Academic literature on the topic 'Gas hydrates'
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Journal articles on the topic "Gas hydrates"
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Daghash, Shaden M., Phillip Servio, and Alejandro D. Rey. "From Infrared Spectra to Macroscopic Mechanical Properties of sH Gas Hydrates through Atomistic Calculations." Molecules 25, no. 23 (2020): 5568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235568.
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The vibrational characteristics of gas hydrates are key identifying molecular features of their structure and chemical composition. Density functional theory (DFT)-based IR spectra are one of the efficient tools that can be used to distinguish the vibrational signatures of gas hydrates. In this work, ab initio DFT-based IR technique is applied to analyze the vibrational and mechanical features of structure-H (sH) gas hydrate. IR spectra of different sH hydrates are obtained at 0 K at equilibrium and under applied pressure. Information about the main vibrational modes of sH hydrates and the factors that affect them such as guest type and pressure are revealed. The obtained IR spectra of sH gas hydrates agree with experimental/computational literature values. Hydrogen bond’s vibrational frequencies are used to determine the hydrate’s Young’s modulus which confirms the role of these bonds in defining sH hydrate’s elasticity. Vibrational frequencies depend on pressure and hydrate’s O···O interatomic distance. OH vibrational frequency shifts are related to the OH covalent bond length and present an indication of sH hydrate’s hydrogen bond strength. This work presents a new route to determine mechanical properties for sH hydrate based on IR spectra and contributes to the relatively small database of gas hydrates’ physical and vibrational properties.
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Klymenko, Vasyl, Vasyl Gutsul, Volodymyr Bondarenko, Viktor Martynenko, and Peter Stets. "Modeling of the Kinetics of the Gas Hydrates Formation on the Basis of a Stochastic Approach." Solid State Phenomena 291 (May 2019): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.291.98.
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Recently, more attention has been paid to the development of gas hydrate deposits, the use of gas-hydrated technologies, suitable for energy-efficient transportation of natural gas, the separation of gas mixtures, production and storage of cold, desalinating of seawater, etc. Hydrate formation is one of the main processes of gas-hydrate technological installations. In the article a model is proposed that describes the kinetics of the formation of hydrate in disperse systems, which are characteristic for real conditions of operation of gas-hydrate installations, on the basis of a stochastic approach using Markov chains. An example of numerical calculations is presented on the basis of the proposed model of the dynamics of the total mass of gas hydrates, and changes in the velocity of their formation and size distribution at different values of the nucleation constants and growth rate of the gas hydrates, and results of these calculations are analyzed. It is shown that the rate of formation of hydrate has a maximum value in half the time period of the whole process. The obtained results of the calculations of the dynamics the total mass of gas hydrates are in good agreement with the results of calculations by the equation of kinetics Kolmogorov-Avrami. The proposed model can be applied to the inverse problem: the determination of the nucleation constants and the rate of growth of gas hydrates by the results of the dynamics of the formation of hydrate and the changes in the fractional composition of the generated gas hydrates.
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Daghash, Shaden, Phillip Servio, and Alejandro Rey. "First-Principles Elastic and Anisotropic Characteristics of Structure-H Gas Hydrate under Pressure." Crystals 11, no. 5 (2021): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050477.
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Evaluating gas hydrates properties contributes valuably to their large-scale management and utilization in fundamental science and applications. Noteworthy, structure-H (sH) gas hydrate lacks a comprehensive characterization of its structural, mechanical, and anisotropic properties. Anisotropic and pressure dependent properties are crucial for gas hydrates’ detection and recovery studies. The objective of this work is the determination of pressure-dependent elastic constants and mechanical properties and the direction-dependent moduli of sH gas hydrates as a function of guest composition. First-principles DFT computations are used to evaluate the mechanical properties, anisotropy, and angular moduli of different sH gas hydrates under pressure. Some elastic constants and moduli increase more significantly with pressure than others. This introduces variations in sH gas hydrate’s incompressibility, elastic and shear resistance, and moduli anisotropy. Young’s modulus of sH gas hydrate is more anisotropic than its shear modulus. The anisotropy of sH gas hydrates is characterized using the unit cell elastic constants, anisotropy factors, and the angular dependent moduli. Structure-properties composition correlations are established as a function of pressure. It is found that compressing filled sH gas hydrates increases their moduli anisotropy. Differences in atomic bonding across a crystal’s planes can be expected in anisotropic structures. Taken together the DFT-based structure–properties–composition relations for sH gas hydrates provide novel and significant material physics results for technological applications.
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Pedchenko, Mykhailo, Larysa Pedchenko, Tetiana Nesterenko, and Artur Dyczko. "Technological Solutions for the Realization of NGH-Technology for Gas Transportation and Storage in Gas Hydrate Form." Solid State Phenomena 277 (June 2018): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.277.123.
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The technology of transportation and storage of gas in a gas-hydrated form under atmospheric pressure and slight cooling – the maximum cooled gas-hydrated blocks of a large size covered with a layer of ice are offered. Large blocks form from pre-cooled mixture of crushed and the granulated mass of gas hydrate. The technology of forced preservation gas hydrates with ice layer under atmospheric pressure has developed to increase it stability. The dependence in dimensionless magnitudes, which describes the correlation-regressive relationship between the temperature of the surface and the center gas hydrate block under its forced preservation, had proposed to facilitate the use of research results. Technology preservation of gas hydrate blocks with the ice layer under atmospheric pressure (at the expense of the gas hydrates energy) has designed to improve their stability. Gas hydrated blocks, thus formed, can are stored and transported during a long time in converted vehicles without further cooling. The high stability of gas hydrate blocks allows to distributed in time (and geographically) the most energy expenditure operations – production and dissociation of gas hydrate. The proposed technical and technological solutions significantly reduce the level of energy and capital costs and, as a result, increase the competitiveness of the stages NGH technology (production, transportation, storage, regasification).
