Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gape size

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gape size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gape size"

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Bremigan, Mary T., and Roy A. Stein. "Gape-dependent Larval Foraging and Zooplankton Size: Implications for Fish Recruitment across Systems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-090.

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Small gape of zooplanktivorous larval fish limits their prey size; yet, within constraints set by gape, zooplankton size eaten influences larval growth and ultimately survival. To determine if optimal zooplankton size varied among fish species with different gapes, we conducted foraging trials with larval bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus, 10–26 mm TL) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum, 18–31 mm TL). Larvae (n = 10) fed for 1 h on zooplankton assemblages that varied in size, after which all larvae and remaining zooplankton were preserved. Larval gape was measured; both larval gut contents and available zooplankton were quantified. Bluegill, the large-gaped species, fed on larger zooplankton than did gizzard shad with similar gapes. Further, larger bluegill fed on progressively larger zooplankton whereas all gizzard shad ate small prey (< 0.60 mm). As available zooplankton size increased, bluegill prey size increased whereas gizzard shad consistently selected small prey. Therefore, differences in zooplankton size among lakes could differentially affect foraging success of larval fishes. In particular, systems with small zooplankton may represent ideal foraging environments for gizzard shad whereas lakes with large zooplankton may favor larval bluegill. If differential larval foraging translates to differential growth and survival, zooplankton size could influence recruitment success and ultimately fish community composition.
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Graham, Zackary A. "Moving in fast waters: the exaggerated claw gape of the New River crayfish ( Cambarus chasmodactlyus ) aids in locomotor performance." Biology Letters 17, no. 5 (May 2021): 20210045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0045.

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Humans are inherently fascinated by exaggerated morphological structures such as elk antlers and peacock trains. Because these traits are costly to develop and wield, the environment in which they are used can select for specific sizes or shapes to minimize such costs. In aquatic environments, selection to reduce drag can constrain the form of exaggerated structures; this is presumably why exaggerated morphologies are less common in aquatic environments compared to terrestrial ones. Interestingly, some crayfish species possess claws with an exaggerated gape between their pinching fingers, but the function of this claw gape is unknown. Here, I describe and test the function of the exaggerated claw gape of the New River crayfish, Cambarus chasmodactylus . Specifically, I test the hypothesis that the claw gape aids in movement against flowing currents. I found that both claw size and gape size were sexually dimorphic in this species and that males have disproportionately larger gapes compared to females. By experimentally covering their claw gape and testing crayfish locomotor performance, I found that individuals with their gape blocked were 30% slower than crayfish with a natural gape. My results highlight a unique adaptation that compensates for wielding an exaggerated structure in aquatic environments.
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Ladds, MA, MH Pinkerton, E. Jones, LM Durante, and MR Dunn. "Relationship between morphometrics and trophic levels in deep-sea fishes." Marine Ecology Progress Series 637 (March 5, 2020): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13243.

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Marine food webs are structured, in part, by predator gape size. Species found in deep-sea environments may have evolved such that they can consume prey of a wide range of sizes, to maximise resource intake in a low-productivity ecosystem. Estimates of gape size are central to some types of ecosystem model that determine which prey are available to predators, but cannot always be measured directly. Deep-sea species are hypothesized to have larger gape sizes than shallower-water species relative to their body size and, because of pronounced adaptive foraging behaviour, show only a weak relationship between gape size and trophic level. Here we present new data describing selective morphological measurements and gape sizes of 134 osteichthyan and chondrichthyan species from the deep sea (200-1300 m) off New Zealand. We describe how gape size (height, width and area) varied with factors including fish size, taxonomy (class and order within a class) and trophic level estimated from stable isotopes. For deep-sea species, there was a strong relationship between gape size and fish size, better predicted by body mass than total length, which varied by taxonomic group. Results show that predictions of gape size can be made from commonly measured morphological variables. No relationship between gape size and trophic level was found, likely a reflection of using trophic level estimates from stable isotopes as opposed to the commonly used estimates from FishBase. These results support the hypothesis that deep-sea fish are generalists within their environment, including suspected scavenging, even at the highest trophic levels.
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Schael, Denise M., Lars G. Rudstam, and John R. Post. "Gape Limitation and Prey Selection in Larval Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens), Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), and Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-228.

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We compared prey selection of larval yellow perch (Perca flavescens), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), and black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. All three species had a diet dominated by copepods and selected progressively larger prey as fish length increased. For a given fish length, freshwater drum selected larger prey and black crappie selected smaller prey than yellow perch. These differences in prey selectivity were partly explainable from differences in gape to length relationships. Freshwater drum did have the largest gape for a given length of the three species, but gape size for black crappie and yellow perch were similar. Gape size predicted 67% of the variability in mean prey size ingested by yellow perch but only 15% for freshwater drum and 8% for black crappie. Although gape size did predict the upper limit of ingestible prey sizes and explained some of the differences in prey selectivity among the three species, both the degree to which the different fishes can ingest prey close to their gape limit and the degree to which gape predicted mean size of ingested prey varied among the three fish species.
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Slaughter, Joe E., and Brad Jacobson. "Gape: Body Size Relationship of Flathead Catfish." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 28, no. 1 (February 2008): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m06-033.1.

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Johnson, Andrew F., Maria Valls, Joan Moranta, Stuart R. Jenkins, Jan G. Hiddink, and Hilmar Hinz. "Effect of prey abundance and size on the distribution of demersal fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 1 (January 2012): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-138.

