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Journal articles on the topic 'Ganges River Delta (Bangladesh'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Islam, S. M. N., S. H. Rahman, D. A. Chowdhury, M. M. Rahman, and S. M. Tareq. "Seasonal Variations of Arsenic in the Ganges and Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh." Journal of Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7820.

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Dissolved arsenic concentrations in the Ganges, Brahmaputra Rivers and confluence of these two rivers show important seasonal variations and maximum arsenic concentrations are observed during the monsoon season (July–October). These seasonal variations of dissolved arsenic concentrations were closely related to intense river-water discharge during the monsoon season with high arsenic-rich suspended particulate matter (SPM) loads. These arsenic-rich SPM mainly are primarily originated from erosion of agricultural land in upstream region irrigated with arsenic contaminated shallow groundwater and to some extent weathering of bed rocks. Considerable amount of iron and manganese enriched SPM adsorbs arsenic and increased water temperature in the summer accelerates microbially-mediated reduction of arsenic (V) to more soluble arsenic (III). Additionally, dissolution of solid arsenic-bearing mineral phases also attributes to high arsenic concentrations in water and causes seasonal variations. It is realized that the SPM of these two major rivers primarily controls the arsenic inputs into the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta system. The cycling of arsenic in this delta is related to the monsoon seasonal dynamics, land use patterns and biogeochemical processes.Keywords: Arsenic; Ganges; Brahmaputra; Seasonal variation; Bangladesh.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7820J. Sci. Res. 4 (1), 65-75 (2012)

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2

Khan, Sirajur Rahman, and Badrul Islam. "Holocene stratigraphy of the lower Ganges-Brahmaputra river delta in Bangladesh." Frontiers of Earth Science in China 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-008-0051-8.

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3

Ahamed, Md Sabber, and Md Abdullah-Al Rashidi. "Geomorphic signatures of active tectonics on the Padma River, Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, Bangladesh." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 43 (November 1, 2011): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v43i0.25583.

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4

Dempster, J. I. M., and H. Brammer. "Flood Action Plan – Bangladesh." Outlook on Agriculture 21, no. 4 (December 1992): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709202100409.

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Situated on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers, with a monsoonal climate and at the mercy of tropical cyclones that sweep up from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh has had no alternative but to live and cope with floods. However, it took the two major floods of 1987 and 1988 to mobilize the Government and the donor community into making a major effort to look for a permanent solution to Bangladesh's chronic flood problem. This paper describes the planning and development of the Flood Action Plan that resulted.

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Islam, Shafi Noor, Shilpa Singh, Hasibush Shaheed, and Shouke Wei. "Settlement relocations in the char-lands of Padma River basin in Ganges delta, Bangladesh." Frontiers of Earth Science in China 4, no. 4 (September 8, 2010): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-010-0122-5.

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6

Bomer, Edwin J., Carol A. Wilson, and Dilip K. Datta. "An Integrated Approach for Constraining Depositional Zones in a Tide-Influenced River: Insights from the Gorai River, Southwest Bangladesh." Water 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2019): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102047.

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The tidal to fluvial transition (TFT) of estuaries and coastal rivers is one of the most complex environments on Earth with respect to the transportation and deposition of sediment, owing in large part to competing fluvial and marine processes. While there have been recent advances in the stratigraphic understanding of the TFT, it is still unclear whether these findings are site-specific or representative of mixed tidal-fluvial systems worldwide. Yet, research from this depositional domain holds profound societal and economic importance. For instance, understanding the underlying stratigraphic architecture of channel margins is critical for assessing geomorphic change for fluvio-deltaic settings, which are generally vulnerable to lateral channel migration and resultant erosion. Findings would also benefit paleo-geographic reconstructions of ancient tide-influenced successions and provide an analog for hydrocarbon reservoir models. In the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta of Bangladesh, the Gorai River is one of two Ganges distributaries actively connected to the Bay of Bengal. With fluvial input from the Ganges and meso-scale (2–4 m range) tides at the coast, the Gorai exhibits a variety of hydrodynamic regimes across its 350-km reach, providing a unique opportunity to investigate along-channel depositional patterns across the TFT. This study integrates multiple datasets—core sedimentology, river channel bathymetry, and remote sensing—to provide a process-based framework for determining the relative position of sedimentary deposits within the tidal-fluvial continuum of the Gorai River. The results of this investigation reveal coincident, abrupt shifts in river channel morphology and sediment character, suggesting the occurrence of backwater-induced mass extraction of relatively coarse sediments (i.e., fine sand). Despite being situated in an energetic tidal environment, evidence of tidal cyclicity in cored sediments is relatively rare, and the bulk stratigraphy appears strongly overprinted by irregularly spaced cm- to dm-scale sediment packages, likely derived from monsoonal flood pulses. Such findings differ from previously-studied mixed tidal-fluvial systems and underscore the site-specific complexities associated with this depositional domain.

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7

Swarnokar, Sadhon Chandra, Nazia Hassan, Masudur Rahman, Md Muhyminul Islam, and Mosummath Hosna Ara. "Assessment of Groundwater Quality in a Tidal River Basin of the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh." Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 07, no. 05 (2019): 131–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gep.2019.75013.