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Guo, Zhiqi, Xiaoyu Lv, Cai Liu, Haifeng Chen, and Zhiguang Cai. "Characterizing Gas Hydrate–Bearing Marine Sediments Using Elastic Properties—Part 1: Rock Physical Modeling and Inversion from Well Logs." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (2022): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101379.
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Gas hydrates are considered a potential energy source for the future. Rock physics modeling provides insights into the elastic response of sediments containing gas hydrates, which is essential for identifying gas hydrates using well-log data and seismic attributes. This paper establishes a rock physics model (RPM) by employing effective medium theories to quantify the elastic properties of sediments containing gas hydrates. Specifically, the proposed RPM introduces critical gas hydrate saturation for various modeling schemes. Such a key factor considers the impact of gas hydrates on sediment stiffnesses during the dynamic process of the gas hydrate accumulating as pore fillings and part of the solid components. Theoretical modeling illustrates that elastic characteristics of the sediments exhibit distinct variation trends determined by critical gas hydrate saturation. Numerical tests of the model based on the well-log data confirm that the proposed technique can be employed to rationally predict gas hydrate saturation using the elastic properties. The compressional wave velocity model is also developed to estimate the gas hydrate saturation, which gives reliable fit results to core measurement data. The proposed methods could improve our understanding of the elastic behaviors of gas hydrates, providing a practical approach to estimating their concentrations.
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Sai, Kateryna. "RESEARCH INTO PECULIARITIES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS DURING THE DISSOCIATION OF GAS HYDRATES." JOURNAL of Donetsk Mining Institute, no. 2 (2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/1999-981x-2021-2-51-59.
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Purpose. Analytical study of the dissociation process of gas hydrates taking into account the peculiarities of phase transitions occurring during their dissociation and described by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Methods. The research uses an integrated approach, which includes the analysis and generalization of literature sources devoted to studying the peculiarities and thermobaric properties of gas hydrates; processes of hydrate formation and accumulation; methods for the development of gas hydrate deposits and technologies for extracting the methane gas from them; analytical calculations of phase transitions of gas hydrates. Findings. The conditions for the formation of gas hydrate deposits have been analyzed and the peculiarities of stable existence of gas hydrates have been revealed. The existing experience in the development of gas hydrate technologies by leading scientists, world research laboratories, advanced design institutes and organizations is summarized. The mechanism of hydration formation in rocks is studied and some classifications of gas hydrate deposits occurring in sedimentary rock stratum are presented. It has been determined that gas hydrates in natural conditions usually occur not only in the form of pure hydrate reservoirs, but most often contain a certain share of rock intercalations, which makes the deposit structure heterogeneous. The mechanisms of hydrate formation and dissociation of gas hydrates have been revealed. It has been determined that the Clausius-Clapeyron equation in a modified form can be used to describe phase transitions both during the formation and dissociation of gas hydrates, taking into account the deposit heterogeneity. Originality. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the analysis of phase transformations in solid phases during hydrate formation and dissociation of gas hydrates is defined more exactly, taking into account the consumption of additional heat due to the influence of the properties of rock intercalations. Practical implications. The research results are useful for designing the rational thermobaric parameters (pressure and temperature) in the dissociation of natural or technogenic gas hydrates, as well as for optimal control of the kinetics of the process.
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Gaidukova, Olga, Sergei Misyura, and Pavel Strizhak. "Key Areas of Gas Hydrates Study: Review." Energies 15, no. 5 (2022): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051799.
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Gas hydrates are widespread all over the world. They feature high energy density and are a clean energy source of great potential. The paper considers experimental and theoretical studies on gas hydrates in the following key areas: formation and dissociation, extraction and transportation technologies of natural methane hydrates, and ignition, and combustion. We identified a lack of research in more areas and defined prospects of further development of gas hydrates as a promising strategic resource. One of the immediate problems is that there are no research findings for the effect of sediments and their matrices on hydrate saturation, as well as on gas hydrate formation and dissociation rates. No mathematical models describe the dissociation of gas hydrates under various conditions. There is a lack of research into the renewal and improvement of existing technologies for the easier and cheaper production of gas hydrates and the extraction of natural gas from them. There are no models of gas hydrate ignition taking into account dissociation processes and the self-preservation effect.
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Gabitto, Jorge F., and Costas Tsouris. "Physical Properties of Gas Hydrates: A Review." Journal of Thermodynamics 2010 (January 12, 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/271291.
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Methane gas hydrates in sediments have been studied by several investigators as a possible future energy resource. Recent hydrate reserves have been estimated at approximately 1016 m3 of methane gas worldwide at standard temperature and pressure conditions. In situ dissociation of natural gas hydrate is necessary in order to commercially exploit the resource from the natural-gas-hydrate-bearing sediment. The presence of gas hydrates in sediments dramatically alters some of the normal physical properties of the sediment. These changes can be detected by field measurements and by down-hole logs. An understanding of the physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments is necessary for interpretation of geophysical data collected in field settings, borehole, and slope stability analyses; reservoir simulation; and production models. This work reviews information available in literature related to the physical properties of sediments containing gas hydrates. A brief review of the physical properties of bulk gas hydrates is included. Detection methods, morphology, and relevant physical properties of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments are also discussed.
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Horvat, Kristine, and Devinder Mahajan. "Carbon dioxide-induced liberation of methane from laboratory-formed methane hydrates." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 9 (2015): 998–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0562.
