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Journal articles on the topic 'Gap junctions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 October 2024

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1

Spray, D. C., R. L. White, F. Mazet, and M. V. Bennett. "Regulation of gap junctional conductance." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 248, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): H753—H764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.6.h753.

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Gap junctional conductance is regulated by the number of channels between coupled cells (the balance between formation and loss of these channels) and by the fraction of these channels that are open (gating mechanisms). A variety of treatments are known to affect junction formation. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is involved in some cases, and protein synthesis may be required but precursor molecules can also exist. Junction removal occurs both by dispersion of particles and by internalization of junctional membrane. Factors promoting removal are not well understood. A variety of

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2

Lo, W. K., and T. S. Reese. "Multiple structural types of gap junctions in mouse lens." Journal of Cell Science 106, no. 1 (September 1, 1993): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.106.1.227.

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Gap junctions in the epithelium and superficial fiber cells from young mice were examined in lenses prepared by rapid-freezing, and processed for freeze-substitution and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. There appeared to be three structural types of gap junction: one type between epithelial cells and two types between fiber cells. Epithelial gap junctions seen by freeze-substitution were approximately 20 nm thick and consistently associated with layers of dense material lying along both cytoplasmic surfaces. Fiber gap junctions, in contrast, were 15–16 nm (type 1) or 17–18 nm thick (type 2

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3

Naus, Christian CG. "Gap junctions and tumour progression." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 80, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-009.

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Gap junctional intercellular communication has been implicated in growth control and differentiation. The mechanisms by which connexins, the gap junction proteins, act as tumor suppressors are unclear. In this review, several different mechanisms are considered. Since transformation results in a loss of the differentiated state, one mechanism by which gap junctions may control tumour progression is to promote or enhance differentiation. Processes of differentiation and growth control are mediated at the genetic level. Thus, an alternative or complimentary mechanism of tumour suppression could

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4

Churchill, D., S. Coodin, R. R. Shivers, and S. Caveney. "Rapid de novo formation of gap junctions between insect hemocytes in vitro: a freeze-fracture, dye- transfer and patch-clamp study." Journal of Cell Science 104, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 763–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.104.3.763.

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Gap junctions form between insect hemocytes (blood cells) when they encapsulate foreign objects in the hemocoel (body cavity). In this study we show that hemocytes from cockroach (Periplaneta americana) form gap-junctions rapidly in vitro. Freeze-fracture replicas of hemocyte aggregates fixed 5 minutes after bleeding contain gap-junctional plaques. Dye passage was detected between carboxyfluorescein diacetate- labelled and unlabelled hemocytes within 3 minutes of bleeding, when the cells made contact as they flattened rapidly onto coverslips. When double whole-cell voltage-clamp was used to me

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5

Warner, Anne E. "The role of gap junctions in amphibian development." Development 89, Supplement (November 1, 1985): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.89.supplement.365.

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The possibility that communication through gap junctions may be important during embryonic development has often been raised since gap junctions were first described between early embryonic cells. It is now known that this direct cell-to-cell communication pathway disappears between groups of embryonic cells with different developmental fates as the embryo progresses through development, suggesting that transfer through the gap junctional pathway may play some part in controlling events during development. Supportive evidence for a role for gap junctions comes from experiments demonstrating th

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6

Rook, M. B., A. C. van Ginneken, B. de Jonge, A. el Aoumari, D. Gros, and H. J. Jongsma. "Differences in gap junction channels between cardiac myocytes, fibroblasts, and heterologous pairs." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 263, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): C959—C977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.263.5.c959.

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Cultures of neonatal rat heart cells contain predominantly myocytes and fibroblastic cells. Most abundant are groups of synchronously contracting myocytes, which are electrically well coupled through large gap junctions. Cardiac fibroblasts may be electrically coupled to each other and to adjacent myocytes, be it with low intercellular conductances. Nevertheless, synchronously beating myocytes interconnected via a fibroblast were present, demonstrating that nonexcitable cardiac cells are capable of passive impulse conduction. In fibroblast pairs as well as in myocyte-fibroblast cell pairs, no

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7

Verheule, Sander, Marjan J. A. van Kempen, Sjoerd Postma, Martin B. Rook, and Habo J. Jongsma. "Gap junctions in the rabbit sinoatrial node." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): H2103—H2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.h2103.

