Relevant bibliographies by topics / Garcinia

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Garcinia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Garcinia"

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Chantree, Pathanin, Pongsakorn Martviset, Nattaya Thongsepee, Kant Sangpairoj та Phornphan Sornchuer. "Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Garcinol Extracted from Garcinia dulcis via Modulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway". Nutrients 15, № 3 (2023): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030575.

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Garcinia is a significant medicinal plant with many beneficial phytoconstituents, including garcinol. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of garcinol isolated from Garcinia dulcis fruit in LPS-activated THP-1 and Raw 264.7 macrophages. The results demonstrated that the low concentration of garcinol did not alter cell viability. Furthermore, co-incubation of garcinol with LPS inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and pro-inflammatory mediators, including iNOS and COX-2 at the mRNA and protein expression levels. Garcinol also decreased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, PGE2, and NO. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects involved an alteration in the NF-κB signaling pathway. Downregulation of pIKKα/β, pIκBα, and pNF-κB was observed, hence reducing the translocation of pNF-κB from the cytosol into the nucleus, which subsequently decreased the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Therefore, garcinol isolated from Garcinia dulcis is a potential candidate as an anti-inflammatory agent for inflammation-related disease treatment.
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Niwa, Masatake, Kenji Terashima, Tomoyuki Shimamura, Miho Tanabayashi, Mohammad Aqil, and John A. Akinniyi. "Constituents of the Seeds of Garcinia kola : Two New Antioxidants, Garcinoic Acid and Garcinal." HETEROCYCLES 45, no. 8 (1997): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-97-7854.

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Liyanagamage, Donisha Shani Niharika Keembiya, Susanthi Jayasinghe, Anoja Priyadarshani Attanayake, and Veranja Karunaratne. "Correlation between Antioxidant Activity and the Garcinol Content Released from Fruit Rinds of Endemic Garcinia quaesita Pierre on Different Cooking Conditions." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7389714.

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The antioxidant activity of garcinol has been identified as the basis for various bioactivities in it, and the genus Garcinia is the main source for the garcinol. G. quaesita, which is endemic to Sri Lanka, is a representative member of genus Garcinia, and the dried fruit rind of G. quaesita is used practically in all curry preparations to impart a sour flavor. In our study, garcinol was isolated (yield: 3.67%) from the dried fruit rind of G. quaesita, for the first time. Further, how cooking conditions enable the ingestion of garcinol during the consumption of curries was also examined. The garcinol content released in different cooking conditions was positively correlated with the antioxidant activity in vitro. The results revealed that boiling virgin coconut oil extract of G. quaesita, simulating the common practice of oil frying during cooking, is the best method for obtaining the highest amount of garcinol into the curry medium.
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Niwa, Masatake, Kenji Terashima, and Muhd Aqil. "Garcinol, a Novel Arylbenzofuran Derivative from Garcinia kola." HETEROCYCLES 36, no. 4 (1993): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-92-6291.

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Biloa, Bernadette Messi, Raimana Ho, Guillaume Marti, Alain Meli Lannang, Jean-Luc Wolfender, and Kurt Hostettmann. "A Rapid Determination and Quantification of Three Biologically Active Polyisoprenylated Benzophenones using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MRM) Method in Five Garcinia species from Cameroon." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 12 (2017): 1934578X1701201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701201220.

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Following investigation of Garcinia genus, a sensitive, rapid and simple reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry method has been developed for the identification and quantification of three polyisoprenylated benzophenones, garcinol (1), isogarcinol (2) and 7- epi-clusianone (3), in the extracts of five Garcinia species from Cameroon. The separation of those compounds was achieved on a RP-18 column using a solvent system consisting of a mixture of acetonitrile-water-formic acid as a mobile phase in a gradient elution mode. The identification of the three compounds was determined on a triple quadripole mass spectrometer with ESI interface operating in the negative mode. A multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was developed for the quantification of these polyisoprenylated benzophenones in the extracts of the Garcinia species. The method was validated through intra- and inter-day precision, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 6%, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) <1 ng. Overall recoveries ranged from 94% to 104%, with RSDs ranging from 0.8% to 4.5%. The results indicated that the fruits of G. preussii and the roots of G. brevipedicellata are good source of garcinol (1) and isogarcinol (2) respectively.
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Minerva, Prima, Febriyenti Febriyenti, Rinita Amelia, Maidawilis Maidawilis, Rauza Sukma Rita, and Alimuddin Alimuddin. "Phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitor potential for both skin and physical health: test of extract, skin content and content of Garcinia Cowa fruit." Retos 62 (October 14, 2024): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v62.108965.

