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1

Widger, Phillip, Daniel Carr, Alistair Reid, Meirion Hills, Chris Stone, and A. (Manu) Haddad. "Partial Discharge Measurements in a High Voltage Gas Insulated Transmission Line Insulated with CO2." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 2891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112891.

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This paper uses practical experimentation to analyse the effect of replacing SF6 with pure CO2 in conventional gas insulated transmission line sections by studying partial discharge measurements taken with applied voltages up to 242 kV (rms). The results can also help in understanding the properties of new alternative gas mixtures which can be utilised with a ratio of up to and over 95% CO2. The experiments undertaken involved filling a gas insulated line demonstrator with 3 bars of CO2 and applying voltages up to 242 kV in both clean conditions and particle-contaminated enclosure conditions. The results demonstrate that CO2 can be used to insulate gas equipment without breakdown at high voltage, however, a higher gas-filling pressure may be needed to reduce the partial discharge found in the tests presented in this paper. Another aspect of the work showed that partial discharge (PD) measurements from internal ultra-high frequency (UHF) sensors compared with a direct measurement from a capacitive divider both clearly showed the effect of contaminating particles in CO2. However, the PD divider measurements also showed considerable external PD on the outside of the gas compartment, leading to the conclusion that UHF sensors are still regarded as having the highest sensitivity and noise immunity for gas insulated switchgear (GIS) or gas insulated transmission line (GIL) systems including when the equipment is insulated with CO2.
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2

Cheetham, Peter, Chul H. Kim, Sastry Pamidi, and Lukas Graber. "Optimization of a superconducting gas-insulated transmission line." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 26, no. 3 (June 2019): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2019.007884.

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3

Cheetham, Peter, Chul H. Kim, Sastry Pamidi, and Lukas Graber. "Optimization of a superconducting gas-insulated transmission line." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 26, no. 3 (June 2019): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2019.8726043.

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4

Tu, Youping, Geng Chen, Chuanyang Li, Cong Wang, Guoming Ma, Hongyang Zhou, Xin Ai, and Yi Cheng. "±100-kV HVDC SF6/N2 Gas-Insulated Transmission Line." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 35, no. 2 (April 2020): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2019.2925519.

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5

Araki, Tomoo, Tsutomu Hayashi, and Yukio Kuroyanagi. "Application of 8, 000A Class 275kV Gas Insulated Transmission Line." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 110, no. 7 (1990): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.110.7_591.

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6

Sun, Gang, Bo Zhang, Jianying Zhong, Yujing Guo, and Hongyu Liu. "Motion of metallic particle near the conical insulator of UHVAC gas-insulated transmission line." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 16 (March 1, 2019): 2324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8698.

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7

Xiong, Hao, Hao Jiang, Bin Zhou, and Gang Zhou. "Research on an Accident of 500 kV Gas Insulated Transmission Line." Applied Mechanics and Materials 492 (January 2014): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.492.178.

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Gas insulated transmission line (GIL) is increasingly being utilized in the power system because of its advantages, such as large transportation capacity, no insulation ageing, low loss, and low electromagnetic radiation. However, even GIL equipment in operation can go wrong under the influence of various factors. This paper is an in-depth analysis on a 500kV GIL fault resulting in the tripping operation of a substation chief transformer. The causes of the accident are discussed from several aspects, such as insulation defect, design of gas inlet port, and effect of temperature on the water in the GIL. Some suggestions are given for the structure design, manufacture, installation, and operation of GIL.
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8

Szczegielniak, Tomasz, Dariusz Kusiak, and Paweł Jabłoński. "Determination of the Operating Temperature of the Gas-Insulated Transmission Line." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 8877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248877.

