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Symons, andrea L. D. "Unrapping the Gangsta: The Changing Role of the Performer from Toast to Gangsta Rap." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626389.
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Quinn, Eithne. "Representing and affronting : the politics and poetics of gangsta rap music." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311723.
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Diallo, David. "L'imagerie "gangsta" dans la musique rap : sociologie d'une symbolique du crime." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30059.
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Quel ‘mystère’ se cache derrière la symbolique du crime - ce que Paul Gilroy désigne par l’expression outlaw forms- qui semble prédominer dans l’ensemble de la production rap contemporaine ? Considérant le rap comme un fait social, nous favorisons, dans cette thèse, un cheminement intellectuel en amont du discours culturaliste généralement mis en avant. Autrement dit, nous explorons les raisons sociales qui font que les compositions stylisées et rythmées des rappeurs sont fortement empreintes d’une imagerie du crime. Comme l’indique clairement son titre, ce travail relève de la sociologie de l’art. De ce fait, notre approche privilégie un angle sociologique et s’appuie conjointement sur des outils théoriques appartenant à cette discipline et aux cultural studies afin de proposer de nouveaux principes explicatifs à la place centrale de cette imagerieWhat ‘mystery’ (as cultural theorist Paul Gilroy puts it) lies behind the ‘outlaw forms’ that thrive in the rap production? Going further that the raciological and culturalist arguments commonly put forward, we will argue that the criminal imagery that prevails in rap (not simply in what is commonly and rigidly labelled as ‘gangsta rap’ but also in the myopically disregarded discourse of rappers generally referred to as ‘conscious’) finds its principle in what sociologist Loic Wacquant, building upon Pierre Bourdieu’s work, calls a ‘street habitus’
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Craft, Chanel R. "Where my Girls at?: The Interpellation of Women in Gangsta Hip-Hop." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/wsi_theses/19.
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This thesis interrogates gangsta hip-hop for the unique attention it plays to the drug trade. I read theories of hypervisibility/invisibility and Louis Althusser’s theory of interpellation alongside hip-hop feminist theory to examine the Black female criminal subjectivity that operates within hip-hop. Using methods of discourse analysis, I question the constructions of gangster femininity in rap lyrics as well as the absences of girlhood on Season 4 of HBO’s television drama The Wire. In doing so, I argue that the discursive construction of Black female subjectivity within gangsta hip-hop provides a hypervisibility that portrays Black women as violent while simultaneously erasing the broader social processes that impact the lives of Black women and girls. Hip-hop feminism allows the cultural formations of hip-hop to be read against the politics that structure the lives of women of color in order to provide a lens for analyzing how their criminality is constructed through media.
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Armstrong, Andrew Barton. "The Japanese "Ghetto-Gangsta": searching for prestige in Kansai hip hop performance." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31501.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
This dissertation treats emergent, outspoken class consciousness among performers of what I call "ghetto-gangsta" hip hop in Japan's Kansai region. Musicians, including Anarchy from the public housing projects in Mukaijima (Kyoto) and Shingo Nishinari from the day-laborer neighborhood of Nishinari Ward (Osaka), are earning prestige in spite of but also in part because of their humble origins. My ethnography of Kansai hip hop culture demonstrates that "marginality" is a source of prestige for performers who embody keywords including "ghetto," "gangsta," and "Korean," and who critique Japanese society using language typically associated with right-wing ultranationalists (uyoku). Chapter One traces the history of hip hop culture and performance in Japan, emphasizing the differences between Tokyo and Kansai as urban locales and as hip hop scenes. Chapter Two describes the ghettos ofHigashikujo (Kyoto), Mukaijima, and Nishinari Ward, discusses the terms in which ghetto populations are stigmatized, and analyzes the ambivalence that local musicians express towards their marginalized neighborhoods of origin. Chapter Three shows how Anarchy and Shingo Nishinari use ghetto-gangsta cultural capital to overcome socioeconomic marginalization and to "move up" ("haiagaru"). Chapter Four considers the role of "zainichi" (Korean long-term "residents") in hip hop performance, and the discrimination that persists against them despite the "Korea boom" ("Hanryu") of 1990s Japan. Chapter Five demonstrates that performers view "the nation" with as much ambivalence as they do their home neighborhoods. Some musicians critique contemporary politics and society using tropes associated with right-wing ultranationalists, while others use Kansai identity to mediate between personal and national identity, positing Kyoto and Osaka as the symbolic "center" of Japan. I conclude by discussing the importance ofKansai ghetto-gangsta hip hop for Japan studies and cultural anthropology, emphasizing how "mainstream" identities are contingent on those of the lowest socioeconomic classes. By revealing the importance of class, "race," and marginality to Japanese identity, I demonstrate that Japan is far less "other" than has usually been presumed in anthropological studies.
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Karanfilovic, Nathalie Springer Robert. "Les implications sociopolitiques du rap afro-américain de l'engagement new school au nihilisme gangsta /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2004/Karanfilovic.Nathalie.LMZ0406.pdf.
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Karanfilovic, Nathalie. "Les implications sociopolitiques du rap afro-américain : de l'engagement new school au nihilisme gangsta." Metz, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2004/Karanfilovic.Nathalie.LMZ0406.pdf.