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8

M., Allison, and Kepple E. "Modern sediment supply to the lower delta plain of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh." Geo-Marine Letters 21, no. 2 (September 1, 2001): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003670100069.

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9

Hale, Richard, Rachel Bain, Steven Goodbred Jr., and Jim Best. "Observations and scaling of tidal mass transport across the lower Ganges–Brahmaputra delta plain: implications for delta management and sustainability." Earth Surface Dynamics 7, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-231-2019.

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Abstract. The landscape of southwest Bangladesh, a region constructed primarily by fluvial processes associated with the Ganges River and Brahmaputra River, is now maintained almost exclusively by tidal processes as the fluvial system has migrated east and eliminated the most direct fluvial input. In natural areas such as the Sundarbans National Forest, year-round inundation during spring high tides delivers sufficient sediment that enables vertical accretion to keep pace with relative sea-level rise. However, recent human modification of the landscape in the form of embankment construction has terminated this pathway of sediment delivery for much of the region, resulting in a startling elevation imbalance, with inhabited areas often sitting >1 m below mean high water. Restoring this landscape, or preventing land loss in the natural system, requires an understanding of how rates of water and sediment flux vary across timescales ranging from hours to months. In this study, we combine time series observations of water level, salinity, and suspended sediment concentration with ship-based measurements of large tidal-channel hydrodynamics and sediment transport. To capture the greatest possible range of variability, cross-channel transects designed to encompass a 12.4 h tidal cycle were performed in both dry and wet seasons during spring and neap tides. Regional suspended sediment concentration begins to increase in August, coincident with a decrease in local salinity, indicating the arrival of the sediment-laden, freshwater plume of the combined Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna rivers. We observe profound seasonality in sediment transport, despite comparatively modest seasonal variability in the magnitude of water discharge. These observations emphasize the importance of seasonal sediment delivery from the main-stem rivers to this remote tidal region. On tidal timescales, spring tides transport an order of magnitude more sediment than neap tides in both the wet and dry seasons. In aggregate, sediment transport is flood oriented, likely as a result of tidal pumping. Finally, we note that rates of sediment and water discharge in the tidal channels are of the same scale as the annually averaged values for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. These observations provide context for examining the relative importance of fluvial and tidal processes in what has been defined as a quintessentially tidally influenced delta in the classification scheme of Galloway (1975). These data also inform critical questions regarding the timing and magnitude of sediment delivery to the region, which are especially important in predicting and preparing for responses of the natural system to ongoing environmental change.

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10

Gain, Animesh K., David Benson, Rezaur Rahman, Dilip Kumar Datta, and Josselin J. Rouillard. "Tidal river management in the south west Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh: Moving towards a transdisciplinary approach?" Environmental Science & Policy 75 (September 2017): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.020.

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11

Karlsson, E. K., J. B. Harris, S. Tabrizi, A. Rahman, I. Shlyakhter, N. Patterson, C. O'Dushlaine, et al. "Natural Selection in a Bangladeshi Population from the Cholera-Endemic Ganges River Delta." Science Translational Medicine 5, no. 192 (July 3, 2013): 192ra86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3006338.

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12

Morgenstern, U., M. A. Geyh, H. R. Kudrass, R. G. Ditchburn, and I. J. Graham. "32Si Dating of Marine Sediments from Bangladesh." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 909–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041576.

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Appropriate dating tools are essential for paleoenvironmental studies. Cosmogenic 32Si with a half-life of about 140 years is ideally suited to cover the dating range 30–1000 years. Here we have applied scintillation spectrometry for detection of natural 32Si to date marine shelf sediments. High detection efficiency, combined with stable background, allows for the detection of extremely low 32Si specific activities found in such sediments with counting rates below one count per hour. For a sediment core from the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta 32Si dating yields mean sedimentation rates of 0.7 ± 0.2 cm/yr for 50 to several hundred years BP and 3.1 ± 0.8 cm/yr for the past 50 years. The four-fold increase of the sedimentation rate over the past 50 years may reflect increased sediment loads in the rivers due to increasing human colonization within the rivers' drainage basins.

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13

Shahinuzzaman, M., Sajib Mostafa, Khan M. Nasir Uddin, M. Khairul Islam, Md Alibuddin, and M. Nozibul Haque. "Hydrostratigraphy and Its Relation to Ground-Water Potentiality of an Area of the Ganges River Delta in Bangladesh." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 04, no. 01 (2016): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2016.41002.

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14

Berube, Michelle, Katrina Jewell, Kimberly D. Myers, Peter S. K. Knappett, Pin Shuai, Abrar Hossain, Mehtaz Lipsi, et al. "The fate of arsenic in groundwater discharged to the Meghna River, Bangladesh." Environmental Chemistry 15, no. 2 (2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en17104.