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In comparison to the cellular basis of pacemaking, the electrical interactions mediating synchronization and conduction in the sinoatrial node are poorly understood. Therefore, we have taken a combined immunohistochemical and electrophysiological approach to characterize gap junctions in the nodal area. We report that the pacemaker myocytes in the center of the rabbit sinoatrial node express the gap junction proteins connexin (Cx)40 and Cx46. In the periphery of the node, strands of pacemaker myocytes expressing Cx43 intermingle with strands expressing Cx40 and Cx46. Biophysical properties of

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8

Boitano, Scott, Zeenat Safdar, Donald G. Welsh, Jahar Bhattacharya, and Michael Koval. "Cell-cell interactions in regulating lung function." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 287, no. 3 (September 2004): L455—L459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00172.2004.

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Tight junction barrier formation and gap junctional communication are two functions directly attributable to cell-cell contact sites. Epithelial and endothelial tight junctions are critical elements of the permeability barrier required to maintain discrete compartments in the lung. On the other hand, gap junctions enable a tissue to act as a cohesive unit by permitting metabolic coupling and enabling the direct transmission of small cytosolic signaling molecules from one cell to another. These components do not act in isolation since other junctional elements, such as adherens junctions, help

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9

FitzGerald, PG. "Gap junction Heterogeneity in Liver, Heart, and Lens." Physiology 3, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiologyonline.1988.3.5.206.

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Gap junctions are nearly ubiquitous structures that ionically and metabolically couple adjacent cells. Molecular analysis of junctional proteins is establishing the presence of families of unique but homologous junctional proteins, opening the door to an explanation of tissue specificity in gap junction structure and function.

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10

Ko, Kevin, Pamela Arora, Wilson Lee, and Christopher McCulloch. "Biochemical and functional characterization of intercellular adhesion and gap junctions in fibroblasts." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 279, no. 1 (July 1, 2000): C147—C157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.1.c147.

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Despite their significance in wound healing, little is known about the molecular determinants of cell-to-cell adhesion and gap junctional communication in fibroblasts. We characterized intercellular adherens junctions and gap junctions in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) using a novel model. Calcein-labeled donor cells in suspension were added onto an established, Texas red dextran (10 kDa)-labeled acceptor cell monolayer. Cell-to-cell adhesion required Ca2+ and was >30-fold stronger than cell-to-fibronectin adhesion at 15 min. Electron micrographs showed rapid formation of adherens juncti

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11

Ek-Vitorín, Jose F., and Janis M. Burt. "Quantification of gap junction selectivity." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 289, no. 6 (December 2005): C1535—C1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00182.2005.

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Gap junctions, which are essential for functional coordination and homeostasis within tissues, permit the direct intercellular exchange of small molecules. The abundance and diversity of this exchange depends on the number and selectivity of the comprising channels and on the transjunctional gradient for and chemical character of the permeant molecules. Limited knowledge of functionally significant permeants and poor detectability of those few that are known have made it difficult to define channel selectivity. Presented herein is a multifaceted approach to the quantification of gap junction s

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12

Miller, Leigh-Anne D., Melissa L. Farquhar, John S. Greenwood, and Steven R. Scadding. "Gap junctions in the limb regeneration blastema of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, are not distributed uniformly and are regulated by retinoic acid." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 6 (October 10, 1999): 902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-045.

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Gap junctions are thought to play a role in pattern formation during limb development and regeneration by controlling the movement of small regulatory molecules between cells. An anteroposterior gradient of gap junctional communication that is higher posteriorly has been reported in the developing chick limb bud. In both the developing chick limb bud and the amphibian regenerating limb, an anteroposterior retinoic acid gradient is present, and this is also higher posteriorly. On the basis of these observations, we decided to examine the role of gap junctional communication in the regenerating

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13

Koval, Michael. "Sharing signals: connecting lung epithelial cells with gap junction channels." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 283, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): L875—L893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00078.2002.

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Gap junction channels enable the direct flow of signaling molecules and metabolites between cells. Alveolar epithelial cells show great variability in the expression of gap junction proteins (connexins) as a function of cell phenotype and cell state. Differential connexin expression and control by alveolar epithelial cells have the potential to enable these cells to regulate the extent of intercellular coupling in response to cell stress and to regulate surfactant secretion. However, defining the precise signals transmitted through gap junction channels and the cross talk between gap junctions

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14

Saffitz, Jeffrey E., Karen G. Green, William J. Kraft, Kenneth B. Schechtman, and Kathryn A. Yamada. "Effects of diminished expression of connexin43 on gap junction number and size in ventricular myocardium." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 278, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): H1662—H1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.5.h1662.

