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1
Li, Yiyi, Shidong Li, and Cheng Wang. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Chinese Botanical Gardens over the Last 5000 Years." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 28, 2022): 15806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315806.
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Botanical gardens are a primary avenue for ex situ biodiversity conservation. China represents a center of origin for many of the world’s cultivated plants, as well as the birthplace of the world’s earliest pharmacopoeia and most ancient gardens. Botanical gardens are thought to have originated in China, the only one of four ancient civilizations that has persisted without interruption for the last 5000 years. This paper aims to demonstrate the spatiotemporal changes of Chinese botanical gardens and explore their driving mechanism. Based on a systematic review of the literature, the development of Chinese botanical gardens can be roughly divided into three major stages: an enlightenment stage for ancient botanical gardens (2800 BC–1859 AD), a colonial-exploration stage for modern botanical gardens (1860–1949), and a gradual-development stage for modern botanical gardens (1950–2022). By the end of 2022, China will contain a total of 456 botanical gardens, the most of any country in the world; these gardens will cover an area of 115,000 hectares and preserve 515,000 species of living plants. In the past 5000 years, the temporal and spatial development of Chinese botanical gardens has been linked to social and economic developments. By assessing the achievements of each stage of botanical-garden development, four major factors driving the rise, dissemination, development, and evolution of Chinese botanical gardens were identified: societal wealth/prosperity, demand-driven developments, support from science and education fields, and the promotion of ecological sustainability. Our findings fill the gap in botanical-garden development theory, and serve as a reference for the construction and management of botanical gardens.
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Huang, Yong, Qinjun Kang, Qi Wang, Lili Luo, Tingting Wang, and Qingrui Chang. "Multiscale Spatial Distribution Pattern and Influencing Factors on Inland Fishing Gardens in China." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 6542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116542.
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Recently, a significant number of freshwater fishing gardens have sprouted up across mainland China. These recreational facilities are an important component in promoting the upgrading of the fishing industry and rural revitalization, and they are a key component in the high-quality development of rural tourism. This paper uses fishing gardens points of interest (POI) in China as data sources and employs kernel density estimation and geographical detectors to systematically uncover the multiscale spatial distribution pattern of these gardens, as well as the factors influencing their distribution. The results show that: (1) There are 15,090 fishing gardens in inland China. The spatial distribution of Chinese fishing gardens corresponds well with the “Hu-Line”, with a greater number of gardens clustered in the southeast and few in the northwest. The density distribution exhibits a polarized pattern with multiple high-density centers. (2) The number of fishing gardens varies significantly across regions, with the eastern > central > western > northeastern; Guangdong has the most fishing gardens. The top five provinces have 43.4% of the total number of fishing gardens in the country. Large-scale fishing gardens are common in developed cities such as the Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, and the Yangtze River economic belt. (3) In natural environmental factors, land altitude and contour are negatively correlated with the distribution of fishing gardens, whereas winter temperature is positively correlated with the distribution. More than 50% of fishing gardens are located within 6 km of urban built-up areas. (4) GDP, population, and tourism revenue are the most important social development factors influencing the distribution of fishing gardens. The moderate factors are per capita income and the rate of urbanization; the weak factors are fishery output value and freshwater products production. In the discussion, suggestions on how to guide the rational layout and healthy development of the fishing garden industry in the region are put forward. We believe that these suggestions could be part of the pursuit to improve the fishing garden industrial policy in China.
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Wang, Chunyi, Mingyue Zhao, Yinlong Xu, Yuncheng Zhao, and Xiao Zhang. "Ecosystem Service Synergies Promote Ecological Tea Gardens: A Case Study in Fuzhou, China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020540.
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Exploring the trade-off/synergy among ecosystem services (ESs) of agroecosystems could provide effective support for improving agricultural resilience for sustainable development. The construction of ecological tea gardens is emerging, aims to achieve a win-win situation for the tea industry and ecological environment protection. However, the effect of ES trade-offs/synergies on tea production is still not clear. In this study, we selected Fuzhou city, China, as a case study and explored the relationship among tea production and ESs in 2010 and 2020. Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Intelligent Urban Ecosystem Management System (IUEMS) models were used to assess the ecosystem (dis)services, which were tea production, water yield, soil retention, net primary productivity (NPP), climate regulation, soil erosion and carbon emissions. Then, the sum of trade-off/synergy coefficients of ESs (Cts) were defined to reveal the trade-off/synergy in tea gardens and areas except tea gardens (ETG areas). K-means clustering was used to assess the spatiotemporal change of traditional tea garden and ecological tea garden, reflecting the effect of ecological tea garden construction. The results showed that: (1) the high-value areas of tea production were mainly distributed in Lianjiang County, with yields up to 3.6 t/ha, and the low-value areas in Yongtai County, with yields from 0.1–1.0 t/ha. Other ESs showed spatial heterogeneity. (2) The trade-offs in ETG areas intensified from 2010 to 2020, with Cts decreasing from −0.28 to −0.73, and the synergy in tea garden was at risk of decline, with Cts decreasing from 4.46 to 1.02. (3) From 2010 to 2020, 96.72% of traditional tea gardens (Area I) were transformed into ecological tea gardens (Areas IV and V). (4) Further, we classified the tea garden into five zones based on tea yield, with Zone I as the low tea yield areas and Zone V as the highest. From Zone I to Zone V, the Cts increased from 2.6 to 7.5 in 2010, and from 1.9 to 6.5 in 2020, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the construction of ecological tea gardens in Fuzhou and provide a reference for subsequent studies on the ESs of tea gardens and governance of ecological tea gardens.
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Wu, Huan, Xiaofeng Long, and Yanfei Geng. "Companion Plants of Tea: From Ancient to Terrace to Forest." Plants 12, no. 17 (August 25, 2023): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12173061.
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China is one of the origins of ancient tea gardens, with a long history of tea culture and tea cultivation. Guizhou Province is an important tea production place in southwest China with rich forest tea resources. The purpose of this study is to obtain historical information on companion plants in historical tea gardens and provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of forest tea gardens in Guizhou Province. We conducted a statistical analysis and comparison of plant species among ancient tea gardens, terrace tea gardens, and forest tea gardens from a diachronic perspective, based on 21 ancient tea literature studies, 116 terrace tea garden documents, and 18 sampled plots of forest tea gardens in Guizhou. A total of 24 companion plants species belonging to 16 families and 22 genera were found in ancient tea gardens, 81 species were found in terrace tea gardens belonging to 37 families and 74 genera, and 232 species were found in sample plots of forest tea gardens belonging to 90 families and 178 genera. Companion plants can be divided into three categories. Most of the plant families recorded in the literature also appeared in the forest tea garden we surveyed. In ancient tea gardens, terrace tea gardens, and forest tea gardens, Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Rosaceae were the most dominant families, respectively. The intercropping of tea gardens has been practiced since ancient times. Companion plants in natural forest tea gardens not only provide important insights into intercropping of terrace gardens but also hold significant implications for the conservation of existing forest tea gardens and the sustainable development of tea gardens.
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Gu, Tao, Chenping Han, Mengmeng Zhao, Lin Zhang, Zhongju Yang, and Jian Zhang. "Is there any difference between the owners and the public in their visual impact assessments?——A case study of the front garden of multi-storey residential buildings." PLOS ONE 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): e0296519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296519.
