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1
Dattamajumdar, Satarupa. "Ethno-Linguistic Vitality of Koch." Buckingham Journal of Language and Linguistics 12 (December 11, 2020): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/bjll.v12i.1874.
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The Koch language is spoken in the states of Assam (Goalpara, Nagaon, Dhubri, Kokrajhar, Chirang, Bongaigao, Barpeta, Baksa, Udalguri, Karbi Anglong, Golaghat districts), Meghalaya (West Garo Hills, South-West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills and East Khasi Hills Districts). Koches are found in West Bengal (Northern part) and also in Bangladesh. The speaker strength of Koch in India according to 2011 census is 36,434. Koch community is the bilingual speakers of Assamese, Bengali, Garo, Hindi, and English. Contact situations of Koch with Assamese and Bengali languages have made the language vulnerable to language shift. The UNESCO report mentions Koch as ‘Definitely Endangered’1. Koch has gained the status of a scheduled tribe in Meghalaya in 1987. Kondakov (2013) traces six distinct dialects of Koch, viz., Wanang, Koch-Rabha (Kocha), Harigaya, Margan, Chapra and Tintekiya. He (2013:24) states, “The relationship between the six Koch speech varieties are rather complex. They represent a dialect chain that stretches out from Koch-Rabha in the north to Tintekiya Koch in the south.” This is diagrammatically represented as - Koch-Rabha(Kocha)→Wanang→Harigaya→Margan, Chapra→Tintekiya where the adjacent dialects exhibit more lexical similarity than those at the ends. Nine ethno-linguistic varieties of Koch (also mentioned in Kondakov, 2013:5) have been reported during field investigation. These are Harigaya, Wanang, Tintekiya, Margan, Chapra, Satpariya, Sankar, Banai and Koch Mandai.
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Jacquesson, François, and Seino van Breugel. "The linguistic reconstruction of the past." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 40, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 90–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van.
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Abstract I will first describe (1) the linguistic situation in modern-day Assam (Northeast India) and the historical hypotheses that might explain it. These hypotheses are subjected to criticism. Next, I will analyse (2) in detail, the phonological concordances in the Tibeto-Burman languages and dialects of Central Assam that form the Boro-Garo group. I will present detailed criteria – the most detailed of all will concern the diphthongs – with examples, which will enable us to classify the languages. Using these criteria will also allow us to take advantage of certain ancient sources of information on dialects which are, in some cases, extinct. The study (3) of other Tibeto-Burman languages will consolidate our criteria and specify their historical development. Finally (4), I will propose a historical reconstruction of linguistic layers, after which (5) I will emphasise the importance of the distinction, central to our discussion, between language change and ethnic change (where cultural and physical anthropology follow distinct paths) before proposing a basis for a more general investigation of the Boro-Garo languages. Northeastern India is home to a great number of languages, mainly from the Tibeto-Burman, Mon-Khmer, Tai and Indo-Aryan groups. This paper first summarises the current historical interpretations of this plethora, and concentrates on the Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in the lowlands, sc. the Boro-Garo subgroup. A phonological comparative assessment of the data provides a classification with definite criteria, and suggests historical interpretation. Central to this comparative study are the vowel systems, the analysis of which allows us to understand far better (and to use more appropriately) the older lexical lists from 1805. The result of this assessment is a new direction of research, when it appears that the Zeliangrong languages (traditionally taken as Southern Naga) offer a remarkable and certainly unexpected linguistic link between the Boro-Garo and the Kuki Chin (and Naga) languages. The paper exemplifies how language histories remain distinct from ethnic and political developments, and makes a useful contribution to a finer historical understanding of complex human situations.
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Brahma, Aleendra. "Causative constructions in Bodo-Garo." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 45, no. 2 (November 4, 2022): 312–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.21023.bra.
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Abstract The Bodo-Garo group of languages consisting of Kāchārī or Bodo, Lālung (autonym Tiwa), Dīmā-sā, Gārō, Koch, Rābhā, Tipurā (autonym Kokborok), Chutiyā (autonym Deori) and Morān (Grierson 1903) are mainly spoken by about four million people in north-east India.1 BG exhibit systematic processes of formation of causative verbs through prefixation, suffixation and very rarely, infixation. Lexical causative verbs are also employed in these languages whereas periphrastic causatives are found in the form of verb stacking. This study aims at finding out the causative prefixes which co-occur with the root verbs to form their causative counterparts; categorizing the prefixes in terms of their occurrences with certain roots; and, analyzing the environments and linguistic conditioning of the occurrences of the prefixes. This study also discusses several syntactic and semantic features associated with causation.
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Evans, Jonathan P. "Classifiers before numerals." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 45, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.21013.eva.
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Abstract Languages with sortal classifiers (clf) are distributed across the world, with a large concentration in East and South (east) Asia. Across the world’s classifier languages, few are attested which order classifiers before numerals in counted noun phrases (clf num). The Sino-Tibetan language family includes languages without sortal classifiers, languages with the more typical num clf order, as well as languages with clf num order. The latter group of languages are concentrated in Northeast India and neighboring regions. The Sino-Tibetan languages with clf num order do not fit under one genealogical node. The present hypothesis is that the classifiers arose through repetition of the counted noun, following which the order spread via contact. The clf num order appears to have arisen at least as early as the time of Proto-Bodo-Garo. However, we do not yet find cognate classifiers at a time depth beyond Proto-Bodo-Garo. A remaining mystery is why such a cross-linguistically rare morpheme order spread so easily within the Northeast India linguistic area.
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Evans, Jonathan P. "Classifiers in Dimasa and (in-)definite marking." Classifiers 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.22007.eva.
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Abstract Dimasa (ISO 639–3) is a Bodo-Garo language within the Tibeto-Burman family of languages. Like other Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeast India, it has a system of numeral classifiers which occur prefixed to their respective numerals. Across the dozen or so languages of Bodo-Garo, it has been noted that the classifier-numeral word can be placed either before or after the counted noun. The existence of numeral classifiers, as well as the clf-num order may have arisen in this area due to contact with Tai languages during the Ahom kingdom period from the 1200’s to 1800’s. In the Tai languages, classifiers precede the number “one”. By comparing occurrences of classifiers in Dimasa texts, it can be seen that the order N clf-num corresponds to definite nouns, while the order clf-num n marks indefinites. In addition to classifier placement, Dimasa definiteness is also marked by demonstratives, case marking, topic marking, and/or combinations of these strategies.