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Gap junction number and size vary widely in cardiac tissues with disparate conduction properties. Little is known about how tissue-specific patterns of intercellular junctions are established and regulated. To elucidate the relationship between gap junction channel protein expression and the structure of gap junctions, we analyzed Cx43 +/− mice, which have a genetic deficiency in expression of the major ventricular gap junction protein, connexin43 (Cx43). Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that diminished Cx43 signal in Cx43 +/− mice was due almost entirely to a reduc

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15

Mitra, Shalini, Lakshmanan Annamalai, Souvik Chakraborty, Kristen Johnson, Xiao-Hong Song, Surinder K. Batra, and Parmender P. Mehta. "Androgen-regulated Formation and Degradation of Gap Junctions in Androgen-responsive Human Prostate Cancer Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 17, no. 12 (December 2006): 5400–5416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e06-04-0280.

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The constituent proteins of gap junctions, called connexins (Cxs), have a short half-life. Despite this, the physiological stimuli that control the assembly of Cxs into gap junctions and their degradation have remained poorly understood. We show here that in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells, androgens control the expression level of Cx32—and hence the extent of gap junction formation—post-translationally. In the absence of androgens, a major fraction of Cx32 is degraded presumably by endoplasmic reticulum–associated degradation, whereas in their presence, this fraction is rescue

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16

Evans, W. H., and S. Boitano. "Connexin mimetic peptides: specific inhibitors of gap-junctional intercellular communication." Biochemical Society Transactions 29, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0290606.

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Intercellular co-operation is a fundamental and widespread feature in tissues and organs. An important mechanism ensuring multicellular homoeostasis involves signalling between cells via gap junctions that directly connect the cytosolic contents of adjacent cells. Cell proliferation and intercellular communication across gap junctions are closely linked, and a number of pathologies in which communication is disrupted are known where connexins, the gap-junctional proteins, are modified. The proteins of gap junctions thus emerge as therapeutic targets inviting the development and exploitation of

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17

Beckmann, Anja, Johanna Recktenwald, Alice Ferdinand, Alexander Grißmer, and Carola Meier. "First Responders to Hyperosmotic Stress in Murine Astrocytes: Connexin 43 Gap Junctions Are Subject to an Immediate Ultrastructural Reorganization." Biology 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10121307.

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In a short-term model of hyperosmotic stress, primary murine astrocytes were stimulated with a hyperosmolar sucrose solution for five minutes. Astrocytic gap junctions, which are mainly composed of Connexin (Cx) 43, displayed immediate ultrastructural changes, demonstrated by freeze–fracture replica immunogold labeling: their area, perimeter, and distance of intramembrane particles increased, whereas particle numbers per area decreased. Ultrastructural changes were, however, not accompanied by changes in Cx43 mRNA expression. In contrast, transcription of the gap junction regulator zonula occl

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18

Beyer, E. C., J. Kistler, D. L. Paul, and D. A. Goodenough. "Antisera directed against connexin43 peptides react with a 43-kD protein localized to gap junctions in myocardium and other tissues." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.2.595.

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Rat heart and other organs contain mRNA coding for connexin43, a polypeptide homologous to a gap junction protein from liver (connexin32). To provide direct evidence that connexin43 is a cardiac gap junction protein, we raised rabbit antisera directed against synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to two unique regions of its sequence, amino acids 119-142 and 252-271. Both antisera stained the intercalated disc in myocardium by immunofluorescence but did not react with frozen sections of liver. Immunocytochemistry showed anti-connexin43 staining of the cytoplasmic surface of gap junctions in is

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Stains, Joseph P., and Roberto Civitelli. "Gap Junctions Regulate Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Signaling to Affect Gene Transcription." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 1 (January 2005): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0339.

