Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)"

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Oh, Seonhwa, Hyanjoo Park, Hoyoung Kim, Young Sang Park, Min Gwan Ha, Jong Hyun Jang, and Soo-Kil Kim. "Fabrication of Large Area Ag Gas Diffusion Electrode via Electrodeposition for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040341.

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For the improvement for the commercialization of electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion technology, it is important to develop a large area Ag gas diffusion electrode (GDE), that exhibits a high electrochemical CO2 conversion efficiency and high cell performance in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)-type CO2 electrolyzer. In this study, the electrodeposition of Ag on a carbon-paper gas diffusion layer was performed to fabricate a large area (25.5 and 136 cm2) Ag GDE for application to an MEA-type CO2 electrolyzer. To achieve uniformity throughout this large area, an optimization of the electrodeposition variables, such as the electrodes system, electrodes arrangement, deposition current and deposition time was performed with respect to the total electrolysis current, CO production current, Faradaic efficiency (FE), and deposition morphology. The optimal conditions, that is, galvanostatic deposition at 0.83 mA/cm2 for 50 min in a horizontal, two-electrode system with a working-counter electrode distance of 4 cm, did ensure a uniform performance throughout the electrode. The position-averaged CO current densities of 2.72 and 2.76 mA/cm2 and FEs of 83.78% (with a variation of 3.25%) and 82.78% (with a variation of 8.68%) were obtained for 25.5 and 136 cm2 Ag GDEs, respectively. The fabricated 136 cm2 Ag GDE was further used in MEA-type CO2 electrolyzers having an active geometric area of 107.44 cm2, giving potential-dependent CO conversion efficiencies of 41.99%–57.75% at Vcell = 2.2–2.6 V.
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Inaba, Masanori, Anders Westergaard Jensen, Gustav Wilhelm Sievers, María Escudero-Escribano, Alessandro Zana, and Matthias Arenz. "Benchmarking high surface area electrocatalysts in a gas diffusion electrode: measurement of oxygen reduction activities under realistic conditions." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 4 (2018): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee00019k.

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Asgari, Mehdi, and Elaheh Lohrasbi. "Comparison of Single-Walled and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Durability as Pt Support in Gas Diffusion Electrodes." ISRN Electrochemistry 2013 (December 27, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/564784.

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Durability of single-walled (SWCNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as Pt supports was studied using two accelerated durability tests (ADTs), potential cycling and potentiostatic treatment. ADT of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) was once studied during the potential cycling. Pt surface area loss with increasing the potential cycling numbers for GDE using SWCNT was shown to be higher than that for GDE using MWCNT. In addition, equilibrium concentrations of dissolved Pt species from GDEs in 1.0 M H2SO4 were found to be increased with increasing the potential cycling numbers. Both findings suggest that Pt detachment from support surface plays an important role in Pt surface loss in proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrodes. ADT of GDEs was also studied following the potentiostatic treatments up to 24 h under the following conditions: argon purged, 1.0 M H2SO4, 60°C, and a constant potential of 0.9 V. The subsequent electrochemical characterization suggests that GDE that uses MWCNT/Pt is electrochemically more stable than other GDE using SWCNT/Pt. As a result of high corrosion resistance, GDE that uses MWCNT/Pt shows lower loss of Pt surface area and oxygen reduction reaction activity when used as fuel cell catalyst. The results also showed that potential cycling accelerates the rate of surface area loss.
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Sievers, Gustav W., Anders W. Jensen, Volker Brüser, Matthias Arenz, and María Escudero-Escribano. "Sputtered Platinum Thin-films for Oxygen Reduction in Gas Diffusion Electrodes: A Model System for Studies under Realistic Reaction Conditions." Surfaces 2, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces2020025.

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The development of catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in low-temperature fuel cells depends on efficient and accurate electrochemical characterization methods. Currently, two primary techniques exist: rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements in half-cells with liquid electrolyte and single cell tests with membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). While the RDE technique allows for rapid catalyst benchmarking, it is limited to electrode potentials far from operating fuel cells. On the other hand, MEAs can provide direct performance data at realistic conditions but require specialized equipment and large quantities of catalyst, making them less ideal for early-stage development. Using sputtered platinum thin-film electrodes, we show that gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half-cells can be used as an intermediate platform for rapid benchmarking at fuel-cell relevant current densities (~1 A cm−2). Furthermore, we demonstrate how different parameters (loading, electrolyte concentration, humidification, and Nafion membrane) influence the performance of unsupported platinum catalysts. The specific activity could be measured independent of the applied loading at potentials down to 0.80 VRHE reaching a value of 0.72 mA cm−2 at 0.9 VRHE in the GDE. By comparison with RDE measurements and Pt/C measurements, we establish the importance of catalyst characterization under realistic reaction conditions.
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König, Maximilian, Shih-Hsuan Lin, Jan Vaes, Deepak Pant, and Elias Klemm. "Integration of aprotic CO2 reduction to oxalate at a Pb catalyst into a GDE flow cell configuration." Faraday Discussions 230 (2021): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fd00141d.