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L'objet de cette thèse est de mettre au jour les implications sociales et politiques du dernier genre musical populaire afro-américain, le rap et plus particulièrement de tenter de réhabiliter son sous-genre le plus controversé comme le plus populaire, le gangsta rap, d'éclairer son discours pour en révéler également les dimensions contestataires. Nous sommes partie du postulat que l'enracinement social du rap et la construction médiatique autour du phénomène des ghettos tend généralement à réduire la culture hip hop à une culture de ghetto présentant des traits pathologiques ou à qualifier la démarche des rappeurs d'obscène, d'amorale et de racoleuse. L'objectif de cette étude était donc de dépasser le caractère superficiel et outré du rap pour l'appréhender dans toute sa complexité et dévoiler à travers une analyse textuelle sa dimension socio-politique en tenant compte des divers paramètres socio-historiques, politiques et économiques et culturelsThe aim of this thesis is to reveal the social and political implications of African-American rap music focusing on its most controversial as well as most popular genre, gangsta rap, and to provide a better understanding of the nihilistic gangsta discourse through a textual analysis. The social rooting of rap music and the media construction of the ghetto phenomenon usually tend to reduce hip hop to a pathological ghetto culture and to qualify the rappers' discourse as obscene and amoral. The purpose of this study is to attempt to move beyond the outrageous character of rap, apprehending it in its own literary complexity and thereby ultimately revealing its social-political dimension in respect to the social, historical, political, economical and cultural parameters
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Santos, Daniel dos. "Como Fabricar um Gangsta: Masculinidades Negras nos Videoclipes dos Rappers Jay-Z e 50 Cent." Instituto de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências Professor Milton Santos, 2017. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/26863.
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Esta dissertação é o resultado do #TheGangstaProject, projeto de pesquisa científica sobre as masculinidades negras na cultura Hip Hop dos Estados Unidos da América, na transição dos séculos XX-XXI. A partir de um processo de investigação sobre a obra audiovisual dos rappers Jay-Z e 50 Cent pode-se identificar e decodificar as configurações dos tipos de masculinidades negras presentes nas narrativas dos videoclipes do Gangsta Rap, subgênero musical que subverteu e redefiniu o sistema iconográfico de representação sobre os homens negros, tradição herdada do passado colonial escravocrata reinventada no imaginário racial coletivo estadunidense a partir do fenômeno do Novo Racismo. Através de uma perspectiva interseccional, estabelecida entre as epistemologias étnico-raciais pós-coloniais e das dissidências sexuais e de gênero, desenvolveu-se um exercício de desmontagem simbólica das imagens produzidas historicamente sobre e pelos homens negros. Acionando os sistemas iconográficos enquanto dispositivos de dominação, controle e exploração simbólica dos corpos e subjetividades negras masculinas, esta dissertação tenta compreender como as práticas e os jogos de representação funcionam a partir dos marcadores sociais de raça e gênero, como também quais são seus efeitos nas políticas das masculinidades negras.
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Oliveira, Eliane Cristina Brito de. "Do gangsta às minas : o rap do Distrito Federal e as masculinidades negras (1990 a 2015)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2017. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/24421.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-graduação em História, 2017.Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-08-08T17:28:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_ElianeCristinaBritodeOliveira.pdf: 1366604 bytes, checksum: e6d025075867058fbe3138983acc1030 (MD5)
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O RAP surge em bairros pobres da América como musicalidade significante da diáspora negra e no Distrito Federal assume o discurso de valorização das periferias. Nesse trabalho, a história de Brasília é apesentada pelo viés do RAP, desde a criação das cidades-satélites como espaços de exclusão até sua ressignificação dentro desse gênero musical. Nesse sentido, o RAP negro na cidade planejada serve para análise do projeto de exclusão racial na construção de Brasília e da resistência como projeto de identidade racial promovida pelo RAP-DF. Para tanto, historiciza-se o conceito de gangsta como identidade central do RAP-DF, bem como se analisam as representações das mulheres e das masculinidades negras nessa música. A pesquisa se baseou em fontes orais, canções e redes sociais.
The RAP appears in poor neighborhoods of America as a significant musicality of the black diaspora and in the Federal District it assumes the discourse of valorization of the peripheries. In this work, the history of Brasília is underlined by the RAP bias, from the creation of satellite cities as spaces of exclusion until their resignification within this musical genre. In this sense, the black RAP in the planned city is useful to the review of the project of racial exclusion in the construction of Brasilia and resistance as a racial identity project promoted by the RAP-DF. Therefore, the concept of gangsta is historicized as the central identity of RAP-DF, as well as the representations of women and black masculinities in this music. The research was based on oral sources, songs and social networks.
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Prince, Rob. "Say Hello to My Little Friend: De Palma's Scarface, Cinema Spectatorship, and the Hip Hop Gangsta as Urban Superhero." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1256860175.
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Golter, Samuel. "Women Rappers and Neoliberal Indifference: Reevaluating the Racial and Sexual Politics of Los Angeles Gangsta Rap in the Early 1990s." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23158.
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This thesis asks why women gangsta rappers have been excluded from virtually all academic and popular discourses about the genre. While ‘positive’ and ‘empowering’ New York-based female rappers in the late 80s and 90s are often referenced by those concerned with gangsta rap’s misogynistic tendencies, women rappers in Los Angeles who performed alongside male gangsta rappers, were represented on labels managed by gangsta rappers, and were otherwise self-consciously engaging in the gangsta rap style are almost never acknowledged by either the genre’s defenders or detractors. By interrogating this discursive absence, I reevaluate the neoliberal sexual and racial politics of gangsta rap’s censorship discourse and interrogate the rhetorical and representational strategies deployed by female gangsta rappers such as Lady of Rage, Bo$$, NiNi X, Menajahtwa, H.W.A., and Yo-Yo to both contest misogyny and express coalitional affinity with their male counterparts from within the genre itself.
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Conway, Jordan A. "Living in a Gangsta’s Paradise: Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s Crusade Against Gansta Rap Music in the 1990s." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3812.
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This project examines Dr. C. DeLores Tucker’s efforts to abolish the production and distribution of gangsta rap to the American youth. Though her efforts were courageous and daring, they were not sufficient. The thesis will trace Tucker’s crusade beginning in 1992 through the end of the 1990s. It brings together several themes in post-World War II American history, such as the issues of race, gender, popular culture, economics, and the role of government. The first chapter thematically explores Tucker’s crusade, detailing her methodology and highlighting pivotal events throughout the movement. The second chapter discusses how opposition from rap artists, and the music industry, media coverage of Tucker and her followers, and resistance from members of Congress contributed to the failure of her endeavor.