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Osteoblasts are highly coupled by gap junctions formed by connexin43. Overexpression of connexin45 in osteoblasts results in decreased chemical and electrical coupling and reduces gene transcription from connexin response elements (CxREs) in the osteocalcin and collagen Iα1 promoters. Here, we demonstrate that transcription from the gap junction-dependent osteocalcin CxRE is regulated by extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) cascades. Overexpression of a constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), Raf, or Ras can i

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20

Fujimoto, K., A. Nagafuchi, S. Tsukita, A. Kuraoka, A. Ohokuma, and Y. Shibata. "Dynamics of connexins, E-cadherin and alpha-catenin on cell membranes during gap junction formation." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.3.311.

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We examined the dynamics of connexins, E-cadherin and alpha-catenin during gap-junction disassembly and assembly in regeneration hepatocytes by immunofluorescence microscopy, and immunogold-electron microscopy using SDS-digested freeze-replicas. The present findings suggest that during the disappearance of gap junctions most of the gap junction plaques are broken up into smaller aggregates, and then the gap junction proteins may be removed from the cell membrane, but some of the connexons or connexins remain dispersed in the plane of membrane as pure morphologically indistinguishable intramemb

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21

ZAHS, KATHLEEN R., and PAUL W. CEELEN. "Gap junctional coupling and connexin immunoreactivity in rabbit retinal glia." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806231018.

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Gap junctions provide a pathway for the direct intercellular exchange of ions and small signaling molecules. Gap junctional coupling between retinal astrocytes and between astrocytes and Müller cells, the principal glia of vertebrate retinas, has been previously demonstrated by the intercellular transfer of gap-junction permeant tracers. However, functional gap junctions have yet to be demonstrated between mammalian Müller cells. In the present study, when the gap-junction permeant tracers Neurobiotin and Lucifer yellow were injected into a Müller cellviaa patch pipette, the tracers transferre

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Musil, L. S., B. A. Cunningham, G. M. Edelman, and D. A. Goodenough. "Differential phosphorylation of the gap junction protein connexin43 in junctional communication-competent and -deficient cell lines." Journal of Cell Biology 111, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 2077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.111.5.2077.

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Connexin43 is a member of the highly homologous connexin family of gap junction proteins. We have studied how connexin monomers are assembled into functional gap junction plaques by examining the biosynthesis of connexin43 in cell types that differ greatly in their ability to form functional gap junctions. Using a combination of metabolic radiolabeling and immunoprecipitation, we have shown that connexin43 is synthesized in gap junctional communication-competent cells as a 42-kD protein that is efficiently converted to a approximately 46-kD species (connexin43-P2) by the posttranslational addi

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Reed, Anamika M., Thomas Kolodecik, Sohail Z. Husain, and Fred S. Gorelick. "Low pH enhances connexin32 degradation in the pancreatic acinar cell." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 1 (July 1, 2014): G24—G32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00010.2014.

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Decreased extracellular pH is observed in a number of clinical conditions and can sensitize to the development and worsen the severity of acute pancreatitis. Because intercellular communication through gap junctions is pH-sensitive and modulates pancreatitis responses, we evaluated the effects of low pH on gap junctions in the rat pancreatic acinar cell. Decreasing extracellular pH from 7.4 to 7.0 significantly inhibited gap junctional intracellular communication. Acidic pH also significantly reduced levels of connexin32, the predominant gap junction protein in acinar cells, and altered its lo

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Becker, David L., Catherine Leclerc-David, and Anne Warner. "The relationship of gap junctions and compaction in the preimplantation mouse embryo." Development 116, Supplement (April 1, 1992): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.supplement.113.

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In the mouse embryo, gap junctions first appear at the 8-cell stage as compaction is about to take place. Compaction of the embryo is important for the differentiation of the first two cell types; the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. Our studies examine the contribution of gap junctional communication at this stage of development We have characterised the normal sequence of appearance of gap junction protein and its distribution. The extent of communication as shown by the passage of dye between cells has been recorded in both normal embryos and embryos treated with drugs that influence

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Talaverón, Rocío, Camilo J. Morado-Díaz, Alejandro Herrera, Victoria Gálvez, Angel M. Pastor, and Esperanza R. Matarredona. "The Gap Junction Inhibitor Octanol Decreases Proliferation and Increases Glial Differentiation of Postnatal Neural Progenitor Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 12 (June 7, 2024): 6288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25126288.

