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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas diffusion electrodes (GDE)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Oh, Seonhwa, Hyanjoo Park, Hoyoung Kim, Young Sang Park, Min Gwan Ha, Jong Hyun Jang, and Soo-Kil Kim. "Fabrication of Large Area Ag Gas Diffusion Electrode via Electrodeposition for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction." Coatings 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10040341.

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For the improvement for the commercialization of electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion technology, it is important to develop a large area Ag gas diffusion electrode (GDE), that exhibits a high electrochemical CO2 conversion efficiency and high cell performance in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)-type CO2 electrolyzer. In this study, the electrodeposition of Ag on a carbon-paper gas diffusion layer was performed to fabricate a large area (25.5 and 136 cm2) Ag GDE for application to an MEA-type CO2 electrolyzer. To achieve uniformity throughout this large area, an optimization of the electrodeposition variables, such as the electrodes system, electrodes arrangement, deposition current and deposition time was performed with respect to the total electrolysis current, CO production current, Faradaic efficiency (FE), and deposition morphology. The optimal conditions, that is, galvanostatic deposition at 0.83 mA/cm2 for 50 min in a horizontal, two-electrode system with a working-counter electrode distance of 4 cm, did ensure a uniform performance throughout the electrode. The position-averaged CO current densities of 2.72 and 2.76 mA/cm2 and FEs of 83.78% (with a variation of 3.25%) and 82.78% (with a variation of 8.68%) were obtained for 25.5 and 136 cm2 Ag GDEs, respectively. The fabricated 136 cm2 Ag GDE was further used in MEA-type CO2 electrolyzers having an active geometric area of 107.44 cm2, giving potential-dependent CO conversion efficiencies of 41.99%–57.75% at Vcell = 2.2–2.6 V.

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2

Inaba, Masanori, Anders Westergaard Jensen, Gustav Wilhelm Sievers, María Escudero-Escribano, Alessandro Zana, and Matthias Arenz. "Benchmarking high surface area electrocatalysts in a gas diffusion electrode: measurement of oxygen reduction activities under realistic conditions." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 4 (2018): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee00019k.

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3

Asgari, Mehdi, and Elaheh Lohrasbi. "Comparison of Single-Walled and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Durability as Pt Support in Gas Diffusion Electrodes." ISRN Electrochemistry 2013 (December 27, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/564784.

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Durability of single-walled (SWCNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as Pt supports was studied using two accelerated durability tests (ADTs), potential cycling and potentiostatic treatment. ADT of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) was once studied during the potential cycling. Pt surface area loss with increasing the potential cycling numbers for GDE using SWCNT was shown to be higher than that for GDE using MWCNT. In addition, equilibrium concentrations of dissolved Pt species from GDEs in 1.0 M H2SO4 were found to be increased with increasing the potential cycling numbers. Both findings suggest that Pt detachment from support surface plays an important role in Pt surface loss in proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrodes. ADT of GDEs was also studied following the potentiostatic treatments up to 24 h under the following conditions: argon purged, 1.0 M H2SO4, 60°C, and a constant potential of 0.9 V. The subsequent electrochemical characterization suggests that GDE that uses MWCNT/Pt is electrochemically more stable than other GDE using SWCNT/Pt. As a result of high corrosion resistance, GDE that uses MWCNT/Pt shows lower loss of Pt surface area and oxygen reduction reaction activity when used as fuel cell catalyst. The results also showed that potential cycling accelerates the rate of surface area loss.

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4

Sievers, Gustav W., Anders W. Jensen, Volker Brüser, Matthias Arenz, and María Escudero-Escribano. "Sputtered Platinum Thin-films for Oxygen Reduction in Gas Diffusion Electrodes: A Model System for Studies under Realistic Reaction Conditions." Surfaces 2, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces2020025.

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The development of catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in low-temperature fuel cells depends on efficient and accurate electrochemical characterization methods. Currently, two primary techniques exist: rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements in half-cells with liquid electrolyte and single cell tests with membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). While the RDE technique allows for rapid catalyst benchmarking, it is limited to electrode potentials far from operating fuel cells. On the other hand, MEAs can provide direct performance data at realistic conditions but require specialized equipment and large quantities of catalyst, making them less ideal for early-stage development. Using sputtered platinum thin-film electrodes, we show that gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half-cells can be used as an intermediate platform for rapid benchmarking at fuel-cell relevant current densities (~1 A cm−2). Furthermore, we demonstrate how different parameters (loading, electrolyte concentration, humidification, and Nafion membrane) influence the performance of unsupported platinum catalysts. The specific activity could be measured independent of the applied loading at potentials down to 0.80 VRHE reaching a value of 0.72 mA cm−2 at 0.9 VRHE in the GDE. By comparison with RDE measurements and Pt/C measurements, we establish the importance of catalyst characterization under realistic reaction conditions.