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Momin, Amanda Aski Macdonald. "SIMPLE SENTENCE IN A·WE." International Journal on Natural Language Computing 12, no. 2 (April 29, 2023): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijnlc.2023.12208.
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A·we is the standard variety of the A·chik language also known as A·chikku which is also commonly known as the Garo language. The Garo language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Since Syntax involves arranging words to create logical phrases, clauses, and sentences, simple sentence is an important part of syntax and thus knowing about the simple sentence in A·we forms the basis of writing correct sentences in this variety of the Garo language. Noam Chomsky, the famous Linguist used the phrase, “ colorless green ideas sleep furiously’ in his book, Syntactic Structures (1957) as an example of a sentence which is syntactically and grammatically correct because it has the correct word order and the verb is consistent with the subject but is semantically incorrect. Chomsky (1957) thus illustrates that the rules governing syntax are different from the meaning conveyed by words. We can observe that there are subject and predicate in a simple sentence in language, which is the same for A·we. It is not essential that a simple sentence must be a short sentence and it is also possible to write a simple sentence if there is only one predicate used with a number of subjects to make a long sentence. Such sentences are still called a simple sentence. In this paper, we will discuss some classification of simple sentence in A·we which will further contribute to the study of syntax in A·we as well as aid in constructing proper sentences in the language.
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Billah, Md Masum. "THE TRANSFORMATION OF LIVELIHOOD PRACTICES AMONG THE GARO COMMUNITY: A STUDY ON TANGAIL DISTRICT." International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 06, no. 02 (2023): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2023.0511.
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This article focuses on the Garo ethnic group, which is among the most neglected indigenous people in Bangladesh. The study aims to understand their livelihood pattern from the past to the present and to identify the factors that have led to changes in their livelihood. The research was carried out among the Garo community residing in the Madhupur pazila located in the Tangail district of Bangladesh. The study used both historical and exploratory data, with historical data being obtained from secondary sources such as books, journals, reports, and census data. The study used qualitative research methods and selected 13 Garo people through purposive sampling. The study found that Garo's traditional way of life is under threat, and they are adopting a completely new way of life due to various internal and external factors such as Christianity, NGOs, globalization, and social development. As a result, their traditional culture, including language, food habits, dress patterns, and religion, is under threat. The study also revealed that the Garo people face various problems such as health, sanitation, communication, electricity, and security. They need better transportation systems, more educational facilities, easy communication and government and non-governmental assistance in terms of material and financial support.
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Mia, Mostakim, and Golam Rabbani. "Transitioning Livelihood Strategies Among the Garo Community: A Case Study in Netrakona, Bangladesh." Journal of Population and Development 5, no. 1 (July 8, 2024): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpd.v5i1.67564.
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Garo community is one of the greatest neglected instinctive communities of Bangladesh. The Garo people are neglected from their basic needs and it is significant to detect the situation and attitude to draw the real picture of them. This research work predominantly favors on the Garos livelihood pattern from past to present and to ascertain the alter of their livelihood. This study has conducted on the endemic community named Garo living within Durgapur and Kolmakanda upazila area of Netrakona district in Bangladesh. In doing so both historical and explorative data was applied; historical data was mostly procured from secondary sources such as revealed books, journals, articles, reports, census and souvenir. Qualitative research method was adopted for this study and 30 Garo people were chosen by using purposive sampling method for the study. The study uncovers that Garo’s traditional life practices are under the intimidation of the cancellation and over the motion of time they are acquiring completely a new life. In this research, the researchers have found several interior and exterior factors which are mainly accountable for Garo’s livelihood change. Ultimately, while the Garo community is switching then they are rejecting many of their characterized criterion and accommodating to some other livelihood criterion which are directly influenced by Christianity, NGOs, globalization and social development. As a result, many of Garos traditional cultures including language, food habits, dress pattern and even religion are under challenges. They need better communication and transportation system, more educational facilities, more government and non-government assistance including material and financial.
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Singh, Arun Kumar. "LEGAL PROTECTION OF ENDANGERED LANGUAGES IN INDIA WITH REFERENCE TO MEGHALAYA." IARS' International Research Journal 11, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51611/iars.irj.v11i1.2021.152.
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As for as India is concerned many Indian languages have become threatened and even endangered because of globalization. In India, English is thriving and is used widely by the young generation, and this is one of the reasons leading to the extinction of native or regional languages. Today Hindi is also expanding and because of this many regional languages will become extinct. In the State of Meghalaya there are three basic tribes known as Khasi, Garo and Jayantia. They speak either Khasi, or Garo, but their dialects differ. Even the Khasis who are living in East Khasi Hills, especially in Shillong have different dialects as compared to the other Khasis. These languages are used by many but they do not have their own scripts. That is why these languages were not placed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. A speaker of any language which is not in the Eighth Schedule, cannot be awarded the Jnanpith Award and furthermore their languages cannot be the medium of the UPSC. Article 29 of the Constitution of India mandates that no discrimination would be done on the ground of religion, race,, caste or language and Article 30 mandates that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. In addition, the Legislature of a State may by law adopt any of the languages to use in the state. Article 350 B of the Constitution says that there shall be a Special Officer for linguistic minorities and he/she has to be appointed by the President. It shall be the duty of this Officer to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for linguistic minorities under the Constitution and report to the President upon those matters. Protection of the regional languages has been provided in the Constitution and it is the duty of the educational institutions to provide basic education to the children in their own vernacular languages should they want to be educated in their vernacular language.
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Anderson, Gregory D. S. "The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo), vol. 1: Grammar (review)." Language 82, no. 1 (2006): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2006.0001.
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Dawson, Virginia. "The kinship system of Tiwa." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 45, no. 1 (June 2, 2022): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.21020.daw.