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London, Morgan Zenobia. "A Case Study of Respect among Young Urban African American Men." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1224.
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Many young adult African American men living in urban areas adopt a style of self-presentation known as the gangsta image in an attempt to earn and maintain what they may perceive to be respect, self-esteem, and social status. While these young men succeed in earning the respect of their peers, they also may jeopardize their chances of succeeding in mainstream society by engaging in an alienating lifestyle related to their alternative form of status. The purpose of this case study was to explore the concepts of respect and self-esteem as defined by a culture-sharing group of young African American men living in an urban environment. Using the theoretical lens of Goffman's dramaturgical model of social interactions, case studies of 4 young African American males' experience of self-esteem and respect as components of social acceptance were explored. Their sources of teachings about respect and social position received from the authority figures in their environment, as well as the contextual factors that shaped their self-concept, were also delineated. The research used a qualitative, case study design. Data were collected from observations, interviews, participatory photography, and document review and analyzed by coding and concept mapping using Atlas.ti software. The key finding was that perceptions of self-respect were connected to ongoing negative relationships with mainstream society and law enforcement. This study contributes to social change by helping human services professionals to comprehend the meaning and significance of respect and self-esteem for this population. This understanding can then inform practices related to engaging and supporting the mainstream success of this important group.
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Coccimiglio, Carmela. "Absent Presence: Women in American Gangster Narrative." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26217.
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Absent Presence: Women in American Gangster Narrative investigates women characters in American gangster narratives through the principal roles accorded to them. It argues that women in these texts function as an “absent presence,” by which I mean that they are a convention of the patriarchal gangster landscape and often with little import while at the same time they cultivate resistant strategies from within this backgrounded positioning. Whereas previous scholarly work on gangster texts has identified how women are characterized as stereotypes, this dissertation argues that women characters frequently employ the marginal positions to which they are relegated for empowering effect.
This dissertation begins by surveying existing gangster scholarship. There is a preoccupation with male characters in this work, as is the case in most gangster texts themselves. This preoccupation is a result of several factors, such as defining the genre upon criteria that exclude women, promoting a male-centred canon as a result, and making assumptions about audience composition and taste that overlook women’s (and some women characters’) interest in gangster texts. Consequently, although the past decade saw women scholars bringing attention to female characters, research on male characters continues to dominate the field. My project thus fills this gap by not only examining the methods by which women characters navigate the male-dominated underworld but also including female-centred gangster narratives.
Subsequent chapters focus on women’s predominant roles as mothers, molls, and wives as well as their infrequent role as female gangsters. The mother chapter demonstrates how the gangster’s mother deploys her effacement as an idealized figure in order to disguise her transgressive machinations (White Heat, The Sopranos). The moll chapter examines how this character’s presence as a reforming influence for the male criminal is integral to the earliest narratives. However, a shift to male relationships in mid- to late-1920s gangster texts transforms the moll’s status to that of a moderator (Underworld, The Great Gatsby). On the other hand, subsequent non-canonical texts feature molls as protagonists and illustrate the potential appeal of the gangster figure to women spectators (Three on a Match). Subsequently, the wife chapter explores texts that show presence is manifested in the wife’s cultivation of a traditional family image, while absence is evident in her exposure of this image as a façade via her husband’s activities (The Godfather, Goodfellas). In the following female gangster chapter, I examine how gender functions to render this rare character a literal absent presence such that she is inconceivable as a subject (Lady Scarface, Lady Gangster). Expanding upon this examination of gender, a final chapter on the African-American female gangster (in Set It Off and The Wire) explores how sexuality, race, and female—as well as “gangsta”—masculinity intersect to create this character’s simultaneous hypervisibility and invisibility. By examining women’s roles that often are overlooked in a male-dominated textual type and academic field, this dissertation draws scholarly attention to the ways that peripheral status can offer a stealthy locus for self-assertion.
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Lundqvist, Nathalie, and Olivia Jönsson. "“Livet vi lever är jettat, därför många vill testa. Jalla, kom testa, ra-ta-ta-ta från en Tesla” : En tematisk och språklig innehållsanalys om gangsterrapens normalisering och uppmuntran av kriminalitet." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49563.
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The gangsta rap has topped the Swedish music charts in recent years and the controversial message of the music genre has led people in the community to question what the gangsta rap message convey. The purpose of the study is to investigate how a normalization and encouragement of crime are characterized in the contemporary song texts, and how men and women are portrayed in connection with the power aspects of society. The method choice is a qualitative thematic and linguistic content analysis with the aim of examining the significance of the song texts in deph. The study has been conducted on the 24 songs that have been streamed the most number of times according to P3´s DigiLista since 2018. The result shows that the gangsta rap encourages and romanticizes crime through its choice of personal pronouns and semantics in the song lyrics. Women and men are portrayed in an unequal way, where women are portrayed as objectified as opposed to the hegemonic masculinity with which masculine men are equated. Power has been proven to be a dominant concept throughout the performance analysis and the power aspect has conveyed different viewpoints in each theme. The power that gangster rappers get through their coveted music may come to encourage criminal acts through their choice of words.Gangsterrapen har toppat de svenska musiklistorna de senaste åren och musikgenrens kontroversiella budskap har fått människor i samhället att ifrågasätta vad gangsterrapens budskap förmedlar. Syftet med studien är att undersöka på vilket sätt en normalisering och uppmuntran av kriminalitet präglas i de nutida låttexterna och hur män och kvinnor skildras i koppling till samhällets maktaspekter. Metodvalet är en kvalitativ tematisk och språklig innehållsanalys med syftet att kunna granska låttexternas betydelse på djupet. Studien har genomförts på de 24 låtarna som har streamats flest antal gånger enligt P3’s DigiLista sedan 2018. Av resultatet framkommer att gangsterrapen uppmuntrar och romantiserar kriminalitet genom dess val av personliga pronomen och semantiken i låttexterna. Kvinnor och män skildras på ett ojämlikt sätt, där kvinnor framställs som objektifierade gentemot den hegemoniska manligheten som maskulina män likställs med. Makt har påvisats vara ett dominerande begrepp genom hela resultatanalysen och maktaspekten har förmedlat olika synvinklar i respektive tema. Makten som gangsterraparna får genom deras eftertraktade musik bidrar till att de kan komma att uppmuntra till kriminella handlingar genom deras val av språkbruk.