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As a special garden unique to China, the front garden of multi-storey residential buildings has certain public attributes but is managed by a single owner. In this study, the front gardens of multi-storey residential buildings in Jiangsu province, China, were set as research object. Meanwhile, the size of garden, plant type, plant vertical structure, color number, plant coverage, and fence material were chosen as the landscape features to be explored. Then the experiments were conducted to reveal the visual impact assessment rendered by the public with different demographic attributes and the results obtained were analyzed. As is indicated by the statistical analysis, significant differences exist between the owners and the public in their visual impact assessments of the front gardens; the six landscape features are the main factors that influence the public’s visual impact assessment; and the public with different demographic attributes would render different visual impact assessments of front gardens. This study offers valuable help for the design of front gardens of multi-storey residential buildings.
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Liu, Yuyi, Chuanyin Liu, Qi Wang, Wei Zhou, and Xinru Zhao. "Research on Tang-Style Garden Color Characteristics and Application Strategy." Communications in Humanities Research 26, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/26/20232052.
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Garden colour plays an important role in creating spatial atmosphere, mood and regional landscape characteristics. At present, there are more studies on the colours of the existing Jiangnan gardens, while there are fewer studies on the colours of the Tang-style gardens built since modern times. In order to further explore the colour characteristics of Tang-style gardens, based on the natural colour system, the garden colours are divided into dynamic colours and static colours, and the colour characteristics of Tang-style gardens are initially explored, so as to further excavate the colour culture of Tang-style gardens, and to promote the protection of the colour culture of Tang-style gardens, in order to protect the traditional colours of the mood of the theme and the translations, and to inherit and promote the traditional use of colours in China.
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Stepanova, Jekaterina. "Travel records (游记 youji) for gardens as source for researching officials’ private lives in 11th-century China." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2007): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2007.2.3732.
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The Baltic International AcademyThis article deals with the 11th century travel records (youji) for the gardens in Luoyang. These texts were usually ordered by owners of gardens and were written by famous authors. According to youji materials, a Chinese garden can be presented as a part of nature, a source of pleasure, or a shelter for a hermit, so the article is divided into these three parts. Through the descriptions of gardens in youji, not only the craft of gardening, but also the way of life and private life of garden owners can be examined.
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Zhang, Rui, Yuwei Zhao, Jianlei Kong, Chen Cheng, Xinyan Liu, and Chang Zhang. "Intelligent Recognition Method of Decorative Openwork Windows with Sustainable Application for Suzhou Traditional Private Gardens in China." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158439.
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Decorative openwork windows (DO-Ws) in Suzhou traditional private gardens play a vital role in Chinese traditional garden art. Due to the delicate and elegant patterns, as well as their rich cultural meaning, DO-Ws have quite high protection and utilization value. In this study, we firstly visited 15 extant traditional gardens in Suzhou and took almost 3000 photos to establish the DO-W datasets. Then, we present an effective visual recognition method named CSV-Net to classify different DO-Ws’ patterns in Suzhou traditional gardens. On the basis of the backbone module of the cross stage partial network optimized with the Soft-VLAD architecture, the proposed CSV-Net achieves a preferable representation ability for distinguishing different DO-Ws in practical scenes. The comparative experimental results show that the CSV-Net model achieves a good balance between its performance, robustness and complexity for identifying DO-Ws, also having further potential for sustainable application in traditional gardens. Moreover, the Canglang Pavilion and the Humble Administrator’s Garden were selected as the cases to analyze the relation between identifying DO-W types and their locations in intelligent approaches, which further reveals the design rules of the sustainable culture contained in Chinese traditional gardens. This work ultimately promotes the sustainable application of artificial intelligence technology in the field of garden design and inheritance of the garden art.
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Jia, Jun. "Beijing Private Gardens: The Third Supplementary Study." Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism 3, no. 2 (April 11, 2022): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v3i2.64.
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As an important category of the classical garden system of China, private gardens in Beijing have a long and prosperous history. Based on the author’s previous studies, this article explores the topic further through textural research of twenty-six important gardens built in Beijing during the Ming (1368‒1644) and Qing (1644‒1911) dynasties, with the aim to extent the former analysis and provide additional information on garden layout and design.
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Ding, Yang, Olena Semykina, Andriy Mykhailenko, Olga Ushakova, and Oleksandr Khliupin. "Modern Chinese and Japanese garden as a symbol of national identity in the context of globalism." Landscape architecture and art 19, no. 19 (December 30, 2021): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.19.09.
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The article considers examples of modern gardens and parks with elements of Chinese and Japanese landscape design, analyzes the degree of their similarity with historic gardens. A comparative analysis of historic gardens and modern gardens and parks is carried out in order to prove which elements of traditional oriental landscape design are cited the most. A set of elements that embody national identity in modern Chinese and Japanese gardens is argued. It is shown how, over time, including under the direct influence of multiculturalism and in connection with the typification of pavilions for mass construction, the concentrated national features of eastern gardens were gradually smoothed out. As the most recognizable elements of modern Chinese gardens, pavilions, sculpture, compositions of stones, Japanese gardens – gates-torii, pagodas, compositions of boulders, "dry gardens", landscaping with sakura, coniferous trees, and Japanese maples were identified. Compared to Chinese gardens, in a modern Japanese garden outside of Japan there may be no buildings at all or their number is minimal, and the natural environment itself is more natural. On the contrary, the Chinese garden outside of China showcases the art of landscape design and the craftsmanship of man-made landscape paintings.
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Wang, Yunda, Qiguan Shu, Ming Chen, Xudounan Chen, Shiro Takeda, and Junhua Zhang. "Selection and Application of Quantitative Indicators of Paths Based on Graph Theory: A Case Study of Traditional Private and Antique Gardens in Beijing." Land 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 2304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122304.
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Chinese Traditional Gardens (CTGs) are an important part of China’s cultural inheritance from the past. Today’s China has experienced rapid urbanization, raising the need for a new form of contemporary gardens intended to satisfy peoples’ need for traditional culture. Garden paths are important in CTGs; they are designed to show visitors changing views with each step, and to lead them to secluded, quiet places via winding paths. This enhances the ornamental interest of the gardens. Based on plane graphics, this study evaluates the characteristics of three types of garden paths in fourteen traditional gardens and a contemporary antique garden, the Daguan Garden in Beijing. The analysis uses correlation and factor analysis to integrate 28 quantitative path indicators into five aspects of average, scale, network, wide, and aggregation. The 28 indicators can be expressed by six simple indicators: average connection length, number of path sections, alpha index, average width, average tortuous angle, and concentration degree. The results show small variations of garden paths between traditional gardens, but a considerable difference between the contemporary garden and traditional gardens. The research proposes a framework for the quantification and comparison of garden path features that can be applied before and after garden path construction, for both ancient and modern garden styles. This framework generates garden path feature values and theoretical values of six indicators, and is not constrained by the garden scale. Therefore, it provides an accurate and efficient design tool for garden designers.
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Guo, Li, Jiao Xu, Jing Li, and Zhanyuan Zhu. "Digital Preservation of Du Fu Thatched Cottage Memorial Garden." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021359.