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Environmental contextArsenic contamination of groundwater is a major environmental problem in many areas of the world. In south-east Asia, iron-rich reducing groundwater mixes with oxidising river water in hyporheic zones, precipitating iron oxides. These oxides can act as a natural reactive barrier capable of accumulating elevated solid-phase concentrations of arsenic. AbstractShallow, anoxic aquifers within the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta (GBMD) commonly contain elevated concentrations of arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Highly enriched solid-phase concentrations of these elements have been observed within sediments lining the banks of the Meghna River. This zone has been described as a Natural Reactive Barrier (NRB). The impact of hydrological processes on NRB formation, such as transient river levels, which drive mixing between rivers and aquifers, is poorly understood. We evaluated the impact of groundwater flow dynamics on hydrobiogeochemical processes that led to the formation of an Fe- and Mn-rich NRB containing enriched As, within a riverbank aquifer along the Meghna River. The NRB dimensions were mapped using four complementary elemental analysis methods on sediment cores: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), aqua regia bulk extraction, and HCl and sodium phosphate leaching. It extended from 1.2 to 2.4 m in depth up to 15 m from the river’s edge. The accumulated As was advected to the NRB from offsite and released locally in response to mixing with aged river water. Nearly all of the As was subsequently deposited within the NRB before discharging to the Meghna. Significant FeII release to the aqueous phase was observed within the NRB. This indicates the NRB is a dynamic zone defined by the interplay between oxidative and reductive processes, causing the NRB to grow and recede in response to rapid and seasonal hydrologic processes. This implies that natural and artificially induced changes in river stages and groundwater-tables will impact where As accumulates and is released to aquifers.

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15

Islam, Shafi Noor. "Deltaic floodplains development and wetland ecosystems management in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Rivers Delta in Bangladesh." Sustainable Water Resources Management 2, no. 3 (April 7, 2016): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40899-016-0047-6.

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16

Suckow, Axel, Uwe Morgenstern, and Herrmann-Rudolf Kudrass. "Absolute Dating of Recent Sediments in the Cyclone-influenced Shelf Area Off Bangladesh: Comparison of Gamma Spectrometric (137Cs, 210Pb, 228Ra), Radiocarbon, and 32Si Ages." Radiocarbon 43, no. 2B (2001): 917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200041588.

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A geochronological survey of the Bengal shelf area involved results from more than 20 sediment cores dated using gamma spectrometry and the nuclides 137Cs, 228Ra, 226Ra, and 210Pb. In some cores, which contained older sediments, 32Si and 14C were determined to examine the possibility to extrapolate the obtained chronologies to century and millennial scale. Geochronological work in this region is faced with problems of cyclone-induced sediment reworking, grain-size effects on fallout nuclides, scarcity of carbonates, unknown 14C reservoir effect and sedimentation rates that are too high to obtain sediment cores long enough to establish a chronology. Despite these problems, comparison between the results of the different dating methods provided the most reliable sediment balance to date for the submarine delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system and indicated that on a time scale of several centuries at least 35% of the annual sediment load is deposited.

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17

Chakraborty, Madhumita, Soumyajit Sarkar, Abhijit Mukherjee, Mohammad Shamsudduha, Kazi Matin Ahmed, Animesh Bhattacharya, and Adway Mitra. "Modeling regional-scale groundwater arsenic hazard in the transboundary Ganges River Delta, India and Bangladesh: Infusing physically-based model with machine learning." Science of The Total Environment 748 (December 2020): 141107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141107.

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18

Hossain, Mostafa Ali Reza. "An overview of Fisheries sector of Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 1, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v1i1.22375.

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Bangladesh is endowed with a vast expanse of inland open waters characterized by rivers, canals, natural and man-made lakes, freshwater marshes, estuaries, brackish water impoundments and floodplains. The potential fish resources resulting from these are among the richest in the world; in production, only China and India outrank Bangladesh. The inland fish diversity of is attributed to the habitats created by the Bengal Delta wetlands and the confluence of the Brahmaputra, Ganges and Jamuna rivers that flow from the Himalayan Mountains into the Bay of Bengal. There are, however, serious concerns surrounding the slow decline in the condition of open water fish stocks which have been negatively impacted upon through a series of natural and anthropogenic induced changes including large scale abstraction of water for irrigation and the construction of water barrages and dams, human activity resulting in the overexploitation of stocks, the unregulated introduction of exotic stocks and pollution from industry. Also, natural phenomena, regular flooding etc. cause rivers to continually change course creating complications of soil erosion or over siltation of waterways. As a consequence, many Bangladeshi species are either critically endangered or extinct. Aquaculture has increasingly been playing a major role in total fish production of the country and presently more than half of the total production comes from aquaculture. The sector provides living and livelihood for more than 11% people of the country. If the available resources are used sustainably with proper technological assistance, fish produced from aquaculture would efficiently meet the protein demand of growing population of the country. The needs of Bangladeshs poor fisher community to eat what they catch and lack of a legal legislative framework means the situation can only worsen. Hope, however, is offered through several new conservation initiatives including the establishment of fish sanctuaries at strategic points in rivers and floodplains, concerted breeding programmes and the maintenance of captive stocks and cryogenically stored materials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v1i1.22375 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.1(1): 109-126, Dec 2014

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19

Kocar, Benjamin D., Shawn G. Benner, and Scott Fendorf. "Deciphering and predicting spatial and temporal concentrations of arsenic within the Mekong Delta aquifer." Environmental Chemistry 11, no. 5 (2014): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13244.