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König, Maximilian, Shih-Hsuan Lin, Jan Vaes, Deepak Pant, and Elias Klemm. "Integration of aprotic CO2 reduction to oxalate at a Pb catalyst into a GDE flow cell configuration." Faraday Discussions 230 (2021): 360–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0fd00141d.

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6

Xu, W. Y., P. Li, and B. Dong. "Killing of Escherichia coli using the gas diffusion electrode system." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.808.

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To be best of our knowledge, this study is one of the first investigations to be performed into the potential benefits of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) system in controlling inactivation of E. coli. This study mainly focused on the dual electrodes disinfection with gas diffusion cathode, using Escherichia coli as the indicator microorganisms. The effects of Pt load WPt and the pore-forming agent content WNH4HCO3 in GDE, operating conditions such as pH value, oxygen flow rate QO2, salt content and current density on the disinfection were investigated, respectively. The experimental results showed that the disinfection improved with increasing Pt load WPt, but its efficiency at Pt load of 3‰ was equivalent to that at Pt load of 4‰. Addition of the pore-forming agent in the appropriate amount improved the disinfection while drop of pH value resulted in the rapid rise of the germicidal efficacy and the disinfection shortened with increasing oxygen flow rate QO2. The system is more suitable for highly salt water. The germicidal efficacy increased with current density. However, the accelerating rate was different: it first increased with the current density, then decreased, and reached a maximum at current density of 6.7–8.3 mA/cm2. The germicidal efficacy in the cathode compartment was about the same as in the anode compartment indicating the contribution of direct oxidation and indirect treatment of E. coli by the hydroxyl radical was similar to the oxidative indirect effect of the generated H2O2. This technology is expensive in operating cost, further research is required to advance the understanding and reduce the operating cost of this technology.

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7

Luo, Haijian, Chaolin Li, Chiqing Wu, and Xiaoqing Dong. "In situ electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide with an improved gas diffusion cathode by rolling carbon black and PTFE." RSC Advances 5, no. 80 (2015): 65227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra09636g.

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8

Guzmán, Hilmar, Federica Zammillo, Daniela Roldán, Camilla Galletti, Nunzio Russo, and Simelys Hernández. "Investigation of Gas Diffusion Electrode Systems for the Electrochemical CO2 Conversion." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040482.

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Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising carbon capture and utilisation technology. Herein, a continuous flow gas diffusion electrode (GDE)-cell configuration has been studied to convert CO2 via electrochemical reduction under atmospheric conditions. To this purpose, Cu-based electrocatalysts immobilised on a porous and conductive GDE have been tested. Many system variables have been evaluated to find the most promising conditions able to lead to increased production of CO2 reduction liquid products, specifically: applied potentials, catalyst loading, Nafion content, KHCO3 electrolyte concentration, and the presence of metal oxides, like ZnO or/and Al2O3. In particular, the CO productivity increased at the lowest Nafion content of 15%, leading to syngas with an H2/CO ratio of ~1. Meanwhile, at the highest Nafion content (45%), C2+ products formation has been increased, and the CO selectivity has been decreased by 80%. The reported results revealed that the liquid crossover through the GDE highly impacts CO2 diffusion to the catalyst active sites, thus reducing the CO2 conversion efficiency. Through mathematical modelling, it has been confirmed that the increase of the local pH, coupled to the electrode-wetting, promotes the formation of bicarbonate species that deactivate the catalysts surface, hindering the mechanisms for the C2+ liquid products generation. These results want to shine the spotlight on kinetics and transport limitations, shifting the focus from catalytic activity of materials to other involved factors.

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9

Yu, Fangke, Yi Wang, Hongrui Ma, and Yang Chen. "Enhancement of H2O2 production and AYR degradation using a synergetic effect of photo-electrocatalysis for carbon nanotube/g-C3N4 electrodes." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 20 (2018): 16703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj02603c.

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In this work, a new gas diffusion electrode (GDE) of carbon nanotube/graphitic carbon nitride (CNT/g-C₃N₄) was prepared, which enables the substantially improved production of H₂O₂ (up to 1083.54 mg L⁻¹) compared to generation without g-C₃N₄ (400 mg L⁻¹).