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The Xishu Historical and Cultural Celebrity Memorial Gardens are representatives of southwestern regional gardens in China. Du Fu Thatched Cottage is one of the typical examples of these gardens, with exceptional memorial, historical, and cultural significance. However, compared to other gardens in China, few research has been conducted on their digital preservation and construction connotation. In this study, the digital model of Du Fu Thatched Cottage was obtained by terrestrial laser scanning and total station technology, and its memorial analysis and preservation were studied digitally. Using three levels of point, line, and surface analysis, we examined how to digitally deconstruct the commemorative elements of Du Fu Thatched Cottage that included the memorial theme, gardening components, and design philosophy of the garden space. The study revealed the memorial space core of the Historical and Cultural Celebrity Memorial Gardens in Xishu and proposed a strategy for building a digital preservation system. The research will help to digitally protect the Du Fu Thatched Cottage and analyze methods to memorialize other traditional gardens.
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Morris, Edwin F. "THE GARDENS OF CHINA." Landscape Journal 4, no. 1 (1985): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.4.1.56.
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Yang, Xiongwei, Xiaoxia Huang, Xing Hu, Xiaomao Cheng, and Yigui Luo. "Changes in Rhizosphere and Bulk Soil Microbial Communities of Tableland Tea Garden and Ancient Tea Plantation in Southwest China." Agronomy 14, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071388.
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Tea (Camellia sinensis L.), an important economic crop in China, is highly favored by the population. Microorganisms can help plants acquire soil nutrients and cope with various stresses, and the diversity and structural composition of the rhizosphere microbial community of tea plants are crucial for ensuring the growth and quality of tea leaves. Therefore, we studied the differences in soil nutrients, enzyme activities and microbial communities between two different tea gardens (a tableland tea garden and an ancient tea plantation) in different ecological niches (rhizosphere and bulk soil), as well as the impacts they experienced. The results show that the soil pH levels in the ancient tea plantation were within the optimal range (4.5–5.5), and both rhizosphere and bulk soil nutrients in the ancient tea plantation were higher than those in the tableland tea garden, except for TP; the nutrients in the rhizospheres of ancient tea trees were more abundant. Moreover, higher enzyme activities were observed in the rhizosphere soil than those in the bulk soil in both tea gardens, and both the tableland and ancient tea garden soils were subjected to a certain degree of C&N limitations. The microbial communities of the two tea gardens were dominated by bacteria, but the α-diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of the tableland tea garden was higher than that in the ancient tea plantation. The bacterial communities were largely dominated by Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota, and the fungal communities were largely dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota in the two tea gardens. The structure and composition of soil bacterial communities in the two tea gardens were similar, whereas significant differences were observed in the fungal communities. In addition, soil pH and SWC were the key factors influencing the fungal community in both the rhizosphere and bulk soil in the two tea gardens, whereas the bacterial community was more significantly affected by soil TN, NH4+-N, SWC and DON. These findings provide essential foundational information for the preservation of ancient tea plantations, the ecological adaptability of ancient tea trees and the management of tableland tea gardens.
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Li, Chuan, Lingling Chen, Huan Li, Zimei Miao, Rui Yang, Lei Chu, and Lingfeng Mao. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PLANTS ON RUNOFF REDUCTION AND SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVAL IN RAIN GARDENS." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 31, no. 1 (May 10, 2023): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2023.19016.
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This research conducted a series of experiments, determined that 40% is the optimal sand-soil ratio, built three rain gardens, and planted Ilex chinensis Sims and Cynodon dactylon as a key element in the rain gardens. Among them, rain garden A was planted with only Cynodon dactylon for a one-year observation period. Rain gardens B and C, designed as three-year rain gardens, were planted with Ilex chinensis Sims or Cynodon dactylon, respectively. The method of simulating rainwater runoff was used to monitor the rain gardens continuously. The results showed that the total runoff reduction rates of rain gardens A, B, and C were 43%, 53%, and 55%, respectively. The average removal rates of pollutant suspended solids in rain gardens A, B, and C were 94%, 88%, and 87%, respectively, and the suspended solids pollution load reduction rate reached 96%, 94%, and 95%, respectively. This would be significant for future work and as a reference for the selection of plants for rain gardens in China.
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Liu, Tian, Bingyi Mi, Hai Yan, Zhiyi Bao, Renwu Wu, and Shuhan Wang. "Spatiotemporal Distribution Analysis of Spatial Vitality of Specialized Garden Plant Landscapes during Spring: A Case Study of Hangzhou Botanical Garden in China." Forests 15, no. 1 (January 20, 2024): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010208.
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Specialized gardens, as integral components of botanical gardens, bear multiple functions, encompassing plant collection and conservation, scientific research, and public education, as well as serving aesthetic and recreational purposes. Their quality profoundly reflects the landscape artistry of botanical gardens, directly influencing the quality of visitors’ enjoyment and the overall experience within the botanical garden. This study aims to investigate the spatial vitality of specialized garden plant landscapes, effectively assessing the usage patterns of plant landscape spaces and promoting the optimal utilization of underutilized spaces. Taking Hangzhou Botanical Garden as a case study, considering the warming climate and suitable temperatures in spring, when most plants enter the flowering period and outdoor visitor frequency increases, the primary observational period focuses on spring to measure the spatial vitality of specialized garden plant landscapes. We obtained data through field measurements and on-site observations. Specifically, We measured and recorded information on plant species, quantity, height, crown width, and growth conditions within the plots. Additionally, we employed ground observations and fixed-point photography to document visitor numbers and activity types. We quantified spatial vitality through four indicators: visitor density, space usage intensity, diversity of age group, and richness of activity type. We explored the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of spatial vitality and investigated the relationship between plant landscape characteristics and spatial vitality using variance analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicate that, in spring, the average spatial vitality index of specialized gardens ranks from highest to lowest as follows: Lingfeng Tanmei (1.403), Rosaceae Garden (1.245), Acer and Rhododendron Garden (0.449), and Osmanthus and Crape Myrtle Garden (0.437). Additionally, the spatial vitality of specialized garden plant landscapes in spring is significantly positively correlated with the ornamental period of specialized plants, characteristics of plant viewing, accessible lawn area, spatial accessibility, and spatial enclosure. Therefore, to create vibrant specialized plant landscapes, managers and planners, when engaging in the planning and design of specialized garden plant landscapes, need to fully consider and respect the visual aesthetics and functional needs of visitors. This study will serve as a theoretical reference for subsequent research on the vitality of plant landscape spaces and other small-scale spaces. It will also provide practical guidance for the construction of plant landscapes in specialized gardens within botanical gardens and other urban green spaces.
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Li, Weiwen, and Chi Gao. "Research on Changsha Gardens in Ming Dynasty, China." Land 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2023): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030707.
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Despite the growing interest in Chinese gardens, there is a lack of research on Changsha Gardens. Through document retrieval, review, and map analysis, we reconstructed the Changsha Gardens during the Ming Dynasty. Our findings reveal that gardening flourished in Changsha during this period. The royal gardens, dominated by literati aesthetics, set the trend for development, while the landscaping techniques were influenced by Jiangnan Gardens. Private gardens placed more emphasis on artistic mood and cultural implications. Landscape architects incorporated towers, terraces, and suburban mountain gardening to borrow scenery. The use of spring water to create landscapes and the rectangular shapes of the water bodies reflected Neo-Confucianism and practical functions. Planting design focused on meaning over form, with landscapes used to commemorate sages and promote the farming and reading culture and other Confucian values. However, it relied too much on borrowing natural scenery and the pragmatism of the Hunan culture, which might have affected the progress of landscaping techniques and the development of Changsha Gardens. Changsha Gardens were not as skilled as Jiangnan Gardens, and the style was not as prominent as other regional schools of gardens. This might be the reason why Changsha Gardens have not become one of the regional schools of gardens in China.