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Skin aging leads to reduced structural integrity and reduced skin function. Medicinal plant extracts that have antioxidant properties and are able to inhibit tyrosinase have become a trend in various uses for anti-aging. One of the commonly used plants in traditional medicine that grows in many Asian countries is garcinia cowa. Currently, no one has studied the fruit from two different aspects, namely for the skin and to help in physical improvement. The purpose of this study is to test the phenolic content, antioxidants, and tyrosinase inhibition activity of the extract from the skin and pulp of garcinia cowa as well as its effectiveness on the physical ability and function of the skin. The stages carried out start from the collection of garcina cowa fruits, the determination of total phenolic levels, the determination of antioxidant activity, and the determination of tyrosinase inhibition activity. The total phenolic content was determined by the folin-ciocalteu method. The phenolic content of garcinia cowa fruit peel extract is 17.789 mg of gallic acid equivalent extract (GAE)/g, while the meat extract is 12.078 mg GAE/g extract. Furthermore, the flesh of garcinia cowa showed weak antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 490.2 μg/mL, but the fruit peel extract showed moderate antioxidant activity at 243.3 μg/mL. The skin of garcinia cowa fruit shows tyrosinase inhibition activity in vitro, which is more significant than the pulp. Garcinia cowa peel and pulp extracts both contain phenolic compounds and show the antioxidant activity, but it was found that the fruit peel extract has a higher content. This means that with its antioxidant content, it can ward off free radicals, prevent cell damage, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. The combination of phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitor potential provides significant benefits for skin health and overall physical health.
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O., J. Kingsely, C. Nnaji J., and I. Ugwu B. "Biodisinfection and Coagulant Properties of Mixed Garcinia kola and Carica papaya Seeds Extract for Water Treatment." Chemical Science International Journal 19, no. 3 (2017): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/CSJI/2017/34041.

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<em>Garcinia kola</em> (Heckel) and <em>Carica papaya</em> (Linn.) seeds from ripe fruits were investigated for their disinfection and coagulation activity in water. The phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloid, saponins, flavonoid and tannins in both seeds. Physicochemical analysis of the water samples was determined before and after treatment with seed solutions. Results showed that mixed <em>Garcinia kola</em> and <em>Carica papaya</em> extracts had no significant effect (<em>P</em> &gt; .05) on temperature, pH, conductivity and chloride but significantly reduced (<em>P</em> = .05) TDS, BOD, nitrate, nitrite and turbidity. The coagulation and antimicrobial efficiency of mixed <em>Garcinia kola</em> Heckel and <em>Carica papaya</em> seed solution at different concentrations on turbid surface water (collected from Ogbor Hill River in Aba) were studied and compared. Microbial reduction for mixed extract of <em>Garcinia kola </em>and <em>Carica papaya</em> solution showed antimicrobial efficiency of 41.67 – 83.33% for Total coliform, 47.85 – 60.89% for <em>E. coli</em>, 12.87-83.33% for<em> Fecal streptococcus</em>, 40.46 – 83.33% for <em>staphylococcus Aureus</em> and 50.43 – 74.36% for Total heterotrophic bacteria at different concentration. Mixed <em>Garcinia kola </em>and <em>Carica papaya</em> seed solution reduced the turbidity perfectly at the optimum doze of 3% at which 67.83% turbidity was removed by mixed solution. <em>Garcina kola</em> and <em>Carica papaya</em> seeds are non toxic and do not significantly affect the pH and conductivity of the treated water. So, as natural coagulants, both seeds may be potentially viable for treating water.
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Warriar, Purnima, Kalyani Barve, and Bala Prabhakar. "Anti-Arthritic Effect of Garcinol Enriched Fraction Against Adjuvant Induced Arthritis." Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery 13, no. 1 (2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872213x12666181120091528.

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Background: Garcinia indica also known as kokum is used in traditional system of medicine for relieving inflammation and rheumatic pain. Garcinol, a benzophenone obtained from its fruit rind is reported to have anti-inflammatory effect via modulating arachidonic acid metabolism, suppressing iNOS expression, NF-κB activation and COX-2 expression. It has also been studied for antioxidant and anticancer activity. Apart from these, few patents claim that garcinol also has anti-obesity and hepatoprotective effect and has a potential to be used for the treatment of renal disorders, endometriosis and cardiac dysfunction. Objective: Garcinol Enriched Fraction (GEF) from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica should be effective in the treatment of arthritis, one of the chronic inflammatory disorder owing to its anti-inflammatory property as indicated by earlier experiments. Methods: GEF was prepared from the fruit rind of Garcinia indica and quantified using LC-MS/MS. It was found to contain 89.4% w/w of garcinol. GEF was evaluated at the dose of 10mg/kg for its efficacy against Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats. Paw volumes of both sides were measured by Plethysmometer and body weight was recorded on 0, 1, 5, 12 and 21st day. The hyperalgesic response was also measured by motility test and stair climbing test. Results: GEF showed a significant reduction in paw swelling (p &lt; 0.0001) and arthritis index (p &lt; 0.0001) exhibiting anti-inflammatory potential. It also improves the motility and stair climbing ability of experimental animals (p &lt; 0.05), thus reducing hyperalgesia. Conclusion: Garcinol enriched fraction shows anti-arthritic activity in experimental animals.
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NAZRE, M., M. F. NEWMAN, R. T. PENNINGTON, and D. J. MIDDLETON. "Taxonomic Revision of Garcinia Section Garcinia (Clusiaceae)." Phytotaxa 373, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.1.1.