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Gas-insulated lines (GILs) have been increasingly used as high-current busducts for high-power transmission. Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the performance and ampacity of GILs. In this paper, an analytical method was proposed to determine the temperature of a three-phase high-current busduct in the form of a single pole GIL. First, power losses in the phase conductors and enclosures were determined analytically with the skin, and proximity effects were taken into account. The determined power losses were used as heat sources in thermal analysis. Considering the natural convection and radiation heat transfer effects, the heat balance equations on the surface of the phase conductors and the screens were established, respectively. Subsequently, the temperature of the phase conductors and the enclosures were determined. The validation of the proposed method was carried out using the finite element method and laboratory measurements.
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9

Kuroyanagi, Y., A. Toya, T. Hayashi, and T. Araki. "Construction of 8000 A class 275 kV gas insulated transmission line." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 5, no. 1 (1990): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.107249.

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10

Dong Ye, 董烨, 董志伟 Dong Zhiwei, 杨温渊 Yang Wenyuan, 陈军 Chen Jun, 周前红 Zhou Qianhong, 孙会芳 Sun Huifang, and 周海京 Zhou Haijing. "Numerical simulation on gas ionization course in magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 24, no. 3 (2012): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20122403.0732.

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11

Hashemi-Tilehnoee, M., S. Tashakor, A. S. Dogonchi, Seyyed Masoud Seyyedi, and M. Khaleghi. "Entropy generation in concentric annuli of 400 kV gas-insulated transmission line." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 19 (October 2020): 100614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100614.

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12

Liang, H. C., B. X. Du, and J. Li. "Electric field reconstruction inside gas insulated transmission line by induced charge tomography." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 27, no. 4 (August 2020): 1372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2020.008887.

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13

Tateyama, Chihiro, Takuto Kobayashi, Akiko Kumada, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Conceptual Design and Feasibility Study of Flexible Gas-Insulated Transmission Line Using CF3I Gas Mixture." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 28, no. 4 (August 2021): 1424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2021.009605.

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14

Sasaki, Kenji, Akinobu Miyazaki, Yoshiaki Gomi, Naoki Takinami, Tomoo Araki, Hideaki Nishima, Akihisa Sudoh, Hiroaki Yamaguchi, Mitsuhito Kamei, and Makoto Miyashita. "Partial Discharge Transmission Characteristics and Measurement Technology for Long-distance Gas Insulated Transmission Line in Tunnel." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 117, no. 8 (1997): 1181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.117.8_1181.

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15

Yashima, Masafumi, Tadasu Takuma, Tadashi Kawamoto, Hideo Fujinami, Hiroyuki Hata, and Hiroaki Yamaguchi. "A Study on Basic Property of Hybrid Gas-insulated Transmission Line (H-GIL)." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 116, no. 10 (1996): 1224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.116.10_1224.

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16

Morcos, M. M., H. I. Anis, and K. D. Srivastava. "Metallic particle movement, corona, and breakdown in compressed gas insulated transmission line systems." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 27, no. 5 (1991): 816–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.90334.

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17

Piatek, Zygmunt. "Self and mutual impedances of a finite length gas-insulated transmission line (GIL)." Electric Power Systems Research 77, no. 3-4 (March 2007): 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2006.02.017.

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18

Li, Botong, Tianfeng Gu, Bin Li, Xiaolong Chen, and Weijie Wen. "A New Principle of Distance Protection for the UHV GIL-Overhead Hybrid Line Based on Frequency Domain Lossless Transmission Line Equation." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 25, 2019): 4481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234481.

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The Gas-insulated Line (GIL) is a technical equipment that allows power transmission underground at high voltage level. The UHV GIL-overhead hybrid transmission line is an essential way for power transmission in complicated landscapes. Because of the distributed capacitance of the UHV transmission line and the difference of the structure and the electrical parameters between GIL and overhead transmission line, the distance protection based on uniform lumped parameters cannot be applied to this hybrid transmission line directly. In order to overcome the shortcomings, this paper studies and proposes a new principle of distance protection for the UHV GIL-overhead hybrid transmission line based on frequency domain lossless transmission line equation, with the distributed capacitance accounted. Then, the paper presents a setting scheme for this distance protection with the hybrid line parameters considered. Finally, tests are carried out on the Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) platform, and the accuracy and reliability of the distance protection method proposed are verified by simulation results.
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19

Alvi, Muhammad, Tahir Izhar, and Asif Qaiser. "Proposed Scheme of Pliable Gas Insulated Transmission Line and Its Comparative Appraisal Regarding Electrostatic and Dielectric Aspects." Electronics 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110328.