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This paper reports a laboratory mimic study that focused on the extraction of methane (CH4) from hydrates coupled with sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) as hydrates, by taking advantage of preferential thermodynamic stability of hydrates of CO2 over CH4. Five hydrate formation-decomposition runs focused on CH4–CO2 exchange, two baselines and three with host sediments, were performed in a 200 mL high-pressure Jerguson cell fitted with two glass windows that allowed visualization of the time-resolved hydrate phenomenon. The baseline pure hydrates formed from artificial seawater (75 mL) under 6400–6600 kPa CH4 or 2800–3200 kPa CO2 (hydrate forming regime), when the bath temperature was maintained within 4–6 °C and the gas/liquid volumetric ratio was ∼1.7:1 in the water-excess systems. The data show that the induction time for hydrate appearance was largest at 96 h with CH4, while with CO2 the time shortened by a factor of four. However, when the secondary gas (CO2 or CH4) was injected into the system containing preformed hydrates, the entering gas formed the hydrate phase instantly (within minutes) and no lag was observed. In a system containing host Ottawa sand (104 g) and artificial seawater (38 mL), the induction period reduced to 24 h. In runs with multiple charges, the extent of hydrate formation reached 44% of the theoretical value in the water-excess system, whereas the value maximized at 23% in the gas-excess system. The CO2 hydrate formation in a system that already contained CH4 hydrates was facile and they remained stable, whereas CH4 hydrate formation in a system consisting of CO2 hydrates as hosts were initially stable, but CH4 gas in hydrates quickly exchanged with free CO2 gas to form more stable CO2 hydrates. In all five runs, even though the system was depressurized, left for over a week at room temperature, and flushed with nitrogen gas in between runs, hydrates exhibited the “memory effect”, irrespective of the gas used, a result in contradiction with that reported previously in the literature. The facile CH4–CO2 exchange observed under temperature and pressure conditions that mimic naturally occurring CH4 hydrates show promise to develop a commercial carbon sequestration system.
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Sun, Jian Ye, Yu Guang Ye, Chang Ling Liu, and Jian Zhang. "Experimental Study on Gas Production from Methane Hydrate Bearing Sand by Depressurization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 310 (February 2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.310.28.
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The simulate experiments of gas production from methane hydrates reservoirs was proceeded with an experimental apparatus. Especially, TDR technique was applied to represent the change of hydrate saturation in real time during gas hydrate formation and dissociation. In this paper, we discussed and explained material transformation during hydrate formation and dissociation. The hydrates form and grow on the top of the sediments where the sediments and gas connect firstly. During hydrates dissociation by depressurization, the temperatures and hydrate saturation presented variously in different locations of sediments, which shows that hydrates dissociate earlier on the surface and outer layer of the sediments than those of in inner. The regulation of hydrates dissociation is consistent with the law of decomposition kinetics. Furthermore, we investigated the depressurizing range influence on hydrate dissociation process.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gas hydrates"
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Alfvén, Linda, and Sorin Ignea. "Characterization of Gas hydrates." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-203043.
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Gas hydrates are naturally occurring crystalline formations consisting of crystal structural “cages” which make up cavities where gas molecules can be trapped. Hydrates are formed under specific pressure and temperature conditions in the ground, which limits their presence to permafrost and deep sea continental margins. The interest for gas hydrates has grown bigger in the past time, mainly because of the potential as a new energy source but also because of the possibility of carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and its potential linkage to different geological hazards. Gas hydrates are still relatively poorly understood with many questions to be answered. Therefore research in this area is important. In our study we have been focusing on characterization of gas hydrate structures and their gas composition. By using the two different analytical methods X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and gas chromatography. For this study to be successfully carried out we needed access to equipment and expertise which is only to be found in few places on Earth. Our lab work was therefore done at Pontifica Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre Brazil where a research project in gas hydrates is on going. Because of the research projects secrecy we do not know where our gas hydrate samples come from which mean we cannot link our results to any geographic area. The structural analysis shows structure I hydrate which is characterized by the presence of small gas molecules such as hydrocarbons. The results from the gas content validated that it is structure I since large concentrations of methane gas (CH4) and sulphur gas (H2S) were detected. The presence of these gases implies that the formation conditions are in a marine environment at the sulphate-methane transition zone (SMTZ).
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Sadeq, Dhifaf Jaafar. "Gas Hydrates Investigation: Flow Assurance for Gas Production and Effects on Hydrate-bearing Sediments." Thesis, Curtin University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75809.
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This thesis was aimed to study gas hydrates in terms of their equilibrium conditions in bulk and their effects on sedimentary rocks. The hydrate equilibrium measurements for different gas mixtures containing CH4, CO2 and N2 were determined experimentally using the PVT sapphire cell equipment. We imaged CO2 hydrate distribution in sandstone, and investigated the hydrate morphology and cluster characteristics via μCT. Moreover, the effect of hydrate formation on the P-wave velocities of sandstone was investigated experimentally.
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Jang, Jaewon. "Gas production from hydrate-bearing sediments." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41145.