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Xu, W. Y., P. Li, and B. Dong. "Killing of Escherichia coli using the gas diffusion electrode system." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.808.

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To be best of our knowledge, this study is one of the first investigations to be performed into the potential benefits of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) system in controlling inactivation of E. coli. This study mainly focused on the dual electrodes disinfection with gas diffusion cathode, using Escherichia coli as the indicator microorganisms. The effects of Pt load WPt and the pore-forming agent content WNH4HCO3 in GDE, operating conditions such as pH value, oxygen flow rate QO2, salt content and current density on the disinfection were investigated, respectively. The experimental results showed that the disinfection improved with increasing Pt load WPt, but its efficiency at Pt load of 3‰ was equivalent to that at Pt load of 4‰. Addition of the pore-forming agent in the appropriate amount improved the disinfection while drop of pH value resulted in the rapid rise of the germicidal efficacy and the disinfection shortened with increasing oxygen flow rate QO2. The system is more suitable for highly salt water. The germicidal efficacy increased with current density. However, the accelerating rate was different: it first increased with the current density, then decreased, and reached a maximum at current density of 6.7–8.3 mA/cm2. The germicidal efficacy in the cathode compartment was about the same as in the anode compartment indicating the contribution of direct oxidation and indirect treatment of E. coli by the hydroxyl radical was similar to the oxidative indirect effect of the generated H2O2. This technology is expensive in operating cost, further research is required to advance the understanding and reduce the operating cost of this technology.
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Luo, Haijian, Chaolin Li, Chiqing Wu, and Xiaoqing Dong. "In situ electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide with an improved gas diffusion cathode by rolling carbon black and PTFE." RSC Advances 5, no. 80 (2015): 65227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09636g.

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Guzmán, Hilmar, Federica Zammillo, Daniela Roldán, Camilla Galletti, Nunzio Russo, and Simelys Hernández. "Investigation of Gas Diffusion Electrode Systems for the Electrochemical CO2 Conversion." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040482.

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Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising carbon capture and utilisation technology. Herein, a continuous flow gas diffusion electrode (GDE)-cell configuration has been studied to convert CO2 via electrochemical reduction under atmospheric conditions. To this purpose, Cu-based electrocatalysts immobilised on a porous and conductive GDE have been tested. Many system variables have been evaluated to find the most promising conditions able to lead to increased production of CO2 reduction liquid products, specifically: applied potentials, catalyst loading, Nafion content, KHCO3 electrolyte concentration, and the presence of metal oxides, like ZnO or/and Al2O3. In particular, the CO productivity increased at the lowest Nafion content of 15%, leading to syngas with an H2/CO ratio of ~1. Meanwhile, at the highest Nafion content (45%), C2+ products formation has been increased, and the CO selectivity has been decreased by 80%. The reported results revealed that the liquid crossover through the GDE highly impacts CO2 diffusion to the catalyst active sites, thus reducing the CO2 conversion efficiency. Through mathematical modelling, it has been confirmed that the increase of the local pH, coupled to the electrode-wetting, promotes the formation of bicarbonate species that deactivate the catalysts surface, hindering the mechanisms for the C2+ liquid products generation. These results want to shine the spotlight on kinetics and transport limitations, shifting the focus from catalytic activity of materials to other involved factors.
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Yu, Fangke, Yi Wang, Hongrui Ma, and Yang Chen. "Enhancement of H2O2 production and AYR degradation using a synergetic effect of photo-electrocatalysis for carbon nanotube/g-C3N4 electrodes." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 20 (2018): 16703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj02603c.

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In this work, a new gas diffusion electrode (GDE) of carbon nanotube/graphitic carbon nitride (CNT/g-C3N4) was prepared, which enables the substantially improved production of H2O2 (up to 1083.54 mg L−1) compared to generation without g-C3N4 (400 mg L−1).
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Suo, Chun Guang, Xiao Wei Liu, and Xi Lian Wang. "A Novel Structure of Membrane Electrode Assembly for DMFC." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.339.