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Species of Garcinia sect. Garcinia are typically understorey trees in rain forest and are distributed from eastern India to Malesia. A taxonomic revision of Garcinia section Garcinia (Clusiaceae) has resulted in the recognition of 13 species, two of which have three varieties each. Several species are excluded from Garcinia section Garcinia, reported as insufficiently known, or reduced to synonymy. Five species, G. acuticosta, G. discoidea, G. exigua, G. ochracea and G. sangudsangud, and two varieties, G. diospyrifolia var. minor and G. mangostana var. borneensis, are newly described. Morphological characters that are important for sectional delimitation are terminally attached inflorescences of simple cymes, stamen bundles 4 or 4-angled, and fruits with a smooth surface. Species limits are defined on the basis of a combination of characters of the male flower (i.e. shape of stamens, presence of pistillode), type of fruit, and characters of the leaf (shape and size, venation pattern and glandular lines).
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Nazre, M., M. F. Newman, R. T. Pennington, and D. J. Middleton. "Taxonomic Revision of Garcinia Section Garcinia (Clusiaceae)." Phytotaxa 373, no. 1 (2018): 1–52. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.1.1.

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Nazre, M., Newman, M. F., Pennington, R. T., Middleton, D. J. (2018): Taxonomic Revision of Garcinia Section Garcinia (Clusiaceae). Phytotaxa 373 (1): 1-52, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.373.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.1.1
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Garcinia"

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Saleh, Mohd Nazre. "Taxonomic revision and molecular studies of Garcinia section Garcinia (Guttiferae)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1958.

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Garcinia section Garcinia is one of 14 sections of the species-rich pantropical genus Garcinia (Guttiferae/Clusiaceae). In its most recent circumscription the section comprised 43 species, mostly of rain forest understorey trees, distributed from eastern India to Fiji, and in Madagascar (Jones, 1980: unpublished Phd. Thesis, University of Leicester). Its most famous member is the fruit tree, mangosteen (G. mangostana). Taxonomic revision of section Garcinia reduces the number of species from 43 to 16 with five varieties, with distribution from eastern India to Malesia. A total of nine species are excluded, 19 species are reduced to synonyms and five species are insufficiently known to be classified. Within sect. Garcinia, G. acuticosta, G. discoidea, G. exiguous, G. ochraceus and G. sangudsangud are newly described, G. diospyrifolia var. arborea, G. diospyrifolia var. minor and G. malaccensis var. pseudomangostana are new varieties, and G. cataractalis, previously unassigned to any section by Jones (1980) is newly included. Species limits are defined on the basis of combinations of characters such as shape of stamens and presence of pistillode, fruit type, and leaf characters such as shape, size, venation pattern and type of glandular lines. A total of 83 accessions representing 42 Garcinia species were sequenced for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, while 50 accessions (30 spp.) and 24 accessions (16 spp.) were sequenced for the chloroplast non-coding regions trnS-G and trnD-T respectively. Of these, 30 accessions or ten spp. (ITS), 23 accessions or nine spp. (trnS-G) and 17 accessions or nine spp. (trnD-T) belong to sect. Garcinia. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses show that the ITS data are more phylogenetically informative and provide better resolution for sectional and species relationships compared to trnS-G and trnD-T. Most of the sections delimited by Jones (1980) proved to be monophyletic but sect. Garcinia is not. Garcinia maingayi, G. trianii and G. costata, assigned to sect. Garcinia by Jones, are in a separate clade that is strongly supported as sister to sect. Brindonia. These species have significantly different morphological characters from sect. Garcinia, and should be excluded from it. Characters that are important for sectional delimitation are inflorescences that are simple cymes, stamen bundles that are 4-angled or 4-lobed, and fruits with a smooth surface. Four major clades in sect. Garcinia are supported by the shape of the stamen bundles, the shape of the fruit and the stigma, and fruit wall characters. ITS trees are significantly incongruent with plastid trees because of the placement of G. rigida, which could reflect a hybrid origin. Another hybrid species, the cultivated mangosteen, could be the product of hybridisation events between varieties of G. malaccensis if mangosteen is proven to be an obligate agamosperm. However, if mangosteen is a facultative agamosperm, G. malaccensis is likely to be the female parent, but any other Garcinia species could be the putative paternal species. Phylogenetic trees of ITS show that most Garcinia species from east of Wallace’s Line are nested within species from the west. This might reflect dispersal of species across this biogeographic division from west to east when the Sahul and Sunda shelves converged (c. 20 MY).This hypothesis is supported by the estimated divergence of accessions of G. rigida from the east of Wallace’s Line, from their most recent common ancestor to the west of the line, not later than 21.58+/-2.90 MY.
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Fumery, Odile. ""Garcinia cambogia" Desrousseaux." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P173.

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Marquet, Florence. "Garcinia kola Heckel." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P189.

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Cho, Woo Cheal. "Synthesis of caged Garcinia xanthone analogues." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p1469234.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.<br>Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 13, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Merza, Joumaa. "Étude phytochimique et biologique des métabolites secondaires isolés de deux Clusiaceae néo-calédoniennes : Garcinia virgata et Garcinia vieillardii." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0504.

