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Journal articles on the topic 'Gas Material Balance'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Moghadam, Samane, Oluyemisi Jeje, and Louis Mattar. "Advanced Gas Material Balance in Simplified Format." Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology 50, no. 01 (2011): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/139428-pa.

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2

Pletcher, J. L. "Improvements to Reservoir Material-Balance Methods." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 5, no. 01 (2002): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/75354-pa.

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Summary Experience with material-balance data sets from the field and from simulation has revealed some procedures that can be used to improve analysis of both oil and gas reservoirs:Failure to account for a weak waterdrive can result in significant material-balance errors.The assertion of previous authors that weak waterdrive exhibits a negative slope on the Cole (gas) and Campbell (oil) plots has been confirmed. A weak waterdrive is much more unambiguous on these plots than on commonly used plots, such as the p/z plot for gas.A modified version of the Cole plot is proposed to account for formation compressibility.The reservoir drive indices are a useful tool for determining the correctness of the material-balance solution because they must sum to unity. The drive indices should never be normalized to sum to unity because this obscures their usefulness and leads to a false sense of security.A modified version of the Roach plot (for gas) is proposed that improves interpretation in some waterdrive situations.Material balance has not been replaced by reservoir simulation; rather, it is complementary to simulation and can provide valuable insights to reservoir performance that cannot be obtained by simulation. Introduction Classical material balance is one of the fundamental tools of reservoir engineering. Many authors have addressed the difficult problem of solving the material balance in the presence of a waterdrive (Refs. 1 through 5 are just a few of the more significant ones). The emphasis in the literature has been on strong and moderate waterdrives. In this paper, examples of weak waterdrives are shown in which the effects on the material balance are significant. All aquifers studied here are of the "pot aquifer" type, which is time-independent. In gas reservoirs, the plot of p/z vs. cumulative gas production, Gp, is a widely accepted method for solving the gas material balance1 under depletion-drive conditions. Extrapolation of the plot to atmospheric pressure provides a reliable estimate of original gas in place (OGIP). If a waterdrive is present, the plot often appears to be linear, but the extrapolation will give an erroneously high value for OGIP. Many authors have addressed this problem (including those in Refs. 2 and 5 through 8), especially in cases of strong or moderate waterdrives. The p/z plot is actually more ambiguous in weak waterdrives than in strong or moderate ones. The Cole plot7,9 has proven to be a valuable diagnostic tool for distinguishing between depletion-drive gas reservoirs and those that are producing under a waterdrive. The analogous plot for oil reservoirs is the Campbell plot.10 The literature has emphasized strong and moderate waterdrives, the signature shapes of which are a positive slope and a hump-shaped curve, respectively, on these plots. Previous authors have recognized that weak waterdrives can produce negative slopes on these two diagnostic plots, but this author is not aware of any example plots in the literature. This paper shows examples, using simulation and actual field data, wherein a negative slope clearly reveals a weak waterdrive. These plots are much more diagnostic than the p/z plot. Once a weak waterdrive has been diagnosed, the appropriate steps can be taken in the material-balance equations to yield more accurate results. The Cole plot assumes that formation compressibility can be neglected, which is frequently the case with gas. However, in those reservoirs in which formation compressibility is significant, a modification to the Cole plot is presented that incorporates formation compressibility and gives more accurate results. The reservoir drive indices have been used to quantify the relative magnitude of the various energy sources active in a reservoir. It is shown here that the drive indices are also a useful diagnostic tool for determining the correctness of a material balance solution because they must sum to unity. If they do not sum to unity, a correct solution has not been obtained. In some commercial material-balance software, the drive indices are automatically normalized to sum to unity, which not only obscures their usefulness but also leads to the false impression of having achieved a correct solution. The Roach plot has been presented11 as a tool for solving the gas material balance when formation compressibility is unknown, with or without the presence of waterdrive. This paper shows that for waterdrives that fit the small pot aquifer model, incorporating cumulative water production into the x-axis plotting term improves the linearity of the Roach plot and gives more accurate values for OGIP. Finally, it is argued that even in those reservoirs for which a simulation study is performed, classical material-balance evaluation should be performed on a stand-alone basis. Simulation should not be viewed as a replacement for material balance because the latter can yield valuable insights that can be obscured during simulation. Performing a separate material balance study usually will improve overall reservoir understanding and enhance any subsequent simulation study. Material balance should be viewed as a complement to simulation, not as a competing approach. In this paper, formation compressibility, cf, is assumed to be constant and unchanging over the reservoir life under investigation. References are given for recommended methods to be used in those cases in which cf is variable.