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Abstract This paper provides a systematic description of the kinship system of Tiwa, a Boro-Garo language of northeast India. It complements existing partial descriptions by Ramirez (2014) and Bouchery and Longmailai (2018), including documentation of affinal relationship terminology and kinship-based politeness strategies. A key new finding of this work is that Tiwa has a series of dyadic group kin terms which behave in similar (though not identical) ways to what Bradley (2001) identifies as family group classifiers in several Ngwi languages. To my knowledge, this is the first time such dyadic kin terms have been identified beyond the Ngwi and Ersuic branches, suggesting they may be more widespread throughout the Tibeto-Burman family than previously believed.
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Debbarma, Sudeshna, and Mousami Debbarma. "The Minority Languages of Tripura with Special Reference to Kokborok Language: A Study on the Language Demography of Tripura, India." Indian Journal of Language and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (June 27, 2024): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijll2425.
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Linguistically, Tripura is a case of one dominant language and several minority languages. This study aims to identify the minority languages endemic to Tripura, with the objective of preserving and protecting the identified languages. The present study is based on the secondary data collected from the Census of India, 2011 and Ethnologue, 2024. The descriptive research method has been used to analyse the data. The study reveals that eight minority languages are enlisted by the Directorate of Kokborok and Other Minority Languages in Tripura. The eight languages are Kokborok, Manipuri, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Kuki-Mizo, Garo, Halam, Chakma and Mogh. Out of the eight minority languages enlisted by the said directorate of Tripura, Kokborok is the only language endemic to Tripura, and other minority languages have their language core areas outside the state. The core area of Kokborok is situated in Tripura, and the periphery areas are spread in the adjacent Indian states of Mizoram and Assam and Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh. However, the Kokborok language is a vulnerable minority language in its core area. The language speakers account for only 25.9 per cent of the total speakers in Tripura. Even after gaining official status on January 19, 1979, the Kokborok language is not widely used in educational institutions, official circulars, press, television, courts, and financial or social institutions, weakening language vitality. Therefore, considering the endemic character of the Kokborok language, meaning that the Kokborok language holds unique traits and adaptations to environmental conditions in the region, its minority status and low language vitality, the Kokborok language needs to be preserved and protected.
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van Dam, Kellen Parker. "Revisiting “Eye of the day”." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 46, no. 2 (November 9, 2023): 235–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.22011.van.
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Abstract A particular lexical construction for “sun” composed of morphemes for “eye” and either “day” or “sky” has been widely reported for Austronesian languages. Urban (2010) made the case for this phenomenon as an areal feature originating in Austronesian, with attestation in Austroasiatic and Tai-Kadai varieties, but absent in Sino-Tibetan. A follow-up (Blust 2011) argued for the possibility of independent genesis across the languages, while reiterating the absence of the feature in Sino-Tibetan. This paper presents a large scale survey of Tibeto-Burman language varieties. Data from this region show widespread occurrence of the phenomenon in distinct constructions, arguing against contact as the inciting factor. Instead, this paper argues for multiple innovation events, with only small scale regional spread through contact. Data are analysed from approximately 250 doculects from a wide range of sources, including newly elicited data for Bodo-Garo, Maringic and Northern Naga varieties.
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Reang, Rotnojoy, and S. Ganesh Baskaran. "CLASSIFIERS IN REANG." JOURNAL OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 10, no. 04 (2023): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54513/joell.2023.10406.
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Language is an identity as well as a means of passing down knowledge from one generation to the next, serving as the foundation for a particular native speaker's understanding. The Reang is one of the languages belonging to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family (Reang, 2021). It is spoken in Mizoram, Tripura, and Assam. It is also spoken in neighbouring nations, particularly Bangladesh and Myanmar. According to the Census of India 2011, Reang has a total population of 1,88,080. The study area of this present work focuses on the Reang spoken in the west, south, and northern regions of Tripura. Reang is a Tibeto-Burman language, and it has numerous classifiers for virtually anything or every shape, just like other TibetoBurman languages, including Boro, Garo, Rabha, Dimasa, and Kokborok. There are very scanty linguistic works done on the classifiers of Reang. The current work makes an effort to discuss the range of classifiers in Reang. “Classifiers are affixes that are used in various languages to indicate the grammatical or semantic classification of words." The term ‘classifier’ is commonly used for a wide range of noun categorization devices. Classifiers are generally defined as morphemes that classify and quantify nouns according to semantic criteria. Classifiers classify a noun inherently. They designate and specify semantic features inherent to the nominal denotatum and divide the set of nouns in a certain language into disjunct classes. "(Senft 2000: 21).
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Debbarma, Dr Biman. "Numerals in Kokborok." International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 2, no. 6 (2022): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.2.6.4.
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This paper will describe the numerals used in the Kokborok language. Kokborok belongs to the Bodo-Garo sub-group of the Tibeto-Burman language family, spoken in the Northeastern state of Tripura, India. According to the 2011 census, the Kokborok speakers' total population is around 8,80,537 (23.97% of the total population). This language happens to be one of the lingua-franca among the tribes. The numerals in Kokborok are of decimal type, i.e., ten base and purely absent of vigesimal, i.e., twenty base. Structurally, Kokborok categorizes into six numerals viz., (i) cardinals, (ii) ordinals, (iii) multiplicative, (iv) fractional, (v) distributive, and (vi) restrictive numerals. The raw numbers from one to ten are the basic numerals used as compounding for forming higher numerals by addition or multiplication. Syntactically, in compound nouns, the numeral always follows the head noun in Kokborok.
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Garshelis, David L., Nishith Dharaiya, Thomas R. Sharp, and Karine E. Pigeon. "Investigating Co-occurrence among Look-alike Species: The Case of Three Bears in Northeast India." Diversity 14, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14090717.