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Gas insulated transmission lines (GILs) are being used in electrical systems regarding power transmission and substation interconnection. However, operational complexities of conventional schemes, such as structural rigidity, corrosion protection, gas leakage in case of seismic vibrations, larger bending radius and jointing complexities which restrain their application perspectives, could be curtailed by developing a flexible GIL. In this research paper, a new pliable scheme of gas insulated transmission line is proposed. Further, COMSOL Multiphysics® (version 5.1, COMSOL Inc., Stockholm, Sweden) based electrostatic assay and practically performed high voltage tests-based dielectric analysis is performed for the proposed scheme. Electrostatic appraisal is comprised of field utilization based electrostatic stress analysis. In addition, dimensional optimization of pliable GIL regarding enclosure and pitch sizes in relation to electrostatic stresses and field utilization is also performed. Regarding dielectric perusal, experimental setup has been developed for standard lightning impulse and disruptive discharge tests in order to investigate the synergistic dielectric characteristics of proposed flexible post insulators for pliable GIL. Experimental and simulation appraisal unveil that the proposed scheme exhibits almost analogous electrostatic and dielectric behavior in comparison to the conventional GIL scheme and could simplify the operational intricacies associated with conventional scheme. The proposed modifications could eliminate the requirement of trench development, corrosion protection and acceleration dampers, along with a significant reduction in required land area at bends, due to a smaller bending radius which will ultimately result in substantial cost reduction.
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20

Pan, Baofeng, Guoming Wang, Huimin Shi, Jiahua Shen, Hong-Keun Ji, and Gyung-Suk Kil. "Green Gas for Grid as an Eco-Friendly Alternative Insulation Gas to SF6: A Review." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072526.

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This paper deals with a review of the state-of-the-art performance investigations of green gas for grid (g3) gas, which is an emerging eco-friendly alternative insulation gas for sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) that will be used in gas-insulated power facilities for reducing environmental concerns. The required physical and chemical properties of insulation gas for high-voltage applications are discussed, including dielectric strength, arc-quenching capability, heat dissipation, boiling point, vapor pressure, compatibility, and environmental and safety requirements. Current studies and results on AC, DC, and lightning impulse breakdown voltage, as well as the partial discharge of g3 gas, are provided, which indicate an equivalent dielectric strength of g3 gas with SF6 after a proper design change or an increase in gas pressure. The switching bus-transfer current test, temperature rise test, and liquefaction temperature calculation also verify the possibility of replacing SF6 with g3 gas. In addition, the use of g3 gas significantly reduces theabovementioned environmental concerns in terms of global warming potential and atmosphere lifetime. In recent years, g3 gas-insulated power facilities, including switchgear, transmission line, circuit breaker, and transformer, have been commercially available in the electric power industry.
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21

Okubo, H., M. Yoshida, T. Takahashi, T. Hoshino, M. Hikita, and A. Miyazaki. "Partial discharge measurement in a long distance SF/sub 6/ gas insulated transmission line (GIL)." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 13, no. 3 (July 1998): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.686960.

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22

Chinedu, Ode Samson, Okoro Emeka Emmanuel, Ekeinde Evelyn Bose, and Dosunmu Adewale. "Modelling of Sub-Sea Gas Transmission Pipeline to Predict Insulation Failure." Open Petroleum Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874834101811010067.