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3

YANG, Y. "MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION OF OVERMATURE ORGANIC-RICH GAS SHALE." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16, no. 1 (2018): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1601_425440.

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4

Hu, J. H., S. L. He, J. Z. Zhao, Y. M. Li, and Z. Z. Zhao. "A Material Balance Equation for a Sour Gas Reservoir." Petroleum Science and Technology 32, no. 6 (2014): 712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2011.601516.

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5

Ling, Kegang, Xingru Wu, He Zhang, and Jun He. "Improved gas resource calculation using modified material balance for overpressure gas reservoirs." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 17 (March 2014): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2014.01.001.

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6

Hagoort, Jacques, and Rob Hoogstra. "Numerical Solution of the Material Balance Equations of Compartmented Gas Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (1999): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57655-pa.

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Summary This paper presents a robust and rigorous method for the numerical solution of the material balance equations of compartmented gas reservoirs. The method is based on the integral form of the material balance equations and employs an implicit, iterative solution procedure. The proposed method enables extension of traditional p/z analysis of single gas reservoirs to complex, compartmented gas reservoirs. Example calculations of the depletion of a compartmented reservoir show how the p/z is affected by crossflow, reservoir size, and depletion rate. The depletion behavior can be rationalized by the observation that depletion of a compartmented reservoir at a constant rate tends to develop a semisteady state. A field example is presented that illustrates the capabilities of the extended material balance for the analysis of the past performance of compartmented reservoirs. Introduction Material balance analysis is a standard reservoir engineering tool for the analysis of the performance of oil and gas reservoirs. Applied to single, tank-type gas reservoirs, the material balance yields a characteristic relationship between the ratio of pressure to z factor (p/z) and cumulative gas production.1 In the ideal case of volumetric depletion, i.e., no changes in the hydrocarbon pore volume during depletion, this relation simplifies to a straight line. A relatively new development is the application of material balance analysis to more complex, compartmented reservoirs.2–5 A compartmented reservoir is defined here as a reservoir that consists of two or more distinct reservoirs that are in hydraulic communication. A well-known example is a faulted reservoir made up of different fault blocks separated by partially sealing faults. For the purpose of a material balance analysis, a compartmented reservoir may be modeled as an ensemble of individual tank-type reservoirs, which are connected to one another by thin permeable barriers.2 Each compartment is described by its own material balance, which is coupled to the material balance of neighboring compartments through influx or efflux of gas across the common boundaries. Application of the material balance method to compartmented reservoirs requires a fast, robust, and rigorous method for solving the system of coupled material balance equations. This is the subject of the paper. Hower and Collins2 presented analytical solutions of the material balance equations for a compartmented reservoir consisting of just two reservoirs. Their solutions hold good under rather restrictive conditions: constant offtake rate from only one reservoir compartment, volumetric depletion, and constant gas properties. Yet the analytical solutions clearly demonstrated the basic features of the depletion of compartmented reservoirs. Lord and Collins3 generalized the material balance method to multicompartment reservoirs. They solved the material balance equations numerically, without introducing any simplifying assumptions and conditions. They formulated the equations as a system of coupled first-order ordinary differential equations in the pressure. The solution of this system then boils down to numerically solving an initial value problem, for which the authors used the Burlisch-Stoer method. No details were presented on the implementation of this method. Lord et al.4 applied the extended material balance method to the compartmented gas reservoirs in the Frio formation in South Texas. Payne5 applied the multicompartment reservoir model to single, tight gas reservoirs. He solved the material balance equations by means of an explicit method, ignoring changes in the flow across boundaries and gas properties during a timestep. For the calculation of the crossflow between compartments, Payne used the pressure squared formulation. Payne's calculation method is simple and straightforward, and lends itself very well for implementation in a spreadsheet program. However, the explicit calculation scheme and the use of the pressure-squared approximation might give rise to unacceptable errors. In this paper, we present a simple but rigorous numerical method for the solution of the material balance equations for compartmented gas reservoirs. It is based on the integral form of the material balance equation for each individual compartment, expressed in cumulative quantities, instead of the differential form as used by Lord and Collins. The solution method employs an implicit calculation scheme that properly accounts for the pressure dependency of gas properties. For reasons of clarity and brevity, we restrict ourselves to gas reservoirs that consist of two compartments. However, the method can be readily generalized to multi-compartment reservoirs. To illustrate the method we present examples of a compartmented material balance analysis applied in both the prediction mode and in the history-matching mode. The prediction calculations bring out the depletion characteristics of a typical compartmented reservoir. In the history match example, we illustrate the use of the compartmented reservoir model for the analysis of the observed pressure behavior of a real-life compartmented reservoir. The main advantage of the numerical solution method presented here over previous work is its simplicity. The method can be easily incorporated into existing material balance analysis programs, thereby extending the classic "p over z" analysis to more complex, compartmented reservoir systems. In addition, because of its simplicity the method lends itself very well for automatic history matching of observed reservoir performance. The method is recommended for a first analysis of the performance of compartmented gas reservoirs. Depending on the results a more elaborate analysis may be required by means of a more sophisticated 3D, multigridblock reservoir simulator.