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Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds made of gas and water molecules. Methane hydrates are found in marine sediments and permafrost regions; extensive amounts of methane are trapped in the form of hydrates. The unique behavior of hydrate-bearing sediments requires the development of special research tools, including new numerical algorithms (tube- and pore-network models) and experimental devices (high pressure chambers and micromodels). Hydraulic conductivity decreases with increasing variance in pore size distribution; while spatial correlation in pore size reduces this trend, both variability and spatial correlation promote flow focusing. Invading gas forms a percolating path while nucleating gas forms isolated gas bubbles; as a result, relative gas conductivity is lower for gas nucleation than for gas invasion processes, and constitutive models must be properly adapted for reservoir simulations. Physical properties such as gas solubility, salinity, pore size, and mixed gas conditions affect hydrate formation and dissociation; implications include oscillatory transient hydrate formation, dissolution within the hydrate stability field, initial hydrate lens formation, and phase boundary changes in real field situations. High initial hydrate saturation and high depressurization favor gas recovery efficiency during gas production from hydrate-bearing sediments. Even a small fraction of fines in otherwise clean sand sediments can cause fines migration and concentration, vuggy structure formation, and gas-driven fracture formation during gas production by depressurization.
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Hughes, Thomas John. "Plug Formation and Dissociation of Mixed Gas Hydrates and Methane Semi-Clathrate Hydrate Stability." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1579.
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Gas hydrates are known to form plugs in pipelines. Hydrate plug dissociation times can be predicted using the CSMPlug program. At high methane mole fractions of a methane + ethane mixture the predictions agree with experiments for the relative dissociation times of structure I (sI) and structure II (sII) plugs. At intermediate methane mole fractions the predictions disagree with experiment. Enthalpies of dissociation were measured and predicted with the Clapeyron equation. The enthalpies of dissociation for the methane + ethane hydrates were found to vary significantly with pressure, the composition, and the structure of hydrate. The prediction and experimental would likely agree if this variation in the enthalpy of dissociation was taken in to account.
In doing the plug dissociation studies at high methane mole fraction a discontinuity was observed in the gas evolution rate and X-ray diffraction indicated the possibility of the presence of both sI and sII hydrate structures. A detailed analysis by step-wise modelling utilising the hydrate prediction package CSMGem showed that preferential enclathration could occur. This conclusion was supported by experiment.
Salts such as tetraisopentylammonium fluoride form semi-clathrate hydrates with melting points higher than 30 ℃ and vacant cavities that can store cages such as methane and hydrogen. The stability of this semi-clathrate hydrate with methane was studied and the dissociation phase boundary was found to be at temperatures of about (25 to 30) K higher than that of methane hydrate at the same pressure.
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Rojas, González Yenny V. "Tetrahydrofuran and natural gas hydrates formation in the presence of various inhibitors." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2332.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the formation process of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrates and natural gas hydrates, and the effect of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) on the formation and growth of these hydrates. Kinetic experiments were conducted in pressure cells in the presence of, or without, KHIs. Interfacial and electrokinetic techniques, including surface tension, Langmuir monolayers and zeta potential, were used to study the adsorption preferences of the inhibitors in two different interfaces, air–liquid and hydrate–liquid. For comparison purposes, selected thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) and antiagglomerators (AAs) were investigated in some of the experiments. Sodium chloride was used in experiments where suitable.Four well known KHI polymers, including a terpolymer of N-vinylpyrrolidone, Nvinylcaprolactam and dimethylamino-ethylmethacrylate (Gaffix VC713), poly(Nvinylcaprolactam) (Luvicap EG), and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP40, Mn=40k and PVP360, Mn=360k), were selected for the investigation. A copolymer containing both poly(ethylene oxide) and vinylcaprolactam segments (PEO-VCap) that was developed in the Polymer Research lab in Curtin University, was also investigated. Other chemicals, including methanol (MeOH) and monoethylene glycol (MEG) were used as THIs. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was used as an AA.During the THF hydrates kinetic studies, several experimental parameters that are associated with the nucleation and crystal growth process were investigated. The onset of THF hydrates formation, the maximum temperature spike, the magnitude of the temperature rise associated with the hydrate formation, the rate of hydrate formation, and the temperature at the end-point of the hydrate formation, were reported to compare inhibition efficiency. Subcooling was used as the driving force for hydrates formation. The experimental results show that the kinetics of the THF hydrate is affected by the physical chemical environment, which includes the concentration and types of additives used for the inhibition of the hydrates. In comparison to the system containing no inhibitor, there was an increase in subcooling and a reduced onset temperature of hydrates formation when various inhibitors were used.Surface tension studies have demonstrated that the adsorption of KHIs molecules at the air–liquid interface is directly related to its effectiveness inhibiting hydrates. The differences in the fundamental properties of the polymer molecules, such as molecular weight and flexibility of the polymer chain, have an impact on the different adsorption behaviours at the air–liquid interface for all of them. The inhibition efficiency of KHIs was enhanced in the presence of NaCl 3.5 wt% for all the inhibitors, and seemed to be associated to maximum packing of polymer molecules in the monolayer and low surface tension values. The zeta potential results, measured at the THF hydrate–liquid interface, have shown some correspondence with the surface tension results at the air liquid–interface. The compound, with a higher adsorption at the air liquid–interface also showed a higher adsorption at the surface of the THF hydrate. It was observed, that the inhibitor showing the higher adsorption on zeta potential measurements was more effective for reducing the onset temperature of hydrates formation.The kinetic studies have been extended to structure II natural gas hydrates systems, to examine whether the hypothesis proposed for THF hydrates systems were applicable to the gas hydrate systems. Gaffix VC713, Luvicap EG, PVP40 and PEO-VCap were used in this investigation. The gas hydrate formation rate was always slower when KHIs were present in the liquid phase. In all cases, the presence of KHI decreases the temperature of the onset hydrate formation. Polymers, such as PVP40 and PEO-VCap, that showed the worse and the best inhibition performances respectively in THF crystals, exhibited the opposite inhibition performance in gas hydrate crystals. This suggests that a different mechanism of KHIs surface adsorption could be operating on different hydrates surfaces.Overall, the investigation of the kinetics of formation and inhibition on THF hydrates and natural gas hydrates in the presence of KHIs, indicate that the gas hydrate formation rate during gas hydrate formation, is always slower when KHIs are present in the liquid phase. The inhibition mechanism of KHIs in the THF hydrates systems may differ significantly from that of the gas hydrate systems. Adsorption studies, demonstrate that the adsorption of KHIs are directly related to their effectiveness inhibiting hydrates. Surface tension and zeta potential approaches provide valuable information for understanding hydrates formation and inhibition mechanisms.