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At the most basic level, the assessment of a species’ status involves knowing where it occurs. Determining the presence of rare species is difficult, and can be further confounded by the presence of a more common look-alike species. We investigated one of the few places in the world where three species of bears have been reported to co-occur at a fine scale: Balpakram National Park, Meghalaya, India. Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are fairly common, and we sought to determine whether sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) and/or sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) also resided there. The local Garo language has words for three types of bears, and some local people reported the continued presence of a small type of bear, possibly the sun bear, but the probable extirpation of sloth bears. Because these bears look somewhat alike, local people and government forest officers could not provide convincing accounts of the presence of more than one species. We measured claw marks on climbed trees, a method used to differentiate sun bears from Asiatic black bears where both are known to occur; however, this method turned out to be unreliable for detecting sun bears where their presence was unknown because sun bear-sized marks are not distinguishable from juvenile black bears. We recommend targeted camera trapping near recent purported sightings of the other two bear species.
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Gelagay, Almaz Wasse. "Lexical Translanguaging in Textbook Preparation for Education in the Gamo Language of Ethiopia." Languages 8, no. 3 (June 26, 2023): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8030154.
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As a country where more than 85 languages are spoken, Ethiopia framed, in its Education and Training Policy of 1994, which was revised in 2021, the right to use mother tongue in primary education. Following this, around 33 languages are implemented in schools as a Medium of Instruction (MoI). Gamo is one of the languages used as a MoI in primary education and taught as a subject up to high school. This functional expansion of Gamo into Education required textbook preparation, and accordingly, textbooks for different subjects, including Gamo as a language subject, were published. One major feature of the Gamo textbooks is availability of Amharic and English words, and this research aims to apply translanguaging, which is the discursive language practices of bilingual speakers to describe the practice of using words from different languages in the textbooks. Lexical data were collected from five textbooks written in Gamo and interviews were held with students and teachers to find out information about the process of textbook writing and translanguaging. The strategies identified in the textbooks include alternative translanguaging, borrowing, lexical inventions and bilingual compounds. These strategies were used to address education in the Gamo language and to communicate meaning effectively. Writers used their Amharic and English repertoire to represent meaning when a word for a concept is not available in Gamo. In other instances, alternative words were provided as a means of enhancing meaning clarity.
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Garvía, Roberto. "Sotos Ochando’s language movement." Language Problems and Language Planning 43, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00049.gar.
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Abstract Usually relegated to a footnote in the historical accounts of planned languages, Sotos Ochando’s Lengua Universal was most likely the first to give rise to a planned language movement. Contrary to later language movements, Sotos Ochando’s had no competing planned language movements to challenge it. Sotos Ochando’s Lengua Universal was also unique in that it was a philosophical language, much like those created in the 17th-century. This article explains the reasons behind the emergence and collapse of this movement. It explores the perceptions of contemporaries regarding the possibility of philosophical language projects, as well as other extralinguistic factors that determined the fate of this movement.
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Garvía, Roberto. "Spelling reformers and artificial language advocates." Language Problems and Language Planning 41, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00007.gar.
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Abstract This article explores the shifting relations that took place from the last decades of the 19th to the first years of the 20th century between two of the most innovative language movements of the time: the spelling reform and the artificial language movements. The article focuses on the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France. Although both movements shared a similar language ideology which run counter to the organicist perception of language and emphasized its democratic function, the article shows how the shifting political environment in which they operated affected their relation. The article identifies three stages. In a first stage, and convinced that the reform of the spelling and the promotion of an artificial, neutral language were not mutually exclusive projects, the spelling reformers were favorably inclined towards artificial language projects. In a second stage relations began to skew when some reformers advocated for the “natural Esperanto” solution, which implied the promotion of a small language to the status of the international lingua franca. In the last stage, when nationalist sentiments and international rivalries mounted, the spelling reformers broke ties with the artificial language movement and worked to improve as much as possible the international standing of their own languages.
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Joong-Ho Choi. "Finding Out Tracks of Gara Language." Korean Language Research ll, no. 30 (June 2012): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.16876/klrc.2012..30.327.
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Amaliavanti, Zhafirah, and Badriyah Wulandari. "Strategi Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Film Gara-Gara Warisan." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 7, no. 1 (March 6, 2023): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v7i1.6524.
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A movie, as a literary work in the form of an audio-visual medium, is a dialogue-driven depiction of everyday life. In a movie, dialogue consists of utterances with a function, allowing characters to express themselves and convey a message. The purpose of the politeness strategy in the language is to facilitate the delivery of messages without harming the speaking partner's face. Therefore, the objective of this study is to discover and describe language politeness strategies in the Gara-Gara Warisan movie. This study employs a descriptive-qualitative methodology. While the approach in this study is the listening method and the advanced techniques, namely The Free Conversation Listening Technique (SBLC). Furthermore, the techniques used are transcript techniques and note-taking techniques. This study indicated that the most prevalent politeness approach is a positive politeness strategy and without utilizing any strategy (bald-on-record strategy), as opposed to a negative politeness strategy and an off-record politeness strategy.
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Garcia, Brigitte, Marie-Anne Sallandre, and Marie-Thérèse L’Huillier. "Impersonal human reference in French Sign Language (LSF)." Sign Language and Linguistics 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.00022.gar.
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Abstract The present paper offers a first systematic approach to the expression of impersonal human reference in French Sign Language (LSF). It extends and deepens a prior study carried out by the authors on the basis of a large scale discourse corpus. The description proposed here is based primarily on data elicited through a specialised questionnaire on impersonal human reference (Barberà & Cabredo Hofherr, this volume), initially developed for spoken languages and adapted for sign languages. The strategies revealed are compared with those discussed in our prior study. We begin with a brief review of the literature on impersonal human reference in spoken and sign languages, and a presentation of our theoretical framework for the analysis of LSF. We then elaborate on our methodology and the issues raised by the elicitation protocol adopted, from initial stages of its preparation to the representation of our data. We finally present and discuss the main strategies we highlighted for the expression of impersonal reference in LSF.
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Martin-Anatias, Nelly. "Bahasa gado-gado: English in Indonesian popular texts." World Englishes 37, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12313.
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Dasa, Agung Krsna Lila, Luh Putu Artini, and Luh Putu Eka Sulistia Dewi. "ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH BALI DIALECT IN THE PUJA ASTAWA’S VIDEO GARA-GARA DON POH MAU BUNUH ORANG." Lingua Scientia 30, no. 1 (June 25, 2023): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ls.v30i1.57478.