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L'étude phytochimique de deux plantes néo-calédoniennes : Garcinia virgata et Garcinia vieillardii (Clusiaceae) a permis d'isoler et identifier 22 métabolites secondaires phénoliques de type : xanthones, benzophénones prénylées, polyprénylées, tocotrienols et anthraquinones. Parmi ceux-ci 7 présentent une structure originale. L'intérêt biologique potentiel de ces composés a par la suite été évalué dans le cadre d'une étude de leurs propriétés : antioxydantes, antifongiques, antiprotéasiques, cytotoxiques, inhibition de tubuline/microtubules système, antileishmanienne et anti-PGP<br>A phytochemical study of two New Caledonian plants Garcinia virgata and Garcinia vieillardii (Clusiaceae) led to isolate and identified of over 22 different secondary metabolites among which, xanthones, bixanthones, benzophenones, ð-tocotrienols, derivative of δ-tocotrienols and one anthraquinon were identified. 7 of these natural products are new ones. The biological interest of these compounds was then evaluated: antioxidant, antiproteolytic, antifungal, antileishmanial, anticancer, inhibition of PGP and inhibition of protein kinas
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Sweeney, Patrick Wayne. "Systematics and floral evolution in the plant genus Garcinia (Clusiaceae) /." View online, 2007. https://apps.umsl.edu/webapps/weboffice/ETD/query.cfm?id=r2641.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2007.<br>Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet: https://apps.umsl.edu/webapps/weboffice/ETD/query.cfm?id=r2641 (viewed May 19, 2009).
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Fernandes, Daniara Cristina [UNESP]. "Estudo químico e atividade biológica de Garcinia xanthochymus (Clusiaceae)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97889.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:58:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_dc_me_araiq.pdf: 9558332 bytes, checksum: c58bd085bd26f441ab4f37dc7311835b (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>A espécie Garcinia xanthochymus, comumente conhecida como Gamboja, é uma árvore nativa da Índia com aproximadamente 8-10 metros, utilizada extensamente na medicina popular como antidiarréica. Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico e biológico das folhas e frutos de G. xanthochymus. Dentre as substâncias isoladas, podemos destacar 3 triterpenos obtidos do extrato hexânico das folhas: friedelina (1), lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol (2) e lanosta-7,24-dien-3-ol (3), sendo as substâncias 2 e 3 relatadas pela primeira vez na literatura da espécie. A prospecção química da fase acetato de etila das folhas revelou uma abundante presença de biflavonóides, sendo as substâncias saharanflavona (4), I3, II8-biapigenina (5), GB1a (6), (+)-morelloflavona (8), GB2a (11), volkensiflavona (12), GB2 (14), xantochimusídeo (15) e fukugisídeo (16), caracterizadas pela ligação interflavonoídica do tipo 38’’, e as substâncias podocarpusflavona (7) e amentoflavona (9), pela ligação do tipo 3’8’’. Merece destaque a substância 4, isolada pela primeira vez de fontes naturais. A composição química de G. xanthochymus constituiu-se ainda das substâncias diidrokaempferol (10), ácido vanílico (13), cinco derivados de ácidos fenilpropanoídicos: ácido 3-O-cafeoilquínico (17), ácido 5-O-cafeoilquínico (18), ácido 3-p-coumaroilquínico (21), ácido 4-O-cafeoilquínico (22) e ácido 4-p-coumaroilquínico (23); e ainda a mistura binária das benzofenonas xantochimol (19) e cicloxantochimol (20). Todas as substâncias foram relatadas pela primeira vez nas folhas de G. xanthochymus, com exceção da substância 7 e as substâncias 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22 e 23 ainda não haviam sido identificadas na espécie. Através da técnica CG-DIC foram identificados 15 triterpenos e/ou esteróides nos extratos de baixa polaridade e através das técnicas hifenadas, como CLAE-UV e CLAE-EM, foi...<br>The species Garcinia xanthochymus, known as Gamboja is a native Indian tree ca. 8-10 m high, which is extensively used as folk medicine for treating diarrhea and dysentery. This work describes the study of the chemical profile of G. xanthochymus leaves and fruits. Among the isolated substances three triterpenes were obtained from the hexane extract of the leaves: friedelin (1), lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol (2) e lanosta-7,24-dien-3-ol (3), with compounds (2) and (3) described for the first time in the literature of this species. The chemical prospection of the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves revealed an abundant amount of biflavonoids, with compounds saharanflavone (4), I3,II8-biapigenin (5), GB1a (6), (+)-morelloflavone (8), GB2a (11), volkensiflavone (12), GB2 (14), xanthochymuside (15) and fukugiside (16) characterized by the interflavonoid 38” bond, and compounds podocarpusflavone (7) and amentoflavone (9), by the interflavonoid 3’8’’ bond. Substance 4 was isolated for the first time from a natural source. The chemical composition of G. xanthochymus included additionally dihydrokaempferol (10), vanillic acid (13), and five phenylpropanoid acid derivatives: 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (17), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (18), 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid (21), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (22) and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid (23); as well a binary mixture of xanthochymol (19) and cycle-xanthochymol (20) benzophenones. All the compounds were reported for the first time in the leaves of G. xanthochymus, with the exception of compound 7, and compounds 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22 e 23, which had not yet been identified in this species. By CG-FID technique fifteen triterpenes and/or steroids were identified in the low polarity extracts. Hyphenated techniques such as HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS were used to locate previously isolated compounds from different fractions and/or isolated substances from other works... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Fernandes, Daniara Cristina. "Estudo químico e atividade biológica de Garcinia xanthochymus (Clusiaceae) /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97889.