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Grover, Tarun. "Natural gas hydrates - issues for gas production and geomechanical stability." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86049.
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Natural gas hydrates are solid crystalline substances found in the subsurface. Since
gas hydrates are stable at low temperatures and moderate pressures, gas hydrates are
found either near the surface in arctic regions or in deep water marine environments
where the ambient seafloor temperature is less than 10°C. This work addresses the
important issue of geomechanical stability in hydrate bearing sediments during different
perturbations.
I analyzed extensive data collected from the literature on the types of sediments
where hydrates have been found during various offshore expeditions. To better
understand the hydrate bearing sediments in offshore environments, I divided these data
into different sections. The data included water depths, pore water salinity, gas
compositions, geothermal gradients, and sedimentary properties such as sediment type,
sediment mineralogy, and sediment physical properties. I used the database to determine
the types of sediments that should be evaluated in laboratory tests at the Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory.
The TOUGH+Hydrate reservoir simulator was used to simulate the gas production
behavior from hydrate bearing sediments. To address some important gas production
issues from gas hydrates, I first simulated the production performance from the
Messsoyakha Gas Field in Siberia. The field has been described as a free gas reservoir
overlain by a gas hydrate layer and underlain by an aquifer of unknown strength. From a
parametric study conducted to delineate important parameters that affect gas production
at the Messoyakha, I found effective gas permeability in the hydrate layer, the location of perforations and the gas hydrate saturation to be important parameters for gas
production at the Messoyakha. Second, I simulated the gas production using a hydraulic
fracture in hydrate bearing sediments. The simulation results showed that the hydraulic
fracture gets plugged by the formation of secondary hydrates during gas production.
I used the coupled fluid flow and geomechanical model "TOUGH+Hydrate-
FLAC3D" to model geomechanical performance during gas production from hydrates in
an offshore hydrate deposit. I modeled geomechanical failures associated with gas
production using a horizontal well and a vertical well for two different types of
sediments, sand and clay. The simulation results showed that the sediment and failures
can be a serious issue during the gas production from weaker sediments such as clays.
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Ding, Tao. "Gas hydrates to capture and sequester CO₂." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2004. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11102004-141404.
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Igboanusi, Udennaka Paul. "Properties and Production of Natural Gas Hydrates." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519605.
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Cao, Zhitao 1974. "Modeling of gas hydrates from first principles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8496.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Ab initio calculations were used to determine the H20-CH4 potential energy surface (PES) accurately for use in modeling gas hydrates. Electron correlation was found to be treated accurately by the second-order Moller-Plesset method (MP2). However, a large basis set, cc-pVQZ, was found to be necessary in order to compute the binding energies to within 0.1 kcal/mol of the basis set limit. In order to sample accurately the PES, the H2O-CH4 energy of interaction was computed at 18,000 points. For these computations to be feasible, a new method was developed in which all 18,000 points were computed using MP2/6-3 1++G(2d,2p) and then corrected to near the accuracy of MP2/cc-pVQZ. The PES calculated from the six-dimensional numerical potential agrees very well with far infrared vibration-rotation-tunneling spectroscopic data and experimental second virial coefficient data at the potential minimum and larger separations. In order to study the application of different potential forms to describe phase equilibrium for Structure I gas hydrates, molecular computations were performed and results were compared. Although simple potential forms can be fit satisfactorily to experimental P-T data for ethane and cyclopropane hydrates using the van der Waals and Platteeuw model, they fail to predict accurately cage occupancies of methane hydrates. Predicted phase equilibria and cage occupancies for methane hydrates using the ab initio potential are in close agreement with experimental P-T data and measured cage occupancies. The comparison showed that only the first-principles ab initio potential is able to physically characterize both the microscopic and macroscopic behaviors of methane hydrates.<br>(cont.) Various sets of thermodynamic reference properties currently available in the literature were examined by applying the van der Waals and Platteeuw model to predict monovariant 3-phase equilibria for hydrate forming binary mixtures from 260 to 320 K. Experimental uncertainties were found to be large enough to cause significant changes in the prediction of dissociation pressures. The ab initio methane-water intermolecular potential was used to obtain the reference properties with significantly small deviations, and the resulting parameters are able to give the best prediction of phase equilibria over the entire temperature range.<br>by Zhitao Cao.<br>Ph.D.
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Dashti, Hossein. "Carbon dioxide capture using gas hydrates technology." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/75679.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture has been a significant topic of research and development activities over the past two decades. As a highly potential novel method, hydrate-based CO2 capture (HBCC) has received increasing attention within related industries, due to such advantages as the mild operating pressure and temperature that is required, the ease of regeneration and its unique separation mechanism. This thesis studied the kinetics modeling of gas hydrate formation for CO2 hydrates.
Books on the topic "Gas hydrates"
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7.
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Ruffine, Livio, Daniel Broseta, and Arnaud Desmedt, eds. Gas Hydrates 2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119451174.
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Ye, Yuguang, and Changling Liu, eds. Natural Gas Hydrates. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31101-7.