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This study aimed to describe one of the language variations, namely dialect in social interaction, in the YouTube video entitled “gara gara don poh mau bunuh orang” and to describe the choice of language in social interaction. This study uses a qualitative research approach. This study uses ethnographic research to examine the social behavior of language and community communication and how language is applied based on related cultural concepts. The dialect used in the video is the Buleleng (North Bali) dialect. The choice of language used is transfer code and code mix. For accents, this video uses a Buleleng accent because in the video, there are many words typical of north Bali that have the characteristics of swear words. For syntax, some sentences have affixes that refer to the subject, there are words that are in the sentence but do not change the meaning of the sentence, and there are also structures that are commonly used in the video. Keywords: sociolinguistics interaction, dialect, accent, concept, code mix
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Hasan Fadly, Ahmad Mufarih, and Muhammad Sofwanudin. "تحليل صعوبة في تعلم مهارة الكلام عند تخصص اللغة العربية." TADRIS AL-ARABIYAT: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 1, no. 01 (January 5, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30739/arabiyat.v1i01.728.
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purpose of this study is to find out what problems or difficulties are experienced in learning Arabic in the Darussalam Arab Generation Language Course (GARD) and how to overcome these difficulties. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research conducted with three data collection techniques, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The research results obtained are that the ability to speak Arabic in the Darussalam Arab Generation Language Course (GARD) can be increased if course participants are aware of the need to speak Arabic
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Post, Mark W. "The phonology and grammar of Galo “words”." Studies in Language 33, no. 4 (October 22, 2009): 934–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.4.05pos.
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“Words” may be independently defined and identified in Galo (Tibeto-Burman > Western Tani) in terms of relatively consistent and functionally well-motivated sets of phonological and grammatical criteria. However, these criteria very often fail to converge upon identification of the same formal unit; instead, we frequently find phonological “words” which consist of two grammatical “words”, and grammatical “words” which consist of two phonological “words”, etc. The resulting “mismatch” between “phonological words” and “grammatical words” in Galo is argued to be theoretically non-trivial, in that its existence is capable of explaining a variety of otherwise seemingly disparate facts in the synchronic and diachronic organization of Galo grammar. The facts from Galo thus support a view of language in which “word” is independently defined in phonological and grammatical terms, and in which neither type of “word” necessarily corresponds to (or is projected by) the other. Although there might be said to exist a very generalized functional pressure towards “unification” of “phonological words” and “grammatical words”, such a pressure would not be expressible as a formal constraint on language grammar.
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Gao, Yanmei, and Xiaohua Ren. "Syntactic parallelism and the co-production of syntactic units in Mandarin Chinese." Chinese Language and Discourse 12, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cld.00036.gao.
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Abstract Cross-linguistic studies on co-production of syntactic units and compound sentence formats have found that the location of predicates affects the projectability of the language, in that languages like English allow early projections while languages like Japanese later projections. In Mandarin Chinese, we found that syntactic parallelism often occurs before co-constructions, impacting the projectability of syntactic structures in one way or another. Based on the theories of dialogic syntax (Du Bois 2007, 2014) and the principles of interactional linguistics, this study explores the relationship between syntactic parallelism and co-production of syntactic structures across turns. The co-production of four syntactic and sentential structures were closely examined, namely, Copula V + Complement, (be) Adjectival Predicate, the conditional IF X THEN Y construction (如果 ruguo……就/会 jiu/hui……), and compound sentences with to-clause of purpose. Also observed is the emergent new sequence as interactionally relevant syntax. Upon inspection, we found that turn units with parallel syntactic structures may help narrow down the category of the projected final component, thus inspiring the second speaker to come in early and jointly complete the syntax-in-progress. Apart from co-producing syntax-in-progress, co-produced structures can also develop into interactionally relevant sequences with independent internal structures, thereby executing new social actions.
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Joset, Jacques. "Fernando vs. Gabo." Bulletin hispanique, no. 112-2 (December 31, 2010): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/bulletinhispanique.1277.
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Rizky, Muhammad, Indah Tri Purwanti, and Rumiri Aruan. "Indonesian Twitter Users’ Language Attitude Towards English-Indonesian Code-mixing." IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2024): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/ideas.v12i1.2340.
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Social media users need language as a tool to communicate, both in verbal and written form. Over time, the language used in social media also shows some significant growth. Talking about language in social media, there is an interesting phenomenon recently on social media that can be reached within the internet, namely the code-mixing of Indonesian and English (which in Indonesian are also popularly known as Jaksel language, Keminggris, Kemlondo, Indoglish, Englonesian, or Bahasa Gado-gado). This study is aimed to find out the attitudes of 500 Indonesian Twitter users towards English-Indonesian code-mixing with a questionnaire. This study uses a descriptive-quantitative approach. For the result of each aspect, it shows a quite positive indication: Cognitive aspect 2.92, Affective aspect 2.75, and Conative 2.79. If the three aspects being summed up, also indicated a quite positive attitude towards the code-mixing with point or score 2.82. The attitudes come from many reasons and factors, such as the need for understandability in communication, language prestige, prepossessing or attracting attention, confidence, and language aptitude.
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Basyirun, Fajri, Tri Astuti, and Syahro Ali Akbar. "PkM Pemasaran Hasil Produksi Propolis Lebah Galo-Galo sebagai Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Perempuan pada Kelompok Wanita Tani di Nagari Koto Laweh, Kabupaten Solok." Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin 2, no. 2 (January 21, 2024): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36665/jupemy.v2i2.426.
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Trigona bees, which in the regional language are called galo-galo (West Sumatra) and Klanceng, Lenceng (Java), are one of the various local resources that have the potential to be a source of income, thereby improving community welfare. For this reason, community service activities are carried out in terms of marketing the results of the galo-galo bees, which are carried out to the community of the Women's Farmers Group by providing counselling and conducting questions and answers related to marketing which can be carried out either directly, especially to the surrounding community or carried out online using utilize social media and available platforms such as online sales via Shope, Lazada and Tokopedia. So this marketing will become a source of income for the community, especially the Nagari Koto Laweh Farming Women's Group and can be developed into a business for Nagari through the Nagari Owned Enterprise which is often known as Bumnag.