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Yu, Weijia. "Concept and Practice of Traditional Garden Heritage Conservation: A Report of 2020 Asia-Pacific Region Historic Buildings Protection and Restoration Technologies Senior Talent Seminar." Journal of Chinese Architecture and Urbanism 3, no. 2 (October 21, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/jcau.v3i2.220.
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In December 2020, the WHITRAP-Suzhou Branch jointed Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University that successfully held a 9-day “2020 Asia-Pacific Region Historic Buildings Protection and Restoration Technologies Senior Talent Seminar and Yangtze River Delta Region Classical Gardens Talent Seminar.” During the event, Chinese professors and overseas scholars gave a series of academic lectures in the on-off line interactive way to 30 trainees from all over China. Furthermore, through the field inspections and in-depth on-site workshops in classical Suzhou Gardens, the participants discussed the garden historiography and the meaning of landscape painting in the gardens, and summarized the skills and principles for rockery-making in the gardens. Moreover, the participants also presented the principles for garden heritage conservation. The Internet-of-Things-based method was introduced as an effective tool for monitoring the health of classical gardens. Although this training course was during the prevention and control of the COVID-19 Pandemic, it still demonstrated the promotion of the Yangtze River Delta region in heritage conservation, and provided a reference to the heritage training, promoting the Suzhou Gardens history research, and the interaction between historical research and heritage value.
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Ivashko, Yulia, Peng Chang, Polina Zueva, Yang Ding, and Tetiana Kuzmenko. "Continuity of traditions and innovation in modern landscape design in China." Landscape architecture and art 18 (October 7, 2021): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.10.
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The article analyzes the features of traditional Chinese landscape design and its impact on the landscape design of modern Chinese parks. The purpose of the article is to compare the historical gardens and modern parks of China in order to determine the continuity and at the same time the features of innovation. The main difference between historical gardens and modern parks is emphasized: historical gardens were aimed at creating a calm, serene atmosphere of contemplation of nature; modern parks often combine traditional landscape techniques and the function of entertainment. The main historical landscape techniques provided for the presence of a lake and artificial mountains as symbols of immortality, a constant change of views, contemplation of the landscape through the opening as a picture in a frame, the inclusion of a small garden in the large, partitioning the space with "green screens". Modern parks in China still inherit these techniques in general: they have reservoirs, a lot of greenery, park pavilions, but there are already views from distant points, the parks are surrounded by a wall of skyscrapers, entertaining attractions have appeared in them, and in the evenings they are illuminated with bright illumination. Despite their attractiveness and modernity, the atmosphere of the Chinese garden has changed from a secluded personal to a public character, as can be seen in the examples of modern parks in Xi'an and Hong Kong.
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Ding, Xiaoying, Yukun Zhang, Jie Zheng, and Xiaopeng Yue. "Design and Social Factors Affecting the Formation of Social Capital in Chinese Community Garden." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 10644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410644.
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In recent years, community gardens are becoming more and more popular in China. However, the role of these community gardens varies significantly: some community gardens serve as an effective means of promoting social capital, while others cause social contradictions and public doubts due to the lack of professional design and management. Therefore, this paper aims to learn and better understand what factors affect the formation of social capital in Chinese community gardens. It screened eleven design factors and seven social factors and made social capital scale through literature review and expert workshop. On this basis, this study selected 35 community gardens in China as sample spaces, and collected 1257 questionnaires about the perception for social capital of gardeners through survey. In the statistical analysis phase, factor analysis and regression analysis were applied to analyze the role and the relative importance of different factors and social capital. Results show that the integration with green infrastructure, accessibility, size, visual openness, planting form, proportion of unproductive landscape, agricultural infrastructure, and smart infrastructure have significant impacts on social capital level. Meanwhile, the types of stakeholders, management rules, supervision system, self-management team, and operational activities have similar impacts on social capital level. This study recommends that planners and designers should adjust the above related factors in community garden design, and local government is urged to integrate community gardens into urban plans and public policies.
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Li, Wen, Wei Duan, and Qu Shi. "Song Dynasty Garden Art and its Inspiration on the Modern Urban Landscape." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 2206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2206.
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Chinese garden art originates from Shang and Zhou Dynasties,drives to maturity in Song Dynasty nurtured by the renovation and development of Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang, Northern and Southern Dynasties. Affected by the situation of valuing literary talent above martial arts, Song Dynasty garden art made a great progress in the aspect of thinking, architecture, plants, rockery and layout of waters, the interests and artistic of paintings and poems became the most notable characteristic of gardens built in Song dynasty. Its space principle and aesthetics taste are totally different from the western gardens, which have a lot of features worthy to be learned and used in modern garden and urban designing of China.
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Guo, Chao, Jiake Li, Huaien Li, Bei Zhang, Menghua Ma, and Fan Li. "Seven-Year Running Effect Evaluation and Fate Analysis of Rain Gardens in Xi’an, Northwest China." Water 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2018): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10070944.
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Rain gardens have recently been studied as important low-impact development (LID) facilities that play a critical role in runoff volume reduction and pollutant purification. Approximately 16–40 rainfall events were monitored from March 2011 to October 2017 in order to determine the running effect of three rain gardens with respect to runoff volume reduction and pollutant purification. In particular, running fate analysis of rain gardens is the key focus in this study. Combined analyses revealed three key points. Firstly, performance assessment demonstrated that rain gardens effectively cut inflow volumes through the filter media; when the confluence area ratio was 6:1–20:1 (confluence ratio = roof area or road/garden area) and the rainfall was approximately 2.8–39.9 mm, the runoff volume reduction rate ranged from 9.8% to 100.0%. However, the average annual runoff reduction rate presented an initially increasing and then gradually decreasing trend with monitoring time. Secondly, according to water quality data in 54 rainfall events, the annual average concentration removal rate of NH4+-N was relatively good, but generally decreased with monitoring time. The concentration removal rate of NO3−-N and total phosphorus (TP) is unstable; however, the removal rate of total suspended solids (TSS) is better than that of total nitrogen (TN). Combined with runoff reduction, the pollutant load reduction by rain gardens is greater than 50%, although this decreases with increasing monitoring time. Thirdly, through the study of 7-year running effect on runoff reduction and pollutant purification, the “three-stage purification (TSP) concept” (periods of purification growth, stability, and attenuation) with respect to pollutant load reduction processes was finally proposed, and a curve chart was drawn for pollutant load reduction and rain garden operating fate (the “P–F” curve chart).
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Schulz, S., N. Dong, and S. Zhang. "GIS-based Digital Applications on Maintenance and Preservation for traditional Chinese Gardens." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W7 (August 13, 2015): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w7-371-2015.
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This paper will set a comparison of current digital database models in China and its successful-proven predecessors in Germany. It will analyse applied tools, structures, targets, and results to identify the potentials and conditions for digital registers specifically aimed at Traditional Chinese Gardens. The challenges of data collection, database maintenance and regular updating, user handling, as well as analysis performance and evaluation will be discussed. A focus will be set on heritage-related attributes as one of the main purposes of the database. By using best-practice examples of German database systems, the paper aims on both identifying the required key attributes for traditional Chinese Garden management and developing a new guideline for digitally-supported heritage preservation and protective maintenance in traditional Chinese Gardens in China.