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10

Suo, Chun Guang, Xiao Wei Liu, and Xi Lian Wang. "A Novel Structure of Membrane Electrode Assembly for DMFC." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.339.

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Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the key component of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), the structure and its preparation methods may bring great effects on the cell performances. Due to the requirement of the high performance of the MEA for the micro direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), we provide a novel double-catalyst layer MEA using CCM-GDE (Catalyst Coated Membrane，CCM；Gas Diffusion Electrode，GDE) fabrication method. The double-catalyst layer is formed with an inner catalyst layer (in anode side: PtRu black as catalyst, in cathode side: Pt black as catalyst) and an outer catalyst layer (in anode side: PtRu/C as catalyst, in cathode side: Pt/C as catalyst). The fabrication procedures are important to the new structured MEA, thus three kinds of fabrication methods are studied, including CCM-GDE, GDE-Membrane and CCM-GDL methods. It was found that the CCM-GDE technology may enhance the contact properties between the catalyst and PEM, and increase the electrode reaction areas, resulted in increasing the performance of the DMFC.

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11

Gálvez-Vázquez, María de Jesús, Shima Alinejad, Huifang Hu, Yuhui Hou, Pavel Moreno-García, Alessandro Zana, Gustav K. H. Wiberg, Peter Broekmann, and Matthias Arenz. "Testing a Silver Nanowire Catalyst for the Selective CO2 Reduction in a Gas Diffusion Electrode Half-cell Setup Enabling High Mass Transport Conditions." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 73, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2019.922.

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In this work, we discuss the application of a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) setup for benchmarking electrocatalysts for the reductive conversion of CO2 (CO2 RR: CO2 reduction reaction). Applying a silver nanowire (Ag-NW) based catalyst, it is demonstrated that in the GDE setup conditions can be reached, which are relevant for the industrial conversion of CO2 to CO. This reaction is part of the so-called 'Rheticus' process that uses the CO for the subsequent production of butanol and hexanol based on a fermentation approach. In contrast to conventional half-cell measurements using a liquid electrolyte, in the GDE setup CO2 RR current densities comparable to technical cells (>100 mA cm–2) are reached without suffering from mass transport limitations of the CO2 reactant gas. The results are of particular importance for designing CO2 RR catalysts exhibiting high faradaic efficiencies towards CO at technological reaction rates.

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12

Bisztyga-Szklarz, Magdalena, Krzysztof Mech, Mateusz Marzec, Robert Kalendarev, and Konrad Szaciłowski. "In Situ Regeneration of Copper-Coated Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Electroreduction of CO2 to Ethylene." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123171.

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A key challenge for carbon dioxide reduction on Cu-based catalysts is its low faradic efficiency (FE) and selectivity towards higher-value products, e.g., ethylene. The main factor limiting the possibilities of long-term applications of Cu-based gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) is a relatively fast drop in the catalytic activity of copper layers. One of the solutions to the catalyst stability problem may be an in situ reconstruction of the catalyst during the process. It was observed that the addition of a small amount of copper lactate to the electrolyte results in increased Faradaic efficiency for ethylene formation. Moreover, the addition of copper lactate increases the lifetime of the catalytic layer ca. two times and stabilizes the Faradaic efficiency of the electroreduction of CO2 to ethylene at ca. 30%. It can be concluded that in situ deposition of copper through reduction of copper lactate complexes present in the electrolyte provides new, stable, and selective active sites, promoting the reduction of CO2 to ethylene.

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13

Ashdot, Aviv, Mordechai Kattan, Anna Kitayev, Ervin Tal-Gutelmacher, Alina Amel, and Miles Page. "Design Strategies for Alkaline Exchange Membrane–Electrode Assemblies: Optimization for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers." Membranes 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090686.

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Production of hydrocarbon-based, alkaline exchange, membrane–electrode assemblies (MEA’s) for fuel cells and electrolyzers is examined via catalyst-coated membrane (CCM) and gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) fabrication routes. The inability effectively to hot-press hydrocarbon-based ion-exchange polymers (ionomers) risks performance limitations due to poor interfacial contact, especially between GDE and membrane. The addition of an ionomeric interlayer is shown greatly to improve the intimacy of contact between GDE and membrane, as determined by ex situ through-plane MEA impedance measurements, indicated by a strong decrease in the frequency of the high-frequency zero phase angle of the complex impedance, and confirmed in situ with device performance tests. The best interfacial contact is achieved with CCM’s, with the contact impedance decreasing, and device performance increasing, in the order GDE >> GDE+Interlayer > CCM. The GDE+interlayer fabrication approach is further examined with respect to hydrogen crossover and alkaline membrane electrolyzer cell performance. An interlayer strongly reduces the rate of hydrogen crossover without strongly decreasing electrolyzer performance, while crosslinking the ionomeric layer further reduces the crossover rate though also limiting device performance. The approach can be applied and built upon to improve the design and production of alkaline, and more generally, hydrocarbon-based MEA’s and exchange membrane devices.