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Many demersal fish species rely on benthic prey as food sources for part of, or in some cases, all of their life history. We investigated the relationships between prey and predator abundance and prey size and predator mouth gape size for nine demersal fish species. Of the species analysed, four showed a significant positive increase in abundance with increasing prey abundance. Prey size is thought to be an important parameter for demersal fish that are limited in their feeding potential by their mouth gape size, as it influences consumption rate and energy expenditure while foraging. The relationship between prey size and mouth gape was investigated using both stomach content data and prey availability data. Stomach content analysis revealed positive relationships between maximum prey size and predator mouth gape size for six of the species. Indications of prey size selectivity were only seen in the environment for European hake ( Merluccius merluccius ), highlighting the potential importance of prey size over prey abundance for this species. The results demonstrate that prey abundance and size are of significance for some demersal fish species feeding primarily on benthos and will help in defining habitat requirements of demersal fish species.
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Arts, Michael T., and D. O. Evans. "Precision Micrometer Measurement of Mouth Gape of Larval Fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-221.

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A precision micrometer device is described which standardizes measurement of mouth gape of larval fish and provides a greater degree of accuracy and speed than the conventional manual method. We compared gape measurements of larval lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and lake herring (Coregonus artedii) using the gape micrometer versus the manual method. The micrometer measurements revealed a greater increase in gape with body length and resulted in a greater proportion of the variance in gape being explained, indicating that the gape micrometer is more sensitive and accurate than the manual method. Coefficient of variation of gape measurements on 238 larval yellow perch (Perca flavescens) decreased with body size from 0.5–4.0% at 0.8–1.2 cm standard length to 0.2–0.5% at 3.0 cm. The device has the added advantage that it could be adapted to connect to a microcomputer for direct data capture.
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Stalwick, Jordyn A., and Karen L. Wiebe. "Prey size and nestling gape size affect allocation within broods of the Mountain Bluebird." Journal of Ornithology 160, no. 1 (November 10, 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1603-7.

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Puvanendran, Velmurugu, Karine Salies, Benjamin Laurel, and Joseph A. Brown. "Size-dependent foraging of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-114.

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Most marine fish larvae are thought to be gape-limited predators, and the presence of suitably sized prey at the appropriate time in the foraging environment is a key factor for their growth and survival. Two experiments were carried out: in experiment 1, we investigated feeding of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L., 1758) larvae from 5 to 35 days post hatch on prey of three different sizes: two different-sized strains of rotifers, small rotifers (SR) and large rotifers (LR), and Artemia Leach, 1819 nauplii (AN), or an equal mixture of the three types of prey (MIX). In experiment 2, cod larvae were fed SR, LR, or a combination of SR and LR (MIX-R) at concentrations of 1500 and 4000 prey·L–1 from 4 to 20 days post hatch. Feeding incidence, number of prey in the gut, mouth gape, and prey selection were measured. In experiment 1, feeding incidence was initially higher in the SR treatment, while larvae failed to start feeding in either the LR or the AN treatment at 5 dph. Larvae in the LR treatment started feeding at 8 dph, and feeding incidence was comparable to that in the SR treatment, but the total number of prey eaten was higher in the SR than in the LR treatment until 20 dph. Larvae did not start feeding on AN until 26 dph, although they attacked them from 5 dph. In the MIX-R treatment in experiment 2, larvae fed selectively on LR at 4000 prey·L–1, whereas no selection was observed at 1500 prey·L–1. Our results suggest that cod larvae are gape-limited predators and the concentration of prey affects prey selection.
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Hampton, Paul M., and Brad R. Moon. "Gape size, its morphological basis, and the validity of gape indices in western diamond-backed rattlesnakes (crotalus atrox)." Journal of Morphology 274, no. 2 (October 29, 2012): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20087.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gape size"

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Rowlands, William Llewelyn. "Is prey selection in young gadoids in the Irish Sea limited by gape size or by the spectrum of prey available?" Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406715.