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7

Kabir, C. S., B. Parekh, and M. A. Mustafa. "Material-balance analysis of gas and gas-condensate reservoirs with diverse drive mechanisms." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 32 (May 2016): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.04.004.

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8

Huang, Quan Hua, Huai Zhong Wen, Li Zhang, and Tian Song. "Formation Pressure Calculation Based on Modified Flowing Material Balance Method." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.868.

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Formation pressure is an important symbol of driving energy and the key problem of gas reservoir development. Therefore, the formation pressure’s evaluation is a very important work. Due to the invasion of edge-bottom water, using conventional "flow" material balance method to calculate the formation pressure is no longer applicable. According to the theory of reservoir pressure calculation based on flowing material balance method, we established a improved method to calculate the pressure of water drive gas reservoir and verified it by an example. The results show that: edge and bottom water intrusion has obvious effect on the calculation of formation pressure; after considering the influence of water drive, the formation pressure’s calculation results increased, as a consequence the formation pressure’s decreasing range reduced. This research’s result has important reference value for improving the precision of water drive gas reservoir’s formation pressure.

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9

Han, Guofeng, Min Liu, and Qi Li. "Flowing material balance method with adsorbed phase volumes for unconventional gas reservoirs." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 2 (2019): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598719880293.

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This paper presents an improved flowing material balance method for unconventional gas reservoirs. The flowing material balance method is widely used to estimate geological reserves. However, in the case of the unconventional gas reservoirs, such as coalbed methane reservoirs and shale gas reservoirs, the conventional method is inapplicable due to the gas adsorption on the organic pore surface. In this study, a material balance equation considering adsorption phase volume is presented and a new total compressibility is defined. A pseudo-gas reservoir is simulated and the results were compared with the existing formulations. The results show that the proposed formulation can accurately get the geological reserves of adsorbed gas reservoirs. Furthermore, the results also show that the volume of the adsorbed phase has a significant influence on the analysis, and it can only be ignored when the Langmuir volume is negligible.

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10

Haq, Bashirul. "Flowing gas material balance – a useful tool to revise subsurface maps." APPEA Journal 59, no. 1 (2019): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18205.