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Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the key component of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), the structure and its preparation methods may bring great effects on the cell performances. Due to the requirement of the high performance of the MEA for the micro direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), we provide a novel double-catalyst layer MEA using CCM-GDE (Catalyst Coated Membrane，CCM；Gas Diffusion Electrode，GDE) fabrication method. The double-catalyst layer is formed with an inner catalyst layer (in anode side: PtRu black as catalyst, in cathode side: Pt black as catalyst) and an outer catalyst layer (in anode side: PtRu/C as catalyst, in cathode side: Pt/C as catalyst). The fabrication procedures are important to the new structured MEA, thus three kinds of fabrication methods are studied, including CCM-GDE, GDE-Membrane and CCM-GDL methods. It was found that the CCM-GDE technology may enhance the contact properties between the catalyst and PEM, and increase the electrode reaction areas, resulted in increasing the performance of the DMFC.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)"

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Harrington, Tomas Seosamh. "Gas diffusion electrodes for environmental applications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297872.

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尹立興 and Lap-hing Wan. "Porous layer modifications of gas-diffusion electrodes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31211938.

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Wan, Lap-hing. "Porous layer modifications of gas-diffusion electrodes /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1382983X.

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鄧其禮 and Ki-lai Tang. "Polarization behaviour on microfabricated metallic gas-diffusion electrode structures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210557.

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Leonard, McLain E. (McLain Evan). "Engineering gas diffusion electrodes for electrochemical carbon dioxide upgrading." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130671.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, February, 2021
Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 219-233).
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) is increasingly recognized as a viable technology for the generation of chemicals using carbon dioxide (CO₂) recovered from industrial exhaust streams or directly captured from air. If powered with low-carbon electricity, CO2R processes have the potential to reduce emissions from chemicals production. Historically, three-electrode analytical cells have been used to study catalyst activity, selectivity, and stability with a goal of incorporating proven materials into larger devices. However, it has been recognized that the limited CO₂ flux through bulk volumes of liquid electrolyte limit the effective reaction rate of CO₂ when using promising catalyst systems.
Gas-fed electrolyzers adapted from commercial water electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies have motivated researchers to explore combinations of porous electrodes, catalyst layers, and electrolytes to achieve higher areal productivity and favorable product selectivities. Present art demonstrates that high current density production (>200 mA cm₋²) of valuable chemicals at moderate cell voltages (ca. 3-4 V) is achievable at ambient conditions using electrolysis devices with catalyst-coated gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). However, beyond short durations (1-10 h) stable performance outcomes for flowing electrolyte systems remain elusive as electrolyte often floods electrode pores, blocking diffusion pathways for CO₂, diminishing CO2R selectivity, and constraining productivity. Systematic study of the driving forces that induce electrode flooding is needed to infer reasonable operational envelopes for gas-fed electrolyzers as full-scale industrial devices are developed.
In this thesis, I investigate GDE wettability as a prominent determinant of gas-fed flowing electrolyte CO₂ electrolyzer durability. To do this, I combine experimental and computational approaches. First, I use a flow cell platform to study transient evolution of activity, selectivity, and saturation to identify failure modes, including liquid pressurization, salt precipitation, electrowetting, and liquid product enrichment. Next, I use material wettability properties and reactor mass balances to estimate how enriched liquid product streams might defy non-wetting characteristics of current GDE material sets. Finally, I construct computational electrode models and vary surface chemistry descriptors to predict transport properties in partially saturated electrodes. Specifically, I consider how saturation evolves in response to relevant scenarios (i.e., electrowetting and liquid products) that challenge CO₂ electrolyzer durability.
by McLain E. Leonard.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
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Tang, Ki-lai. "Polarization behaviour on microfabricated metallic gas-diffusion electrode structures /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13280168.

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Barron, Olivia. "Gas diffusion electrodes for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells membrane electrode assemblies." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4323.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The need for simplified polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFCs) systems, which do not require extensive fuel processing, has led to increased study in the field of high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) applications. Although these HT-PEMFCs can operate with less complex systems, they are not without their own challenges; challenges which are introduced due to their higher operation temperature. This study aims to address two of the main challenges associated with HT-PEMFCs; the need for alternative catalyst layer (CL) ionomers and the prevention of excess phosphoric acid (PA) leaching into the CL. The first part of the study involves the evaluation of suitable proton conducting materials for use in the CL of high temperature membrane electrode assemblies (HT-MEAs), with the final part of the study focusing on development of a novel MEA architecture comprising an acid controlling region. The feasibility of the materials in HT-MEAs was evaluated by comparison to standard MEA configurations.
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Gode, Peter. "Investigations of proton conducting polymers and gas diffusion electrodes in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-97.