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Orientador: Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva<br>Banca: Ian Castro Gamboa<br>Banca: Fernanda Rodrigues Garcez<br>Resumo: A espécie Garcinia xanthochymus, comumente conhecida como Gamboja, é uma árvore nativa da Índia com aproximadamente 8-10 metros, utilizada extensamente na medicina popular como antidiarréica. Este trabalho descreve o estudo químico e biológico das folhas e frutos de G. xanthochymus. Dentre as substâncias isoladas, podemos destacar 3 triterpenos obtidos do extrato hexânico das folhas: friedelina (1), lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol (2) e lanosta-7,24-dien-3-ol (3), sendo as substâncias 2 e 3 relatadas pela primeira vez na literatura da espécie. A prospecção química da fase acetato de etila das folhas revelou uma abundante presença de biflavonóides, sendo as substâncias saharanflavona (4), I3, II8-biapigenina (5), GB1a (6), (+)-morelloflavona (8), GB2a (11), volkensiflavona (12), GB2 (14), xantochimusídeo (15) e fukugisídeo (16), caracterizadas pela ligação interflavonoídica do tipo 38'', e as substâncias podocarpusflavona (7) e amentoflavona (9), pela ligação do tipo 3'8''. Merece destaque a substância 4, isolada pela primeira vez de fontes naturais. A composição química de G. xanthochymus constituiu-se ainda das substâncias diidrokaempferol (10), ácido vanílico (13), cinco derivados de ácidos fenilpropanoídicos: ácido 3-O-cafeoilquínico (17), ácido 5-O-cafeoilquínico (18), ácido 3-p-coumaroilquínico (21), ácido 4-O-cafeoilquínico (22) e ácido 4-p-coumaroilquínico (23); e ainda a mistura binária das benzofenonas xantochimol (19) e cicloxantochimol (20). Todas as substâncias foram relatadas pela primeira vez nas folhas de G. xanthochymus, com exceção da substância 7 e as substâncias 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22 e 23 ainda não haviam sido identificadas na espécie. Através da técnica CG-DIC foram identificados 15 triterpenos e/ou esteróides nos extratos de baixa polaridade e através das técnicas hifenadas, como CLAE-UV e CLAE-EM, foi ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The species Garcinia xanthochymus, known as Gamboja is a native Indian tree ca. 8-10 m high, which is extensively used as folk medicine for treating diarrhea and dysentery. This work describes the study of the chemical profile of G. xanthochymus leaves and fruits. Among the isolated substances three triterpenes were obtained from the hexane extract of the leaves: friedelin (1), lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol (2) e lanosta-7,24-dien-3-ol (3), with compounds (2) and (3) described for the first time in the literature of this species. The chemical prospection of the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves revealed an abundant amount of biflavonoids, with compounds saharanflavone (4), I3,II8-biapigenin (5), GB1a (6), (+)-morelloflavone (8), GB2a (11), volkensiflavone (12), GB2 (14), xanthochymuside (15) and fukugiside (16) characterized by the interflavonoid 38" bond, and compounds podocarpusflavone (7) and amentoflavone (9), by the interflavonoid 3'8'' bond. Substance 4 was isolated for the first time from a natural source. The chemical composition of G. xanthochymus included additionally dihydrokaempferol (10), vanillic acid (13), and five phenylpropanoid acid derivatives: 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (17), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (18), 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid (21), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (22) and 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid (23); as well a binary mixture of xanthochymol (19) and cycle-xanthochymol (20) benzophenones. All the compounds were reported for the first time in the leaves of G. xanthochymus, with the exception of compound 7, and compounds 10, 13, 17, 18, 21, 22 e 23, which had not yet been identified in this species. By CG-FID technique fifteen triterpenes and/or steroids were identified in the low polarity extracts. Hyphenated techniques such as HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS were used to locate previously isolated compounds from different fractions and/or isolated substances from other works... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Arwa, Phanuel Saroni [UNESP]. "Estudo químico e busca de substâncias bioativas de Garcinia brasiliensis." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105819.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:07:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 arwa_ps_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf: 140184 bytes, checksum: f2d411778c9b9af9eb7533d4fc96e1e8 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-25T13:01:05Z: arwa_ps_dr_araiq_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-25T13:03:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000718879_20160222.pdf: 127126 bytes, checksum: 8a2ae7d96951ff36a34f967d8659d0d8 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-02-22T11:12:48Z: 000718879_20160222.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-22T11:13:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000718879.pdf: 2745649 bytes, checksum: a0fd20904df0ddfc1ca542753185938c (MD5)<br>A investigação fitoquímica de espécies vegetais contribui para a conservação e uso sustentável da diversidade vegetal no Estado de São Paulo através de estudos sobre diversidade química e busca de drogas potenciais, que incluem as atividades de bioprospecção e fiazem parte da estratégia de exploração racional de nossa biodiversidade. A planta selecionada para este estudo, Garcinia brasiliensis (família Clusiaceae), apresentou perfil químico com expressiva ocorrência de benzofenonas, conhecidas por seu potencial antimalárico, antioxidante, antibacteriano e antinflamatório. Os objetivos deste trabalho incluíram o estudo químico/biológico dos caules e folhas de Garcinia brasiliensis, com o isolamento e determinação estrutural de metabólitos secundários e avaliação de sua bioatividade. Apesar das plantas medicinais serem raramente utilizadas como antioxidantes na medicina popular, suas propriedades terapêuticas podem ser devidas a sua capacidade de sequestrar radicais livres de oxigênio, envolvidos em diversas patologias decorrentes do estresse oxidativo em sistemas biológicos. A ação antioxidante tem sido também apontada como forte indicativo de ação quimiopreventiva, associada à indução de enzimas destoxificantes do organismo como a quinona redutase, que pode evitar eventos iniciais da geração de tumores. O estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de folhas e galhos de G. brasiliensis resultou no isolamento ou identificação de diversas substâncias polifenólicas a partir de frações polares: os biflavonoides amentoflavona, podocarpusflavona, fukugetina, além de procianidina e seus trímeros e da benzofenona garcinol através do uso de técnicas cromatográficas e espetrométricas como CLAE-DAD, CLAE-EM, UV, IV e RMN. Os extratos de baixa polaridade foram analisados por CG-EM...<br>The phytochemical investigation of plant species contributes to conservation and sustainable use of São Paulo biodiversity. This project has addressed the phytochemical investigation of stems and leaves of Garcinia brasiliensis, with isolation, structural determination of secondary metabolites as well as evaluation of bioactivity. G. brasiliensis is a member of the Clusiaceae family with interesting secondary metabolites such as benzophenones which have potent antimalarial, antioxidant, antitumoral, antibacterial, antiinflamatory and chemoprevention capacity. Whereas medicinal plants are not used as antioxidants in popular medicine their therapeutic properties are derived from capacity to scavenge free radicals involved in oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity is indicative of chemoprevention associated with toxic enzymes such as quinone reductase that is associated with inhibition of tumor development. The phytochemical study of extracts from leaves and stems of G. brasiliensis led to the isolation or identification of several polyphenols from polar fractions: biflavonoids amenthoflavone, podocarpusflavone, fukugetin, in addition to procyanidin and its trimers and the benzophenone garcinol through chromatographic and spectrometric techniques as HPLC-DAD, HPLC MS, UV, IR and NMR. Low polarity extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and evidenced the presence of triterpenes and steroids, including stigmasterol,  -amirinone,  -amirin, taraxerol and lupeol, as major compounds. Metabolite target analysis was carried out using thin layer chromatographic tests with  -carotene and anisaldehyde as revealing agents aiming the detection of antioxidant compounds, in addition to inhibitory activity against T. cruzi, human and plant pathogenic fungi, malaria, acetylcholinesterase, and HIV protease. Best results were obtained for... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Abdullah, Nur Ashikin Psyquay. "Comparative molecular and morphology studies in Malaysian Garcinia L. (Clusiaceae)." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505771.