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Woods, Rachel. "The 'Glam' Gangster : realism and glamor in modern British gangster films /." Title page, contents and chapter summaries only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arw8962.pdf.
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Moss, Jonathan. "Microcircuitry of the Basal Ganglia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514971.
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Mogoseanu, Diana. "Basal ganglia connections with orofacial muscles." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260710.
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Vugman, Fernando Simão. "The gangster in film and literature." Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/78172.
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Estudo do gangster na literatura e no cinema hollywoodiano, desde seu surgimento no início da década de 1930, até a década de 1990. O gangster é analisado como uma figura mítica, ao passo que a produção de Hollywood é discutida como a moderna mitologia da sociedade americana. Para melhor explicar o gangster, é-lhe aplicada a metáfora do monstro, isto é, aquele ser comum a todas as sociedades humanas, cuja função é personificar todo o mal. Afirma-se que existem, no plano ideológico, dois tipos básicos de personagens nos filmes de Hollywood: os ideologicamente positivos e os negativos; ambos os tipos servem para reafirmar a ideologia dominante. O gangster é um tipo único, já que somente ele resiste a cumprir a função de reafirmação ideológica.
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Smith, Denise P. A. "The Basal Ganglia and Sequential Learning." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1353430597.
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Drinnan, Suzane Loraine. "G proteins in the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28981.
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G proteins are alpha-beta-gamma heterotrimers in the resting state, bound to GDP and complexed with the unbound receptor. Once the receptor becomes occupied, the alpha subunit exchanges GDP for GTP, becomes activated, and dissociates from the receptor and can stimulate or inhibit many intracellular activities such as phosphorylation and channel conductance. For example, Gs and Golf alpha subunits stimulate and Gi alpha subunits inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Go alpha subunits are abundant in brain, but are of unknown function.
cDNAs for the alpha subunit have been cloned. In order to examine the relative distributions of G proteins in the brain, we used in situ hybridization with radiolabelled synthetic oligonucleotide probes. By using a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody, we found that the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus express mRNA for the alpha subunits for each of Gi, Go, and Gs. We noted a paucity of Gs mRNA in the striatum. This was surprising because the basal ganglia contain a dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity which has been assumed to be transduced by Gs. Also, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and cholera ADP-ribosylation indicated a very high level of Gs alpha-like protein in the striatum. In order to ascertain which specific G protein we were detecting, we made probes to a new G protein previously identified in the olfactory system. Golf is a stimulatory G protein with size and sequence characteristics similar to those of Gs. The cholera toxin ADP-ribosylation site and C-terminal region to which the antibody was made are identical. We made oligonucloetide probes to the translated and untranslated portions of Golf alpha. High levels Golf mRNA and protein were detected in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, in addition to the expected high levels in the olfactory tubercle. Northern blot studies indicated that Golf transcripts are approximately ten-fold more abundant than Gs alpha transcripts in the striatum. These data indicate that Golf in not an olfactory-specific G protein. It is also the major stimulatory G protein in the basal ganglia. The selective expression of high levels of Golf in dopamine-rich forebrain areas suggest that it may couple DI dopamine receptors to adenylyl cyclase. The role of Golf in dopaminergic neurotransmission and neuropsychiatric disease should be considered.Medicine, Faculty of
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Church, Andrew John. "Anti-basal ganglia antibodies in movement disorders." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444607/.
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Sydenham's chorea (SC) is a neurological manifestation following group A Streptococcus infection (GABHS) and has been proposed as an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Other movement and psychiatric manifestations following GABHS have been recognised and termed Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS). It is proposed that PANDAS may be caused by the same antibody as SC. As the symptoms of PANDAS are identical to Tourette's syndrome (TS), the possibility that TS might turn out to be an autoimmune disorder has implications for the treatment and understanding of these disorders. Evidence of GABHS was found in all patients with SC and PANDAS and 60% of patients with TS. Autoantibodies against basal ganglia (ABGA) were found in all acute SC and PANDAS patients. Only 25% of TS patients were ABGA positive. There was little evidence for ABGA in controls. There was a higher prevalence of ABGA in systemic diseases associated with GABHS but this did not reach significance. ABGA bound to proteins with molecular weights (40, 45, 60 and 98 kDa) and these responses were variably found in SC, PANDAS and TS. The identification of these antigens proved to be problematic due to contamination with other proteins with the same molecular weights. Neurone specific enolase (NSE) was identified as one of the antigens. As this protein was not specific to basal ganglia it cast doubt as to the specificity of ABGA. Interestingly, however, enolase is also found on the surface of GABHS and has extensive homology with human enolase, thus lending support to the possibility of molecular mimicry derived autoimmunity.
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Brown, Jennifer. "Feedback motor control and the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648678.
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Noy, G. "Abnormal motor behaviour and the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370974.
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Hutton, Elizabeth Anne May. "Somatosensory cortical input to the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://webex.lib.ed.ac.uk/abstracts/hutton01.pdf.
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Memberg, Stacey Piszczkiewicz. "Neuronal development in the rat sensory ganglia." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1057770010.