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Lima, Ariane Furtado de. "Alimentação inicial do Jundiá, Rhamdia voulezi Haseman 1911: efeitos da privação alimentar sobre o crescimento e padrões na seleção de presas ao longo do período larval." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1917.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariane Furtado de Lima.pdf: 1547772 bytes, checksum: 2b187bf1d3cfbc9d8257e7d583283199 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The effects of feeding privation on growth of larvae of jundiá Rhamdia voulezi as well as the feeding preference during larval period were evaluated. For this purpose two experiments were conducted which began soon after complete absorption of the yolk sac, the fourth day after hatching (DAH). The feeding privation experiment was performed in 8 treatments consisting of different diets, including the control treatment (CT) in which there was no food supply. The food was provided for the first time in the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th DAH corresponding to treatments: T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10, respectively. The food consisted of zooplankton and newly hatched artemia. We performed 3 trials of selectivity to analyze the feeding preference throughout the larval period, comprising different larval stages and classes of standard length. In this, the larvae were fed exclusively on zooplankton collected from fish ponds. The results demonstrated that the larvae fed on the fourth to sixth DAH had a significantly higher growth than those fed later, from the seventh DAH. The point of no return was recorded in the same period in the 7th DAH. With respect to feeding selectivity, there were variations in the patterns of prey selection in different days of life analyzed. Initially on the 5th DAH, preflexion stage, larvae strongly selected rotiferas (unidentified) and cladocerans (Diaphanosoma spinulosum, D. brevireme, Moina sp., M. micrura, M. minuta). In the remaining days of life examined, the cladocerans continued to be strongly selected. However on the 8th DAH, flexion stage, they selected less intensely the copepods Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi and Termocyclops decipiens and more strongly A. furcatus, Notodiaptomus spinuliferus and Metacyclops mendocinus at 10 DAH, postflexion stage. The delay of the first feeding drastically affected the growth of the larvae, and that if feeding is started before the point of no return there are chances of recovery. So, it is important to have suitable availability of food, with a variety of type and size so that they can compensate for the morphological limitations of larvae in the early of their development. Concomitant to its growth, the larvae tend to specialize in certain prey items. The size of prey consumed is related to the size of the larvae and the gape size. Initially larvae have a preference for smaller prey, rotifers and cladocerans, and later when they are more developed prefer to feed on larger prey, the copepods.
Neste estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da privação alimentar sobre o crescimento das larvas de jundiá Rhamdia voulezi bem como a preferência alimentar durante o período larval. Para isto foram realizados dois experimentos que tiveram início logo após a absorção completa do saco vitelínico, que ocorreu no 4o dia após a eclosão (DAE). O primeiro experimento de privação alimentar foi realizado com 8 tratamentos constituídos por diferentes regimes alimentares, incluindo o tratamento controle (TC) no qual não houve fornecimento de alimento. O alimento foi fornecido pela primeira vez no 4o, 5o, 6o, 7o, 8o, 9o e 10o DAE, correspondendo aos tratamentos: T4; T5, T6, T7, T8; T9 e T10, respectivamente. A alimentação consistiu de zooplâncton e artêmia recém-eclodida. Para avaliar a preferência alimentar, foram realizados 3 ensaios de seletividade alimentar ao longo de todo o período larval, compreendendo diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento e classes de comprimento padrão. Neste, as larvas foram alimentadas exclusivamente com zooplâncton coletado de tanques de cultivo. Os resultados demonstraram que as larvas de jundiá que receberam alimento do 4o ao 6o DAE tiveram desenvolvimento significativamente maior que aquelas alimentadas mais tardiamente, a partir do 7o DAE. O ponto de não retorno foi registrado neste mesmo período, no 7o DAE. Com relação à seletividade alimentar, houve variações nos padrões de seleção de presas nos diferentes dias de vida analisados. Inicialmente no 5o DAE, estágio de pré-flexâo, as larvas selecionaram fortemente os rotiferas (não identificados) e os cladoceras (Diaphanosoma spinulosum, D. brevireme, Moina sp., M. micrura, M. minuta). Nos demais dias de vida analisados, os cladoceras continuaram a ser fortemente selecionados. Entretanto no 8o DAE, estágio de flexão, selecionaram menos intensamente os copepodas Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi e Termocyclops decipiens e no 10o DAE, estágio de pós-flexão, consumiram especialmente Argyrodiaptomus furcatus, Notodiaptomus spinuliferus e Metacyclops mendocinus. Conclui-se que o retarde da primeira alimentação afeta drasticamente o crescimento das larvas, e que, se a alimentação for iniciada antes do ponto de não retorno há chances de recuperação e sobrevivência larval. Para isto, é importante que haja disponibilidade adequada de alimento, com variedade de tipo e de tamanho de modo que possam compensar as limitações morfológicas das larvas no início do seu desenvolvimento. Concomitante ao seu crescimento, as larvas tendem a se especializar em determinados itens presa, existindo uma seleção de presas tanto pelo tipo como também pelo tamanho, onde o tamanho da presa consumida está relacionado com o tamanho da larva e o tamanho de sua boca. Inicialmente as larvas de jundiá têm preferência por itens presas menores, os rotíferos e cladoceras, posteriormente, quando estão mais desenvolvidas, preferem alimentar-se de presas maiores, os copepodas.
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Khoo, Gerard Fook Weng. "Aspects of high side gate driving." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621885.

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Leung, Hei-man Heman. "Interrater and intrarater reliability in rating velopharyngeal gap size." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2007. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B42005668.

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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2007.
"A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-30). Also available in print.
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Saha, Nilanjan. "Gap Size Effect on Low Reynolds Number Wind Tunnel Experiments." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35938.

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A system was designed to measure the effect of gap size on semi-span low Reynolds number wind tunnel experiments. The lift forces on NACA 1412, NACA 2412 and NACA 4412 half wings were measured using a strain gauge balance at chord Reynolds numbers of 100,000 and 200,000 and three different gap sizes including sealed gap. Pressure distributions on both airfoil top and bottom surfaces in the chord-wise direction near the gap were recorded for these airfoils. Also recorded was the span wise pressure distribution on both the airfoil surfaces at the quarter chord section. The results revealed that the presence of the gap, however small, affects the measurements. These effects were mainly observed in drop of lift and change in zero lift angle of attack and change in stall angle for the airfoil. The size of the gap is not linearly related to these changes, which also depend on the camber of the airfoil. These changes occur due to the flow through the gap from the lower surface to the upper surface of the model. The wing/end plate gap effect reduces along the span but is not fully restricted to the base of the model and the model behaves more like a full three-dimensional wing than a semi-span model. This study was made possible with the support of Department of Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University under the supervision of Dr. James Marchman
Master of Science
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Zustovic, Matthew. "Forest canopy gap size affects regeneration potential of interior Douglas-fir." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55426.

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There is growing concern about the long term productivity of forests in British Columbia due to changing climatic conditions. Interior Douglas-fir, an economically and culturally valuable conifer species, has recently had inconsistent regeneration success in the dry climatic regions of its distribution due to high summer soil surface temperatures, drought and growing season frost. Seeds of interior Douglas-fir germinate after mixed severity disturbances, but their survival appears to depend on the size of disturbance gaps, environmental resources and conditions, and colonization by mycorrhizal fungal symbionts. In two separate experiments that differed in climate (very dry, hot and dry, cool Interior Douglas-fir (IDF) subzones), and disturbance agent (natural and harvested), I sowed interior Douglas-fir seed into different sized forest canopy gaps. In both experiments, I tested the effects of canopy gap size and access to mycorrhizal networks on seedling performance (establishment, growth, water use efficiency, foliar nutrition, mycorrhizal colonization) and environmental resources and conditions (light, temperature, soil moisture). In the first experiment, regeneration failed in all canopy gap sizes and network treatments due to the harsh climatic conditions. There, neither protection in small gaps nor access to mycorrhizal networks were sufficient to create favourable regeneration conditions. In the second experiment, where the climate was cooler and wetter, seedling survival reached 74% in harvested gaps that were 80 – 300 m² in area, corresponding with greater soil moisture availability. Gaps of 20 – 80 m² were too small to initiate gap-phase regeneration, however, as indicated by low seed emergence and slow height growth rates. Gaps >300 m² resulted in high emergence but low survival (26 %) due to low soil moisture availability. Access to mycorrhizal networks had minor effects on mycorrhizal colonization and water use efficiency. My study shows that regeneration potential of interior Douglas-fir is severely limited by the very dry, hot climate in the low elevation IDF forests, but can be increased in wetter, cooler climates with forest harvesting practices that create moderately sized canopy gaps.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Ella, Ghislain. "Gap regeneration in the Tsitsikamma forest (Easter Cape, South Africa) : the effect of gap size and origin." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20916.