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The Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is an economically important fruit in Malaysia but the species and most Malaysian members of the genus are understudied. Full morphological descriptions of most of the species are still not complete. The genus possesses an apomictic mode of reproduction which is an important factor in plant breeding and seed production in agriculture. The aim of the present study is to observe polyembryony in G, mangostana, to classify the Malaysian Garcinia into sections, to look at the genetic variation and relate it to apomixis, and finally to identify the parents of G. mangostana.
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Books on the topic "Garcinia"

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Plasencia, E. Delgado. Parientes isleños, hatillanos, lejanos y cercanos: García-Díaz, García-Delgado, Plasencia-García, Casanova-García. E. Delgado Plasencia, 1998.

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González, Maurilio Pérez. La garcineida. Universidad de León, 2001.

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Minta, Stephen. García Márquez, writer of Colombia. Harper & Row, 1987.

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S, J. Llop. García Cros. Gal Art, 1996.

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Gibson, Ian. García Lorca. Editorial Antártida, 1992.

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Castillo, Fernando Muñoz. Sara García. Clío, 1998.

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1951-, García Charly, ed. Charly García. Editora Granizo, 1985.

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Cano, José Luis. García Lorca. Edicions 62, 1991.

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Torres-García, Joaquín. Torres-García. Ministerio de Cultura, 1991.

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García, Héctor. Héctor García. Turner DGE/Equilibrista, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Garcinia"

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Mini Raj, N., H. C. Vikram, V. A. Muhammed Nissar, and E. V. Nybe. "Garcinia." In Handbook of Spices in India: 75 Years of Research and Development. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3728-6_44.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia intermedia." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_10.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia livingstonei." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_11.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia macrophylla." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_12.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia madruno." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_13.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia malaccensis." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_14.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia mangostana." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_15.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia nervosa." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_16.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia nitida." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_17.

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Lim, T. K. "Garcinia parvifolia." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1764-0_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Garcinia"

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Gadasin, D. V., S. A. Palibza, L. A. Tremasova, and A. S. Zimnin. "Application of the Garcia-Wachs Algorithm to Build a Minimum Cost Search Tree." In 2025 Systems of Signals Generating and Processing in the Field of on Board Communications. IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf64229.2025.10948105.

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Vivien Jong Yi Mian, Gwendoline Ee Cheng Lian, and Khong Heng Yen. "Xanthone from Garcinia eugenifolia (Clusiaceae)." In 2010 International Conference on Science and Social Research (CSSR). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cssr.2010.5773892.

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Khong Heng Yen, Vivien JongYi Mian, and Gwendoline Ee Cheng Lian. "Cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of borneo Garcinia species (Clusiaceae)." In 2011 IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and Engineering (CHUSER). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chuser.2011.6163853.