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Martínez Areta, Mikel. "Aitzin-euskararen kontsonantismoa." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 103 (December 31, 2006): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv103.3.
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Lan honetan Koldo Mitxelenaren euskara zaharraren berreraiketa fonologikotik abiatuz, ‘Aitzin-Euskara Zaharra’ izenda dezakegun eta Mitxelenarena baino garai zaharrago bati dagokion hizkuntzaren aitzin-sistema fonologikoa berreraikitzen saiatzen gara. Horretarako, Joseba Lakarrak azken urteotan euskararen erro zahar disilabikoen azterketa morfo-fonologiko zein etimologikoan burutu dituen aurrerakuntzetan oinarritzen gara. Alde batetik, erro disilabiko horiek garai zaharrago batean bi erro monosilabikoez osaturiko egitura perifrastikoak izan zirela onartzen dugu. Beste alde batetik, azterketa honek barne-berreraiketa fonologikorako bidea urratzen duelakoan gaude, elementu monosilabiko hauek testuinguru fonetikoaren arabera erakusten dituzten formen arteko txandaketen erkaketak forma zaharrak nolakoak ziren zehazten lagun diezagukeelarik.
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Izar, Julisah, Muhammad Muslim Nasution, and Mie Ratnasari. "Assertive Speech Acts in Mata Najwa Program of Episode Gare-Gare Corona." Lexeme : Journal of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 2, no. 1 (September 17, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/ljlal.v2i1.6996.
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The main objective of this study is to find out the types and functions of assertive speech acts that appear in Mata Najwa program in episode Gara-Gara Corona. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing and explaining the data obtained. The data in this study were speech segments in the Mata Najwa episode Gara-Gara Corona which indicate assertive speech acts. The data source in this study is the video of the program entitled "gara-gara Corona" taken from Youtube, which was published by Narration Newsroom on March 13, 2020. The steps taken in data collection techniques were, firstly downloading video from Youtube, the second listens to the utterances, and the third transcribes the utterances into written language. Then the speech data obtained was selected based on research questions related to the types and functions of assertive speech acts. At the stage of presenting the results of the analysis, it was presented using an informal presentation method, namely presentation using ordinary words. The results showed that the assertive speech act types that appeared in the event were 23 pairs of utterances, consisting of 11 pairs of assertive speech acts telling, 6 pairs of assertive speech acts stated, 3 pairs of assertive speech acts suggest, and 3 pairs of utterances assertive speech acts boast.
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Navarro López, Joaquín Luis. "Suárez de Salazar ≪cita≫ a Cornelio Gaio un postrer episodio del Pseudo-Gaio en el Renacimiento." Euphrosyne 23 (January 1995): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.euphr.5.125990.
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Jacquesson, François. "La notion linguistique d’agglutination. Son histoire et l’analyse des verbes dans les langues Boro-Garo." Faits de Langues 50, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05002009.
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Abstract We first examine the concept of agglutination, as it developed in modern linguistics, and tentatively explore its basic tenets. With this purpose, we (1) start from the way Abel Hovelacque first used the word in French, (2) farther in the past find the concept in Schlegel’s writings, then follow it down to Schleicher, (3) describe how the term is now used in Analytic Linguistics, with examples from authors who described the Boro-Garo languages (Tibeto-Burmese, North-East India). We conclude (4) with ideas about the various shades of the concept as far as history is concerned, and linguistic history in particular.
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Martin-Anatias, Nelly. "Language selection in the Indonesian novel:Bahasa gado-gadoin expressions of love." South East Asia Research 26, no. 4 (December 2018): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967828x18809592.
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Suratno, Suratno. "The Characteristics of Discourse in Pocapan Gara-Gara (a Case Study of Tristuti Rahmadi Suryasaputra’s Scripts)." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i1.p101-111.
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The use of the Javanese language in the discourse of pocapan gara-gara (DPG) by Tristuti Rahmadi Suryasaputra includes various linguistic tools, namely: (1) The use of informal means for communication goals as to be attractive and comprehensible and so that the messages conveyed are easily captured by the audience. This encourages the presence of code mixing, interference, linguistic elements, and the shortened forms; (2) The situational aspect, which includes the speaker, hearer, situation, and the choice of topic, which in turn consists of social, moral educational, cultural, and political topics. The goal of the utterances in DPG is to convey social criticism, to give suggestions and reminders to the hearer (H), and to present satirical remarks about current or actual events.
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Kamino Kaminondo, Peio, Patxi Salaberri Zaratiegi, and Juan Jose Zubiri Lujanbio. "Luzaideko hizkera adierazkorra. 1. Sakreak." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 96 (August 31, 2004): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv96.6.
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Artikulu honetan Luzaideko hizkera adierazkorraren alderdi bat, sakre, birao edo juramentuei dagokiena biltzera entseatu gara. Hango eta inguruetako idazle zenbaiten lanak ere baliatu ditugu. Gure asmoa da ondoko beste artikulu batean esamoldeen alderdia lantzea.
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Mills, Debra L., Chantel Prat, Renate Zangl, Christine L. Stager, Helen J. Neville, and Janet F. Werker. "Language Experience and the Organization of Brain Activity to Phonetically Similar Words: ERP Evidence from 14- and 20-Month-Olds." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 8 (October 2004): 1452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042304697.