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Background: Thermally insulated subsea production and transmission systems are becoming more common in deep-water/ offshore operations. Premature failures of the insulation materials for these gas transmission pipelines have had significant operational impacts. The ability to timely detect these failures within these systems has been a very difficult task for the oil and gas industries. Thus, periodic survey of the subsea transmission systems is the present practice. In addition, a new technology called optic-fibre Distributed Temperature Sensing system (DTS) is now being used to monitor subsea transmission pipeline temperatures; but this technology is rather very expensive. Objective: However, this study proposed a model which will not only predict premature insulation failure in these transmission pipelines; but will also predict the section of the transmission line where the failure had occurred. Methods: From this study, we deduced that in gas pipeline flow, exit temperature for the system increases exponentially with the distance of insulation failure and approaches the normal operation if the failure occurs towards the exit of the gas pipe. This model can also be used to check the readings of an optic-fibre distributed temperature sensors. Result and Conclusion: After developing this model using classical visual basic and excel package, the model was validated by cross plotting the normal temperature profiles of the model and field data; and R-factor of 0.967 was obtained. Analysis of the results obtained from the model showed that insulation failure in subsea gas transmission pipeline can be predicted on a real-time basis by mere reading of the arrival temperature of a gas transmission line.
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23

Yasuda, Shinji, Yasuo Nishikori, Minoru Murano, and Teruya Kouno. "A Basic Study on Electric Field Behavior of Gas-Insulated Transmission Line (GIL) Having Bundle-Conductor." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 117, no. 7 (1997): 1069–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.117.7_1069.

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24

Hoshino, Toshihiro, Masanobu Yoshida, Toshihiro Takahashi, Masayuki Hikita, Akinobu Miyazaki, and Hitoshi Okubo. "Comparative Measurement of Sensor Performance by Partial Discharge in Full-Scale 275kV Gas Insulated Transmission Line." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 117, no. 8 (1997): 1197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.117.8_1197.

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25

Okubo, H., T. Hoshino, T. Takahashi, M. Hikita, and A. Miyazaki. "Insulation design and on-site testing method for a long distance, gas insulated transmission line (GIL)." IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine 14, no. 6 (November 1998): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/57.730803.

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26

Xue, Jianyi, Han Wang, Yanqin Liu, Kefeng Li, Xiangyu Liu, Xiaofeng Fan, Junbo Deng, Guanjun Zhang, and Baohong Guo. "Surface charge distribution patterns of a truncated cone-type spacer for high-voltage direct current gas-insulated metal-enclosed transmission line/gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear." IET Science, Measurement & Technology 12, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2017.0325.

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27

Zhao, Chun, Liangliang Tang, Daochun Huang, Jun Xia, Xi Liu, and Xia Xu. "Study on the scheme design of integrated grounding system for a 550 kV gas insulated transmission line." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 16 (March 1, 2019): 2551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8550.

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28

Zhang, Jia-wei, Feng-kai Gao, De-kun Cao, Chatchai Putson, Chen Song, Wei Chen, and Jin Zhang. "Modeling of charge transport in insulating dielectric for gas-insulated transmission line based on multiple trap levels." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 25, no. 4 (August 2018): 1195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2018.007543.

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29

Mimi, Gong, Zhao Yantao, Fu Jiajia, Luo Changlu, Sun Mingdao, Ma Zhiqiang, Shi Fengtao, Gao Zhenkui, Sun Fang, and Li Zhankui. "Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Study of Metal Shell of GIL." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125202042.

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Mathematical modeling, finite element numerical simulation and experimental measurement of the stress-deformation distribution of the gas-insulated metal-enclosed transmission line shell were carried out. Also, Stress linearization analysis was used to analyze the maximum stress. The results show that the stress is linearly dependent on water pressure and the shell occurs elastic deformation without plastic deformation. The simulated maximum stress of 76.2MPa is fairly in good agreement with the measured one (69.9MPa). The stress linearization analysis results show that the shell well satisfies the environmental safety requirements. The experimental results are consistent with the finite element results.
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30

Junaid Alvi, Muhammad, Tahir Izhar, Asif Ali Qaiser, Awais Anjum, and Rizwan ul Hassan. "Electro-Mechanical Design and Creep Analysis of Proposed Enclosure for Flexible Gas Insulated Line Regarding Subsurface Metropolitan Applications of High-Voltage Transmission Lines." Electronics 8, no. 9 (August 25, 2019): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8090929.