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Neural precursor cells (NPCs) that persist in the postnatal/adult subventricular zone (SVZ) express connexins that form hemichannels and gap junctions. Gap junctional communication plays a role in NPC proliferation and differentiation during development, but its relevance on postnatal age remains to be elucidated. In this work we aimed to evaluate the effect of the blockade of gap junctional communication on proliferation and cell fate of NPCs obtained from the SVZ of postnatal rats. NPCs were isolated and expanded in culture as neurospheres. Electron microscopy revealed the existence of gap j

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Bell, Cheryl, Teresa Shakespeare, Amber Smith, and Sandra Murray. "Visualization of Annular Gap Junction Vesicle Processing: The Interplay Between Annular Gap Junctions and Mitochondria." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010044.

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It is becoming clear that in addition to gap junctions playing a role in cell–cell communication, gap junction proteins (connexins) located in cytoplasmic compartments may have other important functions. Mitochondrial connexin 43 (Cx43) is increased after ischemic preconditioning and has been suggested to play a protective role in the heart. How Cx43 traffics to the mitochondria and the interactions of mitochondria with other Cx43-containing structures are unclear. In this study, immunocytochemical, super-resolution, and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect cytoplasmic Cx43-con

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MacKenzie, L. W., and R. E. Garfield. "Effects of tamoxifen citrate and cycloheximide on estradiol induction of rat myometrial gap junctions." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 64, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y86-117.

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Longitudinal muscle of myometrial tissues from immature rats were examined by quantitative thin section electron microscopy for the presence of gap junctions after treatment with estradiol with and without tamoxifen, and cycloheximide for 1–6 days. Gap junctions were present between myometrial cells on days 4, 5, and 6 after treatment with estradiol (500 μg/day). Tamoxifen administered concomitantly with estradiol over the 6-day period completely prevented induction of the junctions. Gap junctions were not detected in the myometrium after treatment with tamoxifen alone. Administration of cyclo

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Heyman, Nathanael S., David T. Kurjiaka, Jose F. Ek Vitorin, and Janis M. Burt. "Regulation of gap junctional charge selectivity in cells coexpressing connexin 40 and connexin 43." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 297, no. 1 (July 2009): H450—H459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00287.2009.

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Expression of connexin 40 (Cx40) and Cx43 in cardiovascular tissues varies as a function of age, injury, and development with unknown consequences on the selectivity of junctional communication and its acute regulation. We investigated the PKC-dependent regulation of charge selectivity in junctions composed of Cx43, Cx40, or both by simultaneous assessment of junctional permeance rate constants (Bdye) for dyes of similar size but opposite charge, N, N, N-trimethyl-2-[methyl-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiol-4-yl)amino]ethanaminium (NBD-M-TMA; +1) and Alexa 350 (−1). The ratio of dye rate constants (B

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Lee, Y. C., C. E. Yellowley, Z. Li, H. J. Donahue, and D. E. Rannels. "Expression of functional gap junctions in cultured pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 272, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): L1105—L1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1997.272.6.l1105.

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Recent observations suggest that cell-cell interactions may modulate the response of the alveolar epithelium to injury. Expression and function of gap junctions were thus evaluated in isolated alveolar type II cells. Freshly isolated (day 0) type II cells expressed mRNAs for gap junctional connexins 26, 32, and 43. Whereas connexin 26 mRNA declined approximately 40% in cultured cells, connexin 32 message decreased rapidly and was not detectable on day 1. In contrast, connexin 43 expression increased 10-fold by day 3 compared with day 0. Western blot confirmed a 30-fold elevation in connexin 43

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Gourdie, R. G., C. R. Green, and N. J. Severs. "Gap junction distribution in adult mammalian myocardium revealed by an anti-peptide antibody and laser scanning confocal microscopy." Journal of Cell Science 99, no. 1 (May 1, 1991): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.99.1.41.

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A polyclonal antiserum, raised against a synthetic peptide matching part of the sequence of connexin43 (a rat cardiac gap-junctional protein), was used in combination with laser scanning confocal microscopy to investigate gap junction distribution in cardiac tissues from a range of mammalian species. Comparison of the localised punctate staining patterns obtained in ventricular tissue with the distribution of intercalated disks as viewed by conventional light microscopy and electron microscopy, and with the staining observed by standard light-microscope immunofluorescence using the same anti-s

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Beckmann, Anja, Nadine Hainz, Thomas Tschernig, and Carola Meier. "Facets of Communication: Gap Junction Ultrastructure and Function in Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Cells." Cancers 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11030288.