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Subsurface geological maps are an interpretation based on limited data, yet they are the most important vehicles used to explore for undiscovered hydrocarbons and to develop proven hydrocarbon reserves. The flowing material balance (FMB) method uses flowing well head pressure, rather than shut in reservoir pressure, to estimate gas in place (GIP) and reserves at any stage of reservoir depletion. In addition, it can be applied to estimating permeability and skin of the reservoir and predicting production problems. However, application of the FMB for revising subsurface maps is not yet well understood and requires further study. The aim of this research was to develop a systematic approach to redraw subsurface maps using FMB with the aid of reservoir simulation and interpretive contouring methods. The Havlena and Odeh interpretation method was applied to identify a drive mechanism and the FMB was used to estimate GIP, which was checked against the volumetric GIP value. The pressure history match technique and interpretive contouring were applied to draw the revised maps. This step-wise technique was applied to the Titas gas field, operated by Petrobangla, and found that the Titas gas reservoir’s drive mechanism was volumetric drive. A review of the literature, including old reports and well drilling data, confirmed that there was no evidence of aquifer drive and gas water contact in the ‘A sand’ layers. Subsurface maps of sands A2, A3 and A4 were redrawn and validated using field data.

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11

Jongkittinarukorn, Kittiphong, Nick Last, Sarfaraz Ahmed Jokhio, Freddy Humberto Escobar, and Jirawat Chewaroungroaj. "A simple approach to dynamic material balance for a dry-gas reservoir." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 7 (2021): 3011–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01231-0.

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AbstractThe dynamic material balance methodology can be used to estimate gas initially-in-place using only production and PVT data. With this methodology, reservoir pressure is obtained without requiring the well to be shut in; it is therefore superior to the static material balance method since there is no loss of production. However, the technique requires iterative calculations and numerical integration of gas pseudotime and is quite complex to implement in practice. A simpler and equally accurate methodology is proposed in this study. It requires only production and PVT data and also does not rely on a shut-in pressure survey. In addition, it requires neither iterative calculations nor numerical integration of gas pseudotime. The results of the analysis include gas initially-in-place and gas productivity index, and can easily be extended to production forecasting. Gas initially-in-place is evaluated with a high degree of reliability. The methodology is successfully tested with two simulated cases and one field case, giving high-accuracy results.

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12

Zarubin, Yuriy, Mykola Hunda, Mariana Yurova, and Petro Mamus. "ADAPTATION OF A GAS POOL MATERIAL BALANCE TO THE DYNAMICS OF GAS PRESSURE CHANGES." Problems and prospects of the oil and gas industry 1, no. 3 (2019): 72–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32822/naftogazscience.2019.03.072.

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13

Hardi, Indah Oktaviani, Mulia Ginting, and Ghanima Yasmaniar. "PENENTUAN INITIAL GAS IN PLACE MENGGUNAKAN METODE MATERIAL BALANCE PADA RESERVOIR I." PETRO:Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Perminyakan 9, no. 1 (2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/petro.v9i1.6537.

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<p>Reservoir I merupakan reservoir gas yang terletak di daerah Prabumulih, Sumatera Selatan. Tekanan awal sebesar 2.286 psia dan temperatur 240°F. Reservoir I berproduksi sejak Januari 2012 sampai dengan saat ini, dengan total produksi gas (Juni 2019) sebesar 32.178 MMSCF. Dalam pengembangan suatu lapangan gas bumi ada beberapa faktor penting yang harus ditentukan secara akurat, salah satunya dalam menentukan isi awal gas di tempat atau <em>Initial Gas In Place</em> (IGIP), nilai tersebut akan berperan penting dalam keputusan dasar pengembangan dan operasional suatu reservoir.</p><p>Perhitungan <em>Initial Gas In Place</em> (IGIP) dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode <em>material balance</em> P/Z dan simulasi MBAL. Metode <em>material balance</em> dipilih karena memperhitungkan kesetimbangan massa dan tenaga dorong reservoir, dan data yang diperlukan lebih lengkap dibandingkan metode yang lain. Pada perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode<em> material balance </em>P/Z,<em> Initial Gas In Place</em> yang didapat sebesar 60.915,49 MMSCF, dan nilai perhitungan menggunakan software MBAL sebesar 60.604,5 MMSCF. Jenis tenaga dorong reservoir ini adalah <em>depletion drive</em>, yang ditentukan dari plot P/Z vs Gp yang menghasilkan garis lurus. Berdasarkan nilai tekanan <em>abandon</em> sebesar 300 psia didapatkan nilai <em>estimated ultimate recovery</em> sebesar 53.700 MMSCF, dengan nilai <em>recovery factor </em>88,15% dan sisa gas yang dapat diproduksikan (<em>remaining reserves</em>) sebesar 21.522 MMSCF.</p>