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Thesis (MSc(For))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recognizing the biological significance of gaps, the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) in 1989 initiated a Gap Dynamics Project in the indigenous forests of Tsitsikamma (Eastern Cape, South Africa). This consists of three sub-projects: Koomansbos (9300 m2), created by a ground fire in 1989; Plaatbos (1600 m2), made by a Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirb. (Podocarpaceae) windfall in 1994; and nine gaps of different sizes, artificially created by selective tree felling in 1995: three small (100-150 m2), three medium (300-500 m2) and three large (800-1000 m2). All the gaps were surveyed after creation and permanent plots were established for subsequent monitoring. The current timber harvesting system practiced in South African indigenous forests attempts to minimize gap size. It has been proposed by Euston-Brown et al. (1996) that this practice is likely to benefit the more shade tolerant species, but may inhibit the regeneration of less shade tolerant plants in the forest. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify two hypotheses: gaps may close in a process that is determined by their size, their origin and the plant species characteristics; soil quality might change inside those gaps. For the purpose of the study, the gaps cited above were re-surveyed between 2002 and 2003. It was found that: 1) there was little clear difference in the community structure of plant species between gaps of different sizes and origins; as expected from the species-area relationship, large gaps had higher species richness, plant diversity and herbaceous percentage cover than medium and small gaps; diversity indices were higher in the large windfall gap than in the large fire and artificial gaps; generally, context and stochastic events were largely more important in determining gap diversity and regeneration than gap sizes and origins; 2) diversity indices in the gaps were higher than recorded previously; 3) soil pH and Electrical Conductivity were respectively lower and higher inside the gaps than adjacent to them; these variations were statistically significant. Present data on the vegetation in the gaps were compared to past measurements, and future vegetation structure has been predicted, as a function of current gap vegetation. Recommendations have been made for sustainable management of the indigenous forest of Tsitsikamma.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voortspruitend uit die erkenning van die biologiese belang van gapings, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou (DWB) in 1989 'n projek oor gapingsdinamika in die inheemse woude van Tsitsikamma (Oos-Kaap, Suid-Afrika) geïnisieer. Dit bestaan uit drie subprojekte: die gaping in Koomansbos (9300 m2) wat in 1989 deur 'n grondvuur geskep is; die gaping in Plaatbos (1600 m2) wat veroorsaak is toe bome van die spesie Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. Br. ex Mirb. (Podocarpaceae) in 1994 omgewaai is; en nege gapings van verskillende groottes wat in 1995 kunsmatig deur geselekteerde boomkappery geskep is: drie is klein (100-150 m2), drie mediumgrootte (300-500 m2) en drie groot (800-1000 m2). Alle gapings is ná hulle ontstaan opgemeet en ondersoek en permanente terreine is vir daaropvolgende monitering gevestig. Die stelsel wat tans vir die oes van hout in Suid-Afrikaanse inheemse woude gebruik word, poog om die grootte van gapings te minimaliseer. Euston Brown et al. (1996) doen aan die hand dat hierdie praktyk spesies wat meer skaduweeverdraagsaam is waarskynlik sal bevoordeel, maar die regenerasie van plante in die woud wat minder skaduweeverdraagsaam is, kan inhibeer. Hierdie studie het dus ten doel gehad om twee hipoteses te verifieer: Gapings kan toegroei in 'n proses wat deur hul grootte, oorsprong en die eienskappe van die plantspesies bepaal word; en die gehalte van die grond binne daardie gapings kan verander. Die gapings waarna hierbo verwys is, is vir die doel van hierdie studie tussen 2002 en 2003 weer gemonitor. Daar is bevind dat: 1) daar min duidelike verskille was tussen die gemeenskapstruktuur van plantspesies tussen gapings van verskillende groottes en oorsprong; soos van die verhouding tussen spesies en area verwag kan word, het groter gapings 'n hoër spesierykheid, plantdiversiteit en persentasie niehoutagtige dekking as medium- en klein gapings gehad; diversiteitsindekse was hoër in die groot Plaatbosgaping as in die groot Koomansbosgaping of die kunsmatige gapings; in die algemeen was konteks en stochastiese gebeure grootliks belangriker in die bepaling van gapingsdiversiteit en -regenerasie as gapingsgrootte of -oorsprong; 2) diversiteitsindekse in die gapings was hoër as wat voorheen aangeteken is; en 3) grond-pH en elektriese geleidingsvermoë was onderskeidelik laer en hoër binne die gapings as neffens hulle; hierdie variasies was statisties beduidend. Huidige data oor die plantegroei in die gapings is met vorige metings vergelyk, en 'n toekomstige plantegroeistruktuur is as 'n funksie van huidige gapingsplantegroei voorspel. Aanbevelings is gemaak rakende die volhoubare bestuur van Tsitsikamma se inheemse woud.
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Kathuria, Tarun. "Gate-level Leakage Assessment and Mitigation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101862.