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The ability to discriminate phonetically similar speech sounds is evident quite early in development. However, inexperienced word learners do not always use this information in processing word meanings [Stager & Werker (1997). Nature, 388, 381–382]. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine developmental changes from 14 to 20 months in brain activity important in processing phonetic detail in the context of meaningful words. ERPs were compared to three types of words: words whose meanings were known by the child (e.g., “bear”), nonsense words that differed by an initial phoneme (e.g., “gare”), and nonsense words that differed from the known words by more than one phoneme (e.g., “kobe”). These results supported the behavioral findings suggesting that inexperienced word learners do not use information about phonetic detail when processing word meanings. For the 14-month-olds, ERPs to known words (e.g., “bear”) differed from ERPs to phonetically dissimilar nonsense words (e.g., “kobe”), but did not differ from ERPs to phonetically similar nonsense words (e.g., “gare”), suggesting that known words and similar mispronunciations were processed as the same word. In contrast, for experienced word learners (i.e., 20-month-olds), ERPs to known words (e.g., “bear”) differed from those to both types of nonsense words (“gare” and “kobe”). Changes in the lateral distribution of ERP differences to known and unknown (nonce) words between 14 and 20 months replicated previous findings. The findings suggested that vocabulary development is an important factor in the organization of neural systems linked to processing phonetic detail within the context of word comprehension.
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Sarkisian, Vahan. "Estudios toponímicos vascos (reconstrucción interna)." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 79 (December 31, 1998): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv79.5.
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El método de ampliación retrospectiva de los morfemas ha sido aplicado en el Diccionario etimológico ruso, cuyo primer tomo salió hace poco. Este principio se basa en monoptongación de los diptongos en i: ai > i, ei > i, oí > i, ui > i. Y debido a que en estos diptongos la semivocal i- puede proceder de una r- primitiva, los diptongos mencionados requieren las siguientes protoformas respectivas: *ar, *er, *or, *ur. Partiendo de estos fenómenos fonéticos vascos, el autor propone una reconstrucción interna para algunos topónimos vascos, arrojando los resultados siguientes: lzpizte < aizpizte < *ariz-buruiz-te "cabezas de peña", Zibitze < lzpizte < aizpizte < *ariz-buruizte "cabezas de piedra", Bizkara < *buruiz-kara (*buruiz-gara) "cabezas elevadas", Gipuzkoa < gaipuzkoa < *garpuzkoa < *gar-buruz-koa "lugar de cabezas de piedra': Cize < Gaize < Garze < Garazi < *gara-te "lugar de elevación, altura", Muga < mugai < mugain < murgain < murugain < *buru-gain "cabeza elevada".
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Artola, Koldo. "Fidela Bernat anderea, euskal hiztun erronkariarra (eta II)." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 85 (December 31, 2000): 487–582. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv85.7.
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Bigarren eta azken ekarpen honetan F. Bernaten mintzamoldean aurki daitekeen hainbat gairi buruzko iritziak ematen saiatu gara, inoiz Erronkari bereko zein inguruko beste zenbait ibarretako datu batzuekin erkatuz. Horrez gainera haren ahotik bildu testu interesgarri batzuk dakartzagu orriotara, haiei egokituriko hiztegi moduko hitz-zerrenda batez lagundurik.
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Majumdar, Deboshree, Jayasri Basak, Soma Mukhopadhyay, Swati Dasgupta, Abhijit Chakraborty, Nabamita Pal, and Ashis Mukhopadhyay. "Prevalence of Thalassemia Among Rabhas; a Small Tribe in Eastern Part of India." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 5114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.5114.5114.
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Abstract Abstract 5114 BACKGROUND Thalassemia syndromes are a heterogeneous anemia caused by mutation affecting globin chains of the hemoglobin molecule. It is estimated that the average life span of Rabhas (tribal population of North Bengal, Jalpaiguri) range from 42 – 45 years. This raised a concern that they are perishing due to some genetic disease. Hence Screening Camps were conducted to identify the reason. Rabha is a little known Scheduled Tribe community of West Bengal. Assam now renamed to Asom is a North-East India state of India with its capital at Dispur. The Rabha people are mainly found in the jungles of Jalpaiguri. West Bengal is a States and territories of India in eastern India. With Bangladesh, which lies on its eastern border the state forms the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. Jalpaiguri is the largest district of North Bengal, covering an area 6,245 sq.km. It is situated between 26 16' and 27 0' North latitudes and 88 4' and 89 53' East longitudes and Cooch Behar district. Cooch Behar is a district of the state of West Bengal, India, as well as the name of the town which gives its name to the district. The whole area of Eastern and Western Dooars, may be termed as the cradle land of the Rabhas. The Rabhas belong to Indo-Mongoloid group of people and have similarities with other members of Bodo. Bodo may stand for: *Bod A city in Norway* An ethnic community in India: the Bodo people*The Bodo language spoken by them. group such as Garo (tribe). The Garos are a tribe in Meghalaya, India, and Mymensingh District, Bangladesh, who call themselves Achik. Kachari. The Kacharis are the most widely spread tribe in northeast India. They are said to be the earliest inhabitants of the Brahmaputra Valley. Mech (tribe), Koch. Our objectives were- Awareness among the tribal population through talks and documentaries and discussions with community leaders with demonstrations at village level. The goal of thalassemia screening is to identify the carrier status among Rabha populations, to control the birth of affected children thus eradicating thalassemia among them & to save one of the oldest tribe from being extinct. MATERIAL & METHODS At first an Awareness Programme was held among the Rabhas & then with the written consent peripheral blood was collected for thalassemia screening test. The screening age lies between 10 – 35 years. Firstly, NESTROFT (Naked Eye Single Tube Red Cell Osmotic fragility Test) was performed for spot detection. This was followed by CBC (Complete Blood Count) & HPLC (High performance Liquid Chromatography) for confirmation. Molecular Analysis of every sample was done using ARMS PCR. All together 277 individuals were screened. Of which 119 (43%) were HbE carrier & 110 (40%) were HbE homozygous. Rest of them was normal. The carrier & homozygous status was confirmed by performing ARMS PCR. The sensitivity of NESTROFT in this case was 95 %. CONCLUSION Thus the percentage of HbE carrier & HbE homozygous is very high among the Rabhas. But one thing is to be noted that their % of haemoglobin is very high. This might be one of the reasons that they do not require blood transfusion during their life span. It is spreading like a rapid fire due to consanguineous marriage among them. This is one of the reasons for the early mortality. In our project of Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India we'll complete carrier status detection of total Rabha population (11,000) within 3 years. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Etxebeste, Izaskun, and Koro Segurola. "Zuhaitz eta Enbor hitzen adiera EHHA-n bildutako datuen argitan." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 96 (August 31, 2004): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv96.5.