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Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) convert the chemically bound energy in a fuel, e.g. hydrogen, directly into electricity by an electrochemical process. Examples of future applications are energy conversion such as combined heat and power generation (CHP), zero emission vehicles (ZEV) and consumer electronics. One of the key components in the PEFC is the membrane / electrode assembly (MEA). Both the membrane and the electrodes consist of proton conducting polymers (ionomers). In the membrane, properties such as gas permeability, high proton conductivity and sufficient mechanical and chemical stability are of crucial importance. In the electrodes, the morphology and electrochemical characteristics are strongly affected by the ionomer content. The primary purpose of the present thesis was to develop experimental techniques and to use them to characterise proton conducting polymers and membranes for PEFC applications electrochemically at, or close to, fuel cell operating conditions. The work presented ranges from polymer synthesis to electrochemical characterisation of the MEA performance. The use of a sulfonated dendritic polymer as the acidic component in proton conducting membranes was demonstrated. Proton conducting membranes were prepared by chemical cross-linking or in conjunction with a basic functionalised polymer, PSU-pyridine, to produce acid-base blend membranes. In order to study gas permeability a new in-situ method based on cylindrical microelectrodes was developed. An advantage of this method is that the measurements can be carried out at close to real fuel cell operating conditions, at elevated temperature and a wide range of relative humidities. The durability testing of membranes for use in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) has been studied in situ by a combination of galvanostatic steady-state and electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS). Long-term experiments have been compared to fast ex situ testing in 3 % H2O2 solution. For the direct assessment of membrane degradation, micro-Raman spectroscopy and determination of ion exchange capacity (IEC) have been used. PVDF-based membranes, radiation grafted with styrene and sulfonated, were used as model membranes. The influence of ionomer content on the structure and electrochemical characteristics of Nafion-based PEFC cathodes was also demonstrated. The electrodes were thoroughly investigated using various materials and electrochemical characterisation techniques. Electrodes having medium Nafion contents (35<x<45 wt %) showed the best performance. The mass-transport limitation was essentially due to O2 diffusion in the agglomerates. The performance of cathodes with low Nafion content (<30 wt %) is limited by poor kinetics owing to incomplete wetting of platinum (Pt) by Nafion, by proton migration throughout the cathode as well as by O2 diffusion in the agglomerates. At large Nafion content (>45 wt %), the cathode becomes limited by diffusion of O2 both in the agglomerates and throughout the cathode. Furthermore, models for the membrane coupled with kinetics for the hydrogen electrode, including water concentration dependence, were developed. The models were experimentally validated using a new reference electrode approach. The membrane, as well as the hydrogen anode and cathode characteristics, was studied experimentally using steady-state measurements, current interrupt and EIS. Data obtained with the experiments were in good agreement with the modelled results.
QC 20101014
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Gode, Peter. "Investigations of proton coducting polymers and gas diffusion electrodes for the polymer electrolyte fuel cell." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-97.

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Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) convert the chemically bound energy in a fuel, e.g. hydrogen, directly into electricity by an electrochemical process. Examples of future applications are energy conversion such as combined heat and power generation (CHP), zero emission vehicles (ZEV) and consumer electronics. One of the key components in the PEFC is the membrane / electrode assembly (MEA). Both the membrane and the electrodes consist of proton conducting polymers (ionomers). In the membrane, properties such as gas permeability, high proton conductivity and sufficient mechanical and chemical stability are of crucial importance. In the electrodes, the morphology and electrochemical characteristics are strongly affected by the ionomer content. The primary purpose of the present thesis was to develop experimental techniques and to use them to characterise proton conducting polymers and membranes for PEFC applications electrochemically at, or close to, fuel cell operating conditions. The work presented ranges from polymer synthesis to electrochemical characterisation of the MEA performance.