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Broseta, Daniel, Livio Ruffine, and Arnaud Desmedt, eds. Gas Hydrates 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119332688.
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Maeda, Nobuo. Nucleation of Gas Hydrates. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51874-5.
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Rajput, Sanjeev, and Naresh Kumar Thakur. Exploration of Gas Hydrates. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14234-5.
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Lal, Bhajan, and Omar Nashed. Chemical Additives for Gas Hydrates. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30750-9.
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Kvenvolden, Keith A. Gas hydrates in oceanic sediment. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.
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Riedel, Michael. Geophysical characterization of gas hydrates. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Gas hydrates"
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Luo, Min, and Yuncheng Cao. "Gas Hydrates at Seeps." In South China Sea Seeps. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1494-4_4.
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AbstractGas hydrates have been the focus of intensive research during recent decades due to the recognition of their high relevance to future fossil energy, submarine geohazards, and global carbon and climate changes. Cold seep-related gas hydrate systems have been found in both passive and active margins worldwide. A wealth of data, including seismic imaging, borehole logging, seafloor surveys, and coring, suggest that seep-related gas hydrates are present in the western Taixinan Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of seep-related gas hydrate systems in the northern SCS and underscore the need for more systematic work to uncover the factors governing the interplay of hydrate dynamics and gas seepage and to quantitatively assess the temporal and spatial variability of gas hydrate and cold seep systems.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "The Evolution of Energy Sources." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_1.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "Environmental Issues with Gas Hydrates." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_10.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "The Clathrate Hydrates of Gases." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_2.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "The Structure and Formation of Gas Hydrates." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_3.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "Methods to Predict Hydrate Formation Conditions and Formation Rate." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_4.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "Physical Properties of Hydrates." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_5.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "Hydrates in Nature." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_6.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "Hydrates Seen as a Problem for the Oil and Gas Industry." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_7.
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Giavarini, Carlo, and Keith Hester. "Hydrates as an Energy Source." In Gas Hydrates. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-956-7_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Gas hydrates"
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Liu, Ni, Xinping Ouyang, Ju Li, and Daoping Liu. "Heat Transfer During Gas Hydrate Film Formation on Gas-Liquid Interface." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22990.
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Gas hydrates are solid, crystalline, ice-like compounds composed of water and guest molecules. The formation of gas hydrates is a complex process with heat and mass transfer in gas, liquid and solid. Increasing the hydrates formation rate and the storage capacity, reducing hydrate induction time are main technical barriers for the application of gas hydrate. A one-dimensional numerical model of heat transfer during gas hydrate film formation on gas-liquid interface is investigated by analyzing the process of static system. According to the rate of gas consumed, the relation between the thickness of hydrate film and time can be obtained. The temperature distribution of different phase in the system is analyzed and the effect of temperature distribution of water is confirmed. The result indicates that it is effective to accelerate the rate of hydrate formation by enhancing the heat transfer in water phase.
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Schulz, Anne, and Heike Strauß. "Ethylene Glycol as Gas Hydrate Stabilising Substance." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41264.
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Gas hydrates are solid substances consisting of water and gas which are stable under high pressure and low temperature conditions. After Davy discovered chlorine hydrate in 1810, gas hydrates from natural gas were found to be the reason for gas pipeline plugging in 1934 by Hammerschmidt. In 1965, the Russian scientist Makogon discovered natural gas hydrate deposits. This was the beginning of research in the geological occurrence of the gas hydrates. Today, hundreds of gas hydrate wells for exploration have been drilled all over the world in the permafrost and deep sea regions. Several big projects for gas hydrate research and exploration have been financed by Japan, India, Korea, China and the USA. It is assumed that the amount of carbon in natural gas hydrates is twice the amount present in oil, gas and coal together. This makes them interesting as a future energy source. To drill into horizontal layers filled with gas hydrates in the pores, directional wells are needed. To achieve an adequate cutting transport, a high performance drilling fluid has to be used instead of sea water. The drilling fluid must be able to keep the gas hydrate reservoir stable while drilling and prevent the formation of secondary gas hydrates in the liquid. Moreover, the gas hydrate cuttings should not dissociate on their way to the surface. To avoid altering of the drilling fluid due to water and gas produced as a result of gas hydrate dissociation, cuttings should be kept stable to separate them from the fluid like any other rock cuttings by the surface equipment. To prevent gas hydrate formation, thermodynamic inhibitors, like salt, glycols or methanol are used. Also, kinetic inhibitors are added to the drilling fluid to prevent gas hydrate agglomeration and formation for a period of time. Well known kinetic inhibitors are polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap). Although ethylene glycol (EG) is seen as a thermodynamic inhibitor for gas hydrates, it is shown in this study that it is able to stabilize methane hydrate significantly. For the investigation, a high pressure cell with pressures up to 8.5 MPa was used. The equilibrium point of methane hydrate was detected. Solutions with PVP, PEG, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a kinetic inhibitor containing EG were tested (concentrations from 1 to 10 wt.‰). PVP, PEG and HEC could not stabilize gas hydrates at the test condition. SDS showed both a stabilizing and promoting effect. EG can significantly stabilize gas hydrates.
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Rabbani, Harris Sajjad, Muhammad Saad Khan, M. Fahed Aziz Qureshi, Mohammad Azizur Rahman, Thomas Seers, and Bhajan Lal. "Analytical Modelling of Gas Hydrates in Porous Media." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31645-ms.