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14

Modin, Oskar, and Kensuke Fukushi. "Development and testing of bioelectrochemical reactors converting wastewater organics into hydrogen peroxide." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 831–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.255.

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In a bioelectrochemical system, the energy content in dissolved organic matter can be used to power the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a potentially useful chemical at wastewater treatment plants. H2O2 can be produced by the cathodic reduction of oxygen. We investigated four types of gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for this purpose. A GDE made of carbon nanoparticles bound with 30% polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (wt./wt.C) to a carbon fiber paper performed best and catalyzed H2O2 production from oxygen in air with a coulombic efficiency of 95.1%. We coupled the GDE to biological anodes in two bioelectrochemical reactors. When the anodes were fed with synthetic wastewater containing acetate they generated a current of up to ∼0.4 mA/mL total anode compartment volume. H2O2 concentrations of ∼0.2 and ∼0.5% could be produced in 5 mL catholyte in 9 and 21 h, respectively. When the anodes were fed with real wastewater, the generated current was ∼0.1 mA/mL and only 84 mg/L of H2O2 was produced.

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15

Sen, Sujat, McLain Leonard, Rajeswaran Radhakrishnan, Stephen Snyder, Brian Skinn, Dan Wang, Timothy Hall, E. Jennings Taylor, and Fikile R. Brushett. "Pulse Plating of Copper onto Gas Diffusion Layers for the Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide." MRS Advances 3, no. 23 (December 28, 2017): 1277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.623.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a pulse electroplating method for preparing copper (Cu)-coated gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons such as ethylene. Ionomer coating and air-plasma surface pre-treatments were explored as means of hydrophilizing the carbon surface to enable adhesion of electrodeposited material. The pulsed-current electrodeposition method used successfully generated copper and copper oxide micro- and nano-particles on the prepared surfaces. Copper(I) species identified on the ionomer-treated GDEs are presumed to be highly active for the selective generation of ethylene as compared to other gaseous byproducts of CO2 reduction. Conversely, copper catalysts deposited onto plasma-treated GDEs were found to have poor activity for hydrocarbon production, likely due to substantial metallic character. Of note, plasma treatment of an ionomer-treated GDE after copper plating yielded further improvements in catalytic activity and durability towards ethylene production.

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16

Ma, Ming, Sangkuk Kim, Ib Chorkendorff, and Brian Seger. "Role of ion-selective membranes in the carbon balance for CO2 electroreduction via gas diffusion electrode reactor designs." Chemical Science 11, no. 33 (2020): 8854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc03047c.

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17

Tang, Jing, Hui Min Meng, and Mei Yang Ji. "Energy-saving electrolytic γ-MnO2 generation: non-noble metal electrocatalyst gas diffusion electrode as cathode in acid solution." RSC Advances 9, no. 43 (2019): 24816–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02993a.

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Co₃O₄/FLG was used as a nanocatalyst to catalyze the ORR in the electrodeposition of MnO₂. The proposed Co₃O₄/FLG nanocomposite GDE exhibited a high activity of 0.9 V at a current density of 100 A m⁻².

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18

Zhang, Hui, and Hui Min Meng. "Effect of Temperature on Low Energy Consumption Electrolytic Preparation of Manganese Dioxide Using Oxygen Depolarized Electrode." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.355.

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A new method of an oxygen depolarization gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is proposed to reduce the energy consumption of the electrolysis process for electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD). Substitute oxygen reduction reaction for hydrogen evolution reaction can reduce energy consumption, avoid acid mist, improve working environment, as well as reduce hidden danger. The effect of temperature on electrodeposition was researched. The results show that the cell voltage and the energy consumption of new method by using GDE (Pt/C type) is 4/5-2/3 of that by using Cu or Pt cathode at 40-90°C. The current efficiency is up to 95%, when the temperature is greater than 70°C. The optimum temperature of the new electrolysis process is 80°C, while the life span reaches 400 h. The as-gained EMD belongs to γ-MnO2 when temperature reaches 60°C. The performance of EMD fulfills the industrial requirements when the temperature reaches 70°C. By greatly influence the dissolution rate of Ni net, temperature affects the life span of GDE.