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Environmental context Himalayan derived arsenic contaminates groundwater across Asia, ranging from the deltas of Ganges-Brahmaputra of Bangladesh to the interior basins of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China, where more than one hundred million people are drinking water with hazardous levels of the toxin. Our ability to predict the distribution and changes in arsenic concentration in aquifers of affected regions has been limited. Here we provide a dynamic model that captures arsenic migration and can be used to forecast changes in groundwater arsenic concentrations. Abstract Unravelling the complex, coupled processes responsible for the spatial distribution of arsenic within groundwaters of South and South-East Asia remains challenging, limiting the ability to predict the subsurface spatial distribution of arsenic. Previous work illustrates that Himalayan-derived, near-surface (0 to 12m) sediments contribute a substantial quantity of arsenic to groundwater, and that desorption from the soils and sediments is driven by the reduction of AsV and arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides. However, the complexities of groundwater flow will ultimately dictate the distribution of arsenic within the aquifer, and these patterns will be influenced by inherent physical heterogeneity along with human alterations of the aquifer system. Accordingly, we present a unified biogeochemical and hydrologic description of arsenic release to the subsurface environment of an arsenic-afflicted aquifer in the Mekong Delta, Kandal Province, Cambodia, constructed from measured geochemical profiles and hydrologic parameters. Based on these measurements, we developed a simple yet dynamic reactive transport model to simulate one- and two-dimensional geochemical profiles of the near surface and aquifer environment to examine the effects of subsurface physical variation on the distribution of arsenic. Our results show that near-surface release (0–12m) contributes enough arsenic to the aquifer to account for observed field values and that the spatial distribution of arsenic within the aquifer is strongly affected by variations in biogeochemical and physical parameters. Furthermore, infiltrating dissolved organic carbon and ample buried particulate organic carbon ensures arsenic release from iron (hydr)oxides will occur for hundreds to thousands of years.

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20

Islam, Shafi Noor, and Albrecht Gnauck. "Mangrove wetland ecosystems in Ganges-Brahmaputra delta in Bangladesh." Frontiers of Earth Science in China 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11707-008-0049-2.

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21

Kuehl, Steven A., Beth M. Levy, Willard S. Moore, and Mead A. Allison. "Subaqueous delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system." Marine Geology 144, no. 1-3 (December 1997): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00075-3.

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22

Pandey, Punam. "The Ganges River Negotiation: Idealism of Regional Cooperation or Pragmatic Bilateralism." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 438–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974928418802076.

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Negotiations between neighbours over river disputes are not only about water, they come embedded with other bilateral concerns. Thus, the solution of a river dispute depends on comparative bargaining capabilities of riparians on their many other contentious matters. This assumption has been applied in investigating and analysing the Ganges River negotiation between India and Bangladesh. The literature on the Ganges has focussed on integrated river development perspectives. The present analysis underlines the convergence of water with other bilateral concerns. The examination of a quarter-century negotiation on the Ganges confirms the correlation between positive outcomes and better linkages between multiple issues.

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23

Shibly Anwar, Md, Md Zakir Hasan, and Kalimur Rahman. "Salinity variation of south-western coastal region of Bangladesh in response to discharge from an upstream river." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 8, no. 2 (September 19, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v8i2.31048.

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Long term variation in upstream water flow through the Ganges−Gorai river are affecting the salinity levels of south-western coastal region of Bangladesh. Salinity data for the Rupsha river was collected for several years to demonstrate the historical changes of salinity level in the south-western coastal region. Furthermore, discharge data of the Ganges and Gorai river were also collected to discuss the effect of upstream discharge on the variation of salinity level. This study also collected water and soil samples from different places of this region to measure the salinity level and compare the values with the standard ones. A decreasing trend in dry season Ganges-Gorai river flow was observed after the initiation of the Farakka barrage in 1975. Consequently, the south-western region underwent high salinity level. The Ganges sharing treaty in 1996 and dredging of the Gorai riverbed (GRRP-I and GRRP-II) in 1999 and in 2012 helped the region to recover from high salinity level for a certain period. The salinity level of the collected water samples was in alarming level but soil sample was not in so frightening condition in 2015. Results suggested that to maintain the salinity level of south-western region within the acceptable limit for drinking, fisheries, and cultivation purposes, approximately 80 m3/s Gorai river discharges required at dry season. To do that, it is necessary to ensure 1200 m3/s discharge through the Ganges river at the Hardinge Bridge point. To protect the vital south-western region, it becomes necessary to optimize flow augmentation in the Ganges-Gorai river and to continue the further phases of restoration project in the future.

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Pandey, Punam. "Bangladesh, India, and Fifteen Years of Peace." Asian Survey 54, no. 4 (July 2014): 651–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.4.651.

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The Ganges River Treaty, one of the world's successful examples of a peaceful resolution to a long-drawn river water dispute, has completed half of its tenure. This provides an opportunity to evaluate the variables of its success and further understand how both India and Bangladesh are going to deal with emerging challenges.

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25

Sands, Philippe. "Bangladesh–India: Treaty on Sharing of the Ganges Waters at Farakka." International Legal Materials 36, no. 3 (May 1997): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020782900016120.

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The Bangladesh–India Treaty on sharing the waters of the Ganges River and the India–Nepal Treaty on sharing the waters of the Mahakali River [36 I.L.M. 531 (1997)] are intended to bring to an end long–running differences between India and her neighbors over the entitlement to water flows following the construction by India of barrages on the Ganges and Mahakali Rivers. The treaties establish long–term water discharge regimes of 30 and 75 years respectively, focusing on the utilization of waters rather than their conservation.