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Gap junction proteins are expressed in cancer stem cells and non-stem cancer cells of many tumors. As the morphology and assembly of gap junction channels are crucial for their function in intercellular communication, one focus of our review is to outline the data on gap junction plaque morphology available for cancer cells. Electron microscopic studies and freeze-fracture analyses on gap junction ultrastructure in cancer are summarized. As the presence of gap junctions is relevant in solid tumors, we exemplarily outline their role in glioblastomas and in breast cancer. These were also shown t

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Lan, Wei-Ren, Charles Jia-Yin Hou, Chih-Hsuan Yen, Bing-Fu Shih, An-Mei Wang, Tzung-Yi Lee, Cheng-Ho Tsai, and Hung-I. Yeh. "Effects of carbenoxolone on flow-mediated vasodilatation in healthy adults." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 3 (September 2011): H1166—H1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00967.2010.

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Gap junctions play a key role in maintaining the functional integrity of the vascular wall. Using carbenoxolone (CBX) as a gap junction blocker, we aimed to assess the contribution of gap junctions in the vascular wall to flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) in healthy adults. Percentage FMD (%FMD) and circulating vasoactive molecules/activity, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), aldosterone, cortisol, plasma renin activity (PRA), and endothelin (ET-1), were measured in 25 healthy volunteers (mean age: 30.1 ± 5.4 yr; 14 males) before and after oral admin

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Goodenough, D. A., and D. L. Paul. "Gap Junctions." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2009): a002576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a002576.

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Shimizu, Kazumichi, and Mark Stopfer. "Gap junctions." Current Biology 23, no. 23 (December 2013): R1026—R1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.067.

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Peters, Nicholas S. "Gap Junctions." Circulation Research 99, no. 11 (November 24, 2006): 1156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.res.0000251936.26233.0d.

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Peters, Nicholas S. "New Insights into Myocardial Arrhythmogenesis: Distribution of Gap-Junctional Coupling in Normal, Ischaemic and Hypertrophied Human Hearts." Clinical Science 90, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0900447.

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1. Ischaemic and hypertrophic heart diseases are associated with ventricular arrhythmias, in which abnormal cellular coupling is implicated as having a causative role. The aim of this series of studies was to characterize gap-junctional organization in normal human ventricular myocardium, and to investigate the hypothesis that alterations in the quantity and patterns of expression of myocardial gap junctions occur in ischaemic and hypertrophic myocardial disease. 2. An antibody raised against connexin43 was used for immunohistochemical labelling of myocardium examined by confocal laser scannin

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Moore, L. K., E. C. Beyer, and J. M. Burt. "Characterization of gap junction channels in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 260, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): C975—C981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.5.c975.

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Recent evidence suggest that coordination of blood flow in the microcirculation involves cell-to-cell coupling via gap junctions. In this study, using A7r5 cells as a model of vascular smooth muscle, we have characterized the gap junctions in terms of the unitary conductances of the observed channels, the responses to second messengers, and subunit protein composition. The cells were typically well coupled several hours after plating, with junctional conductances on the order 20-40 nS. Channels with mean conductances of 36 and 89 pS were observed in low-conductance cell pairs and in cell pairs

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Bauer, Reinhard, Corinna Lehmann, Julia Martini, Franka Eckardt, and Michael Hoch. "Gap Junction Channel Protein Innexin 2 Is Essential for Epithelial Morphogenesis in the Drosophila Embryo." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 6 (June 2004): 2992–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-01-0056.

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Direct communication of neighboring cells by gap junction channels is essential for the development of tissues and organs in the body. Whereas vertebrate gap junctions are composed of members of the connexin family of transmembrane proteins, in invertebrates gap junctions consist of Innexin channel proteins. Innexins display very low sequence homology to connexins. In addition, very little is known about their cellular role during developmental processes. In this report, we examined the function and the distribution of Drosophila Innexin 2 protein in embryonic epithelia. Both loss-of-function

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Shibata, Y., C. K. Manjunath, and E. Page. "Differences between cytoplasmic surfaces of deep-etched heart and liver gap junctions." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 249, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): H690—H693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.249.3.h690.