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van, Albada Sacha. "Mean-field analysis of basal ganglia and thalamocortical dynamics." Connect to full text, 2008. http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/5124.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009.Includes graphs and tables. Includes list of publications. Title from title screen (viewed June 17, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Physics, Faculty of Science. Degree awarded 2009; thesis submitted 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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WADA, Toshihiro. "Gangeśa and Mathurānātha on Siṃhavyāghralakṣaṇa of vyāpti (4)." 名古屋大学文学部インド文化学研究室 (Department of Indian Studies, School of Letters, Nagoya University), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19212.
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Kamali, Sarvestani Iman. "Subsystems of the basal ganglia and motor infrastructure." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Beräkningsbiologi, CB, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136745.
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The motor nervous system is one of the main systems of the body and is our principle means ofbehavior. Some of the most debilitating and wide spread disorders are motor systempathologies. In particular the basal ganglia are complex networks of the brain that control someaspects of movement in all vertebrates. Although these networks have been extensively studied,lack of proper methods to study them on a system level has hindered the process ofunderstanding what they do and how they do it. In order to facilitate this process I have usedcomputational models as an approach that can faithfully take into account many aspects of ahigh dimensional multi faceted system.In order to minimize the complexity of the system, I first took agnathan fish and amphibians asmodeling animals. These animals have rather simple neuronal networks and have been wellstudied so that developing their biologically plausible models is more feasible. I developedmodels of sensory motor transformation centers that are capable of generating basic behaviorsof approach, avoidance and escape. The networks in these models used a similar layeredstructure having a sensory map in one layer and a motor map on other layers. The visualinformation was received as place coded information, but was converted into population codedand ultimately into rate coded signals usable for muscle contractions.In parallel to developing models of visuomotor centers, I developed a novel model of the basalganglia. The model suggests that a subsystem of the basal ganglia is in charge of resolvingconflicts between motor programs suggested by different motor centers in the nervous system.This subsystem that is composed of the subthalamic nucleus and pallidum is called thearbitration system. Another subsystem of the basal ganglia called the extension system which iscomposed of the striatum and pallidum can bias decisions made by an animal towards theactions leading to lower cost and higher outcome by learning to associate proper actions todifferent states. Such states are generally complex states and the novel hypothesis I developedsuggests that the extension system is capable of learning such complex states and linking themto appropriate actions. In this framework, striatal neurons play the role of conjunction (BooleanAND) neurons while pallidal neurons can be envisioned as disjunction (Boolean OR) neurons.In the next set of experiments I tried to take the idea of basal ganglia subsystems to a new levelby dividing the rodent arbitration system into two functional subunits. A rostral group of ratpallidal neurons form dense local inhibition among themselves and even send inhibitoryprojections to the caudal segment. The caudal segment does not project back to its rostralcounterpart, but both segments send inhibitory projections to the output nuclei of the rat basalganglia i.e. the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. The rostral subsystems is capableof precisely detecting one (or several) components of a rudimentary action and suppress othercomponents. The components that are reinforced are those which lead to rewarding stateswhereas those that are suppressed are those which do not. The hypothesis explains neuronalmechanisms involved in this process and suggests that this subsystem is a means of generatingsimple but precise movements (such as using a single digit) from innate crude actions that theanimal can perform even at birth (such as general movement of the whole limb). In this way, therostral subsystem may play important role in exploration based learning.In an attempt to more precisely describe the relation between the arbitration and extensionsystems, we investigated the effect of dynamic synapses between subthalamic, pallidal andstriatal neurons and output neurons of the basal ganglia. The results imply that output neuronsare sensitive to striatal bursts and pallidal irregular firing. They also suggest that few striatalneurons are enough to fully suppress output neurons. Finally the results show that the globuspallidus exerts its effect on output neurons by direct inhibition rather than indirect influence viathe subthalamic nucleus.QC 20131209
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Hallworth, Nicholas E. "Hippocampal theta-related properties of the basal ganglia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64958.pdf.
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Chan, Shiao-hui. "Linguistic Sequencing in the Cortex and Basal Ganglia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195441.
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Due to the common belief that language is unique to humans, great emphasis has been placed on the neocortex, while the role of the subcortical areas has been minimized. This project used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the linguistic involvement of the basal ganglia (BG). Previous research has demonstrated that the BG are implicated in building up sequences of behavior into meaningful, goal-directed repertoires This study developed the idea of motor sequencing into linguistic sequencing to test the BG's involvement in the abstract sequencing of language. Since past imaging studies failed to present a coherent picture of the BG laterality, which might be due to the absence of the control for subjects' familial handedness background, this subject factor was also investigated.Twenty-four right-handed, neurologically healthy English speakers were recruited. Half of them had left-handed blood relatives (FS+); the other half did not (FS-). Their tasks included 1) linguistic sequencing--reordering phrases into a sentence or reordering words along the general-specific dimension, 2) non-linguistic sequencing--swapping designated phrases/words and 3) repeat--repeating words in their original sequence. Voxel-wise analysis showed that both the BG and cortical areas were activated when subjects performed a reordering task. Region of interest (ROI) analysis demonstrated that the BG were involved in linguistic sequencing (reorder - repeat) and that Broca's area and the caudate head were co-opted in computing hierarchical structure (reorder - swap). Although familial sinistrality did not alter the activation pattern of Broca's area and the caudate head, it played a role in their activation asymmetry: both subject groups had left-lateralization in the inferior frontal gyrus, but they failed to show identical laterality in the BG. A possible explanation based on the direct and indirect pathways in the BG was offered and the laterality discrepancy was attributed to these two groups' different time course of language acquisition.To summarize, this study suggested that the BG, especially the head of the caudate nucleus, were involved in the abstract sequencing of language and that the distinct brain asymmetry associated with different familial sinistrality background might be rooted in the BG.
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Marshall, Fiona. "Cholecystokinin/dopamine interactions in the rat basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386170.