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26

BHADURI, ANIK, and EDWARD B. BARBIER. "International water transfer and sharing: the case of the Ganges River." Environment and Development Economics 13, no. 1 (February 2008): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07004056.

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ABSTRACTThe following paper is concerned with water sharing of the Ganges River between India and Bangladesh, with possible augmentation through water transfers from Nepal. We analyzed the case when water from Nepal can be transferred to Bangladesh through the upstream country, India, as the local geography only permits such water transfer. A game theoretic model is formulated to determine the optimal share of water diverted to Bangladesh by India, and the optimal amount of water transfer from Nepal. India may gain positive externalities from such water transfer. The positive externalities generated from water transfer from Nepal may influence the water share of both India and Bangladesh. In the absence of altruism, India would allow less water flow to Bangladesh than in the case when there is no provision to buy water from Nepal. We also explored whether positive externalities could induce India to buy water jointly with Bangladesh, and such a case will only occur if the countries possess altruistic concerns and share water according to an agreement.

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27

Murshed, Sonia Binte, and Jagath J. Kaluarachchi. "Scarcity of fresh water resources in the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh." Water Security 4-5 (August 2018): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2018.11.002.

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28

Hossain, Sazzad, Raihanul Haque Khan, Dilip Kumar Gautum, Ripon Karmaker, and Amirul Hossain. "Development of seasonal flow outlook model for Ganges-Brahmaputra Basins in Bangladesh." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 374 (October 17, 2016): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-374-117-2016.

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Abstract. Bangladesh is crisscrossed by the branches and tributaries of three main river systems, the Ganges, Bramaputra and Meghna (GBM). The temporal variation of water availability of those rivers has an impact on the different water usages such as irrigation, urban water supply, hydropower generation, navigation etc. Thus, seasonal flow outlook can play important role in various aspects of water management. The Flood Forecasting and Warning Center (FFWC) in Bangladesh provides short term and medium term flood forecast, and there is a wide demand from end-users about seasonal flow outlook for agricultural purposes. The objective of this study is to develop a seasonal flow outlook model in Bangladesh based on rainfall forecast. It uses European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) seasonal precipitation, temperature forecast to simulate HYDROMAD hydrological model. Present study is limited for Ganges and Brahmaputra River Basins. ARIMA correction is applied to correct the model error. The performance of the model is evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE). The model result shows good performance with R2 value of 0.78 and NSE of 0.61 for the Brahmaputra River Basin, and R2 value of 0.72 and NSE of 0.59 for the Ganges River Basin for the period of May to July 2015. The result of the study indicates strong potential to make seasonal outlook to be operationalized.

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29

Umitsu, Masatomo. "Landforms and floods in the Ganges delta and coastal lowland of Bangladesh." Marine Geodesy 20, no. 1 (January 1997): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490419709388096.

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30

Yamazaki, Chikako, Hiroaki Ishiga, Farque Ahmed, Kazuhito Itoh, Kousuke Suyama, and Hiroki Yamamoto. "Vertical distribution of arsenic in ganges delta sediments in Deuli Village, Bangladesh." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 49, no. 4 (August 2003): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2003.10410046.

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31

Higgins, Stephanie A., Irina Overeem, Michael S. Steckler, James P. M. Syvitski, Leonardo Seeber, and S. Humayun Akhter. "InSAR measurements of compaction and subsidence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, Bangladesh." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 119, no. 8 (August 2014): 1768–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003117.

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32

Halim, M. A., R. K. Majumder, S. A. Nessa, Y. Hiroshiro, M. J. Uddin, J. Shimada, and K. Jinno. "Hydrogeochemistry and arsenic contamination of groundwater in the Ganges Delta Plain, Bangladesh." Journal of Hazardous Materials 164, no. 2-3 (May 30, 2009): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.046.

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33

Pati, Sameer K., Santanu Mitra, and Darren C. J. Yeo. "A new species of Acanthopotamon Kemp, 1918 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae: Potaminae) from northeastern India, with a key to the species of the genus and notes on their distribution in relation to freshwater ecoregions." Journal of Crustacean Biology 39, no. 4 (June 5, 2019): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz040.

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Abstract The potamid genus AcanthopotamonKemp, 1918 is known from three species, A. fungosum (Alcock, 1909), A. martensi (Wood-Mason, 1875) (type species), and A. panningi (Bott, 1966), and is found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. Within this range, the genus is found in the ‘Ganges Delta and Plain,’ ‘Lower and Middle Indus,’ and ‘Namuda-Tapi’ freshwater ecoregions. Here we describe a fourth species, A. horaisp. nov., from northeastern India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Mizoram) in the ‘Middle Brahmaputra’ and ‘Ganges Delta and Plain’ freshwater ecoregions. The new species possesses a unique suite of external and gonopod morphological characters, with the slender and narrowly conical terminal segment of the first male gonopod being particularly diagnostic. A key to the species of Acanthopotamon is provided.

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Hopson, Thomas M., and Peter J. Webster. "A 1–10-Day Ensemble Forecasting Scheme for the Major River Basins of Bangladesh: Forecasting Severe Floods of 2003–07*." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 618–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1006.1.