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Ambarwati, Neneng Siti S., Berna Elya, Yesi Desmiaty, Dwi Atmanto, and Islamudin Ahmad. "Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Garcinia xanthochymus fruit pericarp extract." In THE 2ND SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (SMIC 2020): Transforming Research and Education of Science and Mathematics in the Digital Age. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0041813.

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Nugroho, Dwi, Dyah Daratika, Elly Agustin, et al. "Characteristic of Garcinia Mangostana’s Pericarp Prepared by Mechanical Milling." In ASEAN Food Conference. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009991703220329.

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M., Krishnaprabha, and Manjunatha Pattabi. "Synthesis of gold nanostructures using fruit extract of Garcinia Indica." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2015. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4947776.

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Rosa do Nascimento, Gilma, Taísa de Fatima Rodrigues de Almeida, Paula Aparecida Muniz de Lima, Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre, and José Carlos Lopes. "ENRAIZAMENTO DE PROPÁGULOS LENHOSOS, SEMILENHOSOS E HERBACEOS DE ACHACHAIRU (GARCINIA HUMILIS)." In INIC 2023. Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18066/inic0384.23.

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Widjaya, Aulia Hasan, Fitri Fatma Wardani, Ria Cahyaningsih, and Reza Ramdan Rivai. "Domestication of underutilized indigenous plant Garcinia latissima Miq. through fruit jam production." In THE II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “INDUSTRIAL AND CIVIL CONSTRUCTION 2022”. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135740.

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Taher, M. Z., I. M. Yusoff, and A. Idris. "Physical properties of Garcinia atroviridis powder extract using pilot scale spray dryer." In PROCEEDINGS OF 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED MATERIALS ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (ICAMET 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0051802.

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Dahlizar, Sabrina, Yuni Anggraeni, and Hanny Narulita. "Preformulation Study of 50% Ethanol Extract of Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia mangostana L.)." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Health Science, ICHS 2020, 26-27 October 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.26-10-2020.2311315.

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Reports on the topic "Garcinia"

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Chutimaworapan, Suchada, Chaiyo Chaichantippayuth, and Areerat Laopaksa. Formulation of pharmaceutical products of Garcinia mangostana Linn. extracts. Chulalongkorn University, 2006. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2006.32.

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Part I: The purpose of the investigation was to develop the extraction process that was simple, practical and giving high yield. The maceration of dried powder of Garcinia mangostana fruit husk with ethyl acetate gave yellow crystalline powder of mangostin. The yield was calculated as 7.47%. The identification of the Garcinia mangostanahusk extract was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and differential scanning calorimetry. The TLC of mangostin was done by using the alumina sheet and ethyl acetate: hexane (3:1) as mobile phase. The Rf value as compared with standard mangostin was 0.60. The DSC thermogram showed the board melting range of the crude extract at 165.04-166.80 °C. The quantitative analyses of mangostin were developed using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The HPLC system using methanol: water (87:13) as mobile phase, clotrimazole as internal standard and using UV detector at 243 nm. The UV spectrophotometric method was carried out using the UV spectrophotometer at 243 nm. The validation of both systems gave high specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The solubility study of mangostin showed the low water insolubility. The water solubility was improving with increasing ethanol content. The in vitro microbiological activity of mangostin to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2 was studied. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the extract were 3 µg/ml and 1.5 µg/ml, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extract was 4 µg/ml and 3 µg/ml, respectively.Part II: The purpose of this study was to develop fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract. The films consisted of low viscosity hydrophilic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose, acesulfame potassium as sweetener, and menthol and eucalyptus oil as flavoring agents. The physical and mechanical properties and dissolution time of film bases were compared with commercial product strips A. From the dissolution time data, it was found that the film prepared from mixed polymer between HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratios 2:1, 3:1, 4:1 and 5:1 were not significantly different from commercial product strips A (p&gt;0.05). The films containing extract were light yellow and had porous surface based on observation from scanning electron microscopy. The dissolution profiles of all formulations showed the rapid release more than 80 percent of mangostin from films within 3-7 minutes and the fastest release was from formulation of HPMC 3 cps and HPC LV at ratio 5:1. Differential scanning calorimetry results exhibited that the Garcinia mangostana extract and additives were not in crystalline form in the films. The fast dissolving oral strips containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against oro-dental bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus aTCC 25923 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC KPSK2. Unter strese conditions at 40 degree Celcius and 75 percent relative humidity, the strips showed a good stability.The purpose of the study was to develop monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia Mangostana extract. The system is based on the ability of mixtures of monoglyceride (dlyceryl monooleate) and triglycerides to form liquid crystals upon contact with water. The drug delivery systems can be administered by syringe and transformed into high-viscous liquid crystalline phases at the injection site. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed from various triglycerides: sesame oil, soybean oil and olive oil. In this study, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems were prepared in the ratio of triglycerides: monoglyceride: water as 8: 62: 30 and 12: 58: 30. These systems could sustain release of Garcinia Mangostana husk extract over a period of 48 hr and followed squared root of time kinetics during the initial 24 hr of the release phase, indicating that the rate of release was diffusion-controlled. The system containing sesame oil showed the highest drug release. The increasing triglyceride content did not affect the release profiles. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that Garcinia Mangostana husk extract could be incorporated into drug delivery systems without causing phase transition. In the in vitro test, monoglyceride-based drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract did not show the antimicrobial activity probably due to the high lipophilicity of the extract therefore it did not diffuse into the medium. Additionally, the drug delivery systems containing Garcinia mangostana husk extract showed good stability under the stress condition.
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Okunji, Chris O., Tantalia A. Ware, Rickey P. Hicks, Maurice M. Iwu, and David J. Skanchy. Capillary Electrophoresis Determination of Biflavanones from Garcinia Kola in Three Traditional African Medicinal Formulations. Defense Technical Information Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406859.