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Abstract A mathematical model is presented to predict the formation of gas hydrates in porous media under various boundary conditions. The new mathematical modeling framework is based on coupling the analytical pore network approach (APNA) and equation proposed by De La Fuente et al. [1]. Further, we also integrate thermodynamic models to capture the phase boundary at which the formation of gas hydrates takes place. The proposed analytical framework is a set of equations that are computationally inexpensive to solve, allowing us to predict the formation of gas hydrates in complex porous media. Complete governing equations are provided, and the method is described in detail to permit readers to replicate all results. To demonstrate the formation of hydrates in porous media, we analyzed the saturation of hydrates in porous media with different properties. Our model shows that the hydrate formation rate is positively related to the porous media's pore size. The hydrates were found to be preferably formed in the porous media composed of relatively larger pores, which could be attributed to the weak capillary forces resisting the formation of hydrates in porous media. The novelty of the new analytical model is the ability to predict the gas hydrates formation in porous media in a reasonable time using standard engineering computers. Furthermore, the model can aid in the estimation of natural gas hydrate reservoirs, which offer the avenue for effective methane recovery from the vast natural gas hydrate reserves in continental margins.
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Vasilev, Atanas, Nikola Botusharov, Rositsa Pehlivanova, Petar Petsinski, and Eva Marinovska. "BLACK SEA GAS HYDRATES: RESOURCE ESTIMATION UPDATE." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/1.1/s06.77.
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The Black Sea exhibits significant potential for the development of substantial gas hydrate reserves, primarily due to its low salinity, extensive sedimentary complexity, and the presence of vast deep-sea buried paleodeltas. Recent geophysical and geochemical studies carried out as part of European and national projects have yielded valuable data and outcomes, serving as the basis for a reassessment of gas hydrates in the Black Sea. This research aims to provide an updated estimation of the Black Sea gas hydrate resources and assess the potential for methane, hydrogen, and sequestered carbon dioxide as hydrate within each exclusive economic zone. Our methodology involves incorporating updated input data from recent publications and analyzing the results of detailed investigations to establish more precise parameters. The key findings reveal how detailed explorations have changed the area of gas hydrate deposits (BSR areas), the portion of sediments containing gas hydrates within the gas hydrate stability zone, and the gas hydrate saturation of the pore volume. The updated resource estimation is presented through maps and tables. These new findings contribute to a better understanding of the Black Sea basin's potential for carbon capture and robust storage in gas hydrate deposits, as well as the prospects for gas hydrate development in each country surrounding the Black Sea.
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Kar, Aritra, Palash Acharya, Awan Bhati, et al. "Modeling the Influence of Heat Transfer on Gas Hydrate Formation." In ASME 2022 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2022-79744.
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Abstract Gas hydrates are crystalline structures of water and gas which form at high pressures and low temperatures. Hydrates have important applications in carbon sequestration, desalination, gas separation, gas transportation and influence flow assurance in oil-gas production. Formation of gas hydrates involves mass diffusion, chemical kinetics and phase change (which necessitates removal of the heat of hydrate formation). When hydrates are synthesized artificially inside reactors, the heat released raises the temperature of the water inside the reactor and reduces the rate of hydrate formation (since the driving force is reduced). An examination of literature shows that there is inadequate understanding of the coupling between heat and mass transfer during hydrate formation. Current models treat heat and mass transfer separately during hydrate formation. In this study, we develop a first principles-based mathematical framework to couple heat and mass transfer during hydrate formation. Our model explores the difference between “actual subcooling” and “apparent subcooling” in the hydrate forming system. The apparent subcooling depends on the targeted reactor temperature and is supposedly, the driving force for hydrate growth. However, due to the increase in temperature of the reactor, the actual subcooling is lower than the apparent subcooling. All these effects are modeled for a 1-D hydrate forming reactor. Results of our simulations are compared with some experimental observations from literature. We also present mathematical scaling to determine the temperature rise in a hydrate-forming reactor. In addition to artificial synthesis of hydrates, the mathematical framework developed can also be applied to other hydrate forming systems (flow assurance, hydrate formation in nature).
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Fatih, G. E. "Gas Hydrate Resources SWOT in Indonesia." In Indonesian Petroleum Association - 46th Annual Convention & Exhibition 2022. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa22-sg-123.
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Gas hydrates are abundantly found in the permafrost of the northernmost part of the earth, in the deep ocean, and in fault zones. More than 50% of the world's carbon reserves are stored in the form of gas hydrates. Indonesia has an estimated gas hydrate reserve of 850TCF. With a large enough amount, these unconventional oil and gas resources can be seen as potential energy reserves. Even so, the challenges and shortcomings of gas hydrate production need to be studied further. Studying gas hydrate SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat) may influence the policy making. This study employs SWOT analysis and firstly, the estimation of Indonesia's gas hydrate reserves in various basins from previous studies is considered a Strength. Environmental issues in the form of global warming and a history of leakage from existing production need to be considered as a Weakness. The physical characteristics of gas hydrates can make it easy to identify from the seismic section and is considered an Opportunity. Production challenges from the location and the possibility of seafloor subsidence can be a Threat. Various points from each of these SWOT parameters can be used as a reference for finding solutions to overcome deficiencies and maximize existing potential in order to maintain national energy needs.
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Longinos, Sotirios, Dimitra Dionisia Longinou, and Lei Wang. "Examination of Five Amino Acids as Gas Hydrate Kinetic Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Industry." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209701-ms.
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Abstract Gas hydrates are acquainted as a significant topic to the oil and gas flow assurance, as it creates pipelines occlusions. The formation of gas hydrates can create many functional issues such as: stop of production, high preservation expenditures, environmental dangers and even loss of human beings. In this work five different amino acids such as: leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, glycine and asparagine examined if they work as kinetic inhibitors on mixture gas hydrate formation. The outcomes indicated that phenylalanine, asparagine and glycine (phenylalanine&gt;asparagine&gt;glycine) behaved as inhibitors following the rank from most powerful to less one while leucine and methionine behaved as promoters (leucine&gt;methionine) for both hydrate formation and induction time.