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Abstract This paper describes a fully automated scheme that has provided calibrated 1–10-day ensemble river discharge forecasts and predictions of severe flooding of the Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers as they flow into Bangladesh; it has been operational since 2003. The Bangladesh forecasting problem poses unique challenges because of the frequent life-threatening flooding of the country and because of the absence of upstream flow data from India means that the Ganges and Brahmaputra basins must be treated as if they are ungauged. The meteorological–hydrological forecast model is a hydrologic multimodel initialized by NASA and NOAA precipitation products, whose states and fluxes are forecasted forward using calibrated European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble prediction system products, and conditionally postprocessed to produce calibrated probabilistic forecasts of river discharge at the entrance points of the Ganges and Brahmaputra into Bangladesh. Forecasts with 1–10-day horizons are presented for the summers of 2003–07. Objective verification shows that the forecast system significantly outperforms both a climatological and persistence forecast at all lead times. All severe flooding events were operationally forecast with significant probability at the 10-day horizon, including the extensive flooding of the Brahmaputra in 2004 and 2007, with the latter providing advanced lead-time warnings for the evacuation of vulnerable residents.

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Parvin, Most Farida, Md Yeamin Hossain, Md Ashekur Rahman, Most Shakila Sarmin, and Zoarder Faruque Ahmed. "Temporal variations of length, weight and condition of the Asian stinging catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) in the Ganges river (NW Bangladesh)." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v8i2.55487.

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The present study revealed on temporal variations of length, weight and condition of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) in the Ganges River, Northwestern Bangladesh. Total 1161 individuals of H. fossilis were caught by various habitual fishing gears such as seine net, cast net and gill net during January to December 2019. For every specimen, body weight (BW) was taken by digital balance to the accuracy of 0.01 g and total length (TL) was taken using a measuring board. Relative condition factor (KR) was assessed by KR = W/(a×Lb), where W is the BW in g, L is the TL in cm and a and b are length-weight relationships parameters. The value of KR ~ 1 specifies good health, >1 specifies over bodyweight as compared to length, whereas <1 suggests a fish in poor condition. The TL varied from 8.5-28.7 cm whereas the BW was 37.17–2250 g. The overall KR for H. fossilis was 0.99-1.06 in the Ganges River. The highest KR was observed in May while the lowest was in January. The KR was significantly correlated with BW in the Ganges River. The outcomes of the study will be helpful for future management of this fish in the Ganges river ecosystem as well as adjacent water bodies. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.8(2): 259-266, August 2021

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Mirza, M. Monirul Qader. "The Choice of Stage-Discharge Relationship for the Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers in Bangladesh." Hydrology Research 34, no. 4 (August 1, 2003): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2003.0010.

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The Ganges and Brahmaputra are the two largest rivers in Bangladesh. Discharge estimations of these rivers from a stage-discharge relationship or rating curve are crucial for flood warning/control/mitigation and water resources development. So far, logarithmic rating curves have been widely used in Bangladesh. The suitability of semi-logarithmic, polynomial and quadratic rating curves has not been investigated. In this study, all four recognised stage-discharge relationships were examined for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Unbiased least squares estimators were determined for the segmented logarithmic and semi-logarithmic rating curves. This enhanced their efficiency in inter-and extrapolating discharges from the given river stages. Based on detailed analysis and goodness-of-fit criteria, segmented logarithmic and third order polynomial rating curves were found to be the best for the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, respectively.

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37

Hossen, Mohhamed Anwar. "The Ganges Basin management and community empowerment." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-014-0005-3.

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This paper explores the ecological effects of the top-down Ganges Basin water management systems in Chapra, Bangladesh, based on my ethnographic fieldworkadata collected in 2011-12. An example of this top-down system is the Farakka Barrage in India that causes major ecological system failures and challenges to community livelihoods. The reduction in Ganges Basin water flow in Bangladesh based on the pre and post Farakka comparison is helpful in understanding these failures and their effects on community livelihoods. My argument is that basin communities are capable of becoming empowered by Ganges Basin water management and failures in the management create major challenges to the livelihood of these communities. In this context, I analyze the current Ganges Basin management practices, focusing specifically on the Joint River Commission and the 1996 Ganges Treaty between India and Bangladesh, and their effects on the basin communities in Chapra. My fieldwork data point out that the current shortcomings in basin management can be overcome with an improved management system. Water governance based on a multilateral approach is a way to restore the basin’s ecological systems and promote community empowerment. Based on this empowerment argument, this paper is divided into the following major sections: importance of the basin ecosystems for protecting community livelihoods, limitations of current basin management practices and community survival challenges, and proposed water governance for community empowerment.

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Ho, Selina. "‘Big brother, little brothers’: comparing China's and India's transboundary river policies." Water Policy 18, S1 (October 4, 2016): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.103.