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Side-channel leakage, caused by imperfect implementation of cryptographic algorithms in hardware, has become a serious security threat for connected devices that generate and process sensitive data. This side-channel leakage can divulge secret information in the form of power consumption or electromagnetic emissions. The side-channel leakage of a crytographic device is commonly assessed after tape-out on a physical prototype. This thesis presents a methodology called Gate-level Leakage Assessment (GLA), which evaluates the power-based side-channel leakage of an integrated circuit at design time. By combining side-channel leakage assessment with power simulations on the gate-level netlist, GLA is able to pinpoint the leakiest cells in the netlist in addition to assessing the overall side-channel vulnerability to side-channel leakage. As the power traces obtained from power simulations are noiseless, GLA is able to precisely locate the sources of side-channel leakage with fewer measurements than on a physical prototype. The thesis applies the methodology on the design of a encryption co-processor to analyze sources of side-channel leakage. Once the gate-level leakage sources are identified, this thesis presents a logic level replacement strategy for the leakage sources that can thwart side-channel leakage. The countermeasures presented selectively replaces gate-level cells with a secure logic style effectively removing the side-channel leakage with minimal impact in area. The assessment methodology along with the countermeasures demonstrated is a turnkey solution for IP module designers and is also applicable to larger system level designs.
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Baker, Diana L. "An experimental investigation of the effects of software size increase on software project management behavior." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA248362.

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Thesis (M.S. in Information Systems)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 1992.
Thesis Advisor: Abdel-Hamid, Tarek K. "March 1992." Includes bibliographical references (p. 66). Also available in print.
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Sigle, Daniel Oliver. "A study of plasmonic coupling in nanometre-sized gaps." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709040.

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Books on the topic "Gape size"

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LeBaron, Jeff. Shed antler records of North American big game: A record book for the recognition of North America's mature big game shed antlers : first big game collectors edition, historical to 1994. Cedar, Minn: The Club, 1994.

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Martin, Ti Adelaide. Commander's Wild Side. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.

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Cross, Gillian. The nightmare game. New York: Dutton Children's Books, 2007.

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Cross, Gillian. The nightmare game. New York: Dutton Children's Books, 2007.

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The dark side of game texturing. Boston, MA: Premier Press, 2004.

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Tim, Green. The Dark Side of the Game. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2008.

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Karen, Hall, ed. On the wild side. Sneads, Fla: S. Reed, 1994.

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The lighter side of the power game. Lahore: Jang Publishers, 1985.

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Gwaltney, Frances. Mountain Indian recipes: Game and side dishes. [Cherokee, N.C.?]: F. Gwaltney, 1987.

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The blind side: Evolution of a game. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gape size"

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Weik, Martin H. "sine junction gate." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1594. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_17486.

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Koenemann, Jochen, Kanstantsin Pashkovich, and Natig Tofigzade. "Approximating Stable Matchings with Ties of Bounded Size." In Algorithmic Game Theory, 178–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57980-7_12.

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Bura, Juriy. "Going Server-Side." In Pro Android Web Game Apps, 397–447. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-3820-1_10.

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Stemkoski, Lee. "Side-Scrolling Games." In Java Game Development with LibGDX, 173–87. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3324-5_7.

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Bülow, Mechthild. "Wollen Sie etwas anderes? Tun Sie etwas anderes!" In Mind the Gap!, 83–94. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-84631-0_6.

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Koskenvoima, Antti, and Matti Mäntymäki. "Why Do Small and Medium-Size Freemium Game Developers Use Game Analytics?" In Open and Big Data Management and Innovation, 326–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25013-7_26.

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Grasso, Alessandro G. "Size and Evolution of the Risk Capital Industry." In Bridging the Equity Gap for Innovative SMEs, 86–109. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230227248_7.

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Beyersdorff, Olaf, Leroy Chew, and Karteek Sreenivasaiah. "A Game Characterisation of Tree-like Q-resolution Size." In Language and Automata Theory and Applications, 486–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15579-1_38.

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Brown, Joel S., and Alan O. Parman. "Consequences of Size-Selective Harvesting as an Evolutionary Game." In Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, 248–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48394-3_17.

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Speth, John D. "The Other Side of Protein." In The Paleoanthropology and Archaeology of Big-Game Hunting, 45–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6733-6_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gape size"

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Kitazawa, Daisuke, and Shuhei Fujimoto. "Modelling and Investigation of Competition for Space and Food Among Blue Mussels in Tokyo Bay." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29668.

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A mathematical model is developed to describe the competition for space and food among blue mussels, which adhere on cylindrical substrata. In order to develop and validate the model, field investigation is carried out for mussels growing on ropes installed around the mouth of Sumida River in Tokyo Bay. In addition to monitoring of environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the relationship between the position of each mussel and its size in the mussel bed is examined precisely. The position of each mussel in the bed is specified by how much the gape of the shells comes out from the bed. As a result, the growth of the mussels in the inner layer is obviously slow and they are considered to continue living by consuming the reserved materials accumulated in their bodies. On the contrary, mussels can grow faster if only a part of the gape of their shells comes out from the mussel bed. These observed features are taken into account in the mathematical model. The model can predict well the size structure of mussels in the bed; the faster growth of the surface mussels and the slower growth of the inner mussels, which corresponds to observations. In the future the model will be also applied to mussels on the cylindrical substrata such as cultivation ropes, piers, and piles for aquaculture management and environmental impact assessment of the coastal structures.
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Hetsroni, G. "Boiling of Water and Surfactants in Confined Space." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59216.