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Wang, P. F., C. N. Katz, D. B. Chadwick, and R. Barua. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Diego Garcia Lagoon. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada611456.

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Ricketts, Jason W., and Karl E. Karlstrom. Geologic map of the South Garcia SE 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Valencia County, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.58799/of-gm-246.

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Willauer, Heather D., Dennis R. Hardy, Frederick W. Williams, and Felice W. DiMascio. An Economic Basis for Littoral Land-Based Production of Low Carbon Fuel from Renewable Electrical Energy and Seawater for Naval Use: Diego Garcia Evaluation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada621064.

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Juco, Marianne, Ricxie Maddawin, Robert Hector Palomar, Mark Gerald Ruiz, and Charlotte Justine Diokno-Sicat. Baseline Study on the State of Devolution in the (Pre-Mandanas) Philippines. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2023.09.

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Two key recent events pushed forward the country’s decentralization agenda. In 2019, the Mandanas-Garcia Supreme Court (“Mandanas”) ruling increased the tax base for intergovernmental fiscal transfers in support of local governments’ autonomy and revenue-raising capacity. In 2021, Executive Order No. 138 (EO 138) laid the guidelines for effectively transitioning functions and responsibilities from the national to the local governments. Part of the directives in EO 138 is the design and review of devolution transition plans (DTPs). Given the country’s current state of devolution, uncertainty arises on how local government units (LGUs) will manage to fully assume all devolved functions and whether the prescribed devolution transition period is sufficient. By evaluating LGU-crafted DTPs, this study aims to establish the baseline of current (pre-Mandanas) devolved functions and capacities. The results can serve as a pivotal starting point to evaluate performance and progress in the phased adoption of devolved functions. Key takeaways from the exercise include (i) the high variation in LGU prioritization of devolved functions and LGU capacity, (ii) complete full devolution by 2024 is not achievable based on the self-assessment of LGUs, (iii) capacity development interventions to aid in the devolution agenda is mostly centered on manpower and training requirements. Further, the study recognizes (i) the need for a mechanism for further data collection of accurate and comprehensive baseline data for devolved functions of LGUs, (ii) the need for an asymmetric decentralization strategy from the national government, and (iii) the need for greater coordination and guidance from national agencies, especially on disaster risk reduction and management.
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Ground-water resources at Diego Garcia, 1985-96. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri014087.

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Mystery and Mysticism in Dominican Art. Inter-American Development Bank, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006418.

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Seventy objects, including pre-Columbian Taino pieces, colonial silver, popular religious art, and contemporary paintings and photographs by Paul Giudicelli, Eligio Pichardo, Raúl Recio and Maritza Alvarez, among others; from the Museum of the Dominican Man, the Garcia Arevalo Foundation, and the José S. Muñoz collection, and other private collections.
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Memorias Foro Internacional Neogranadino. ¿Gobernanza global o gobierno globalista? 2020. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/docinst.5696.

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El 23 de julio del 2020, en el marco de la celebración del aniversario treinta y ocho de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada y en medio de las vicisitudes propias que se despliegan al enfrentar una pandemia como la que ha aquejado al mundo durante más de un año, se desarrolló el Foro Internacional Neogranadino: ¿gobernanza global o gobierno globalista?, con la participación de panelistas de alto nivel tales como el TG (r) Frederick Rudesheim, director del Centro de Estudios Hemisféricos de Defensa William J. Perry; el Dr. Alexis Osvaldo López Tapia, investigador y director de radio y TV; el señor Rafael Nieto Loaiza, abogado, columnista y analista político; el Dr. Joseph Humire Cubides, director del Centro para una Socie- dad Libre Segura (SFS); el Dr. Jaime García Covarrubias, analista internacional; el Dr. Omar Bula Escobar, analista internacional; y la Dra. Celina B. Realuyo, profesora del Centro William J Perry. Además, contó con intervenciones magistrales por parte del Dr. Carlos Holmes Trujillo García (Q. E. P. D.), ministro de Defensa Nacional; el señor BG Adolfo Clavijo Ardila, exrector de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada; y el señor BG Luis Fernando Puentes Torres, actual rector de este claustro universitario. Entre los temas más relevantes tratados durante el foro se encuentran la pandemia generada por el COVID-19, los desafíos de la gobernanza nacional frente a las amenazas externas, el debilitamiento integral de las Fuerzas Armadas, la política exterior de los Estados Unidos con respecto a elementos de seguridad nacional y cooperación internacional, y la revolución molecular disipada como una explicación a la generalización de la violencia urbana y el anarquismo que, derivados de fenómenos globalizadores, ponen en riesgo a los Estados.
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Ground-water geochemistry at the South Ramp jet fuel leak, Diego Garcia Atoll, 1993-94. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri014090.

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