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Hydro-hegemons can provide both positive and negative forms of leadership, the former leading to cooperative outcomes and the latter to conflict in transboundary river basins. What constrains hydro-hegemons and under what conditions do they cooperate? This paper examines China's and India's hydro-hegemonic behavior, using case studies of the Mekong and the Ganges, respectively. As a positive hydro-hegemon, China cooperates multilaterally with other Mekong riparians, while India takes a limited sovereignty view by sharing water with Bangladesh and Nepal in the Ganges. China and India behave as dominant hydro-hegemons when they engage in resource capture strategies, such as water diversion projects and unilateral dam-building activities. The regional context and domestic politics of hydro-hegemons constrain their behavior, and determine the forms of positive and negative leadership they provide. When strong multilateral mechanisms already exist in the regional context, hydro-hegemons are more likely to cooperate multilaterally. This explains why China cooperates multilaterally in the Mekong while India rejects multilateralism in the Ganges. Domestic considerations also explain why China cooperates multilaterally in the Mekong but avoids water-sharing discussions. In India's case, electoral politics account for the eventual signing of the Ganges and Mahakali treaties after decades of negotiations.

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Tareq, Shafi M., MS Rahaman, SY Rikta, SM Nazrul Islam, and Mahfuza S. Sultana. "Seasonal Variations in Water Quality of the Ganges and Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh." Jahangirnagar University Environmental Bulletin 2 (September 5, 2013): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jueb.v2i0.16332.

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Hussain, Nur, and Ebadullah Khan. "Coastline Dynamics and Raising Landform: A Geo-informatics Based Study on the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh." Indonesian Journal of Geography 50, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.26655.

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The southern part of Bangladesh is bounded by the Bay of Bengal. Three major river systems such as; Brahmaputra-Jamuna, Ganges-Padma and Surma-Kusiara have been developed the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) floodplain, this are 80% area of Bangladesh. These rivers carry huge sediments from upper Himalayan region during at monsoon period. On the contrary, as the costal part of Bangladesh is open to the sea, so high wave actions, strong wind flow, tidal actions are prevailing here. Consequently, coastline of this part is unstable and dynamic. Coastline change dynamics is significant for disaster management, coastal planning and environmental management. For the delineation of coastline identification, Rennell’s map (1776), Landsat MSS (1976) and Landsat OLI (2016) images have been interpreted using the tools of Remote Sensing Technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) of Geo-informatics. During 240 years from 1776 to 2016 about 3892 km2 landform have been raised in coastal area of Bangladesh.

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Smith, Brian D., M. Abdullah Abu Diyan, Rubaiyat Mowgli Mansur, Elisabeth Fahrni Mansur, and Benazir Ahmed. "Identification and channel characteristics of cetacean hotspots in waterways of the eastern Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh." Oryx 44, no. 2 (April 2010): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605309990159.

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AbstractSightings data of two freshwater-dependent cetaceans, the Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica and Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris, were recorded by captains of three nature tourism vessels operating in waterways of the eastern Sundarbans mangrove forest, Bangladesh. These data were used to investigate channel-type preferences and identify cetacean hotspots according to a scoring system based on group, individual and calf encounter rates, the co-occurrence of both species, and encounter rates in neighbouring segments recorded during monsoon, post-monsoon and dry seasons. Six 5-km segments were identified for priority conservation attention from a total of 38 that were surveyed on at least three occasions during each season. An investigation of habitat preferences evaluated 5-km segments that had been surveyed on five or more occasions (n = 69) and assigned them to one of 12 categories defined by channel width, sinuosity and the number of large and small confluences. Significant differences were found between observed and expected frequencies of occurrence in the different segment categories for Ganges River dolphin groups and individuals and for Irrawaddy dolphin individuals. Both Ganges River and Irrawaddy dolphins selected channels with more than two small confluences or at least one large confluence. Understanding the preferred habitat and identifying hotspots of freshwater-dependent cetaceans in the Sundarbans is the first step of a planning process for the potential establishment of a network of protected waterways for these threatened species.

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42

Mondal, M. Shahjahan, and Saleh A. Wasimi. "Evaluation of Risk-Related Performance in Water Management for the Ganges Delta of Bangladesh." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 133, no. 2 (March 2007): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2007)133:2(179).

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43

Das, Shouvik, Sugata Hazra, Anisul Haque, Munsur Rahman, Robert J. Nicholls, Amit Ghosh, Tuhin Ghosh, Mashfiqus Salehin, and Ricardo Safra de Campos. "Social vulnerability to environmental hazards in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta, India and Bangladesh." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 53 (February 2021): 101983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101983.

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44

Siddik, Muhammad Abu Bakar, Md Abu Hanif, Md Reaz Chaklader, Ashfaqun Nahar, and Sultan Mahmud. "Fishery biology of gangetic whiting Sillaginopsis panijus (Hamilton, 1822) endemic to Ganges delta, Bangladesh." Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 41, no. 4 (December 2015): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2015.11.001.

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45

Jewel, Md Abu Sayed, Md Ayenuddin Haque, Mst Shahanaj Ferdous, Mst Samsad Khatun, Dil Afroza Khanom, and Jakia Hasan. "Gonadosomatic index and fecundity of threatened reba carp, Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton), in the Ganges River (northwest Bangladesh)." Fisheries & Aquatic Life 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2019-0009.

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Abstract The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and fecundity of the threatened Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) was studied over a period of one year from January to December 2015 in the Ganges River (northwest Bangladesh). The GSI index indicated that the C. reba breeding season in the Ganges was from June to September with the peak in August. Fish fecundity increased with increasing fish length and weight, and the highest fecundity (265,042.23) was recorded in a fish with a total length, a body weight, and an ovary weight of 23.80 cm, 136.00 g and 45.00 g, respectively. There was a linear relationship between fecundity and total length (r = 0.871), body weight (r = 0.872), and ovary weight (r = 0.879), with that between ovary weight and fecundity being the strongest.