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Natural convection boiling of water and surfactant solutions at atmospheric pressure in narrow horizontal annular channels was studied experimentally. The Alkyl (8–16) Glucoside with molecular weight of 390 g/mol was used in the experiments. It is a nonionic surfactant with negligible environmental impact. The length of the horizontal channels was 24 mm and 36 mm, the gape size was in the range of 0.45–3.7 mm, the heat flux was in the range of 20–500 kW/m2, the concentration of surfactant solutions was varied from 10 to 600 ppm. The gap size of the vertical channels was changed in the range of 1–80 mm. The flow pattern was visualized by high-speed video recording to identify the different regimes of boiling of water and surfactant solutions with different concentrations. At heat flux q<100 kW/m2 the rapid growth of elongated bubble was observed in the water. The rapid bubble growth pushes the liquid-vapor interface on both open sides of the channel. When a bubble departs from a nucleus cavity, its cavity is then recovered by liquid, and next bubble will appear on the heated tube after a certain interval. The behavior of the long vapor bubbles occurring in small size annular channels is not similar to annular flow with intermitted slugs between two vapor trains. Surfactant solution promotes activation of nucleation sites in a clustered mode. The cluster contains a number of small bubbles, the location of nucleation sites and time behavior of each bubble cannot be traced exactly. At higher values of heat flux coalescence process was observed during boiling of water and surfactant solutions. For water boiling in horizontal channels at Bond numbers Bo<1 the CHF in restricted space is lower than that in unconfined apace. This effect increases with increasing the channel length. For water at Bond number Bo = 1.52, boiling can be considered as unconfined. Additive of surfactant led to enhancement of heat transfer compared to water boiling in the same gap size, however, this effect decreased with decreasing gap size. For the same gap size, CHF in surfactant solutions was significantly lower than that in water. Hysteresis was observed for boiling in degraded surfactant solutions.
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Zhao, Wenhua, Hugh Wolgamot, Scott Draper, Paul H. Taylor, Rodney Eatock Taylor, and Michalakis Efthymiou. "Experimental Determination of Resonant Response in the Narrow Gap Between Two Side-by-Side Fixed Bodies in Deep Water." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54797.

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Floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facilities are a new type of offshore structure, which have been developed as a game changer in offshore hydrocarbon development for unlocking stranded gas reserves. One of the key challenges associated is offloading from FLNG facilities to LNG carriers. Offloading may proceed with vessels in a side-by-side configuration, which allows offtake by un-modified vessels and minimizes requirements for new hardware or procedures (e.g. compared to a tandem operation). Significant challenges remain, however, and reliable offloading is critical for successful FLNG implementation. In this scenario, the two vessels are separated by a narrow 4 m wide gap. The resonant response of the sea surface in the gap has been predicted by numerical simulations [1] to be a few times that of the incident waves at particular frequencies. As a consequence, the gap resonant response may play a role in determining the operational window for side-by-side offloading operations, and thus has attracted a lot of attention recently. There have been studies on this topic both numerically and experimentally. However, many of these studies are in 2 dimensions (2D), for relatively large gaps and relatively shallow water depth, which may pose difficulties when extending the results to a real project. It is unclear what will happen for a gap resonance if the gap width gets narrower (say 4 m in full scale) and the water depth gets deeper (say 600 m in full scale). In this study, we conducted a series of model tests at a scale of 1:60 in a large wave basin, and focused on deep water and, crucially, narrow gaps, which are closer to a real project geometry. To facilitate future numerical simulations, we used two identical fixed bodies in the model tests and the vessels were simple barge-like shapes. Using white noise waves as the excitation, which covers a broad brand, the response of the fluid in the gap has been measured at several points. In these experiments, different modes of the gap resonance have been observed. Response amplitude operators (RAOs) of the gap resonance have been obtained through spectral analyses, which provide valuable information for the design of side-by-side operations and will benefit future numerical simulations. Test runs in white noise waves with different significant wave heights were also performed, to study the nonlinearities of the gap resonance phenomenon.
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Liang, Xin-Gang, and Mao-Hua Han. "Comparison of Heat Conduction and Radiation of Nano-Size Gaps." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2003-1123.

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Gas gaps are common structures in many sensors and MEMS. It is usually regarded that heat conduction plays a dominant role when the gap size reduces and thermal radiation between surfaces is negligible. This work compares the heat dissipated by heat conduction with that by thermal radiation under different temperatures and on various scale levels. It is found that the heat flux by thermal radiation can exceed that by heat conduction. Furthermore, a regime map is plotted to recognize the relative importance of heat conduction and thermal radiation at different gap size and temperature. The impact of the thermal accommodation efficient for gas is also discussed.
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Pichler, R., V. Michelassi, R. Sandberg, and J. Ong. "Highly Resolved LES Study of Gap Size Effect on Low-Pressure Turbine Stage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63407.

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Blade-to-blade interactions in a low-pressure turbine were investigated using highly resolved compressible large eddy simulations. For a realistic setup, a stator and rotor configuration with profiles typical of low-pressure turbines was used. Simulations were conducted with an in-house solver varying the gap size between stator and rotor from 21.5% to 43% rotor chord. To investigate the effect of the gap size on the prevailing loss mechanisms, a loss breakdown was conducted. It was found that in the large gap size case, the turbulence kinetic energy levels of the stator wake close to the rotor leading edge were only one third of those in the small gap case, due to the longer distance of constant area mixing. The small time averaged suction side separation on the blade, found in the large gap case, disappeared in the small gap calculations, confirming how stronger wakes can keep the boundary layer attached. The higher intensity wake impinging on the blade, however, did not affect the time averaged losses calculated using the control volume approach of Denton. On the other hand, losses computed by taking cross sections upstream and downstream of the blade revealed a greater distortion loss generated by the stator wakes in the small gap case. Despite the suction side separation suppression, the small gap case gave higher losses overall due to the incoming wake turbulent kinetic energy amplification along the blade passage.
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Zhang, Zhibo, Xianjun Yu, and Baojie Liu. "Characteristics of the Tip Leakage Vortex in a Low-Speed Axial Compressor With Different Rotor Tip Gaps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69148.

