Books on the topic 'Gap acceptance theory'

This chapter discusses the Myanmar law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries. The Myanmar law of contract largely comprises the Myanmar Contract Act 1872, which is identical to the Indian Contract Act 1872 subject to some factual changes in the illustrations). It was drafted by English lawyers and appears to be a statutory codification of the English common law of contract. In addition, section 13(3) of the Burma Laws Act 1898 allows courts to fill gaps in the written laws by the application of the principles of justice, equity, and good conscience. The first requirement for a contract is a proposal which may be revoked at any time prior to its acceptance. Second, there must be acceptance of the proposal, either by expression of agreement (the postal acceptance rule applies unless otherwise specified) or by performance. Third, consideration is necessary to convert an agreement into an enforceable contract if the parties are competent and the agreement is lawful. Myanmar law does not adopt the view that only the parties can enforce a contract—third parties are free to enforce contracts made for their benefit.

In Chapter 7, the focus returns to Spain, where Sevillian opera singer Elena Fons built on her own local heritage to create a new authenticity as Carmen, applauded throughout the Latin world. The influence of verismo in tandem with the acceptance of Carmen in Spain was to have a significant impact on Spanish composers searching for a national operatic voice, their new lyric works leading to comparison with and ambivalence toward Bizet’s opera. The chapter ends with a case study of Maria Gay, the internationally renowned Catalan opera singer who created a reading of Carmen that was both modern and Spanish, defining it as a verismo role while critically engaging with the layers of Hispanic stereotype it had accrued.

Growing unease in the scientific community has stimulated reception of classical authors as Karl Jaspers. By drawing on existential philosophy Jaspers has given GP a depth which allows reflecting the methodological premises of psychopathology. Anthropologic phenomenology of Edmund Husserl was received with scepticism by Jaspers as was V. v. Weizsäcker’s psychosomatic medicine and Mitscherlich`s psychoanalysis. Jaspers refined mainstream psychopathology by understanding their nature and defining precise criteria. Delusion and psychotic symptoms are examples. The observation of patient`s and psychiatrist`s “vicarious self-representations” gained acceptance although low reliability was expected. Substantial critique on GP is rare. Some authors consider Jaspers’ work as replica of French psychiatrists. However, Jaspers’ work is unique in getting in touch philosophy and psychiatry. The comprehensiveness of the material is one merit of GP. Amazing that in times when psychopathological concepts are short lived a book published one hundred years ago still exerts influence. This steady interest may be an indication that GP touches upon the very roots of mental life.

Chapter 7 assesses Israel’s military responses to the primary threats it now faces. It argues that Israel has gained overwhelming conventional superiority, but that it is unclear whether it could have effectively attacked Iran’s nuclear program. Israel has reduced terrorism to a level its society can tolerate, but it remains a strategic threat, nevertheless. Israel does not yet appear to have an offensive response to the Hezbollah and Hamas threats, at an acceptable price, requiring greater emphasis on defense. Conversely, there have been over 10 years of quiet with Hezbollah, partly because of the deterrence gained in 2006. Israel’s rocket defenses largely neutralized the Hamas threat during the 2014 operation, and if a similar lull is gained with Hamas, limited deterrence will have been achieved. The real challenge is Hezbollah’s rocket arsenal. Israel has become a global leader in cybersecurity but is concerned that its adversaries will narrow the gap.

Dialectical thinking has been investigated together with creativity for decades. This chapter organizes the literature by contrasting the different conceptualizations of dialectical thinking used to study creativity. Dialectical thinking has been defined quite differently from a variety of theoretical perspectives. From the Hegelian perspective, dialectical thinking has come to mean the apex of formal thinking or a particular cognitive strategy. Naïve or East Asian dialectical thinking, by contrast, includes a sense that contradictions exist that need not be resolved. In this chapter, these conceptions of dialectical thinking are compared and contrasted. The chapter (1) discusses how creativity may be differentially impacted by different kinds of dialectical thinking, (2) describes cultural differences for acceptance-oriented (naïve) dialectical thinking, (3) reviews the literature on concepts related to dialectical thinking, (4) points out gaps in current theory and research, and (5) recommends future cross-cultural and within-culture research.

Consideration of costs and budgets plays an increasingly important role in decisions on access to innovative technologies. When clinicians want to influence such decisions, it is essential to understand the information on the burden of the disease and the evidence on cost-effectiveness of technologies. This chapter provides guidance to understanding the key methodological principles of economic evaluations, and describes available evidence on these issues in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). In the prebiologics era, the cost-of-illness for society of ankylosing spondylitis was slightly lower than for rheumatoid arthritis, and substantially lower than chronic low back pain. Cost of sick leave and work disability accounted for up to 75% of total cost-of-illness. Treatment with biologics increased cost-of-illness substantially, but the important gain in quality-adjusted life years resulted in acceptable cost-effectiveness in patients with active disease. There remains a gap in knowledge about the cost-effectiveness of diagnosing and treating axSpA earlier.