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19

Zhang, Wen Bin, and Da Da Wang. "Design of New MEA Structure for Mciro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1565.

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A novel double-catalyst layer MEA using CCM-GDE (Catalyst Coated Membrane,CCM;Gas Diffusion Electrode,GDE) fabrication method is provided. The double-catalyst layer is formed with an inner catalyst layer (in anode side: PtRu black as catalyst, in cathode side: Pt black as catalyst) and an outer catalyst layer (in anode side: PtRu/C as catalyst, in cathode side: Pt/C as catalyst). By study of the catalyst loading in the double-catalyst layer, an optimization of the catalyst layer structure is obtained, that is the cell may perform best when the ratio of the inner catalyst and outer catalyst is 1:1 (both in inner and outer catalyst layer, the catalyst loading is 1.5mg/cm2). As the hydrophilicity and pore structure are important to the MEA performance, they are optimized by adding pore former and Nafion in the GDL and outer catalyst layer, respectively. Thus three gradients from the PEM to the GDL are formed in the novel MEA: catalyst concentration gradient, porosity gradient and hydrophilicity gradient. These gradients may increase the mass transfer and quicken the electrochemistry reaction in MEA. The CCM-GDE technology may enhance the contact properties between the catalyst and PEM, and increase the electrode reaction areas, resulted in increasing the performance of the μDMFC.

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20

Muddemann, Thorben, Rieke Neuber, Dennis Haupt, Tobias Graßl, Mohammad Issa, Fabian Bienen, Marius Enstrup, et al. "Improving the Treatment Efficiency and Lowering the Operating Costs of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091482.

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Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP®) are promising technologies for the decentralized treatment of water and will be important elements in achieving a circular economy. To overcome the drawback of the high operational expenses of EAOP® systems, two novel reactors based on a next-generation boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless steel cathode or a hydrogen-peroxide-generating gas diffusion electrode (GDE) are presented. This reactor design ensures the long-term stability of BDD anodes. The application potential of the novel reactors is evaluated with artificial wastewater containing phenol (COD of 2000 mg L−1); the reactors are compared to each other and to ozone and peroxone systems. The investigations show that the BDD anode can be optimized for a service life of up to 18 years, reducing the costs for EAOP® significantly. The process comparison shows a degradation efficiency for the BDD–GDE system of up to 135% in comparison to the BDD–stainless steel electrode combination, showing only 75%, 14%, and 8% of the energy consumption of the BDD–stainless steel, ozonation, and peroxonation systems, respectively. Treatment efficiencies of nearly 100% are achieved with both novel electrolysis reactors. Due to the current density adaptation and the GDE integration, which result in energy savings as well as the improvements that significantly extend the lifetime of the BDD electrode, less resources and raw materials are consumed for the power generation and electrode manufacturing processes.

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Rabiee, Hesamoddin, Lei Ge, Xueqin Zhang, Shihu Hu, Mengran Li, and Zhiguo Yuan. "Gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and dinitrogen to value-added products: a review." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 4 (2021): 1959–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee03756g.

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22

Gurau, Vladimir, and Emory De Castro. "Prediction of Performance Variation Caused by Manufacturing Tolerances and Defects in Gas Diffusion Electrodes of Phosphoric Acid (PA)–Doped Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-Based High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061345.

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The automated process of coating catalyst layers on gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells results inherently into a number of defects. These defects consist of agglomerates in which the platinum sites cannot be accessed by phosphoric acid and which are the consequence of an inconsistent coating, uncoated regions, scratches, knots, blemishes, folds, or attached fine particles—all ranging from μm to mm size. These electrochemically inactive spots cause a reduction of the effective catalyst area per unit volume (cm2/cm3) and determine a drop in fuel cell performance. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented that predicts performance variation caused by manufacturing tolerances and defects of the GDE and which enables the creation of a six-sigma product specification for Advent phosphoric acid (PA)-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). The model was used to predict the total volume of defects that would cause a 10% drop in performance. It was found that a 10% performance drop at the nominal operating regime would be caused by uniformly distributed defects totaling 39% of the catalyst layer volume (~0.5 defects/μm2). The study provides an upper bound for the estimation of the impact of the defect location on performance drop. It was found that the impact on the local current density is higher when the defect is located closer to the interface with the membrane. The local current density decays less than 2% in the presence of an isolated defect, regardless of its location along the active area of the catalyst layer.

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23

Parrondo, Javier, Chitturi Venkateswara Rao, Sundara L. Ghatty, and B. Rambabu. "Electrochemical Performance Measurements of PBI-Based High-Temperature PEMFCs." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/261065.