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Krosigk, Marcus von. "Information processing in output pathways from basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276840.
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Canavan, A. G. M. "Functions of basal ganglia in man and monkey." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376889.
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Ramcharan, Eion J. "A study of receptors in mammalian sympathetic ganglia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256900.
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Asbury, Vicky. "Light scattering by Helix aspera ganglia in vitro." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615607.
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Saunders, Arpiar Bruce. "Circuit interactions between the cortex and basal ganglia." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13129563.
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All animals must adapt their behaviors by experience to survive. In mammals, this adaptive process is thought occur through a synaptic loop involving the cortex, basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus. Here we use transgenic mice and novel recombinant viruses (Chapter 1) to explore the brain circuits that underlie this interaction. Our focus is on how cell types within the BG affect cortical feedback during development and in adulthood.
Accepted models postulate that the BG modulate cerebral cortex 1) indirectly via an inhibitory output to thalamus and that this thalamic output is 2) bi-directionally controlled from within the BG by striatal direct (dSPNs) and indirect (iSPNs) pathway spiny neurons. In Chapter 2, we show that activity in iSPNs and dSPNs plays a complementary role in the post-natal synaptic wiring of the BG. Inhibiting iSPNs or dSPNs results in opposite changes in the number of excitatory synapses made onto SPNs from cortical and thalamic inputs. Our results suggest that the cortex-BG-thalamus function in a closed-loop and balanced iSPN/dSPN activity is required for proper synaptic wiring during development.
In Chapter 3, we describe a non-thalamic output of the BG to the frontal cortex (FC) emanating from globus pallidus externus (GP). The GP-FC projection consists of two cell types that release GABA and GABA/Acetylcholine, mostly onto cortical interneurons, with the net effect of increasing cortical firing rate. These results suggest that iSPNs and dSPNs can affect cortical output through GP-based disinhibition in addition to thalamus-based excitation. Moreover, GP-FC cells provide a pathway by which drugs that target dopamine receptors for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders can act in the BG yet modulate activity in FC. The presence of a direct BG output to cortex extends the looped architecture through which the cortex-BG-thalamus control adaptive behavior and can become dysregulated to cause disease. Together our thesis results support the phenomenology of the BG pathway model, but suggest a major revision to the underlying circuitry.
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Simpson, Carol S. "Regulation of gene expression in the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/38912/.
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Enkephalin gene expression is modulated by the dopaminergic system in the rat striatum. Intraperitoneal administration of the typical neuroleptic drugs haloperidol (1mg/kg) and fluphenazine (3mg/kg) significantly increase levels of proenkephalin mRNA in the caudal striatum compared to saline treated controls, although the atypical neuroleptic drug clozapine (3mg/kg) has no effect on the levels of proenkephalin mRNA in the rat. Methiothepin (10mg/kg), an antipsychotic with the ability to antagonise both serotonin and dopamine receptors, can also induce proenkephalin mRNA levels in rat striatum. This induction is observed twenty-four hours after the drugs are given. Tachykinin gene expression is modulated by the dopaminergic system in the rat striatum. Intraperitoneal administration of the typical neuroleptic drugs haloperidol (1mg/kg) and fluphenazine (3mg/kg) significantly reduce the levels of preprotachykinin mRNA in the rat striatum, compared to saline treated controls. This effect is observed twenty-four hours after drug administration. The atypical neuroleptic drug clozapine (3mg/kg) and the antipsychotic methiothepin (10mg/kg) have no significant effect on the levels of preprotachykinin mRNA in the rat striatum. Somatostatin gene expression in the rat striatum is significantly increased by low doses of the atypical neuroleptic drug clozapine (3mg/kg) and by the antipsychotic drug methiothepin (10mg/kg), after acute administration. Acute treatment with typical neuroleptics has no effect in the rat striatum.
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Eddy, Clare Margaret. "Social cognition in disorders of the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/366/.
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Patients with disorders of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Tourette’s Syndrome, exhibit characteristic motor symptoms and less obvious cognitive deficits. These deficits can be understood with reference to the model of cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry proposed by Alexander et al. (1986) which highlights how the basal ganglia can affect the functioning of the whole of the frontal lobe. This thesis explored the possibility that patients with these disorders also have difficulties with social cognition. Patients with Parkinson’s exhibited deficits in reasoning about mental states. These deficits can largely be attributed to executive dysfunction which results from disordered activity in the circuitry linking the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia. Patients with Huntington’s exhibited reduced fear responses which most likely results from abnormal amygdala activity. Patients with Tourette’s exhibited deficits on a wide range of social cognitive tasks involving reasoning about mental states, non-literal language interpretation and economic decision making. These difficulties probably reflect dysfunction in circuitry linking the anterior cingulate and insula with the basal ganglia. These studies offer insight into the neuroanatomical basis of the behavioural symptoms associated with these conditions whilst highlighting the necessity to develop more precise and inclusive models of frontostriatal circuitry.
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Arderne, Mia. "Last gangster of the old school a novel." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5950.
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Bryce, Graeme J. "Control of neurite outgrowth from avian sensory ganglia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20315.