This book examines how and why people use the concept of coming out as a certain kind of person to resist stigma and collectively mobilize for social change. It examines how the concept of coming out has taken on different meanings as people adopt it for varying purposes—across time, space, and social context. Most other books about coming out—whether fiction, academic, or memoir—focus on the experience of gay men and lesbians in the United States. This is the first book to examine how a variety of people and groups use the concept of coming out in new and creative ways to resist stigma and mobilize for social change. It examines how the use of coming out among American lesbians, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) people has shifted over time. It also examines how four diverse US social movements—including the fat acceptance movement, undocumented immigrant youth movement, the plural-marriage family movement among Mormon fundamentalist polygamists, and the #MeToo movement—have employed the concept of coming out to advance their cause. Doing so sheds light on these particular struggles for social recognition, while illuminating broader questions regarding social change, cultural meaning, and collective mobilization.

This chapter focuses on how race and war intersected in 1960s Tennessee to destroy the career of a relatively progressive southern senator. Postwar conservatives used coded racism to lure southerners from the Democratic column and to associate liberalism with African American special-interest-group politics. Al Gore failed to realize that his moderate position on civil rights alienated him from his white voters. No amount of Northern liberal support could save him as the Solid South began its defection to the GOP (Grand Old Party). Gore's defeat represented a generational shift in liberalism. Never again would it be acceptable to rely on an ethical reputation or class envy to secure reelection—liberals would have to find new ways of talking to their constituents and building trust.

This chapter reviews the array of psychosocial interventions available for the treatment of child traumatic stress and the specific qualities of these interventions for addressing the needs of traumatized children and their families. The literature supporting the efficacy or effectiveness of these interventions is reviewed in detail. Unlike other reviews of the literature on this topic—which largely focus on highlighting the interventions with the highest level of empirical evidence from clinical trials—this chapter emphasizes the information that clinicians and their agencies will need in selecting interventions for traumatized children and families and the available evidence supporting such interventions. Accordingly, this chapter also highlights the gaps in empirical knowledge that will be necessary to address in order to ensure that interventions can be effective, take root, and achieve acceptable scale in the settings where traumatized children typically receive care.

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population has been, and remains, disenfranchised in many ways. Despite increasing acceptance of sexual orientation, evidenced by recent strides in legalizing gay marriage in several states, LGBT people continue to have a higher prevalence of mental illness due to minority stress than heterosexuals. Factors such as stigma, prejudice, and discrimination lead to increased incidence of mental suffering as a result of stressful, hostile, and often unsafe environments. Prejudice within the LGBT community around race, gender, disability, or mental illness also exists. Transgender individuals have a high risk of being targeted for violence and hate crimes, harassment and discrimination, unemployment and underemployment, poverty, homelessness, substance abuse, suicide, and self-harm. The stressors that LGBT individuals face likely contribute to their disproportionate risk of contact with the criminal justice system beginning in adolescence and extending into adulthood. Transgender individuals in particular have a risk for incarceration, for reasons ranging from imprisonment based on gender identity expression alone to the need to earn money through the underground economy due to difficulty finding employment. In addition to homophobia and transphobia, LGBT individuals with mental illness experience further stigmatization. Clinicians need to understand the multiple stigmas that may affect an individual’s willingness to seek mental health care. The unique needs of incarcerated LGBT individuals with mental illness are often invisible, and generally misunderstood and underserved. This chapter seeks to add to the clinical knowledge of practitioners working with this population, to clarify legal precedent, and to establish best practices.

The lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population has been, and remains, disenfranchised in many ways. Despite increasing acceptance of sexual orientation, evidenced by recent strides in legalizing gay marriage in several states, LGBT people continue to have a higher prevalence of mental illness due to minority stress than heterosexuals. Factors such as stigma, prejudice, and discrimination lead to increased incidence of mental suffering as a result of stressful, hostile, and often unsafe environments. Prejudice within the LGBT community around race, gender, disability, or mental illness also exists. Transgender individuals have a high risk of being targeted for violence and hate crimes, harassment and discrimination, unemployment and underemployment, poverty, homelessness, substance abuse, suicide, and self-harm. The stressors that LGBT individuals face likely contribute to their disproportionate risk of contact with the criminal justice system beginning in adolescence and extending into adulthood. Transgender individuals in particular have a risk for incarceration, for reasons ranging from imprisonment based on gender identity expression alone to the need to earn money through the underground economy due to difficulty finding employment. In addition to homophobia and transphobia, LGBT individuals with mental illness experience further stigmatization. Clinicians need to understand the multiple stigmas that may affect an individual’s willingness to seek mental health care. The unique needs of incarcerated LGBT individuals with mental illness are often invisible, and generally misunderstood and underserved. This chapter seeks to add to the clinical knowledge of practitioners working with this population, to clarify legal precedent, and to establish best practices.

