemble modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 20, 2011): 1537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1537-2011.
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Abstract. Climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology. The Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world as it is subject to the combined effects of glacier melt, extreme monsoon rainfall and sea level rise. To what extent climate change will impact river flow in the Brahmaputra basin is yet unclear, as climate model studies show ambiguous results. In this study we investigate the effect of climate change on both low and high flows of the lower Brahmaputra. We apply a novel method of discharge-weighted ensemble modeling using model outputs from a global hydrological models forced with 12 different global climate models (GCMs). Our analysis shows that only a limited number of GCMs are required to reconstruct observed discharge. Based on the GCM outputs and long-term records of observed flow at Bahadurabad station, our method results in a multi-model weighted ensemble of transient stream flow for the period 1961–2100. Using the constructed transients, we subsequently project future trends in low and high river flow. The analysis shows that extreme low flow conditions are likely to occur less frequent in the future. However a very strong increase in peak flows is projected, which may, in combination with projected sea level change, have devastating effects for Bangladesh. The methods presented in this study are more widely applicable, in that existing multi-model streamflow simulations from global hydrological models can be weighted against observed streamflow data to assess at first order the effects of climate change for specific river basins.
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Gain, A. K., W. W. Immerzeel, F. C. Sperna-Weiland, and M. F. P. Bierkens. "Impact of climate change on the stream flow of lower Brahmaputra: trends in high and low flows based on discharge- weighted ensemble modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 18, 2011): 365–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-365-2011.
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Abstract. Climate change is likely to have significant effects on the hydrology. The Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin is one of the most vulnerable areas in the world as it is subject to the combined effects of glacier melt, extreme monsoon rainfall and sea level rise. To what extent climate change will impact river flow in the Brahmaputra basin is yet unclear, as climate model studies show ambiguous results. In this study we investigate the effect of climate change on both low and high flows of the lower Brahmaputra. We apply a novel method of discharge-weighted ensemble modeling using model outputs from a global hydrological models forced with 12 different global climate models (GCMs). Based on the GCM outputs and long-term records of observed flow at Bahadurabad station, our method results in a multi-model weighted ensemble of transient stream flow for the period 1961–2100. Using the constructed transients, we subsequently project future trends in low and high river flow. The analysis shows that extreme low flow conditions are likely to occur less frequent in the future. However a very strong increase in peak flows is projected, which may, in combination with projected sea level change, have devastating effects for Bangladesh. The methods presented in this study are more widely applicable, in that existing multi-model streamflow simulations from global hydrological models can be weighted against observed streamflow data to assess at first order the effects of climate change for specific river basins.
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Jian, Jun, Peter J. Webster, and Carlos D. Hoyos. "Large-scale controls on Ganges and Brahmaputra river discharge on intraseasonal and seasonal time-scales." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 135, no. 639 (January 2009): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.384.
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Gusyev, M. A., Y. Kwak, M. I. Khairul, M. B. Arifuzzaman, J. Magome, H. Sawano, and K. Takeuchi. "Effectiveness of water infrastructure for river flood management – Part 1: Flood hazard assessment using hydrological models in Bangladesh." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 370 (June 11, 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-75-2015.
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Abstract. This study introduces a flood hazard assessment part of the global flood risk assessment (Part 2) conducted with a distributed hydrological Block-wise TOP (BTOP) model and a GIS-based Flood Inundation Depth (FID) model. In this study, the 20 km grid BTOP model was developed with globally available data on and applied for the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna (GBM) river basin. The BTOP model was calibrated with observed river discharges in Bangladesh and was applied for climate change impact assessment to produce flood discharges at each BTOP cell under present and future climates. For Bangladesh, the cumulative flood inundation maps were produced using the FID model with the BTOP simulated flood discharges and allowed us to consider levee effectiveness for reduction of flood inundation. For the climate change impacts, the flood hazard increased both in flood discharge and inundation area for the 50- and 100-year floods. From these preliminary results, the proposed methodology can partly overcome the limitation of the data unavailability and produces flood~maps that can be used for the nationwide flood risk assessment, which is presented in Part 2 of this study.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ganges-Brahmaputra River discharge"
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Jian, Jun. "Relationship between the Pacific Ocean SST Variability and the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Discharge." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6994.