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Liu, Wenhui, Hong Zhang, and Jiaxin Ni. "“Stepping Stones” in Urban Greenways: Design Strategy of Roof Garden in Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, China." Academic Research Community publication 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v4i1.699.
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This paper focuses on the design strategy of roof gardens, analyzes the relationship between aerial greening from the overall shape of urban space, and discusses the greening spots effect of “stepping stones” in urban greenways. Taking the green corrider between the green space of the Yangtze River wetland and the green space of the Laoshan Mountain as a sample, the roof garden is analyzed as the impact of the stepping stones of the birds on the urban space shape control and height control. Afterwards, it researches the modular technology which can be adapted to building various types of roof gardens.
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Chen, Siyu, Ying Chang, Jack S. Benton, Bing Chen, Hongchen Hu, and Jing Lu. "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health-Related Behaviours in Community Gardens in China: An Evaluation of a Natural Experiment." Land 13, no. 7 (July 12, 2024): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13071047.
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There is little robust quantitative evidence on how community gardens impact on physical activity and other health-related behaviours. This natural experiment study aimed to examine the effects of a community garden within a Chinese neighbourhood on health-related behaviours during the COVID-19 epidemic. The study design was a repeat cross-sectional pre–post study, assessing differences between the non-epidemic period and epidemic period. Camera-based systematic observations were conducted at two locations within a community garden. A total of 180 h of video recordings were collected and coded by two researchers during a “non-epidemic” period when there were no COVID-19 restrictions (120 h) and the “epidemic” when COVID-19 restrictions were implemented (60 h). Observations of these video recordings assessed the total number of users, physical activities (Sedentary, Walking, Vigorous), social interactions (Connect), and people taking notice of the environment (Take Notice), followed by a breakdown of observed gender and age group. Data were analysed using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, comparing outcomes during the epidemic period and non-epidemic period. Results showed a significant increase in total number of users during the epidemic, particularly in females, older adults and children. Sedentary and moderate physical activities were significantly higher during the epidemic period. The increase in the total number of users of the community garden during the 2022 epidemic outbreak in Suzhou shows the importance of community gardens as a primary space for outdoor activities. This robust natural experiment study demonstrated that the community garden contributed more to physical activity, such as walking, but less to interactions between people (connecting) or people–place interactions (taking notice of the environment). More natural experiment research on community gardens like this is needed to better understand how the health and well-being benefits of community gardens can be maximized.
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Yun, Jiayan, and Huiyuan Liu. "Spatial Syntax Analysis of the Evolution of the Water System and Garden Distribution Relationship in Suzhou: 13th–20th Centuries." Buildings 13, no. 7 (July 4, 2023): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071703.
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In the present study, we used the axis model in the spatial syntax approach to analyze the evolution of the water system in Suzhou, China, from the 13th to the 20th centuries and its relationship with the distribution of gardens in the city. The distribution of the authoritative mainstream gardens appeared to be directly affected by the water system, and the gardens located in the areas with high water integration in each period were well preserved. From the 13th to the 17th centuries, gardens in areas with high water integration were all owned by the government and the class with social authority. This was consistent with the patterns for the hierarchical distribution of traditional urban space in China. However, in the 19th century, the gardens in areas with high water integration were owned by the class with social authority and the merchant class, reflecting characteristics different from the traditional pattern. The temple gardens in commercial areas with high water system integration were well preserved. Given the disruption of the surrounding water system, their original isolation from the water system was averted, turning them into public areas for social and public activities. In the 13th and 17th centuries, gardens located in areas with high and low water system integration took advantage of the surrounding water systems for landscaping, demonstrating the gardening principle according to local conditions. However, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the water system decreased sharply in many areas, and gardens built in areas with high water system integration were no longer thus situated. Traditional techniques for diverting water into gardens gradually disappeared. This study revealed that the preservation of gardens in Suzhou was largely due to the pattern of their distribution in the urban structure, and the gardens preserved to date have benefited from their location relative to the urban spatial structure of the 19th century. Private gardens, which embody the elegant taste of the literati, strongly resisted the aesthetic invasion from commercialization, however, and were also developed and preserved. Their social and spatial attributes were transformed by commercialization, presenting a contradictory yet complementary relationship between traditional garden culture and commercial development in Suzhou.
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Szkup, Roman. "Allotment Gardens (AG) in the days of the covid-19 pandemic. The case of “Żeromskiego” AG in Łask-Kolumna and “Wolinka” AG in Zduńska Wola (Poland)." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 10, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2020.4.06.
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Family Allotment Gardens (AG) are a place of rest and recreation for residents of mainly large cities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which started in China in January 2020, launched a major crisis affecting various types of human activity, including tourism and hospitality, and limited travel opportunities. For many people, especially the poorer and professionally inactive ones (including retirees and pensioners), activities on plots of Family Allotment Gardens have become the only form of active recreation. On November 5, 2020, on the official website of the international organization Office International du Coin de Terre et des Jardins Familiaux, operating since 1926, representing national organizations and associations of gardeners from 14 European countries, the following information was published: “The pandemic has confirmed it: allotment gardens are more important than ever”. This article is an attempt to verify this thesis by answering the question: If and to what extent did the COVID-19 pandemic influence the behavior and recreation of allotment garden users? This was verified by a questionnaire survey conducted among users of two gardens located in the western part of the suburban area of Łódź. The analysis showed that the COVID-19 pandemic affected the behavior and rest of allotment garden users; however, the impact in the case of the studied gardens was not as large as could be expected.
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Jia, Han, and Huijun Wang. "A Comparative Study of Chinese and Western Garden Culture: From the Perspective of Garden Elements." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 27 (March 5, 2024): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/pvvk3w80.
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Gardens refer to natural environments and places where people play through certain artistic design methods. There are completely different concepts and expressions in gardening methods between China and the West. This article mainly conducts an in-depth comparative study of Chinese and Western garden culture from the perspective of garden elements. The article first outlines the development process of Chinese and Western garden culture and analyzes the influence of multiple factors such as historical development and ideological culture on its style formation. Then, by comparing and analyzing the landscape elements of Chinese and Western gardens, the article reveals the differences and characteristics between the two in design concepts, spatial layout, artistic decoration, and other aspects. Finally, based on existing literature, the article summarizes the phenomenon of the integration of Chinese and Western garden cultures and explores the trend of how Chinese and Western garden cultures can learn from each other, integrate, and innovate in the context of globalization.
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Fu, F., J. Zhang, F. Shen, and C. Zhao. "THE MULTI-TECH PROTECTIVE MONITORING OF THE LION FOREST GARDEN STONY ARTIFICIAL HILLS (SUZHOU, CHINA)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-335-2020.
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Abstract. The Lion Forest Garden was originally built in 1342, during Yuan Dynasty, and became one of the most famous gardens in Suzhou. In 2000, it was inscribed in the World Heritage List as an extensive property of the Classical Gardens of Suzhou. The Lion Forest Garden is famous for its stony artificial hills covering more than 4,000 square meters, which were continually built during Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty. However, as a long time passed, stony artificial hills appear damaged showing stone cracking - which could be seen in many places-, gaping, weathering, water erosion, and subsidence. Besides, a new underground line will pass through the road west to the Garden. In 2018 and 2019, the Landscape Architecture Engineering Lab of the Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture collaborated with the Lion Forest Garden Administration on a research to define the strategy to monitor these stony artificial hills. Multiple technologies were used, such as 3D Scanning, Ultrasonic Testing, Side-Scan Sonar, sensors, and so forth. During the monitoring, some technologies worked well while others did not. The paper, based on the mentioned research, will discuss the strategy and technologies used in monitoring historical rockeries, describe the procedure, analyse the outcomes, and find out the reasons causing the unsuccess of some technologies.