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Acid-doped poly(2,2′-m-phenylene-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) membranes have been prepared and used to assemble membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) with various contents of PBI (1–30 wt.%) in the gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The MEAs were tested in the temperature range of140∘C–200∘C showing that the PBI content in the electrocatalyst layer influences strongly the electrochemical performance of the fuel cell. The MEAs were assembled using polyphosphoric acid doped PBI membranes having conductivities of 0.1 Scm−1at180∘C. The ionic resistance of the cathode decreased from 0.29 to 0.14 Ohm-cm2(180∘C) when the content of PBI is varied from 1 to 10 wt.%. Similarly, the mass transfer resistance or Warburg impedance increased 2.5 times, reaching values of 6 Ohm-cm2. 5 wt.% PBI-based MEA showed the best performance. The electrochemical impedance measurements were in good agreement with the fuel cell polarization curves obtained, and the optimum performance was obtained when overall resistance was minimal.

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24

Gharibi, Hussein, Mohammad Zhiani, Rasol Abdullah Mirzaie, Mehdi Kheirmand, Ali Akbar Entezami, Karim Kakaei, and Masumeh Javaheri. "Investigation of polyaniline impregnation on the performance of gas diffusion electrode (GDE) in PEMFC using binary of Nafion and polyaniline nanofiber." Journal of Power Sources 157, no. 2 (July 2006): 703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.044.

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25

Mardle, Peter, Isotta Cerri, Toshiyuki Suzuki, and Ahmad El-kharouf. "An Examination of the Catalyst Layer Contribution to the Disparity between the Nernst Potential and Open Circuit Potential in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080965.

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The dependency of the Nernst potential in an operating proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) on the temperature, inlet pressure and relative humidity (RH) is examined, highlighting the synergistic dependence of measured open circuit potential (OCP) on all three parameters. An alternative model of the Nernst equation is derived to more appropriately represent the PEMFC system where reactant concentration is instead considered as the activity. Ex situ gas diffusion electrode (GDE) measurements are used to examine the dependency of temperature, electrolyte concentration, catalyst surface area and composition on the measured OCP in the absence of H2 crossover. This is supported by single-cell OCP measurements, wherein RH was also investigated. This contribution provides clarity on the parameters that affect the practically measured OCP as well as highlighting further studies into the effects of catalyst particle surrounding environment on OCP as a promising way of improving PEMFC performance in the low current density regime.

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26

Zeis, Roswitha. "Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (January 7, 2015): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.8.

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The performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) is critically dependent on the selection of materials and optimization of individual components. A conventional high-temperature membrane electrode assembly (HT-MEA) primarily consists of a polybenzimidazole (PBI)-type membrane containing phosphoric acid and two gas diffusion electrodes (GDE), the anode and the cathode, attached to the two surfaces of the membrane. This review article provides a survey on the materials implemented in state-of-the-art HT-MEAs. These materials must meet extremely demanding requirements because of the severe operating conditions of HT-PEMFCs. They need to be electrochemically and thermally stable in highly acidic environment. The polymer membranes should exhibit high proton conductivity in low-hydration and even anhydrous states. Of special concern for phosphoric-acid-doped PBI-type membranes is the acid loss and management during operation. The slow oxygen reduction reaction in HT-PEMFCs remains a challenge. Phosphoric acid tends to adsorb onto the surface of the platinum catalyst and therefore hampers the reaction kinetics. Additionally, the binder material plays a key role in regulating the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the catalyst layer. Subsequently, the binder controls the electrode–membrane interface that establishes the triple phase boundary between proton conductive electrolyte, electron conductive catalyst, and reactant gases. Moreover, the elevated operating temperatures promote carbon corrosion and therefore degrade the integrity of the catalyst support. These are only some examples how materials properties affect the stability and performance of HT-PEMFCs. For this reason, materials characterization techniques for HT-PEMFCs, either in situ or ex situ, are highly beneficial. Significant progress has recently been made in this field, which enables us to gain a better understanding of underlying processes occurring during fuel cell operation. Various novel tools for characterizing and diagnosing HT-PEMFCs and key components are presented in this review, including FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, synchrotron X-ray imaging, X-ray microtomography, and atomic force microscopy.

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27

Nenning, Andreas, Cornelia Bischof, Jürgen Fleig, Martin Bram, and Alexander K. Opitz. "The Relation of Microstructure, Materials Properties and Impedance of SOFC Electrodes: A Case Study of Ni/GDC Anodes." Energies 13, no. 4 (February 22, 2020): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13040987.