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Land shortage in metropolitan vicinities entails subsurface implementation of power transmission lines (PTLs) which demand structural flexibility, as well as substantial load bearing capability. Thus, development of a flexible gas insulated transmission line (FGIL) necessitates its strength degradation analysis, regarding the synergistic effect of aging and mechanical loadings. Moreover, correlation of conductor and enclosure dimensions of FGIL apropos field distribution, requires careful consideration regarding their dimensional specifications. In this research, a comprehensive electro-mechanical design is performed for the proposed flexible-thermoplastic-enclosure of a 132 kV FGIL by considering the synergistic impact of time and temperature-based aging, along with the effect of external and internal loadings, such as dead load, live load and internal gas pressure. Additionally, a recursive design algorithm for the proposed scheme regarding electro-mechanical aspects, along with aging perspectives is developed. Comparative analysis of proposed and conventional schemes regarding electro-mechanical and aging aspects revealed that the proposed enclosure exhibits the required structural strength, as well as flexibility for trenchless subsurface application of FGILs in metropolitan areas.
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31

Takahashi, Toshihiro, Toshihiro Hoshino, Masanobu Yoshida, Masayuki Hikita, Akinobu Miyazaki, and Hitoshi Okubo. "Simultaneous Measurement of Partial Discharge Current Pulse and its Electromagnetic Wave in Full-Scale 275kV Gas Insulated Transmission Line." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 117, no. 8 (1997): 1210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes1990.117.8_1210.

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32

Liang, Gui Shu, Guang Bo Zhang, and Xin Liu. "Fractional Lumped Parameter Modeling of Transformer Windings under VFTO." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1529.

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Very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) is very dangerous for the transformer which is directly connected to gas insulated substations (GIS). At the same time, due to the continuous increasing of operating frequency in the power system, under the high frequencies of the transmission line calculation and simulation process, it is necessary to consider the frequency-dependent properties of the parameter. In order to study the voltage distribution in transformer windings under VFTO, a new Lumped parameter model which takes into account the fractional characteristics is proposed, named fractional lumped parameter model (FLP). The model divides each turn of transformer windings into proper sections, whose parameters are all lumped parameters. Finally it shows the correctness and validity of the model through the comparation of the experiment datas and simulation results.
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33

Kaminaga, K., M. Koshiishi, T. Hayashi, M. Matsuki, T. Hara, and N. Sugiyama. "Development of Compact 500 kV 8000 A Gas Insulated Transmission Line-Dust Control During Field Jointing and Method for Detecting Conductive Particles." IEEE Power Engineering Review PER-7, no. 10 (October 1987): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1987.5526724.

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34

Kaminaga, K., M. Koshiishi, T. Hayashi, M. Matsuki, T. Hara, and N. Sugiyama. "Development of Compact 500 kV 8000 a Gas Insulated Transmission Line-Dust Control during Field Jointing and Method for Detecting Conductive Particles." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2, no. 4 (1987): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.1987.4308207.

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35

Wang, Zhen, Jian-Min Gao, Rong-Xi Wang, Kun Chen, Zhi-Yong Gao, and Yao Jiang. "Failure mode and effects analysis using Dempster-Shafer theory and TOPSIS method: Application to the gas insulated metal enclosed transmission line (GIL)." Applied Soft Computing 70 (September 2018): 633–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2018.06.015.