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Fekete, Albert, and Peter Gyori. "Chinese pavilions in the early landscape gardens of Europe." Landscape architecture and art 18 (October 7, 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.08.
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The image of China perceived by the Europeans in the 17th to 18th century was based on the travelogues of the travellers and missionaries. Despite the fact that the first descriptions did not include any pictures of the world, people and landscapes described, the far exotic country with its history and tangible heritage became very popular. This article deals with Chinese pavilions (pagodas, teahouses) built in the early European landscape gardens before 1750 without any architectural plans, using only sketches based on descriptions and travelogues, since in the first half of the 18th century, no relevant technical guidance was available yet. The structures reviewed started to be used frequently in European gardens and public parks from 1750’s, having an inevitable influence on the garden pavilions built from the second half of the 18th century, and indirectly to the image and character of some influential gardens in European context. Moreover, through their craggy appearance, the Chinese pavilions – as eye catchers – played an accentuated compositional and spatial role too in the European garden history.
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Chen, Guoqi, Bin Zhang, Qiong Wu, Linhong Jin, Zhuo Chen, and Xiaofeng Tan. "Group characteristics of tea growers relative to weed management: a case study in southwestern China." Weed Technology 33, no. 6 (August 22, 2019): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.67.
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AbstractFarmer training is important to improve weed management practices in tea cultivation. To explore the group characteristics of tea growers, we interviewed 354 growers in Guizhou Province, China. Sixty-one percent of the respondents planted tea for companies or cooperative groups, and 56% managed tea gardens larger than 10 ha. Self-employed tea growers tended to be older and smallholders, and to apply herbicides and conduct weed control less frequently (P < 0.05). Approximately 87% of the respondents conducted weed control two to four times yr−1, 83% spent between $200 and $2,000 ha−1 yr−1 for weed control, and 42% thought weed control costs would decrease by 5 years from this study. Twenty-eight species were mentioned by the respondents as being the most serious. According to canonical correspondence analysis, latitude, altitude, being self-employed or a member of a cooperative, having training experience in tea-garden weed management, and frequency and cost of weed control in tea gardens had significant (P < 0.05) influence on the composition of most troublesome weed species listed by respondents. Among the respondents, 60% had had farmer’s training on weed management in tea gardens. Of these, a significant number (P < 0.05) tended to think weed control costs would decrease, and a nonsignificant number (P > 0.05) tended to conduct weed control more frequently and have lower weed management costs in their tea gardens.
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Shevchenko, Marianna. "PRINCIPAL DESIGN TECHNIQUES OF RECONCILIATION OF ARCHITECTURE AND NATURE IN CHINESE GARDENS OF SUZHOU." Биосферная совместимость: человек, регион, технологии, no. 1(25) (September 1, 2019): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/23-11-1518-2019-25-1-14-28.
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Park and garden design of China initially had relatively few strict limitations and rules and there was a great deal of room for creativity. However study of gardens of Suzhou makes it possible to distinguish some basic compositional design features. Those features are: zoning of the park space; designing of routs for visi-tors; creation of contrast and background both in large landscape zones and in small-scale objects; “land-scape borrowing”; use of depth and succession of landscape views. A major challenge for the architect is creation of complex, multi-layered space, where walking routes between the compositional dominants play a significant role. The use of these design features visually extends the garden space, gives the visitor choice between several routes and enriches content of the garden. Besides, several main design objects can be dis-tinguished, such as: large and small water bodies; artificial mountains and stone groups; garden structures, including pavilions, terraces, towers and galleries; decorations and vegetation. Individual design objects and in particular the architectural structures allow us to elaborate the garden space in more detail. Chinese park is inconceivable without the synthesis between the nature and architecture. The acquisition of basic compositional design features allow us not only to better understand the organization of private gardens in China, but also to use them in own design practice.
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Koh, Jusuck. "THE GARDEN ART OF CHINA and GARDENS OF LONGEVITY IN CHINA AND JAPAN: THE ART OF THE STONE RAISERS and LANDSCAPE DESIGN IN CHINESE GARDENS." Landscape Journal 8, no. 1 (1989): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.8.1.70.
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Guo, Chao, Jiake Li, Huaien Li, and Yajiao Li. "Influences of stormwater concentration infiltration on the heavy metal contents of soil in rain gardens." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 5 (March 1, 2020): 1039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.189.
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Abstract Many studies have been conducted on water volume reduction and pollutants purification of rain gardens. However, the pollutant variations in rain gardens are rarely explored. Seven soil sampling events were conducted from April 2017 to February 2019 to investigate the influences of stormwater concentration infiltration on soil heavy metals in two rain gardens. The results show that: (1) Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in rain garden soil are greater than those of the control soil. They vary with seasons and are trapped in the top layer of 0–30 cm; (2) Cu, Zn, and Pb exist as iron–manganese oxide combined form (S3), organic bound (S4) and residual forms (S5). However, Cd exists in exchangeable (S1) and carbonate bound (S2) forms, whereas Cr is in the S2, S3, and S4 forms. (3) According to the Soil Environmental Quality Standard in China, rain gardens, running for 8–9 years, are relatively clean and, within level II. However, compared with the background content of Shaanxi Province and the world, they are moderately or even heavily polluted by Cd and Zn and slightly polluted by Cu. It indicates that rain gardens have the risk of heavy metal pollution from stormwater concentration infiltration.
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Kularathnage, Nuwan D., Indunil C. Senanayake, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Mingkwan Doilom, Steven L. Stephenson, Jiage Song, Wei Dong, and Biao Xu. "Plant-Associated Novel Didymellaceous Taxa in the South China Botanical Garden (Guangzhou, China)." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 2 (January 29, 2023): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9020182.
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The South China Botanical Garden (SCBG), one of the largest and oldest botanical gardens in China, conserves important plant germplasms of endangered species. Therefore, ensuring tree health and studying the associated mycobiome of the phyllosphere is essential to maintaining its visual aesthetics. During a survey of plant-associated microfungal species in SCBG, we collected several coelomycetous taxa. Phylogenetic relationships were evaluated based on the analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2, and β-tubulin loci. The morphological features of the new collections were compared with those of existing species, emphasizing close phylogenetic affinities. Based on the morphological comparisons and multi-locus phylogeny, we introduce three new species. These are Ectophoma phoenicis sp. nov., Remotididymella fici-microcarpae sp. nov., and Stagonosporopsis pedicularis-striatae sp. nov. In addition, we describe a new host record for Allophoma tropica in the Didymellaceae. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are provided along with notes comparing allied species.
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Guanglong, Bao, and Gao Qian. "Correlation Analysis between the Emotion and Aesthetics for Chinese Classical Garden Design Based on Deep Transfer Learning." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (July 9, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1828782.