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Methods used for studying neurite outgrowth in culture range from attachment of dissociated neurons or explants to coated substrata, to embedding cells or tissues in three-dimensional matrices. Here I describe a new technique in which isolated chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) can be cultured floating on the surface of serum-free culture medium. The utility of the preparation for studies of neurite growth at the cellular level, and at the level of pattern formation during development is demonstrated. 1. The quantitative effects of neurotrophic factors in regulating neurite outgrowth can be measured using this new preparation. The extent of outgrowth from floating DRG was compared with that from ganglia adhered to laminin, or to polylysine. This preparation provides a substrate-independent assay for neurotrophic factors which offers a number of advantages over existing bioassays. It is also potentially useful in the search for novel neurotrophic molecules. 2. The movement of neuronal growth cones is not well understood. Cytoskeletal dynamics and cell-substratum adhesion are involved. Since the growth of neurites from floating ganglia occurs in the absence of a conventional substratum it was thought that this preparation might provide new insight into the mechanism of growth cone movement and neurite elongation. Experiments were carried out using the drugs colcemid and nocodazole which affect microtubules and cytochalasin B which affects actin filaments. Colcemid and nocodazole inhibited neurite outgrowth from both floating and adhered ganglia. In contrast cytochalasin B did not inhibit outgrowth from floating ganglia although it completely inhibited outgrowth from ganglia adhered to laminin. 3. During the development of sensory innervation, segmental differences arise in the rates of growth of axons invading limb and non-limb regions. Growth rates of axons invading developing limb are faster. It is not known how these different axonal growth rates are controlled.
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Drew, Liam John. "Mechanisms of mechanotransduction by dorsal root ganglia neurons." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446740/.
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The molecular mechanisms that mediate mammalian sensory mechanotransduction are poorly understood. Detection of mechanical events by sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is the primary event in the senses of touch, pressure-induced pain and proprioception. Recent work has demonstrated that the somatic membrane of cultured DRG neurons is a suitable system for studying physical transduction. In this thesis the responses of cultured DRG neurons to focal mechanical stimulation were investigated. It was shown that mechanical stimulation activated non-selective cation channels in these cells. The response properties of different subclasses of sensory neurons were characterised and were consistent with the presumed in vivo phenotypes of these cells. A number of antagonists of mechanically activated currents, with affnity in the low micromolar range, were identified; these included the pore blocking compounds gadolinium and ruthenium red and FMl-43 acted as a permeant blocker of mechano- sensitive channels. Modulation of mechanically activated currents by extracellular calcium was observed and it was shown that currents were regulated by the actin cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix protein laminin. Investigation of null mutant mice revealed that the acid sensing ion channels 2 and 3, which are widely hypothesised to function in mammalian mechanosensation, did not contribute to mechanically activated currents. Venom of the marine snail Conus ventricosus was found to block mechanically activated currents although the active component of this venom is yet to be identified. Overall, this work has shown that cultured DRG neurons are a useful system for studying mechanotransduction and has revealed a number of functional and pharmacological properties of the ion channels that underlie this process.
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Garas, Farid. "Structural and functional heterogeneity of striatal interneuron populations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfa09ed5-63be-40b4-a974-0f0f0c273656.
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The striatum is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia, and acts as a point of convergence for thalamic, cortical and midbrain inputs. It is involved in both motor and associative forms of learning, and is composed of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) whose output along the so-called "direct pathway" and "indirect pathway" is modified by the activity of diverse sets of interneurons. Four "classical" or major classes of striatal interneuron can be identified according to the selective expression of the molecular markers parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Although the interneurons within a class are generally considered to be homogeneous in form and function, there is emerging evidence that some classes encompass multiple types of neuron, and that the heterogeneity in striatal interneurons extends beyond these four classes. Defining the extent of interneuron heterogeneity is important for understanding how the striatum processes distinct, topographically-organized inputs from the cortex and thalamus in order to govern a wide range of behaviors. To address these issues, a combination of immunofluorescence microscopy and stereological cell counting approaches was used in striatal tissue from rat, mouse and non-human primate. This was supplemented by in vivo recording and juxtacellular labelling of single neurons in rat. A first set of experiments showed that secretagogin (Scgn), a calcium-binding protein, is expressed by a large number of interneurons in the dorsal striatum of rat and primate, but not in the mouse. In all species tested, secretagogin was expressed by a subset of PV+ interneurons and a subset of CR+ interneurons in the dorsal striatum, but also labelled a group of interneurons that did not express any of the classical markers of striatal interneurons. A second set of experiments in the rat demonstrated that the selective co-expression of Scgn by PV+ interneurons delineates two topographically-, physiologically- and morphologically-distinct cell populations. These topographical differences in distribution were largely conserved in the primate caudate/putamen. In rats, PV+/Scgn+ and PV+/Scgn- interneurons differed significantly in their firing rates, firing patterns and phase-locking to cortical oscillations. The axons of PV+/Scgn+ interneurons were more likely to form appositions with the somata of direct pathway SPNs than indirect pathway SPNs, whereas the opposite was true for the axons of PV+/Scgn- interneurons. These two populations of GABAergic interneurons provide a potential substrate through which either of the striatal output pathways can be rapidly and selectively inhibited, and in turn mediate the expression of behavioral routines. A third set of experiments showed that CR+ interneurons of the dorsal striatum can be separated into three populations based on their molecular, topographical and morphological properties. Small-sized ("Type 3") CR+ interneurons co-expressed Scgn and were restricted in their distribution towards the rostro-medial poles of the striatum in both rats and primates. In rats, these neurons also expressed the transcription factor SP8, suggesting that they may be newly generated throughout adulthood. Large-sized, ("Type 1") CR+ interneurons did not express Scgn, but could be further distinguished by their expression of the transcription factor Lhx7. Medium-sized ("Type 2") CR+ interneurons did not express Scgn or Lhx7, and had heterogeneous electrophysiological properties in vivo. The expression of Scgn, but not other classical interneuron markers, identified a group of interneurons that were restricted in their distribution towards the ventro-medial aspects of the dorsal striatum. A fourth set of experiments showed that these neurons are also present in the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Unlike the case of dorsal striatum, however, PV+ interneurons and CR+ interneurons of the nucleus accumbens did not co-express Scgn. Moreover, many of the interneuron populations studied had greater densities in the ventral striatum compared to the dorsal striatum, and had quantifiably strong biases in their distribution towards a variety of axes within both the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens. These data thus highlight some major differences in the constituent elements of the microcircuits of dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. In conclusion, these studies have revealed a great deal of molecular, topographical, electrophysiological and structural heterogeneity within the interneuron populations of the striatum. As several of these interneuron populations were not evenly distributed throughout the striatum, this ultimately suggests that the microcircuit of the striatum is specialized according to regions that differ in their cortical, thalamic and dopaminergic inputs.