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36

Tanaka, Yohei, Rikido Yonezawa, and Taku Noda. "Development of a Method for Calculating the Transmission-line Constants of a Three-phase Enclosure-type Gas Insulated Bus Taking the Proximity Effect into Account." IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 141, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.141.154.

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37

Li, Jin, Yufan Wang, Zhaoyu Ran, Hang Yao, Boxue Du, and Tatsuo Takada. "Molecular Structure Modulated Trap Distribution and Carrier Migration in Fluorinated Epoxy Resin." Molecules 25, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25133071.

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Surface charge accumulation on epoxy insulators is one of the most serious problems threatening the operation safety of the direct current gas-insulated transmission line (GIL), and can be efficiently inhibited by the surface modification technology. This paper investigated the mechanisms of fluorination modulated surface charge behaviors of epoxy resin through quantum chemical calculation (QCC) analysis of the molecular structure. The results show that after fluorination, the surface charge dissipation process of the epoxy sample is accelerated by the introduced shallow trap sites, which is further clarified by the carrier mobility model. The electron distribution probability of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) under positive charging and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) under negative charging shows distinctive patterns. It is illustrated that electrons are likely to aggregate locally around benzenes for the positively charged molecular structure, while electrons tend to distribute all along the epoxy chain under negatively charging. The calculated results verify that fluorination can modulate surface charge behaviors of epoxy resin through redesigning its molecular structure, trap distribution and charging patterns.
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38

Chuaqui, H., E. Wyndham, C. Friedli, and M. Favre. "LLAMPÜDKEÑ: A high-current, low-impedance pulser employing an auxiliary exponential transmission line." Laser and Particle Beams 15, no. 2 (June 1997): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600010569.

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The design and constructional aspects of a novel pulse power generator for use in dense plasma research presently under construction are presented. The generator consists of two Marx capacitor banks, each of 0.25 μF, 480 kV, and 28.8 kJ. Each Marx generator drives a water transmission line, in which the live electrode is the central conductor. The transmission lines consist of a constant impedance section followed by a multielectrode gas linegap followed by an exponential taper to the load section. The novel feature is the use of an auxiliary exponential line coupled at the load. This line controls both the voltage and the effective impedance at the load section. In addition, by leaving this line circuit open, energy not coupled to the plasma in the initial high-impedance phase may be reflected back and deposited into the discharge, increasing the peak current by 50%. Circuit simulations using a real-time-varying load impedance show that the current pulse rises in an approximately linear way to a maximum of 1.2 MA at 250 ns. The current falls to zero in the following 250 ns. The current waveform may be flattened simply by disconnecting the auxiliary line, giving a rectangular pulse of 350 ns with a maximum value of 950 kA. The overall impedance of the entire system may be adjusted by varying the separation between the conductors. The equivalent source impedance at the load is 0.8 Ω. This low value is by virtue of the auxiliary line, which limits the voltage at the load section and reduces the insulator constraints. We present simulations of the generator under real load conditions. The model also is checked against analytical solutions of exponential line behavior and against other published models of pulse power generators.
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39

James, Jonathan, Maurizio Albano, David Clark, Dongsheng Guo, and Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad. "Analysis of Very Fast Transients Using Black Box Macromodels in ATP-EMTP." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030698.

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Modelling for very fast transients (VFTs) requires good knowledge of the behaviour of gas insulated substation (GIS) components when subjected to high frequencies. Modelling usually takes the form of circuit-based insulation coordination type studies, in an effort to determine the maximum overvoltages and waveshapes present around the system. At very high frequencies, standard transmission line modelling assumptions may not be valid. Therefore, the approach to modelling of these transients must be re-evaluated. In this work, the high frequency finite element analysis (FEA) was used to enhance circuit-based models, allowing direct computation of parameters from geometric and material characteristics. Equivalent models that replicate a finite element model’s frequency response for bus-spacer and 90° elbow components were incorporated in alternative transients program-electromagnetic transients program (ATP-EMTP) using a pole-residue equivalent circuit derived following rational fitting using the well-established and robust method of vector fitting (VF). A large model order is often required to represent this frequency dependent behaviour through admittance matrices, leading to increased computational burden. Moreover, while highly accurate models can be derived, the data extracted from finite element solutions can be non-passive, leading to instability when included in time domain simulations. A simple method of improved stability for FEA derived responses along with a method for identification of a minimum required model order for stability of transient simulations is proposed.
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40

Riedl, J., and T. Hillers. "Gas insulated transmission lines." IEEE Power Engineering Review 20, no. 9 (2000): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/39.866862.