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The detailed evolutionary processes of the tip leakage flow/vortex inside the rotor passage are still not very clear for the difficulties of investigating of them by both experimental and numerical methods. In this paper, the flow fields near the rotor tip region inside the blade passage with two tip gaps, 0.5% and 1.5% blade height respectively, were measured by using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) in a large-scale low speed axial compressor test facility. The measurements are conducted at four different operating conditions, including the design, middle, maximum static pressure rise and near stall conditions. In order to analyze the variations of the characteristics of the tip leakage vortex (TLV), the trajectory, concentration, size, streamwise velocity, and the blockage parameters are extracted from the ensemble-averaged results and compared at different compressor operating conditions and tip gaps. The results show that the formation of the TLV is delayed with large tip clearance, however, its trajectory moves much faster in an approximately linear way from the blade suction side to pressure side. In the tested compressor, the size of the tip gap has little effects on the scale of the TLV in the spanwise direction, on the contrary, its effects on the pitch-wise direction is very prominent. Breakdown of the TLV were both found at the near-stall condition with different tip gaps. The location of the initiation of the TLV breakdown moves downstream from the 60% chord to 70% chord as the tip gap increases. After the TLV breakdown occurs, the flow blockage near the rotor tip region increases abruptly. The peak value of the blockage effects caused by the TLV breakdown is doubled with the tip gap size increasing from 0.5% to 1.5% blade span.
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Bitner, Jerry L., and David Raj. "Study of Gaps Between Components During Dynamic Loading." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1785.

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Gaps between mating parts of large industrial components are required for assembly and to allow for free thermal or pressure growth. However, the gaps should not be so large as to invalidate linear analysis assumptions for dynamic loadings. Large components may have locations where there are tightly controlled dimensions to accommodate mating parts. At these locations there are specified gaps that are crucial in manufacturing and installing the parts and assemblies. These gaps are strategically determined to provide reasonable assurance that the components can be economically manufactured and assembled without violating structural and functional requirements for the components. In general, large gaps are desirable to facilitate assembly. Small gaps may be necessary to ensure the validity of linear-elastic dynamic analysis and to control leakage. Industry practices for 1/8-inch to 1/4-inch gaps are cited for pipes supported by box frames. The justification for the use of these gap sizes is not readily available in the open literature. This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation into the effect of gaps on the dynamic analysis of internal components of heavy pressure vessels. Parameteric analytical studies using simple finite element beam models show that loads and stresses increase with gap size. For example, using the results for 1/16-inch gap as the basis, the maximum stresses and loads for a 1/8-inch gap increase by a maximum of approximately 30%.
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Serrano, José Ramón, Roberto Navarro, Luis Miguel García-Cuevas, and Lukas Benjamin Inhestern. "Method for Non-Dimensional Tip Leakage Flow Characterization in Radial Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76490.

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Tip leakage loss characterization and modeling plays an important role in small size radial turbine research. The momentum of the flow passing through the tip gap is highly related with the tip leakage losses. The ratio of fluid momentum driven by the pressure gradient between suction side and pressure side and the fluid momentum caused by the shroud friction has been widely used to analyze and to compare different sized tip clearances. However, the commonly used number for building this momentum ratio lacks some variables, as the blade tip geometry data and the viscosity of the used fluid. To allow the comparison between different sized turbocharger turbine tip gaps, work has been put into finding a consistent characterization of radial tip clearance flow. Therefore, a non-dimensional number has been derived from the Navier Stokes Equation. This number can be calculated like the original ratio over the chord length. Using the results of wide range CFD data, the novel tip leakage number has been compared with the traditional and widely used ratio. Furthermore, the novel tip leakage number can be separated into three different non-dimensional factors. First, a factor dependent on the radial dimensions of the tip gap has been found. Second, a factor defined by the viscosity, the blade loading, and the tip width has been identified. Finally, a factor that defines the coupling between both flow phenomena. These factors can further be used to filter the tip gap flow, obtained by CFD, with the influence of friction driven and pressure driven momentum flow.
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Zhao, Fuli, Xiaofang Wang, Pingbo Xie, Ningsheng Xu, and Zhizhan Xu. "Mechanism for Size Dependence of Light Emission From ZnO Nanocrystallites." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21579.

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Broadband light emission of different sized ZnO nanoparticles (17 nm to 300 nm) has been measured under picosecond laser excitation. Each spectrum consists of three Gaussian components including one emerging inside band-gap. Such inside band-gap band shows a clear dependence of the weighted intensity on the sizes of nanoparticles. Originated from our simplified one-dimensional (1D) model it has been qualitatively deduced that such size dependence match with the surface-state modified band structure. Additionally, a critical grain size as 110 nm for surface states recombination of ZnO nanoparticles has been found experimentally.
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Yang, Xingbo, Guanghui Su, Wenxi Tian, Jiayun Wang, and Suizheng Qiu. "Numerical Study on Flow and Heat Transfer in Concentric and Eccentric Annuli." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29341.

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The narrow annular channel has been widely studied for its relatively larger heat transfer surface and structural compatibility. In this study, numerical studies have been performed on the 3D forced flow and heat transfer of water in concentric and eccentric annuli by using CFX codes. The gaps of concentric annuli range from 1.0mm to 4.0mm with the interval of 0.5mm. The eccentricity ratioes in eccentric annuli are 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7. The radius ratioes of the eccentric annulus include 0.33, 0.5 and 0.66. The calculated results are compared with some experimental data and they agree well. The results show that the flow frictional resistance factor decreases with increasing the gap size. The impact of gap sizes on the flow frictional resistance factor decreases with increasing Reynolds number. The flow frictional resistance factor in the eccentric annuli is larger than that in concentric annuli. Furthermore, the effects of the eccentricity ratio and gap size on Nu number and the flow frictional resistance factor are also investigated.
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Reports on the topic "Gape size"

1

Liu, B., S. Jiang, B. Carpenter, S. Venaas, and W. George. IPv6 Site Renumbering Gap Analysis. RFC Editor, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7010.