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14

Orozco, Daniel, and Roberto Aguilera. "A Material-Balance Equation for Stress-Sensitive Shale-Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 20, no. 01 (2017): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177260-pa.

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15

Heidari Sureshjani, M., S. Gerami, and M. A. Emadi. "A Simple Approach to Dynamic Material Balance in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 69, no. 2 (2013): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2012022.

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16

Sills, S. R. "Improved Material-Balance Regression Analysis for Waterdrive Oil and Gas Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Engineering 11, no. 02 (1996): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28630-pa.

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17

Kaplan, Valery, Ellen Wachtel, Nurlan Dosmukhamedov, and Igor Lubomirsky. "Carbonate melt-based flue gas desulphurisation: material balance and economic advantage." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 18, no. 1/2 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2018.091528.

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18

Lubomirsky, Igor, Valery Kaplan, Ellen Wachtel, and Nurlan Dosmukhamedov. "Carbonate melt-based flue gas desulphurisation: material balance and economic advantage." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology 18, no. 1/2 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijogct.2018.10012688.

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19

Zhang, Lei, Lai Bing Zhang, Jun Jie Zhang, Feng Lan, and Pan Deng. "Calculation Methods of the Dynamic Reserves for Gas Wells in a Low-Permeability Gas Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 3243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.3243.

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Accurately calculating dynamic reserves for single well in a low-permeability gas reservoir has an important guiding significance to high efficiency development of the gas reservoir. During the development of the gas reservoir, dynamic analysis methods were often used to calculate dynamic reserves. Dynamic analysis methods mainly include the material balance method, the gas production method in unit pressure drop, the flexible two-phase method and the production unstable method. Dynamic reserves for four types of gas wells in a low-permeability gas field were calculated using these four methods. Calculation results show that dynamic reserves from big to small are respectively obtained using material balance method, gas production method in unit pressure drop, flexible two-phase method and production unstable method. Calculating dynamic reserves obtained by flexible two-phase method and production unstable method are utilized to production dynamic data of gas well, and those obtained by material balance method and gas production method in unit pressure drop are utilized to the reservoir parameters of different state. Therefore, the values of dynamic reserves obtained using flexible two-phase method and production unstable method in the low-permeability gas reservoir may be more accurate than those obtained using the other methods.

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20

Durdán, Milan, Ján Terpák, Ján Kačur, Marek Laciak, and Patrik Flegner. "MODELING OF MATERIAL BALANCE FROM THE EXPERIMENTAL UCG." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 5 (2020): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0391.

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The underground coal gasification is a continually evolving technology, which converts coal to calorific gas. There are many important parameters in this technology, which are difficult to measure. These parameters include the underground cavity growth, amount gasified coal, and the leakage of input and output gaseous components into the surrounding layers during the coal gasification process. Mathematical modeling of this process is one of the possible alternatives for determining these unknown parameters. In this paper, the structure of the mathematical model of laboratory underground coal gasification process from the material balance aspect is presented. The material balance consists of mass components entering and leaving from the UCG process. The paper shows a material balance in the form of a general mass balance and atomic species balance. The material balance was testing by six UCG laboratory experiments, which were realized in two ex-situ reactors.

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21

Iwema, A., J. Carré, and D. Minot. "Sedimentation and Digestion on Pond Bottoms – An Attempt to Establish a Short-Term Material Balance." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0140.