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Liu, Ka-wang Angus. "Popular culture in Hong Kong : discourse of law and order in the gangster movies of the 1990s /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22198969.
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Ip, pau-fuk Peter. "The sociolinguistics of triad language in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20842739.
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Hope, Trina Louise 1968. "Crime, criminality, and gangs." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288718.
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This project attempts to clarify the relationships between gang membership, crime, and criminality. It begins by introducing the distinction between crime and criminality, and analyzing criminological theory using this distinction. Next, it describes how these same theories view the role of social institutions like family, school, and peers. It also explores more substantive/methodological questions concerning gang membership. Using survey data obtained from gang and non-gang youth, the characteristics that distinguish gang from non-gang youth are discovered, along with the theoretical and policy implications of these distinctions. Measures of crime and criminality, as well as variables relating to family, school, and peers will be used to discover which traits distinguish gang from non-gang youth. Finally, a methodological concern is addressed when the reliability and validity of data provided by gang youth is compared to that provided by non-gang youth.
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Kapoor, Priyanka (Priyanka Anil). "Animating the Adi Ganga." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59521.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-184).
The thesis is about a fascinating channel flowing in southern Kolkota. The channel is heavily polluted inspite of being considered sacred in the City's memory. The thesis tries to understand and interrogate the residual memory of this channel to propose strategies for its rehabilitation. The study uses a three-fold approach: the historical analysis, to understand the causes of the present situation; the geographical analysis, to discern the extant physical conditions and spatial scales; followed by an integrative design proposal. In the contemporary debate of river restorations in India, where holy rivers have turned into polluted drains, Urban streams and channels are being considered as a viable means of interventions. Realizing this, the thesis shows possibilities on how the rehabilitation of a polluted urban cannel can be approached.
by Priyanka Kapoor.
S.M.
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McConnell, Keiron. "The construction of the gang in British Columbia : Mafioso, gangster, or thug? : an examination of the uniqueness of the BC gangster phenomenon." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2015. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1177/.
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This thesis explores the structure, demographics, and history of gangs in British Columbia (BC), Canada, through a social constructionist lens. The purpose of this research is for the reader to consider the current state of gangs in BC as inherently different from other places in the world, to assist in understanding why there may be misconceptions, and to promote the research and implementation of more appropriate context-specific interventions. Building on previous work conducted as a Vancouver Police officer of over 27 years, I participated in field observations with gang units in Toronto and Hobbema, Canada; Chicago and Los Angeles, USA; and London, England. I also examined gang typologies and definitions in academic literature as a segment of the historical context of gang research and highlight how these bodies of literature contribute to the social construction of gangs. A historical review of media-reported gang violence in BC from 1903 to 2012 demonstrates that gang violence is not a new phenomenon, and its history is an essential element in the constructed concept of the gang. As well, I conducted semi-structured interviews with participants who either police gangs, work with gangs, or were former gang members to get their perspectives on the issue. The research findings highlight that gangs in BC are distinct from other locations. Whereas traditional at-risk youth dominate gangs elsewhere, BC has a large number of youth involved in gangs who do not appear to possess the typical antecedents to gang involvement. Because of these differences, it is crucial that anti-gang initiatives and policies be adapted to the BC context to effectively reduce gang activity and ultimately eliminate gangs.
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Khorram, Babak. "Functionally relevant basal ganglia subdivisions in first-episode schizophrenia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/412.
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Schizophrenia is among the most debilitating mental disorders, yet the pathophysiology remains unclear. The basal ganglia, a region of the brain involved in motor, cognitive, and sensory processes, may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Some, but not all, neuroimaging studies suggest abnormalities of the basal ganglia in schizophrenia. However, previous studies have examined whole basal ganglia nuclei as opposed to using a unified basal ganglia complex that incorporates anterior-posterior divisions, dorsal-ventral divisions, and gray-white matter segmentation. The hypothesis for the present study was that basal ganglia sub-regions forming functionally relevant subdivisions might be different in schizophrenia. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 25 first-episode schizophrenia subjects and 24 healthy subjects. Using manual and automated neuroimaging techniques, total and segmented (gray-white matter) volumes were obtained for the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. For the striatum (caudate and putamen), total and segmented volumes were obtained for their respective sub-regions. These sub-regions were restructured into associative, limbic, and sensorimotor subdivisions. Schizophrenia subjects had 6% smaller gray matter volumes for the caudate and 8% smaller gray matter volumes for the associative striatum relative to healthy subjects. Basal ganglia function was studied by examining performance on a neuropsychological test that assesses frontostriatal functioning. For male subjects there was a significant negative correlation between volume of the associative striatum and performance on the neuropsychological test (r=-0.57, p=0.03). Smaller volumes of the associative striatum were associated with more errors on the neuropsychological test. This test was specific to the associative striatum, as another neuropsychological test did not reveal any correlation. In schizophrenia subjects, the relationship between basal ganglia volumes and motor symptoms severity was examined. For antipsychotic-naive subjects there was a significant negative correlation between volume of the motor striatum and severity of Parkinsonism (r=-0.65, p=0.03). The present study suggests that total basal ganglia nuclei volumes are not different in schizophrenia, but gray matter volumes of total basal ganglia nuclei and subdivisions forming functional units may be different in schizophrenia. Structural abnormalities involving the basal ganglia may lead to disrupted functional circuits in schizophrenia.
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Kasemeier-Kulesa, Jennifer Caroline. "Sympathetic ganglia formation in the chick peripheral nervous system." Diss., Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/kasemeier-kulesa/Kasemeier-KulesaJ1205.pdf.
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