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46

Baki, Mohammad Abdul, Naser Ahmed Bhouiyan, Md Saiful Islam, Shayer Mahmood Ibney Alam, Shibananda Shil, and Md Muzammel Hossain. "Present Status of Ganges River DolphinsPlatanista gangetica gangetica(Roxburgh, 1801) in the Turag River, Dhaka, Bangladesh." International Journal of Zoology 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8964821.

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Freshwater ecosystem degradation in the Turag River basin is increasing due to rising human settlement, reduced water flow during the dry season, new large land development projects, and toxic emissions caused by brick kilns. The population of river dolphins was estimated through surveys carried out from December 2012 to November 2013. Surveys were conducted on a fortnightly basis. The dolphins were counted within an 18.4 km stretch (known to be the most polluted stretch) of the 75 km long river. A total of 62 dolphin sightings were recorded, both as individual sightings and as groups. The highest monthly count was in August. The best-high-low estimates of 9-11-7 individuals were recorded in August 2013 in river ecology. Seasonal changes in spatial distribution were observed. The survey revealed that rising floodwater stimulated an increase in the dolphin population in the study area from July to October. The maximum encounter rate was also 0.49 sightings km−1for the month of August. The sightings and encounter rates of dolphins were lower from December to July (dry and premonsoon period) likely due to reduced water flow and adverse water quality of this river.

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47

Uddin, Md Jahir, Prokashon Chakma, and S. M. Abdullah Al Faruq. "STUDY OF WATER AND BED LEVEL VARIATION IN THE GANGES-PADMA RIVER, BANGLADESH." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 8, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.443.2017.

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This study investigated the water and bed levels together with thalweg profile variations in graphical and numerical analysis using MS Excel for the Ganges-Padma River between 1996 and 2014 at three different selected stations. It was found that there was no consistency in cross section profiles over the years. The cross section profiles varied rapidly at Mawa and Harding Bridge stations, whereas the changes at Baruria Transit were more consistent comparatively. The mean bed levels at Harding Bridge and Mawa stations gradually rose while at Baruria Transit station, it showed a dynamic behavior. Recently in most cases, the water and bed levels lowered or rose simultaneously, but in the years 1996 to 2009 they showed dissimilar patterns. The maximum water level variation was found at Harding Bridge station at 0.75m (rise). The shifting of thalweg points also varied significantly. The most frequent movement of thalweg vertically was found at Baruria Transit station and horizontally at Mawa station.

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48

Ittekkot, V., S. Safiullah, B. Mycke, and R. Seifert. "Seasonal variability and geochemical significance of organic matter in the River Ganges, Bangladesh." Nature 317, no. 6040 (October 1985): 800–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/317800a0.

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49

Haque, Md Morshedul, Nahin Mostofa Niloy, Omme K. Nayna, Konica J. Fatema, Shamshad B. Quraishi, Ji-Hyung Park, Kyoung-Woong Kim, and Shafi M. Tareq. "Variability of water quality and metal pollution index in the Ganges River, Bangladesh." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 34 (July 25, 2020): 42582–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10060-3.

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50

Shan, Xin, Xuefa Shi, Peter D. Clift, Ashraf Ali Seddique, Shengfa Liu, Chengpeng Tan, Jianguo Liu, Rased Hasan, Jingrui Li, and Zhaojun Song. "Sedimentology of the modern seasonal lower Ganges River with low inter-annual peak discharge variance, Bangladesh." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (October 9, 2020): jgs2020–094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-094.

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The Ganges River, one of the largest rivers on Earth, is a typical monsoonal and flood-controlled system but has low inter-annual peak discharge variability. The seasonal discharge can reach 70 000 m3 s−1 during the wet season but maintains a low base flow of 500–3000 m3 s−1 during the dry season. However, the constancy in peak discharge every year categorizes the lower Ganges River as a river with low inter-annual peak discharge variability. This paper examines the modern lower Ganges River by conducting a detailed process-oriented investigation of the main channel, channel margin and overbank deposits, supplemented by satellite image observation and comparison with other modern fluvial systems. The channel and braid bar deposits show a dominance of small-scale to medium-scale cross-sets, with a variety of accretion processes constructing braid bars. The braid bar and channel deposits are typical of facies models of rivers with low inter-annual peak discharge variance. In contrast, the channel flank deposits are dominated by planar lamination, massive sand and mud couplets, and some ripple cross-lamination, with very little cross-bedding. Characteristic channel margin deposits represent sediments that accumulated by high-speed flows, multiple-surge and rapidly depositing flows, rapid or regular waning flows and hyperconcentrated flows. The overbank deposits predominantly comprise current ripples with long, thin bedforms and soft sediment deformation structures, which record flow transformation on the muddy flat topography and the processes of an unstable river bank. Our study shows that the channel margin and floodplain deposits are entirely different from those of the braid bar and channel. The bedform distribution of the fluvial deposits here (main channel, channel margin and overbank) may be an important tool in the identification of similar seasonal rivers with low inter-annual peak discharge variance and in the interpretation of fluvial processes.Supplementary material: The sediment texture and the depositional age is available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5144403

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