Russia increasingly emphasises the importance of ‘soft power’ for securing its foreign policy interests. Recent research has paid more attention to Russia’s intentions rather than to the receiving end of its cultural and public diplomacy. This volume addresses this gap and explores the specifics of both Russian language promotion and its acceptance in a number of case and country studies, including Ukraine, Germany and Ireland. The authors discuss the legal status and the practical use of Russian for communication or media use, both in the ‘near’ and the ‘far abroad’, examining the politics of the Russian language, the role of the Russian Federation in influencing these politics and the challenges that the promotion of Russian faces in particular contexts across the globe. They discern a fairly instrumental approach towards Russian language promotion. With its strong focus on the former Soviet space, language promotion aims at preserving cohorts of Russian heritage speakers, who are conceived as quasi-natural agents of Russian influence in the neighbourhood. By contrast, the willingness to engage with Russia’s language promotion is seriously diminished by the ideological loading of culture and language in Russian discourses, like those on the ‘compatriots’ and the ‘Russian World’. By declaring the active use of Russian as an expression of political loyalty, Russia almost excludes utilitarian approaches to the learning of the language. Moreover, the book documents a rather traditional understanding of culture with essentialist and static features. Instead of seeing culture as an autonomous free space for negotiation of political possibilities, Russia’s culture and language promotion rests on narrowly codified high culture.

General anaesthesia (GA) is most often indicated for category 1 (immediate threat to life of mother or baby) caesarean delivery (CD) or when neuraxial anaesthesia has failed or is contraindicated. Secure intravenous access is essential. Jugular venous cannulation (with ultrasound guidance) is required if peripheral access is inadequate. A World Health Organization surgical safety checklist must be used. The shoulders and upper back should be ramped. Left lateral table tilt or other means of uterine displacement are essential to minimize aortocaval compression, and a head-up position is recommended to improve the efficiency of preoxygenation and reduce the likelihood of gastric contents reaching the oropharynx. Cricoid pressure is controversial. In the United Kingdom, thiopental remains the induction agent of choice, although there is scant evidence upon which to avoid propofol. In pre-eclampsia, it is essential to obtund the pressor response to laryngoscopy with remifentanil or alfentanil. Rocuronium is an acceptable alternative to succinylcholine for neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex offers the possibility of swifter reversal of rocuronium than spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine. Management of difficult tracheal intubation is focused on ‘oxygenation without aspiration’ and prevention of airway trauma. The Classic™ laryngeal mask airway is the most commonly used rescue airway in the United Kingdom. There is a large set of data from fasted women of low body mass index who have undergone elective CD safely with a Proseal™ or Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway. Sevoflurane is the most popular volatile agent for maintenance of GA. The role of electroencephalography-based depth of anaesthesia monitors at CD remains to be established. Intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide tension should be maintained below 4.0 kPa.

For about one century the catalogue of books in phenomenological psychopathology has been tremendously rich in essays, but remarkably poor in handbooks. Even the cornerstone of our canon, Jaspers’ General Psychopathology, originally written as a textbook, can hardly be given to a student as a basic reading. This makes extremely difficult teaching the fundamentals of our discipline. Students ask for manualized knowledge expecting teachers to explain them what-exactly-must-be-done-in-a-given-circumstance. This Handbook is meant to fill these gaps. It includes a detailed, thorough and reader-friendly description of philosophical and clinical key-concepts and constructs, and of the contributions of leading figures of phenomenological psychopathology. It establishes clear connections between psychopathological knowledge and clinical practice. It liaise phenomenological psychopathology to contemporary debates in nosography, clinical epistemology, research and the neurosciences. It’s stronger benefit is that it brings together evidence-based with person-based knowledge. All learning is based on process of recognition. ‘Recognition’ means identification of someone or something from previous encounters or knowledge. In standard clinical training this process is called ‘diagnosis’ and evidence-based diagnostic skills are deemed fundamental. Students are spot-on when soliciting this kind of knowledge to be regimented and normalized. Yet ‘recognition’ has a second meaning: acknowledging the absolute singularity of what is out there. To recognize someone or something means to be able to tolerate its otherness. This kind of recognition is a practice in which epistemology is in touch with ethics. Whereas recognition qua identification or diagnosis is an act of recollection based on previously acquired knowledge, recognition qua acknowledgement is an ethical act of acceptance of the unique being-so of the other person or state of affairs. The Handbook of Phenomenological Psychopathology engages in bringing together these two kinds of ‘recognition’ and establish a solid as well as flexible framework for the clinic of mental disorders.

Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.