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Sedimentation and digestion have been measured in situ on the bottom of the first (facultative) and the last (maturation) pond of a wastewater stabilization pond system during six periods of one week. Calculated dry solids balances of the ponds bottoms showed that most of the collected solids would have an endogenous origin. Identification of the collected solids by digestion in the laboratory and supplemental in situ measurements in winter, when gas production was low, allowed the conclusion that the collected solids actually were fairly stabilized bottom sediments which are resuspended by the vigorous gas production. The establishment of a short term sedimentation-digestion balance appears to be a practical impossibility on an actively fermenting pond bottom.

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22

Millar, C. E., J. M. Marlborough, and T. A. A. Sigut. "Energy Balance in Circumstellar Envelopes." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 175 (2000): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100056608.

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AbstractWe have successfully determined the kinetic temperature of the electron gas as a function of position in the circumstellar envelopes of Be stars. Our method yields a self-consistent solution of the equation for energy conservation, thus eliminating the necessity to assume arbitrarily a temperature for the gas. Our technique has been applied to Be stars of differing spectral classes, and we have also used several models for the distribution of the circumstellar material. The observed shape and relative line strength of the Hα line for several Be stars were matched successfully with these models. Recently we have begun to investigate the role of the diffuse radiation field in the Lyman continuum using the on-the-spot approximation. As a preliminary step to including metallic line cooling by the circumstellar gas, we have determined iron ionization fractions throughout the disks of both an early-type and a late-type Be star.

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23

TANG, Ligen, Jieming WANG, Fengjuan BAI, and Lei SHI. "Inventory forecast of underground gas storage based on modified material balance equation." Petroleum Exploration and Development 41, no. 4 (2014): 528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(14)60062-8.

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24

Hu, Shuyong, Xinrui Hu, Lang He, and Wang Chen. "A New Material Balance Equation for Dual-Porosity Media Shale Gas Reservoir." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 5994–6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.520.

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25

Cokar, M., B. Ford, M. S. Kallos, and I. D. Gates. "New gas material balance to quantify biogenic gas generation rates from shallow organic-matter-rich shales." Fuel 104 (February 2013): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.06.054.

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26

Jiang, Haiyan, Shibao Yuan, Lehong Li, Jiao Wang, Hao Wang, and Tianyue Li. "Operation Control of In Situ Combustion Based on the Material Balance Equation." Geofluids 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8898054.

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The stability of combustion in the process of fire flooding requires not only a reasonable gas injection rate but also a matching exhaust rate. A reasonable injection-production balance system is very important. Based on the material balance of injection-production, the expression of injection-production ratio suitable for normal fire flooding production is established. The air injection rate of fire flooding combustion and oxygen consumption of formation pressurization is analyzed by this formula to calculate the gas production and liquid production in combustion. The reasonable injection and production parameters for the oilfield are calculated by using the oilfield parameters. It can be seen that the calculated value of injection-production ratio is consistent with the actual value, which shows that the injection-production ratio is reasonable and can guide the adjustment of production parameters in the oilfield.

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27

S.W, Yogie Seto, Onnie Ridaliani, and Lestari Lestari. "EVALUASI ISI AWAL GAS DI TEMPAT DAN ANALISIS DECLINE CURVE PADA RESERVOIR YS." PETRO:Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Perminyakan 8, no. 4 (2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/petro.v8i4.6204.