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Euskaltzaindiko Euskal Herriko Hizkeren Atlasa egitasmoan bildutako datuetan oinarrituta, ahozko euskaran enbor eta zuhaitz hitzek izan dituzten erabilerak biltzen dira artikulu honetan. Lekukoen adierazpenek erakusten dutenez hitzok beste adiera batzuk izan dituzte, asken urteotan hartu duten esanahi orokor eta bakarretik haratago. Esanahi horiek multzokatu eta kartografikoki irudikatzen saiatu gara.
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HABIBI, BURHAN YUSUF. "Musykilāt Ta’līm al-Lugah al-‘Arabiyyah li Gard Khaṣ Fahm Alqurān." ALSINATUNA 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/alsinatuna.v4i1.1593.
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This study aims to discuss the learning Qur’anic language and its problems at SMP Islam Al-Azhar 14 Semarang. This study uses a qualitative approach of field case study. In collecting the data, this study uses interview, observation, and document analysis methods. Research instruments are researchers and interview’s guidelines, observation and document analysis. In analyzing the data, this study uses Miles-Huberman interactive analysis consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the goals of Arabic learning are the students can read Al Quran correctly, and also know the meaning and grammar contained there. Learning material consists of grammar, vocabulary, reading, and writing based on Al Quran’s text. Method that used was translation grammatical method without the use of Arabic language on learning process. As for the evaluation, it uses both objective test and subjective test for cognitive skill and observation for affective skill. Learning Arabic with the specific aim of understanding the Qur'an is inseparable from various problems, including the complicated Arabic language of the Qur’an because of the miracles inside, the difference betweenstudents’ competencesin reading as well as writing the Qur'an and their Arabic background, and lack of various methods enabling the students get bored because the teacher is able to use the memorizing method only.
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Figuerola, M. Carme. "Nuevas perspectivas sobre Roger Martin du Gard." Çédille 8 (April 1, 2012): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/ced.v8i.5501.
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Garvin, Rebecca T. "Holger Schmitt (2018). Language in the Public Space: An Introduction to the Linguistic Landscape." Linguistic Landscape. An international journal 5, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ll.00009.gar.
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McCawley, James D. "Adverbial NPs: Bare or Clad in See-Through Garb?" Language 64, no. 3 (September 1988): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414534.
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Sopiah, Nyimas, and Maulana Putra Alfarizki. "SISTEM INFORMASI MANAJEMEN SURAT BERBASIS WEB MENGGUNAKAN METODE EXTREME PROGRAMMING PADA KOREM 044/GAPO PALEMBANG." Jurnal Ilmiah Matrik 25, no. 3 (December 29, 2023): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33557/jurnalmatrik.v25i3.2591.
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This study discusses a web-based mail management information system using the Extreme Programming method at Korem 044/Gapo Palembang. The system development method used in this study is the Extreme Programming (XP) methodology. There are four stages contained in the XP methodology, namely Planning, Design, Coding, and Testing. Observations, interviews, and literature studies are the techniques used to collect data in this study. The system design tool used in this study is the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Visual Studio Code and XAMPP are the main software for creating web programs. The testing method used in this research is the blackbox testing method. This research succeeded in producing a web-based mail management information system that was created using the Extreme Programming method for expensive use in the Infolahta Korem 044/Gapo Palembang.
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Bragard, V. "Introduction: Languages of Waste: Matter and Form in our Garb-age." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 20, no. 3 (July 19, 2013): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/ist059.
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Churko, Chuchu, Mekuria Asnakew Asfaw, and Zerihun Zerdo. "Exploring barriers for trachomatous trichiasis surgery implementation in gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): e0009780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009780.
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Background Trachomatous trichiasis is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization recommends eyelid surgery to reduce the risk of visual impairment from trichiasis. Unfortunately, the number of cases operated has grown less than expected. An understanding of barriers is fundamental for instituting measures to increase surgical uptake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore barriers of TT surgery implementation. Methods A qualitative study design was employed in December 2019. Purposive sampling technique was used to select three districts from Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. We conducted 9 FGDs and 12 in-depth interviews. Data was collected by audio tape recorder in Amharic and Gamogna languages and then transcribed to English language. The recorded interviews and focus group discussions were transcribed to verbatim (written text) and thematic analysis was done manually and reported accordingly. Findings we explored a number of barriers that hindered implementation of trichiasis surgery. The recurrence of trichiasis after surgery was the main challenges faced by operated individuals. The other barriers reported are negative perception towards trichiasis surgery, lack of logistic and supplies, transportation access problem for remote communities, inadequate trained health professional, less commitment from higher officials, lack of interest of integrated eye care workers due to incentive issues, believes of patients waiting supernatural power for healing service and carelessness of patients to undertake operation. Conclusion and recommendation Post-surgical trichiasis, lack of commitment from government officials and negative perception of patients towards the disease were considered as the reported barriers for implementation of trachomatous trichiasis. Closely supervising the integrated eye care workers would be the first task for district health offices to increase the uptake and improve the quality of service. Logistics and supplies should be made available and adequate to address all affected people in the community.
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Ibarra Murillo, Orreaga. "Ultzamako barietatearen aditzaren berezitasunak: isoglosa nagusienak." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 66 (August 31, 1994): 263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv66.4.
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Lan honen bidez, Ultzamako aditz sisteman aurkitzen diren berezitasun nabarmenenak aztertzea dugu helburutzat. Hamar ezaugarri aukeratu ditugu, garrantzi gehien daukatenak banaketa diatopikoari dagokionean, hain zuzen ere. Berauen bidez, Ultzamako aditzean sortzen den desberdintasuna, batzuetan graduzkoa eta besteetan bapatekoa, erakusten da. Aldi berean Ultzamako euskarak -erdialdeko euskalki bezala- ondoko hizkerekin dituen kidetasunak azpimarratzen saiatzen gara, bereziki Goi Nafarrera hegoaldekoarekin, zeinarekin kidetasun asko erakusten dituen.