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Garden design with healthy psychological characteristics is a design method that mines positive psychological expressions and converts them into garden design elements. Chinese classical gardens are cultural heritage of China. Studying the beauty of space in classical gardens is of great significance to inheriting traditional culture, traditional art, and traditional aesthetics. At present, the research hotspots of garden design with healthy psychological characteristics mainly focus on the construction of relevant research theories and methods with the help of various intelligent tools. In this study, we propose a deep learning-based end-to-end model to recognize the positive psychological design of a Chinese classical garden. The model is designed based on Inception V3 that is proposed by Google. The innovation lies in that transfer learning which is integrated into Inception V3 to improve the generalization ability. Also, it is not necessary to encode the characteristics of the garden design style due to the end-to-end structure used in our proposed model. We design a positive psychological characteristics classification task to recognize high aesthetic feeling and low aesthetic feeling of rockery design. Experimental results indicate that our proposed model wins the best performance compared with other comparison models.
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Meyer, Paul W. "The Return to China, Mother of Gardens." Arnoldia 68, no. 2 (2010): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.251547.
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Ren, Jing, and Ming fang Tang. "Study on the Cooling Effect of Window Gardens." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 24009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017224009.
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Window gardens are known to provide a window view with psychological and physiological benefits, whether they can be used for passive cooling of buildings remains to be investigated. This paper aims to supplement the impact of window gardens on the thermal performance of windows, walls, and even indoor air temperatures, which previous research has ignored. A field experiment was conducted for two classrooms with integrated planting troughs outside the windows, with and without living plants. The indoor air temperature and the interior surface temperature of the two classrooms were measured on a typical hot summer day, with windows closed and air conditioners switched off. The results show that: Window garden with living plants can not only reduce the average temperature of the indoor air by 1.1 ℃, but also reduce the average temperature of the interior surface of the building envelope by 2.8 ℃, the reduction of interior surface temperature is more obvious, which is due to the formation of a cold bridge. Therefore, Window garden can improve the summer indoor thermal environment in hot summer and warm winter area in China.
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Qi, Zhang, and Zegiimaa Ch. "Investigation on the Application of Spring Plants and Landscape Evaluation in Changsha Area." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 12, no. 3 (January 16, 2024): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/axy50ybu.
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With the slogan of "Beautiful China" put forward by the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, more and more people now choose to take wedding photos outdoors, hold weddings outdoors, and celebrate wedding anniversaries outdoors. In addition to having good quality photos, taking wedding photos outdoors requires In addition to the framing building, the plant landscape created by plants that matches the atmosphere of the wedding garden is also indispensable. However, most wedding gardens in China almost rely on architecture to create a theme atmosphere, while ignoring the role of the landscape created by plants in the theme of the entire wedding garden. This article takes Liuyang River Wedding Cultural Park in Changsha City as an example, analyzes the types and ecological characteristics of garden plants in Liuyang River Wedding Garden, and summarizes the experience in the growth, management and garden application of various garden plants. Then, on this basis, we analyze and summarize the existing problems in the application of garden plants in Liuyang River Wedding Cultural Garden, and point out corresponding measures and approaches to provide guidance for similar types of landscaping.
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Liu, Laiyi. "Healing Gardens from the Perspective of Oriental Gardens Therapeutic Landscapes." Advances in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2024): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7080/4/2024018.
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Healing gardens, originating from developed Western countries such as the United States, play a crucial role in enhancing both physiological and psychological well-being, as well as rehabilitation. Classical Chinese gardens inherently embody profound elements conducive to health, yet unlike Western Healing gardens, they have not formed a scientific research system. This paper delves into the literature and imagery to comprehensively understand the therapeutic concepts embedded in traditional Chinese gardens. Building upon the existing Western frameworks and the foundation of Chinese culture, it constructs a relatively comprehensive perspective of Healing gardens from the standpoint of Oriental gardens. Furthermore, the paper summarizes and anticipates the research on Healing gardens in China within this context.
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Kou, Huaiyun, Sichu Zhang, and Yuelai Liu. "Community-Engaged Research for the Promotion of Healthy Urban Environments: A Case Study of Community Garden Initiative in Shanghai, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214145.
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The importance of community gardens in a healthy urban environment has been extensively documented, while the garden building involving communities has not been much explored in fast-developing cities. This study examines community engagement in garden building activities in a rapid urbanization context, aiming to explore the application of community-engaged research methods for the promotion of neighbourhood environments. The Community Garden Initiative consisting of an array of progressive actions is formulated by the research team, featuring a process of increasing involvement of community members and decreasing intensity of external interventions. These activities have been launched based on community-university partnerships in Shanghai since 2014, synchronising with a transformation of urban regeneration paradigm in China where people-oriented approaches are more emphasized. Five actions covering 70 community gardens are analysed through surveys on participants’ attitudes and perceptions towards the activities. The results of the study presented people’s rapid acceptance of participation in public affairs, reflected possible measures to promote public participation, and confirmed the positive impacts of the garden building on the neighbourhood environmental health as well as on the community-building. Taking into account that residents generally lack the consciousness and capacities required to implement actions at the initial stage of community engagement, we proposed in the conclusion to start with external interventions and capacity buildings carried out by professionals as a supplement to the ‘community-driven’ principle of CBPR methods.
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Liu, Chengyang. "Research on age-friendly garden design in China based on the case study of WANSHOU Park." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128302007.
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The rate of population aging has reached a high level in China that age-friendly design should be concerned when designing gardens in urban place. Although the generation-skipping guardianship phenomenon always exists in present situation of elderly people in China that grandchildren are taken with the elderly and are involved in their daily activities in most family, the needs of children are neglected in urban garden design. The paper generalized guidelines of age-friendly garden design according to LEED, Chinese garden design standard, and the guideline of global age-friendly cities in Europe. Childrenfriendliness have also been included based on the above-mentioned new guidelines. 29 reports have been collected in the case study of WANSHOU Park which can be characterized as an age-friendly garden involving basic information and scoring records on its environment and facilities. Through the increasement of children-friendly features and installments in the park, the design will have great potential to deal with aging problems.
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Yu, Xiaohui, and Xiang Wang. "A Brief Analysis of the Influence of Mountain and Water Elements in Chinese Classical Gardens on the 18th Century British Natural Landscape Gardens." Journal of World Architecture 5, no. 3 (June 8, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v5i3.2177.
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In the 18th century, British gardens began to transform from a classical to a natural landscape style. During this period, they were influenced by the economy, local nature, as well as foreign cultures. The 18th century was the golden period of cultural exchange between China and the West which gave Britain the opportunity to absorb the cultures of Chinese classical gardens. British gardeners had used various elements of Chinese classical gardens as their point of reference which promoted the development of British natural landscape gardens.
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Zhai, L. "Cultural Consumption of the Overseas Chinese Garden in the Process of Cross-cultural Communication." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W7 (August 13, 2015): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w7-483-2015.