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We have compared the ultrastructures of the cytoplasmic surfaces (CS) of isolated, glutaraldehyde-fixed gap junctional pellets from rat ventricles and liver by rapid freezing on a liquid helium-cooled surface, freeze fracture, deep etching, and double-axis rotary replication (J. Microsc. Oxford 137: 121-123, 1984). Deep-etched unproteolyzed cardiac junctions [protein subunit relative molecular wt (Mr) 44,000-47,000], isolated with phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) [Am. J. Physiol. 246 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 15): H865-H875, 1984; C.K. Manjunath, G.E. Goings, and E. Page. Proteolysis of cardiac

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Sun, Jianjun, Shoab Ahmad, Shanping Chen, Wenxue Tang, Yanping Zhang, Ping Chen, and Xi Lin. "Cochlear gap junctions coassembled from Cx26 and 30 show faster intercellular Ca2+ signaling than homomeric counterparts." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 288, no. 3 (March 2005): C613—C623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00341.2004.

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The importance of connexins (Cxs) in cochlear functions has been demonstrated by the finding that mutations in Cx genes cause a large proportion of sensorineural hearing loss cases. However, it is still unclear how Cxs contribute to the cochlear function. Recent data ( 33 ) obtained from Cx30 knockout mice showing that a reduction of Cx diversity in assembling gap junctions is sufficient to cause deafness suggest that functional interactions of different subtypes of Cxs may be essential in normal hearing. In this work we show that the two major forms of Cxs (Cx26 and Cx30) in the cochlea have

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Zhou, Cheng-Jie, Sha-Na Wu, Jiang-Peng Shen, Dong-Hui Wang, Xiang-Wei Kong, Angeleem Lu, Yan-Jiao Li, Hong-Xia Zhou, Yue-Fang Zhao, and Cheng-Guang Liang. "The beneficial effects of cumulus cells and oocyte-cumulus cell gap junctions depends on oocyte maturation and fertilization methods in mice." PeerJ 4 (March 3, 2016): e1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1761.

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Cumulus cells are a group of closely associated granulosa cells that surround and nourish oocytes. Previous studies have shown that cumulus cells contribute to oocyte maturation and fertilization through gap junction communication. However, it is not known how this gap junction signaling affectsin vivoversusin vitromaturation of oocytes, and their subsequent fertilization and embryonic development following insemination. Therefore, in our study, we performed mouse oocyte maturation and insemination usingin vivo- orin vitro-matured oocyte-cumulus complexes (OCCs, which retain gap junctions betw

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Goodenough, D. A., D. L. Paul, and L. Jesaitis. "Topological distribution of two connexin32 antigenic sites in intact and split rodent hepatocyte gap junctions." Journal of Cell Biology 107, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.107.5.1817.

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The membrane topology of connexin32, a principal polypeptide of gap junctions in diverse cell types, has been studied in rat and mouse hepatocyte gap junctions using site-specific antisera raised against synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to amino acid sequences deduced from cDNA clones. Based on published hydropathicity maps and identified protease-sensitive cleavage sites, oligopeptides were synthesized corresponding to two hydrophilic domains of connexin32, one predicted to face the cytoplasm, the other predicted to be directed extracellularly. Antisera were raised to keyhole limpet hemo

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Wolf, Klaus V. "Light and Electron Microscopic Studies Regarding Cell Contractility and Cell Coupling in Light Sensitive Smooth Muscle Cells from the Isolated Frog Iris Sphincter." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1987): 977–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-7-842.

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(1) In light microscopical studies of living isolated frog irises, it was found that the maximal areas of experimentally light induced contractions in the m. sphincter pupillae were located beneath small illuminated regions. There were no visible contractions of muscle cells outside the illuminated areas. It was shown that exposure to light could directly cause contractions of isolated single sphincter muscle cells. (2) Junctional structures of the iris sphincter cells were studied by means of thin sections and freeze fracture electron microscopy. Intermediate junctions, a few focal tight junc

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Agrawal, R., and E. E. Daniel. "Control of gap junction formation in canine trachea by arachidonic acid metabolites." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): C495—C505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.3.c495.

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This study examined whether the synthesis of the metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) was involved in gap junction formation by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) treatment in vitro in canine trachealis. Studies were made of the effects on gap junction formation of putative inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase and of both this and the lipoxygenase pathway of AA metabolism and the direct effects of prostaglandins (PG) E2 and I2. The number of gap junctions of similar size was increased after brief exposure to 4-AP. After indomethacin (IDM), 4-AP treatment decreased the number of gap junctions but did not affec

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Eugenín, Eliseo A., Hernan González, Claudia G. Sáez, and Juan C. Sáez. "Gap junctional communication coordinates vasopressin-induced glycogenolysis in rat hepatocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 274, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): G1109—G1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.6.g1109.