The use of a sulfonated dendritic polymer as the acidic component in proton conducting membranes was demonstrated. Proton conducting membranes were prepared by chemical cross-linking or in conjunction with a basic functionalised polymer, PSU-pyridine, to produce acid-base blend membranes. In order to study gas permeability a new in-situ method based on cylindrical microelectrodes was developed. An advantage of this method is that the measurements can be carried out at close to real fuel cell operating conditions, at elevated temperature and a wide range of relative humidities. The durability testing of membranes for use in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) has been studied in situ by a combination of galvanostatic steady-state and electrochemical impedance measurements (EIS). Long-term experiments have been compared to fast ex situ testing in 3 % H2O2 solution. For the direct assessment of membrane degradation, micro-Raman spectroscopy and determination of ion exchange capacity (IEC) have been used. PVDF-based membranes, radiation grafted with styrene and sulfonated, were used as model membranes. The influence of ionomer content on the structure and electrochemical characteristics of Nafion-based PEFC cathodes was also demonstrated. The electrodes were thoroughly investigated using various materials and electrochemical characterisation techniques. Electrodes having medium Nafion contents (3545 wt %), the cathode becomes limited by diffusion of O2 both in the agglomerates and throughout the cathode. Furthermore, models for the membrane coupled with kinetics for the hydrogen electrode, including water concentration dependence, were developed. The models were experimentally validated using a new reference electrode approach. The membrane, as well as the hydrogen anode and cathode characteristics, was studied experimentally using steady-state measurements, current interrupt and EIS. Data obtained with the experiments were in good agreement with the modelled results. Keywords: polymer electrolyte fuel cell, proton conducting membrane, porous electrode, gas permeability, degradation, water transport

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Gode, Peter. "Investigations of proton conducting polymers and gas diffusion electrodes int the polymer electrolyte fuel cell /." Stockholm, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-97.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)"

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Calay, Rajnish Kaur. "Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE)." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1682-1.

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Ogura, K., H. Yano, and M. Nakayama. "Electrochemical Reduction of CO2with Gas-Diffusion Electrodes Fabricated Using Metal and Polymer-Confined Nets." In ACS Symposium Series, 344–61. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0809.ch023.

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Litster, S., and N. Djilali. "Two-phase transport in porous gas diffusion electrodes." In Transport Phenomena in Fuel Cells, 175–213. WIT Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/1-85312-840-6/05.

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Ikeda, Shoichiro, Satoshi Shiozaki, Junichi Susuki, Kaname Ito, and Hidetomo Noda. "Electroreduction of CO2 using Cu/Zn oxides loaded gas diffusion electrodes." In Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 225–30. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2991(98)80748-9.

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Deseure, Jonathan, and Jérôme Aicart. "Solid Oxide Steam Electrolyzer: Gas Diffusion Steers the Design of Electrodes." In Electrodialysis. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90352.

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The hydrogen production by SOECs coupled with renewable energy sources is a promising route for the sustainability hydrogen economy. Multiphysics computing simulations appear to be the most efficient approaches to analyze the coupled mechanisms of SOEC operation. Using a relevant model, it is possible to predict the electrical behavior of solid oxide electrodes considering the current collector design. The influences of diffusion and grain diameter on cell performances can be investigated through 2D simulations, current–voltage characteristics, and current source distribution through electrodes. The simulation results emphasize that diffusion is linked to a relocation of the reaction away from the interface electrolyte/electrode, in the volume of the cathode. Furthermore, the current collector proves itself to be a great obstacle to gas access, inducing underneath it a shortage of steam. Inducing gradients of grain diameters in both anode and cathode drives the current sources to occur close to the electrode/electrolyte interface, thus decreasing ohmic losses and facilitating gas access. This approach shows the crucial importance of cathode microstructure as this electrode controls the cell response.
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Magee, Patrick, and Mark Tooley. "Blood Gas Analysis." In The Physics, Clinical Measurement and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice for the FRCA. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595150.003.0021.

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A blood gas machine has electrodes to measure pH, pCO2 and pO2 and often measures Hb and some biochemistry as well [King et al. 2000]. Derived values from such a device include O2 saturation, O2 content, bicarbonate, base excess and total CO2. This is the Clarke electrode described in the previous section on gas analysers and is suitable for both respiratory and blood O2 analysis. A pH unit has been defined in Chapter 1 as. In words, this can be described as ‘the negative logarithm, to base ten, of the hydrogen ion concentration’. The physical principle on which the pH electrode is based depends on the fact that when a membrane separates two solutions of different [H+], a potential difference exists across the membrane. In a pH electrode, such a membrane is usually made of glass and the development of a potential difference between the two solutions is thought to be due to the migration of H+ into the glass matrix. If one solution consists of a standard [H+], the pH of the other solution can be estimated by measurement of the potential difference between them. The glass membrane used is selectively permeable to H+. No current flows in this device, which does not wear out, in contrast to the Clark electrode, in which current does flow and that does need periodic replacement. The pH measurement system is shown diagrammatically in Figure 17.1. It consists of two half cells. In one half it has an Ag/AgCl electrode and in the other a Hg/HgCl2 (calomel) electrode. Each electrode maintains a fixed electrical potential. The Ag/AgCl electrode is surrounded by a buffer solution of known pH, surrounded by the pH sensitive glass. Outside the glass membrane is the test solution, usually blood, whose pH is to be measured. It is the potential difference across the glass, between these two solutions, which is variable. The blood or other solution is separated from the calomel electrode by a porous plug and a potassium chloride salt bridge to minimise KCl diffusion. The potential difference across the system is about 60 mV per unit of pH change at 37◦C.
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Conference papers on the topic "Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)"

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Jia, Shan, and Hongtan Liu. "Cold Pre-Compression Treatment of Gas Diffusion Electrode for PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64016.