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When referring to the tangible cultural heritage, people tend to concern more about the conservation and research of the entity of the tangible heritage than the cross-cultural communication of the cultural heritage which is also one of the most important components of the preservation of the cultural heritage. As an exotic new born of the cultural heritage, the entity born from the cross-cultural communication inherits the properties of the cultural heritage on the one hand, and on the other hand generates diversities as a result of the differences based on social, cultural and environment. And the business model is one of the most important reasons for the production of diversities. There’s no doubt that a good form of business model makes great significance to the cross-cultural communication. Therefore, the study of the business model of cultural heritage in the process of cross-cultural communication will not only contributes to the deeper understanding towards the phenomenon of the cultural heritage’s cross-cultural communication, but also leads to the introspection to the tangible cultural heritage itself. In this way, a new kind of conservative notion could take form, and the goal of protecting cultural heritage could be achieved. Thus the Chinese Garden is a typical representation of the cultural heritage which makes great sense in the cross-cultural communication. <br><br> As a kind of tangible cultural heritage, the Chinese gardens are well preserved in different regions in China. While the spirits of the Chinese garden carry forward through the construction of the Chinese gardens abroad during the cross-cultural communication. As a new kind of form of the cross-cultural communication of the cultural heritage, on the one hand, the Chinese gardens overseas built ever since China's Reform and Opening express creatively of the materialist and the spirituality of the traditional Chinese Garden, and on the other hand, those Chinese gardens overseas face all kinds of tough issued such as investment, business model and management. The exploration of the reasons for these tough issues makes a great sense of the study towards the cross-cultural communication and preservation of the cultural heritage. <br><br> In this paper, the development of the whole overseas gardens and the cultural consumption of the Chinese gardens in Europe is generalized, then two typical cases are selected from those two categories mentioned above. By way of field study and interviews, it shows different strategies towards cultural consumption and provides constructive advice for the survival and development of overseas Chinese gardens.
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Tan, Rui, Guokun Chen, Bohui Tang, Yizhong Huang, Xianguang Ma, Zicheng Liu, and Junxin Feng. "Landscape Pattern of Sloping Garden Erosion Based on CSLE and Multi-Source Satellite Imagery in Tropical Xishuangbanna, Southwest China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 23 (December 3, 2023): 5613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15235613.
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Inappropriate soil management accelerates soil erosion and thus poses a serious threat to food security and biodiversity. Due to poor data availability and fragmented terrain, the landscape pattern of garden erosion in tropical Xishuangbanna is not clear. In this study, by integrating multi-source satellite imagery, field investigation and visual interpretation, we realized high-resolution mapping of gardens and soil conservation measures at the landscape scale. The Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) model was then performed to estimate the garden erosion rates and to identify critical erosion-prone areas; the landscape pattern of soil erosion was further discussed. Results showed the following: (1) For the three major plantations, teas have the largest degree of fragmentation and orchards suffer the highest soil erosion rate, while rubbers show the largest patch area, aggregation degree and soil erosion ratio. (2) The average garden erosion rate is 1595.08 t·km−2a−1, resulting in an annual soil loss of 9.73 × 106 t. Soil erosion is more susceptible to elevation and vegetation cover rather than the slope gradient. Meanwhile, irreversible erosion rates only occur in gardens with fraction vegetation coverage (FVC) lower than 30%, and they contribute 68.19% of total soil loss with the smallest land portion, indicating that new plantations are suffering serious erosion problems. (3) Garden patches with high erosion intensity grades and aggregation indexes should be recognized as priorities for centralized treatment. For elevations near 1900 m and lowlands (<950 m), the decrease in the fractal dimension index of erosion-prone areas indicates that patches are more regular and aggregated, suggesting a more optimistic conservation situation.
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Wang, Ren. "Plant landscape planning and design of Nanshan Botanical Garden (China) based on forest ecological garden." Forestry Studies 68, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fsmu-2018-0002.
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Abstract In recent years, with the rapid development of human civilization, a variety of environmental problems have emerged. As the most important natural ecological system of terrestrial ecosystems, forest ecosystem plays a significant role in protecting the environment and beautifying cities. The landscape planning and design of botanical gardens is of great significance to the maintenance of the urban forest ecosystem. Taking the Nanshan botanical garden as the research object, this paper analysed the present situation of the garden and carried out the vegetation landscape planning transformation on it from the perspective of landscape ecology. Then, the landscape hierarchy analysis method was used to evaluate the landscape after the transformation, the results of which suggested that the comprehensive evaluation of the garden was the highest when the plant landscape was diversified and the structure level was reasonable, which provided a reference for the optimization of the urban forest ecosystem.
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Lu, Danning. "Cultivating Vibrant Gardens in Urban Communities: Success Factors of Community Gardens in Beijing and Shanghai." Journal for Undergraduate Ethnography 12, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/jue.v12i2.11413.
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Community gardens have emerged as community development initiatives with proven environmental, social, and public health benefits. While many studies evaluate the benefits of community gardens, fewer studies evaluate the success and failure of gardens, especially in China. This research uses four case studies of state-sponsored community gardens in Beijing and Shanghai to analyze social and organizational factors that help and hinder the success of community gardens. Factors impacting success are multi-faceted and interactive, and relations between residents and local government staff determine success throughout different development stages. In the design stage, the involvement of residents and their vision are important to success. In the maintenance stage, the leadership of key actors, including Residents’ Committee staff and volunteers, residents’ preparedness for self-governance, and external recognition are the most significant factors. The findings corroborate literature on factors of community gardens’ success while contributing new insights about the organization and governance of community gardens in the context of a top-down political system.
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Zhang, Tiantian, and Zefeng Lian. "Research on the Distribution and Scale Evolution of Suzhou Gardens under the Urbanization Process from the Tang to the Qing Dynasty." Land 10, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030281.
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Suzhou city was the cultural centre of ancient south China. It continues the urban pattern of more than 800 years ago. Suzhou gardens are the essence of Chinese gardening art, as well as the valuable world cultural heritage site. This paper compared the evolution in the distribution and scale of Suzhou gardens among five historical periods, and discussed the influence of urbanization on gardening. It revealed that: (1) The distribution of Suzhou gardens was affected by the layout and changes of the political centre and commercial centre of Suzhou city; (2) The scale of Suzhou gardens was mainly affected by the available land scale within the city and the wealth of its owner; (3) The cityscape of ‘half city occupied by gardens’ was largely resulted from the rapidly increasing number of small courtyard gardens in the Qing Dynasty; (4) The evolution of Suzhou gardens’ distribution and scale affected interior layouts. The evolution and social development of ancient cities can affect the distribution and scale of gardens. At the same time, the popularization of gardening art also optimizes the cityscape.
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Wen, Cai. "A Study on the Value of Green, Low Carbon and Environmentally Friendly Materials in Modern Gardens." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 17, no. 4 (August 1, 2023): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2023.2293.
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With the continued development of the modern economy, China has made great achievements in urbanisation. However, while China’s economic progress has been effective, it has also advocated the construction of green cities and the application of green materials in modern garden construction to build a livable life for people. In order to promote the use of natural green materials, materials should be planned well in modern garden construction. On the basis of making full use of these green materials, garden design is optimised with the help of natural green materials. This study analyses the current situation of the development of the urbanised garden industry, makes good site planning and design of modern gardens, applies natural green plants in urbanised construction, and increases the application rate of green, low-carbon and environmentally friendly materials in modern garden construction. The study provides a reference for the full use of green, low-carbon and environmentally friendly materials in modern garden construction to enhance the level of garden design.
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Zhu, Yirui, Sang-Hae Lee, and Kyung-Ran Choi. "Analysis of the Space and Design of Chinese, Japanese and Korean Academy Gardens." Land 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091474.
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Although the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean academy gardens in East Asia are of the same origin, they have gradually followed different paths owing to the influence of natural and cultural environments. This paper introduces in detail the site selection, enclosure, architecture, plants, water system, and stone building of the Yuelu Academy in China, Katsura Imperial Villa in Japan, and Pingshan Academy in Korea and compares and analyzes the differences between the three countries’ academy gardens, thus helping us to better understand and appreciate East Asian academy gardens.