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<p><em>YS reservoir has </em><em>data of gas initial in place (GIIP)</em><em> with a volumetric method of 3,476 B</em><em>scf</em><em>. </em><em>Because of improvement of data, GIIP</em><em> </em><em>can be</em><em> </em><em>evaluated using material balance method</em><em>.</em><em> Then the production of wet gas will be forcasted with plateu rate of 40 Mscf/d. </em><em>The PV</em><em>T</em><em> data that needs to be calculated in this study is the gas </em><em>and water </em><em>compressibility factor and the formation volume factor </em><em>each</em><em> year. In determining the type </em><em>of drive mechanism</em><em>, a plot of P / Z versus cumulative gas production is carried out, from the analysis</em><em>, </em><em>the type of </em><em>drive mechanism is</em><em> water drive, it is necessary to calculate the water influx, the method used is the </em><em>Van Everdengen-Hurst</em><em> method</em><em>. </em><em>After all the required parameters are available, the calculation of the initial gas in place will be calculated, the method used is the material balance method and the straight line material balance method.</em><em> </em><em>The results of the</em><em> initial gas in place</em><em> calculation using the material balance and straight line material balance methods are </em><em>3,430 Bscf and 3,428 Bscf</em><em>. If the results of the material balance method and the straight line material balance method are compared with </em><em>available GIIP volumetric method data</em><em>, the percent difference is </em><em>1,32</em><em>% and </em><em>1,37</em><em>%. It can be said that </em><em>GIIP result using </em><em>the material balance method and the straight line material balance method</em><em> </em><em>is accurate because after being evaluated using </em><em>volumetric</em><em> method, it only has a small percentage difference.</em><em> </em><em>Then from </em><em>calculation, </em><em>recovery factor </em><em>are</em><em> </em><em>67,43% using gas initial in place of straight line material balance method. With remaining reserve of 16,532 MMscf, the time of production plateu with 40 Mscf/d is 12,40 months.</em></p>

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28

Zhang, Lei, Lai Bing Zhang, Bin Quan Jiang, and Huan Liu. "The Method of Dynamic Reserves Prediction for a Constant Volume Gas Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.456.

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The accurate prediction of the dynamic reserves of gas reservoirs is the important research content of the development of dynamic analysis of gas reservoirs. It is of great significance to the stable and safe production and the formulation of scientific and rational development programs of gas reservoirs. The production methods of dynamic reserves of gas reservoirs mainly include material balance method, unit pressure drop of gas production method and elastic two-phase method. To clarify the characteristics of these methods better, in this paper, we took two typeⅠwells of a constant volume gas reservoir as an example, the dynamic reserves of single well controlled were respectively calculated, and the results show that the order of the calculated volume of the dynamic reserves by using different methods is material balance method> unit pressure drop of gas production method >elastic two-phase method. Because the material balance method is a static method, unit pressure drop of gas production method and elastic two-phase method are dynamic methods, therefore, for typeⅠwells of constant volume gas reservoirs, when the gas wells reached the quasi-steady state, the elastic two-phase method is used to calculate the dynamic reserves, and when the gas wells didn’t reach the quasi-steady state, unit pressure drop of gas production method is used to calculate the dynamic reserves. The conclusion has some certain theoretical value for the prediction of dynamic reserves for constant volume gas reservoirs.

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Xiao, Hai Ping, Lin Dong, Gao Yan Han, and Xiang Ning. "Influence of Gas-Gas Heater on Wet Flue Gas Desulfuration." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.92.

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Material balance calculation was adopted to a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system for exploring impacts of gas-gas heater (GGH). Effects of GGH on flue and water consumption were analyzed. Results showed that inlet flue temperature of desulfurization tower reduced by 3.4 °C at 100% load after installation of GGH. Exhausted gas temperature of system increased by 34.9°C. The heat release of original flue in desulfurization tower reduced by 43.72%. Plume rise height was significantly improved. Water evaporation in desulfurization tower declined by 42.07%.Amount of addendum water reduced by 39.06%, and water vapor carried by flue decreased by 19.78% at the outlet of WFGD. Therefore, operation condition of flue emission is improved and water consumption decreases with GGH.

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Ramadan, Ahmed H., and Shedid A. Shedid. "Improved material balance equation (MBE) for gas-condensate reservoirs considering significant water vaporization." Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27, no. 4 (2018): 1209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.05.005.

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Fu, Liang Tong, Tai Liang Fan, Ren Li Qi, and Zi Qiang Cao. "EOS - In the Analysis of Force Balance Conditions for the Formation of Deep Basin Gas." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 1179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1179.

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Deep basin gas, which is trapped deep in a basin, is a kind of unconventional natural gas. It is also one of the important unconventional gas resources. In the previous studies of the mechanism of deep basin gas accumulation, force balance and material balance are considered as essential conditions for the formation of deep basin gas reservoirs. However, the gravity of natural gas is not fully taken into account in the analysis of force balance. In this dissertation, the density of natural gas under the condition of underground temperature and pressure is calculated by using the EOS. The result shows that the density of natural gas cannot be neglected and the PR EOS is applicable to the analysis of the relationship between the volume of natural gas and the condition of underground temperature and pressure.