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Longinos, Sotirios, Dimitra Dionisia Longinou, and Lei Wang. "Examination of Five Amino Acids as Gas Hydrate Kinetic Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Industry." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209701-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gas hydrates are acquainted as a significant topic to the oil and gas flow assurance, as it creates pipelines occlusions. The formation of gas hydrates can create many functional issues such as: stop of production, high preservation expenditures, environmental dangers and even loss of human beings. In this work five different amino acids such as: leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, glycine and asparagine examined if they work as kinetic inhibitors on mixture gas hydrate formation. The outcomes indicated that phenylalanine, asparagine and glycine (phenylalanine&gt;asparagine&gt;glycine) behaved as inhibitors following the rank from most powerful to less one while leucine and methionine behaved as promoters (leucine&gt;methionine) for both hydrate formation and induction time.
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Indina, V., B. R. B. Fernandes, M. Delshad, R. Farajzadeh, and K. Sepehrnoori. "On the Significance of Hydrate Formation/Dissociation during CO2 Injection in Depleted Gas Reservoirs." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218550-ms.
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Abstract The study aims to quantitatively assess the risk of hydrate formation within the porous formation and its consequences to injectivity during storage of CO2 in depleted gas reservoirs considering low temperatures caused by the Joule Thomson (JT) effect and hydrate kinetics. The aim was to understand which mechanisms can mitigate or prevent the formation of hydrates. The key mechanisms we studied included water dry-out, heat exchange with surrounding rock formation, and capillary pressure. A compositional thermal reservoir simulator is used to model the fluid and heat flow of CO2 through a reservoir initially composed of brine and methane. The simulator can model the formation and dissociation of both methane and CO2 hydrates using kinetic reactions. This approach has the advantage of computing the amount of hydrate deposited and estimating its effects on the porosity and permeability alteration. Sensitivity analyses are also carried out to investigate the impact of different parameters and mechanisms on the deposition of hydrates and the injectivity of CO2. Simulation results for a simplified model were verified with results from the literature. The key results of this work are: (1) The Joule-Thomson effect strongly depends on the reservoir permeability and initial pressure and could lead to the formation of hydrates within the porous media even when the injected CO2 temperature was higher than the hydrate equilibrium temperature, (2) The heat gain from underburden and overburden rock formations could prevent hydrates formed at late time, (3) Permeability reduction increased the formation of hydrates due to an increased JT cooling, and (4) Water dry-out near the wellbore did not prevent hydrate formation. Finally, the role of capillary pressure was quite complex, where it reduced the formation of hydrates in certain cases and increased in other cases. Simulating this process with heat flow and hydrate reactions was also shown to present severe numerical issues. It was critical to select convergence criteria and linear system tolerances to avoid large material balance and numerical errors.
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Teodoriu, Catalin, Gioia Falcone, and Amodu Afolabi. "Investigation of Drilling Problems in Gas Hydrate Formations." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57438.
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Gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline systems made of water and methane that are stable under high pressure and low temperature conditions. Gas hydrates have been identified as strategic resources and may surpass all known oil and gas reserves combined. However, these resources will become reserves only if the gas contained therein can be produced economically. In the oil and gas industry, gas hydrates may be encountered while drilling sediments of the subsea continental slopes and in the subsurface of permafrost regions. They also represent a flow assurance issue, as they may form in the well and in the flowlines, causing blockages. Deepwater drilling programmes have experienced problems when encountering gas hydrate formations. A major issue is that of phase transition, where gas hydrate goes from a solid state to dissociated gas and water, as there are rapid changes in fluid volumes and pressure. This can cause drilling equipment failure, borehole instability and formation collapse. After dissociation of water and gas, hydrates may be prevented from forming in the well by using appropriate inhibitors in the drilling mud. There is a need to develop fluids specifically for drilling through gas hydrate formations, either to unlock the unconventional reserves trapped in the crystalline gas hydrate structures or to safely reach underlying conventional reserves. To drill wells in a gas hydrate formation, a conductor casing is needed to allow close loop circulation of the mud, if different from seawater. The search for the ideal mud for drilling through gas hydrate formations must start with a review of past experiences worldwide and of the lessons learned. This paper presents a review of the problems encountered while drilling through gas hydrate formations. It identifies the key requirements for drilling fluids, based on the interaction between the drill bit, the drilling fluid and the formation. An evaluation of the environmental risk associated with drilling through gas hydrate formations is also presented.
Reports on the topic "Gas hydrates"
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Malone, R. Gas hydrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6129491.
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Smith, S. L. Natural gas hydrates. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/212230.
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R.E. Rogers. NATURAL GAS HYDRATES STORAGE PROJECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/760130.
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Collett, T. S. Well log evaluation of natural gas hydrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10142315.
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Judge, A. S., B. R. Pelletier, and I. Norquay. Permafrost Base and Distribution of Gas Hydrates. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/126969.
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Jorge Gabitto and Maria Barrufet. Gas Hydrates Research Programs: An International Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/978338.
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Collett, T. S. Well log evaluation of natural gas hydrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6824342.
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Foley, J. E., and D. R. Burns. The sensitivity of seismic responses to gas hydrates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6982379.
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Collett, T. S. Natural gas hydrates on the North Slope of Alaska. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5745610.
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Archer, David, and Bruce Buffett. Integrating Natural Gas Hydrates in the Global Carbon Cycle. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1044528.
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