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In a PEM fuel cell, it has been shown that the compression under the land area is the main reason for the observed higher performance than that under channel areas. If the area under the channel can also benefit from such a compression the overall performance of the cell will increase. Since the areas under the channel are not directly compressed in an assembled fuel cell, it is the objective of this study to determine if a cold pre-compression treatment of the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) may have a significant positive effect on the overall performance of the cell. First, the GDE is cold pre-compressed to a level similar to the compression that would be experienced by the land areas in an assembled fuel cell. Then the pre-compressed GDE is assembled in a regular test fuel cell and the performances under various operating conditions are studied. Finally, the cell performance results are compared with the results obtained from a fuel cell with a regular GDE. The experimental results show that cold pre-compress of the GDE has significantly improved the overall performance of the fuel cell. Further experiments have also been conducted with five different levels of cold pre-compression to determine if there exists an optimal compression and its value if it exists. The experimental results show that the performance of the fuel cell first increases with the level of cold pre-compression, reaching a maximum and then decreases with the level of compression. These results clearly indicate that there indeed exists an optimal level of compression. Further studies using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have further corroborated the cell performance findings as well as the underlying mechanism. The results of EIS indicate that the ohmic resistance is hardly affected by the cold pre-compression, while the charge transfer resistance is significantly affected, especially in high current density region. The CV results show that the electro-chemical area (ECA) is higher with the cold pre-compressed GDE and there is an optimal compression that results in the maximum ECA. Therefore, the experimental results have shown that (a) the cold pre-compression treatment of the GDE is an effective and simple technique to increase PEM fuel cell performances; (b) there exists an optimal compression level at which the cell reaches its maximum performance; and (c) the increased performance is due to the increase of ECA resulting from the cold pre-compression treatment.
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Hoffman, Casey J., and Daniel F. Walczyk. "Development of a PEM Fuel Cell Electrode Coating Testbed." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33256.

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Two of the largest barriers to PEMFC commercialization are the materials costs for individual components, especially platinum catalyst, and the fact that few large-scale manufacturing capabilities currently exist. This paper focuses on the development of a testbed which will be used for evaluating coating technologies for use in the manufacture of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell electrodes. More specifically, the focus is on diffusion electrode architecture, in which the catalyst layer is applied to a gas diffusion layer (GDL) rather than on the membrane. These electrodes are used for both low- and high-temperature PEM fuel cells. A flexible web coating testbed has been designed and built to allow for testing of different gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and GDL deposition methods. This testbed, which is approximately two meters in length, includes a variety of both coating and drying capabilities as well as additional space for quality measurement and control system testing. Testbed capabilities and planned experimentation is discussed in detail. In the future, various non-contact deposition methods for the microlayer and catalyst inks will be investigated (e.g., direct spray, ultrasonic spray) to determine those that will provide higher throughput and repeatability through increased process control capability, while improving electrode performance.
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Hoffman, Casey J., and Daniel F. Walczyk. "Direct Spraying of Catalyst Inks for PEMFC Electrode Manufacturing." In ASME 2011 9th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2011-54416.

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Automated manufacturing techniques are needed to reduce production costs for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell electrodes. The work presented in this paper focuses on the use of a low pressure, low volume direct spray valve that uses air pressure to atomize fluids and transfer them to a gas diffusion layer (GDL) to produce a gas diffusion electrode (GDE). Two of these electrodes would then be joined with a polymer electrolyte membrane to produce a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Accurate and reproducible deposition methods such as this will result in less wasted materials, especially platinum, and increased throughput compared to common laboratory-scale techniques such as paint brushing and Mayer-rod coating. In this study, the production of inks will be discussed including a catalyst ink containing platinum nano-particles supported on carbon (20% loading by weight) and a similar analog ink which is identical except for that it does not contain the platinum. Two different substrates, mylar transparency film and actual carbon paper GDL substrate will be used and presented in this study. Ink rheology (viscosity, solids content, etc.) will also be discussed as it pertains to optimizing spray pattern uniformity and process efficiency. Initial results of thickness measurements which are used for determining uniformity and the required overlapping of multiple coats will be presented. In addition, a comparison of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of electrode surface structures prepared by mayer-rod and spraying will be shown. A brief discussion of the future work planned by the authors in order to study the effects of processing variables on actual fuel cell performance will also be given.
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Fultz, Derek W., and Po-Ya Abel Chuang. "The Effect of Catalyst Coated Diffusion Media on PEM Fuel Cell Performance." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11597.