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41

Baginski, Thomas A., Robert N. Dean, and Steven P. Surgnier. "A New Robust One-Shot Switch for High-Power Pulse Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, DPC (January 1, 2011): 001650–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2011dpc-wp21.

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Abstract:
High Voltage (HV) switches capable of operating at high speeds and over a wide range of voltages and energies are used in a variety of pulse power applications in material science and plasma physics. Of particular interest is the use of small-scale capacitor discharges to measure the electrical properties of materials as they are heated from solid through liquid to a gas phase. In a capacitive discharge unit (CDU), energy stored in a capacitor is coupled through a switch into a low-impedance transmission line, which typically terminates with a thin sample of material. The energy coupled to the sample is sufficient to cause vaporization. Voltages in such systems range from a few volts to thousands of volts. These vaporized materials are used either as plasma sources for physics experiments, or to propel a thin layer of electrically insulating polymer for high-pressure-impact studies. Several types of switches have been used to drive these systems, including triggered spark gap, dielectric breakdown, and mercury vapor switches. A wide variety of solid-state devices, such as the insulated gate bipolar transistors, are also being utilized for these applications. Inducing a high-pressure shock wave in a dielectric to produce a transition from dielectric to conductor has also been used as an efficient single-shot switch for capacitor discharges. The high-voltage micro-machined switch presented in this document has been designed as a single-use alternative to the more expensive triggered spark gaps and solid-stage devices. The plasma-bridge switch is intended for large-volume, relatively inexpensive systems, and a cost-effective switch for use in destructive testing.
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42

Hidaka, K., S. Matsumoto, and T. Kouno. "Cryoresistive gas insulated line." Cryogenics 30, no. 1 (January 1990): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(90)90119-w.

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43

Clark, M. Collins, Barry M. Marder, and Larry D. Bacon. "Magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator." Applied Physics Letters 52, no. 1 (January 4, 1988): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.99330.

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44

Koch, H., and T. Hillers. "Second generation gas-insulated line." Power Engineering Journal 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pe:20020303.

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45

Fan, Yu-Wei, Hui-Huang Zhong, Ting Shu, and Zhi-Qiang Li. "Complex magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator." Physics of Plasmas 15, no. 8 (August 2008): 083108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2976168.

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46

Chen, Dai-Bing, Dong Wang, Fan-Bao Meng, and Zhi-Kai Fan. "Bifrequency Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 37, no. 1 (January 2009): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2008.2007731.

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47

Magier, Tomasz, Michael Tenzer, and Hermann Koch. "Direct Current Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 33, no. 1 (February 2018): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2017.2716182.

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48

Fan, Yu-Wei, Xiao-Yu Wang, Liang He, Hui-Huang Zhong, and Jian-De Zhang. "A tunable magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator." Chinese Physics B 24, no. 3 (February 26, 2015): 035203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/24/3/035203.

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49

Dong Wang, Daibing Chen, Fen Qin, and Zhikai Fan. "Improved Bifrequency Magnetically Insulated Transmission Line Oscillator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, no. 1 (January 2010): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2009.2034524.

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50

Benato, R., E. M. Carlini, C. DiMario, L. Fellin, A. Paolucci, and R. Turri. "Gas Insulated Transmission Lines in Railway Galleries." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 20, no. 2 (April 2005): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2005.844308.

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