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A simple correlation analysis was used to investigate the linear relationships between sea surface temperature (SST) and monthly flow of Ganges and Brahmaputra at the borders of Bangladesh and India using approximately 50 years of river discharge data. Strong correlations were found between the equatorial Pacific SST and boreal summer Ganges discharge from three-month lag to two-month lead times. The El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) explains Ganges flow variance exceeding 0.95 significance level using both the Nino 3.4 SST correlation and the composites made for El Nio (La Nina) periods.
The May SST of the southwest Pacific Ocean to the east of Australia continent has a strong correlation (>0.6) with early summer Ganges discharges. Using a lag correlation analysis of Ganges discharge and SST, we found a steady and continuous development in the Nino 3.4 SST relationship, and a strong correlation with the southwest Pacific SST which is most pronounced three-four months prior to the onset of Asian summer monsoon. These relationships mean that at least 25% of the interannual summer Ganges River discharge variability can be explained by antecedent equatorial and southwest Pacific SST. It provides a possible statistical method for linear forecasting two or three months in advance.
The Brahmaputra River discharge, on the other hand, shows weak relationships with tropical SST variability except for the Bay of Bengal and the higher northern latitudes of the Pacific.
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Jian, Jun. "Predictability of Current and Future Multi-River discharges: Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Blue Nile, and Murray-Darling Rivers." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19777.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Chair: Judith Curry; Committee Chair: Peter J Webster; Committee Member: Marc Stieglitz; Committee Member: Robert Black; Committee Member: Rong Fu.
Book chapters on the topic "Ganges-Brahmaputra River discharge"
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Taft, George, and Bilal Haq. "Deep Sea Fan Issues." In Continental Shelf Limits. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117820.003.0026.
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Deep sea fans occur along many continental margins. The Bengal Fan is the world's largest elongated submarine fan area, occupying over 3 x 106 km2 of seafloor in the Bay of Bengal. The Bay of Bengal is bordered by Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Myanamar, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Sumatra. The fan spans an area that is 2800-3000km in length and 830-1430 km in width. At the northern end of the Bay, the sediment cover is estimated to be more than 16 km in thickness (Curray and Moore, 1971, 1974, Moore et al., 1974). Recent drilling on the distal part of the fan just south of the equator during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 116 cored nearly 1 km of sediment without reaching hardrock basement (Cochran et al., 1990). The submarine feature of the Ninetyeast Ridge divides the fan into two major lobes, the main Bengal Fan and the eastern lobe, also known as the Nicobar Fan (Curray and Moore, 1974) (figure 19.1). The fan extends from 20°N latitude and, based on recent sedimentological and channel-system studies, to beyond 9°S latitude (Stow et al., 1990; Hübscher et al., 1997). The great size of the Bengal Fan is related to the history of the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with Eurasia and the subsequent uplift of the Himalayas. The first encounter of the northward-moving Indian Plate with the Asian mainland occurred around 50 million years (my) ago in the early Eocene Epoch (Haq, 1985). The first collision caused the initial uplift in the Himalayan region. Sedimentation in the bay is inferred to have started after this first collision, but extensive sedimentation probably did not begin until the early Miocene (ca. 17 my ago) after a major uplift in the Himalayas (Haq, 1985). Weathering and denudation of the Himalayas has furnished huge volumes of sediments that have built the Bengal Fan, supplied through the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers and their delta (figure 19.2). Sediments are transported largely by turbidity currents across the submerged continental terrace in the proximal part of the fan through a major delta-front canyon, also known as the Swatch-of-No-Ground. Currently, this canyon discharges its load into a single active channel that supplies sediment to the entire length of the fan.