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Two fuel cell architectures, differing only by the surfaces onto which the electrodes were applied, have been analyzed to determine the root causes of dissimilarities in performance. The basic proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is comprised of the proton transporting membrane, platinum-containing anode and cathode electrodes, porous carbon fiber gas diffusion media (GDM), and flow fields which deliver the reactant hydrogen and air flows. As no optimal cell design currently exists, there is a degree of latitude regarding component assembly and structure. Catalyst coated diffusion media (CCDM) refers to a cell architecture option where the electrode layers are coated on the GDM layers and then hot-pressed to the membrane. Catalyst coated membrane (CCM) refers to an architecture where the electrodes are transferred directly onto the membrane. A cell with CCDM architecture has tightly bonded interfaces throughout the assembly which can result in lower thermal and electrical contact resistances. Considering the fuel cell as a 1-D thermal system, the through-plane thermal resistance was observed to decrease by 5–10% when comparing CCDM to CCM architectures. This suggests the thermal contact resistance at the electrode interfaces was significantly reduced in the hot-press process. In addition, the electrical contact resistances between the electrode and GDM were observed to be significantly reduced with a CCDM architecture. This study shows that these effects, which have a potential to increase performance, can be attributed to the hot-press lamination process and use of CCDM architecture.
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Cheng, Peng, Chasen Tongsh, Jinqiao Liang, Zhi Liu, Qing Du, and Kui Jiao. "Experimental Investigation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell With Platinum and Nafion Along the In-Plane Direction." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23430.

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Abstract In this study, an experimental study has been performed to investigate the effect of in-plane distribution of Pt and Nafion in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) on proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Two types of MEAs, such as the gradient and uniform distributions of Pt catalyst and Nafion, are compared under various operating conditions including cathode flow rate, MEA preparation method, Pt loading and relative humidity (RH). The catalyst ink is sprayed onto Nafion membrane or gas diffusion layer (GDL) through a pneumatic automatic spraying device manufactured by ourselves. MEA is prepared by hot pressing. The results show that as flow rate decreases, the MEA with gradient distribution will show a higher voltage at a high current density for catalyst coated membrane (CCM) method. For CCM method, gradient distribution can optimize cell performance under low cathode flow rate, but the optimization effect is weakened when flow rate is too low. Compared with CCM method, the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) method makes the difference value of Ohmic resistance between gradient and uniform distribution very larger, resulting in poor performance improvement. For GDE method, gradient distribution shows no optimization for cell performance under different Pt loadings and RH, but a smaller average Pt loading and fully-humidified reactants can reduce the performance distinction between uniform and gradient distribution. The gradient design of Pt and Nafion along the in-plane direction is a promising strategy to improve the performance of PEM fuel cell. Reasonably controlling the gradient distribution of Pt in the plane direction of cathode can reduce the amount of Pt catalysts and improve efficiency.
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Rajalakshmi, N., G. Velayutham, K. Ramya, C. K. Subramaniyam, and K. S. Dhathathreyan. "Characterisation and Optimisation of Low Cost Activated Carbon Fabric as a Substrate Layer for PEMFC Electrodes." In ASME 2005 3rd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2005-74182.

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In proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), gas diffusion layers (GDL) play a critical role of supplying the oxidant and the fuel to the cathode and anode besides facilitating transfer of the electrons generated to the current collectors. In the present paper, a new low cost activated carbon fabric of high porous nature has been investigated for its suitability as substrate layer in PEMFC electrodes alternative to the carbon paper. The critical parameters like permeability, porosity, fuel cell performance are compared with standard substrate layer after optimizing the electrode structure. Economic analysis for a 1 kW power system reveals that there exists a considerable cost reduction by about 50%, with reference to the substrate layer.
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Shi, Zhongying, and Xia Wang. "Investigation of Porous Gas Diffusions Layer Modeling in PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68904.