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Because hepatocytes communicate via gap junctions, it has been proposed that Ca2+waves propagate through this pathway and in the process activate Ca2+-dependent cellular responses. We tested this hypothesis by measuring vasopressin-induced glycogenolysis in short-term cultures of rat hepatocytes. A 15-min vasopressin (10−8 M) stimulation induced a reduction of glycogen content that reached a maximum 1–3 h later. Gap junction blockers, octanol or 18α-glycyrrhetinic acid, reduced the effect by 70%. The glycogenolytic response induced by Ca2+ ionophore 8-bromo-A-21387, which acts on each hepatocy

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Zampighi, G., M. Kreman, F. Ramón, A. L. Moreno, and S. A. Simon. "Structural characteristics of gap junctions. I. Channel number in coupled and uncoupled conditions." Journal of Cell Biology 106, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.106.5.1667.

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Gap junctions between crayfish lateral axons were studied by combining anatomical and electrophysiological measurements to determine structural changes associated during uncoupling by axoplasmic acidification. In basal conditions, the junctional resistance, Rj, was approximately 60-80 k omega and the synapses appeared as two adhering membranes; 18-20-nm overall thickness, containing transverse densities (channels) spanning both membranes and the narrow extracellular gap (4-6 nm). In freeze-fracture replicas, the synapses contained greater than 3 X 10(3) gap junction plaques having a total of a

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Jeong, S.-H., M.-H. Cho, and J.-H. Cho. "Effects of cadmium on gap junctional intercellular communication in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 11 (November 2001): 577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701718620855.

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Cadmium has been associated with a number of tumors but its role in tumor promotion has not been elucidated clearly or the results obtained from various studies have been conflicting. This study was designed to investigate the effects of cadmium on the gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), number of gap junctions per cell, and cell proliferation in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells from the viewpoint of tumor promotion. GJIC was monitored by counting the cells stained with Lucifer yellow CH dye, using the scrape-loading and dye-transfer method. The numbers of gap junctions per ce

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Gairhe, Salina, Natalie N. Bauer, Sarah A. Gebb, and Ivan F. McMurtry. "Serotonin passes through myoendothelial gap junctions to promote pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell differentiation." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 303, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): L767—L777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00183.2012.

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Myoendothelial gap junctional signaling mediates pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC)-induced activation of latent TGF-β and differentiation of cocultured pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), but the nature of the signal passing from PAECs to PASMCs through the gap junctions is unknown. Because PAECs but not PASMCs synthesize serotonin, and serotonin can pass through gap junctions, we hypothesized that the monoamine is the intercellular signal. We aimed to determine whether PAEC-derived serotonin mediates PAEC-induced myoendothelial gap junction-dependent activation of TGF-β

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de Rivero Vaccari, Juan Carlos, Roderick A. Corriveau, and Andrei B. Belousov. "Gap Junctions Are Required for NMDA Receptor–Dependent Cell Death in Developing Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 5 (November 2007): 2878–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00362.2007.

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A number of studies have indicated an important role for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in cell survival versus cell death decisions during neuronal development, trauma, and ischemia. Coupling of neurons by electrical synapses (gap junctions) is high or increases in neuronal networks during all three of these conditions. However, whether neuronal gap junctions contribute to NMDA receptor–regulated cell death is not known. Here we address the role of neuronal gap junction coupling in NMDA receptor–regulated cell death in developing neurons. We report that inactivation or hyperactivation

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Menco, B. P. "Tight-junctional strands first appear in regions where three cells meet in differentiating olfactory epithelium: a freeze-fracture study." Journal of Cell Science 89, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.89.4.495.

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Tight junctions of the olfactory epithelium of rat embryos were studied at the 14th day of gestation and during their subsequent development. Two different epithelial morphologies could be distinguished at the 14th gestational day. In one group of embryos the epithelial surface appeared undifferentiated, with tight-junctional strands found exclusively in regions where three cells met. The main orientation of these strands is in a direction parallel to the longitudinal orientation of the epithelial cells. These junctions resemble tight junctions that interconnect three cells, i.e. tricellular t

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