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Detailed insight into electrochemical reaction mechanisms and rate limiting steps is crucial for targeted optimization of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes, especially for new materials and processing techniques, such as Ni/Gd-doped ceria (GDC) cermet anodes in metal-supported cells. Here, we present a comprehensive model that describes the impedance of porous cermet electrodes according to a transmission line circuit. We exemplify the validity of the model on electrolyte-supported symmetrical model cells with two equal Ni/Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95-δ anodes. These anodes exhibit a remarkably low polarization resistance of less than 0.1 Ωcm2 at 750 °C and OCV, and metal-supported cells with equally prepared anodes achieve excellent power density of >2 W/cm2 at 700 °C. With the transmission line impedance model, it is possible to separate and quantify the individual contributions to the polarization resistance, such as oxygen ion transport across the YSZ-GDC interface, ionic conductivity within the porous anode, oxygen exchange at the GDC surface and gas phase diffusion. Furthermore, we show that the fitted parameters consistently scale with variation of electrode geometry, temperature and atmosphere. Since the fitted parameters are representative for materials properties, we can also relate our results to model studies on the ion conductivity, oxygen stoichiometry and surface catalytic properties of Gd-doped ceria and obtain very good quantitative agreement. With this detailed insight into reaction mechanisms, we can explain the excellent performance of the anode as a combination of materials properties of GDC and the unusual microstructure that is a consequence of the reductive sintering procedure, which is required for anodes in metal-supported cells.

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28

Dembinska, Beata, Agnieszka Zlotorowicz, Magdalena Modzelewska, Krzysztof Miecznikowski, Iwona A. Rutkowska, Leszek Stobinski, Artur Malolepszy, et al. "Low-Noble-Metal-Loading Hybrid Catalytic System for Oxygen Reduction Utilizing Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Supported Platinum Aligned with Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Iridium." Catalysts 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10060689.

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Hybrid systems composed of the reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum and multiwalled carbon nanotube-supported iridium (both noble metals utilized at low loadings on the level of 15 and ≤2 µg cm−2, respectively) were considered as catalytic materials for the reduction of oxygen in acid media (0.5-mol dm−3 H2SO4). The electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of oxygen and formation of hydrogen peroxide intermediate are tested using rotating ring–disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetric experiments. The efficiency of the proposed catalytic systems was also addressed by performing galvanodynamic measurements with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half-cell at 80 °C. The role of carbon nanotubes is to improve charge distribution at the electrocatalytic interface and facilitate the transport of oxygen and electrolyte in the catalytic systems by lowering the extent of reduced graphene oxide restacking during solvent evaporation. The diagnostic electrochemical experiments revealed that—in iridium-containing systems—not only higher disk currents, but also somehow smaller ring currents are produced (when compared to the Ir-free reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum), clearly implying formation of lower amounts of the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate. The enhancement effect originating from the addition of traces of iridium (supported onto carbon nanotubes) to platinum, utilized at low loading, may originate from high ability of iridium to induce decomposition of the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate.

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29

Kheirmand, Mehdi, Hussein Gharibi, Rasol Abdullah Mirzaie, Monireh Faraji, and Mohammad Zhiani. "Study of the synergism effect of a binary carbon system in the nanostructure of the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell." Journal of Power Sources 169, no. 2 (June 2007): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.03.053.

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30

Martínez-Pachón, Diana, Paula Espinosa-Barrera, Javier Rincón-Ortíz, and Alejandro Moncayo-Lasso. "Advanced oxidation of antihypertensives losartan and valsartan by photo-electro-Fenton at near-neutral pH using natural organic acids and a dimensional stable anode-gas diffusion electrode (DSA-GDE) system under light emission diode (LED) lighting." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 5 (July 4, 2018): 4426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2645-3.

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31

Ki Lai Tang, Thomson, and Kwong-Yu Chan. "Microfabricated gas-diffusion electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 334, no. 1-2 (September 1992): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)80561-h.

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32

Kaisheva, A., I. Iliev, R. Kazareva, and S. Christov. "Amperometric enzyme/gas-diffusion electrodes." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 27, no. 1-3 (June 1995): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(94)01632-r.

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33

Björnbom, Pehr. "Influence of Diffusion Resistances on Gas Diffusion Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 133, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2109039.

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34

Fu, Yeqing, Yi Jiang, Sophie Poizeau, Abhijit Dutta, Aravind Mohanram, John D. Pietras, and Martin Z. Bazant. "Multicomponent Gas Diffusion in Porous Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 162, no. 6 (2015): F613—F621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.0911506jes.