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Darcy’s law, the Brinkman Equation and the modified N-S equation describe the momentum transport phenomena occurring in porous gas diffusion layer. This paper proposes to compare the differences in applying aforementioned models to describe the transport phenomena in porous gas diffusion layers, and evaluate their effects on the fuel cell performance. A two dimensional isothermal single phase PEM fuel cell model is developed, in which Darcy’s law, the Brinkman equation and the modified N-S equation are applied separately in porous electrodes. These three models show no visible effects on the fuel cell performance characterized by the polarization curves. The polarization curve shows a sharp potential drop when calculated by the pure diffusion model. Three values of GDL permeability are investigated here. The order of the magnitude of each term in the modified N-S equation is numerically evaluated. The inertial term is found much smaller than other terms, and can be dropped in the Navier-Stokes equation. Considering the boundary condition setting problem of Darcy’s law and the convergence problem of the modified N-S equation, the Brinkman equation is recommended by this paper to describe the momentum transport in porous electrodes.
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Tomiyasu, Joji, Takashi Harada, Makoto Fujiuchi, Takaji Inamuro, Shiaki Hyodo, and Toshihisa Munekata. "Development of Electrode Structure for High Performance Fuel Cell Using CAE." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33330.

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Cold starting performance and high temperature operation are current issues in the development of high performance polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) electrodes. Although excess water must be removed to improve these aspects of electrode performance, it is also important to adopt a structure that prevents the electrodes from drying up. In the face of this conflicting relationship, it is therefore difficult to design an electrode structure with the required properties. For this reason, using technology jointly developed with Kyoto University and Toyota R&D Labs., Inc., the relationship between structural factors and performance was identified by applying a two-phase flow simulation to the complex microstructure of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) to optimize the electrode structure. As a result, an electrode structure was designed that improves high temperature operation while maintaining cold starting performance. The simulation results were then validated by experiments.
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Fontalvo, Victor M., Danny Illera, Marco E. Sanjuan, and Humberto A. Gomez. "PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes Surface Defects Impact on the System Performance." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23920.

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Abstract Fuel cell system manufacturing process is not a defect-free process, therefore, the impact of typical defects in the electrodes (i.e. Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL)) surface has to be taken into consideration when the fuel cell system is being designed. To assess the impact of the defect on the performance, two approaches were taken into consideration. Initially, the fuel cell system was simulated using a unidimensional (1D) dynamic model which took into consideration mass transfer, heat transfer, and electrochemical phenomena. The second approach was experimental, using a 5 sq.cm PEM fuel cell, the impact of the GDL porosity on the fuel cell system was studied. Also, the system response under different load changes was investigated. After that, experimental results are presented to give a better insight into the phenomena analyzed, mainly on the dynamic system response. Cracks and catalyst clusters were the main defects analyzed, both of them were observed in new membranes assemblies. To control the defects, new membranes assemblies were tested, and after that, defects were induced using Nafion solution and catalyst powder to emulate the presence of catalyst clusters. For the cracks, some fibers in the GDL cloth were cut to emulate the defect. Membranes now with defects were tested again to compare its performance and detect any performance loss due to the physical changes in the electrodes. Results indicate a strong correlation between the porosity and the supply air pressure and the system time constants. Also, the impact of the defects was evidenced in the dynamic system response, after step changes in the operating conditions.
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Owejan, Jon P., Jeffrey J. Gagliardo, Jacqueline M. Sergi, and Thomas A. Trabold. "Two-Phase Flow Considerations in PEMFC Design and Operation." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62037.

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A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) must maintain a balance between the hydration level required for efficient proton transfer and excess liquid water that can impede the flow of gases to the electrodes where the reactions take place. Therefore, it is critically important to understand the two-phase flow of liquid water combined with either the co-flowing hydrogen (anode) or air (cathode) streams. In this paper, we describe the design of an in-situ test apparatus that enables investigation of two-phase channel flow within PEMFCs, including the flow of water from the porous gas diffusion layer (GDL) into the channel gas flows; the flow of water within the bipolar plate channels themselves; and the dynamics of flow through multiple channels connected to common manifolds which maintain a uniform pressure differential across all possible flow paths. These two-phase flow effects have been studied at relatively low operating temperatures under steady-state conditions and during transient air purging sequences.
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Reports on the topic "Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)"

1

DeCastro, Emory S., Yu-Min Tsou, and Zhenyu Liu. High Speed, Low Cost Fabrication of Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Membrane Electrode Assemblies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1093566.

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2

Fleming, Gerald J., and Patrick J. Fleming. Development and optimization of porous carbon papers suitable for gas diffusion electrodes. Final report, December 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809960.

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