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Roschelle, Jeremy, Britte Haugan Cheng, Nicola Hodkowski, Julie Neisler, and Lina Haldar. Evaluation of an Online Tutoring Program in Elementary Mathematics. Digital Promise, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/94.

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Many students struggle with mathematics in late elementary school, particularly on the topic of fractions. In a best evidence syntheses of research on increasing achievement in elementary school mathematics, Pelligrini et al. (2018) highlighted tutoring as a way to help students. Online tutoring is attractive because costs may be lower and logistics easier than with face-to-face tutoring. Cignition developed an approach that combines online 1:1 tutoring with a fractions game, called FogStone Isle. The game provides students with additional learning opportunities and provides tutors with information that they can use to plan tutoring sessions. A randomized controlled trial investigated the research question: Do students who participate in online tutoring and a related mathematical game learn more about fractions than students who only have access to the game? Participants were 144 students from four schools, all serving low-income students with low prior mathematics achievement. In the Treatment condition, students received 20-25 minute tutoring sessions twice per week for an average of 18 sessions and also played the FogStone Isle game. In the Control condition, students had access to the game, but did not play it often. Control students did not receive tutoring. Students were randomly assigned to condition after being matched on pre-test scores. The same diagnostic assessment was used as a pre-test and as a post-test. The planned analysis looked for differences in gain scores ( post-test minus pre-test scores) between conditions. We conducted a t-test on the aggregate gain scores, comparing conditions; the results were statistically significant (t = 4.0545, df = 132.66, p-value < .001). To determine an effect size, we treated each site as a study in a meta-analysis. Using gain scores, the effect size was g=+.66. A more sophisticated treatment of the pooled standard deviation resulted in a corrected effect size of g=.46 with a 95% confidence interval of [+.23,+.70]. Students who received online tutoring and played the related Fog Stone Isle game learned more; our research found the approach to be efficacious. The Pelligrini et al. (2018) meta-analysis of elementary math tutoring programs found g = .26 and was based largely on face-to-face tutoring studies. Thus, this study compares favorably to prior research on face-to-face mathematics tutoring with elementary students. Limitations are discussed; in particular, this is an initial study of an intervention under development. Effects could increase or decrease as development continues and the program scales. Although this study was planned long before the current pandemic, results are particularly timely now that many students are at home under shelter-in-place orders due to COVID-19. The approach taken here is feasible for students at home, with tutors supporting them from a distance. It is also feasible in many other situations where equity could be addressed directly by supporting students via online tutors.
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Peng, Ze, Matthew Hamilton, Jeff Froula, Aren Ewing, Brian Foster, and Jan-Fang Cheng. Large Gap Size Paired-end Library Construction for Second Generation Sequencing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/985369.

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Bjornstad, Bruce N., Paul D. Thorne, Bruce A. Williams, George V. Last, Gregory S. Thomas, Michael D. Thompson, Jami L. Ludwig, and David C. Lanigan. Hydrogeologic Model for the Gable Gap Area, Hanford Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/992820.

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Nimmagadda, M., and C. Yu. Postremediation dose assessment for the Elza Gate site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141247.

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Nimmagadda, M., and C. Yu. Postremediation dose assessment for the Elza Gate site, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6555988.

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DiJoseph, Patricia, Brian Tetreault, and Marin Kress. AIS data case Study : identifying AIS coverage gaps on the Ohio River in CY2018. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40886.

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This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes a method for evaluating the received coverage from Automatic Identification System (AIS) shore sites and the availability of historic vessel position reports along the Ohio River. The network of AIS shoreside sites installed and operated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the US Coast Guard (USCG) receive information transmitted from vessels; however, reception of these transmissions is generally line-of-sight between the vessel and the AIS site antenna. Reception may also be affected by factors such as the quality of the transceiver installation aboard the vessel as well as the state of the equipment at the receiving site. Understanding how to define and quantify coverage gaps along the inland river system can inform research utilizing AIS data, provide information on the performance of the AIS network, and provide guidance for efforts to address identified coverage gaps
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Cheng, J. J., C. Yu, and J. S. Devgun. Derivation of uranium residual radioactive material guidelines for the Elza Gate Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6237621.

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Herbert, George, and Lucas Loudon. The Size and Growth Potential of the Digital Economy in ODA-eligible Countries. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.016.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the current size of the digital market, the countries promoting development of digital business and their approach through Trade Policies or Incentive Frameworks, and the current and potential size of the market with the UK / China / US / other significant countries. It draws on a variety of sources, including reports by international organisations (such as the World Bank and OECD), grey literature produced by think tanks and the private sector, and peer reviewed academic papers. A high proportion of estimates of the size of the digital economy come from research conducted by or for corporations and industry bodies, such as Google and the GSMA (which represents the telecommunications industry). Their research may be influenced by their business interests, the methodologies and data sources they utilise are often opaque, and the information required to critically assess findings is sometimes missing. Given this, the estimates presented in this review are best seen as ballpark figures rather than precise measurements. A limitation of this rapid evidence review stems from the lack of consistent methodologies for estimating the size of the digital economy. The OECD is attempting to develop a standard approach to measuring the digital economy across the national accounts of the G20, but this has not yet been finalised. This makes comparing the results of different studies very challenging. The problem is particularly stark in low income countries, where there are frequently huge gaps in the relevant data.
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Cottrell, W., J. Quillen, and R. Carrier. Preliminary site survey report for the former Elza Gate warehouse area, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5608523.

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