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35

Hansen, Kentaro U., and Feng Jiao. "Hydrophobicity of CO2 gas diffusion electrodes." Joule 5, no. 4 (April 2021): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.005.

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36

Nemtoi, Gh, Ig Cretescu, Iuliana Breaban, P. C. Verestiuc, and Oana-Maria Tucaliuc. "Voltammetric characterization of Hg2+ ion behaviour in acid media on different electrodes." Acta Chemica Iasi 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/achi-2014-0011.

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Abstract This article presents some aspects related to the cathodic discharge of the mercuric ion provided from HgCl2 into an aqueous solution of 0.1 M H2SO4 on different types of electrodes: gold disc electrode (GDE), carbon paste electrode (CPE) and platinum-disk electrode (PDE). Using the rotating disk electrode technique applied on PDE it was established that the cathodic discharge mechanism for the mercuric ion is based on both process types: mass transport, achieved by diffusion and charge transfer, achieved by electron transfer from cathode to mercury ion

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37

Soehn, M., M. Lebert, T. Wirth, S. Hofmann, and N. Nicoloso. "Design of gas diffusion electrodes using nanocarbon." Journal of Power Sources 176, no. 2 (February 2008): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.08.073.

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38

Weng, Lien-Chun, Alexis T. Bell, and Adam Z. Weber. "Modeling gas-diffusion electrodes for CO2 reduction." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 25 (2018): 16973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01319e.

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39

Christensen, Peter Seier, and Hans Livbjerg. "A new model for gas diffusion electrodes." Chemical Engineering Science 47, no. 9-11 (June 1992): 2933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)87154-i.

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40

Silva, R. A., C. O. Soares, M. D. Carvalho, C. M. Rangel, and M. I. da Silva Pereira. "Stability of LaNiO3 gas diffusion oxygen electrodes." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 18, no. 3 (November 22, 2013): 821–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-013-2330-x.

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41

Shibata, Masami, and Nagakazu Furuya. "Electrochemical synthesis of urea at gas-diffusion electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 507, no. 1-2 (July 2001): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00363-1.

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42

Shibata, Masami, Kohji Yoshida, and Nagakazu Furuya. "Electrochemical synthesis of urea at gas-diffusion electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 442, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00504-4.

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43

Prato M., Rafael A., Vincent Van Vught, Kudakwashe Chayambuka, Guillermo Pozo, Sam Eggermont, Jan Fransaer, and Xochitl Dominguez-Benetton. "Synthesis of material libraries using gas diffusion electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 23 (2020): 11674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta00633e.

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Gas-diffusion electrocrystallization (GDEx), driven by oxygen reduction, produces libraries of nanostructures, including birnessites, cubic spinels, tetragonal spinels, and layered double hydroxides, with Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺ as metal precursors.

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44

Konishi, Nozomi, Kohjiro Hara, Akihiko Kudo, and Tadayoshi Sakata. "Electrochemical Reduction of N2O on Gas-Diffusion Electrodes." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 69, no. 8 (August 1996): 2159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.69.2159.

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45

Kunz, Philip, Manuel Hopp‐Hirschler, and Ulrich Nieken. "Simulation of Electrolyte Imbibition in Gas Diffusion Electrodes." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 91, no. 6 (March 29, 2019): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201800202.

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46

Hayashi, Keizo, and Nagakazu Furuya. "Preparation of Gas Diffusion Electrodes by Electrophoretic Deposition." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151, no. 3 (2004): A354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1641034.

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47

Marini, S., P. Salvi, P. Nelli, R. Pesenti, M. Villa, and Y. Kiros. "Oxygen evolution in alkali with gas diffusion electrodes." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 26 (August 2013): 11496–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.04.160.

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48

Kaisheva, A., I. Iliev, R. Kazareva, S. Christov, U. Wollenberger, and F. Scheller. "Enzyme/gas-diffusion electrodes for determination of phenol." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 33, no. 1-3 (July 1996): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(96)01930-2.

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49

Giordano, N., E. Passalacqua, V. Alderucci, P. Staiti, L. Pino, H. Mirzaian, E. J. Taylor, and G. Wilemski. "Morphological characteristics of PTFE bonded gas diffusion electrodes." Electrochimica Acta 36, no. 5-6 (1991): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(91)85314-w.

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50

Chan, Kwong-Yu, George S. Efthymiou, and Joseph F. Cocchetto. "A wedge-meniscus model of gas-diffusion electrodes." Electrochimica Acta 32, no. 8 (August 1987): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(87)80040-3.

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