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32

Yu, Xi Nan, Hong Liu, Ji Hua Cao, and Jin Pang. "The Research on Material Balance Considering In-Seam and Intrabed Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (November 2012): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.420.

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The material balance equation of water-drive gas reservoir does not study the effect of in-seam and intrabed water,which results the distortion of reserve.If we take acount of the effect of in-seam and intrabed water,the slope of material balance equation curve is over the back-face,and the dynamic reserve is lower than ignoring the effect of in-seam and intrabed water,the average value of dynamic reserve drops 12.16%,so we must take acount of the effect of in-seam and intrabed water to the dynamic reserve.

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33

Jones, Mike. "Quick estimation of product yields from downhole gas sample." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11054.

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The estimation of product yields from gas and gas condensate reservoirs is often the subject of multi-million-dollar studies, requiring gas and condensate samples from production tests, lab analysis of the samples, and complex process engineering models. An accurate estimation of sales product yields can, however, be determined simply from the composition of a reservoir sample and a basic material balance calculation. Sales gas, LNG, and condensate have fairly consistent specifications across the world, based on various properties such as heating value, vapour pressure, etc. This consistency allows the determination of product yields from simple material balance calculations and properties of the individual components found in the reservoir gas. In this case, material balance simply means the allocation of each component to a particular product stream. The lighter components, C1 through C4 (methane through butane), comprise the LNG and/or sales gas product, and all C5+ (pentane and heavier) components make up the condensate product. The yields can then calculated for each unit of reservoir gas, for example MJ/scm, BTU/scf, bbl/MMscf, etc. Inerts such as CO2 and N2 have no heating value and are not included in the yield calculation. Likewise, contaminants such as H2S must be removed from the product stream and are not included in the yield. In actual practice, a perfect separation of the individual components is not achieved—that is,the condensate product will contain small amounts of C3 and C4, but experience has shown that the simple method described above gives an accurate estimattion of product yields from a simple gas analysis.

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Hussain, Istiak. "Dynamic Material Balance Study of Gas Reservoir Using Production Data: A Case Study of New Gas Sand of Kailashtila Gas Field." International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering 4, no. 4 (2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ogce.20160404.11.

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35

Pirumyan, Narine, and Mihran Stakyan. "Mathematical modeling of gas flow distribution process in the gas transportation system of Armenia." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128101006.

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The issues of enhancement the methods of calculation and design of the gas transportation system (GTS) in the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Artsakh are considered, taking into account the analysis of loading modes and the peculiarities of the system individual nodes’ operation. To calculate the pressure distribution at the nodal points and gas flows, the matrix method for determining the material balance equations for the linear-independent and nonlinear-independent contours of the gas pipeline circuit is used as a process mathematical model. On the energy conservation law basis, the balance capacities equation of gas supply sources and its consumption, distributed among the gas transmission network elements, is proposed. A mathematical model of the gas distribution process is obtained. Calculation methods that allow increasing the economic efficiency of GTS operation under optimal terms of GTS development are proposed.

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36

W, Yogie Seto S., Onnie Ridaliani, and Lestari Lestari. "EVALUASI ISI AWAL GAS DI TEMPAT DAN ANALISIS DECLINE CURVE PADA RESERVOIR YS." PETRO 8, no. 1 (2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/petro.v8i1.4293.

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<p><em>YS reservoir has </em><em>data of gas initial in place (GIIP)</em><em> with a volumetric method of 3,476 B</em><em>scf</em><em>. </em><em>Because of improvement of data, GIIP</em><em> </em><em>can be</em><em> </em><em>evaluated using material balance method</em><em>.</em><em> Then the production of wet gas will be forcasted until below economic limit. </em><em>The PV</em><em>T</em><em> data that needs to be calculated in this study is the gas </em><em>and water </em><em>compressibility factor and the formation volume factor </em><em>each</em><em> year. In determining the type </em><em>of drive mechanism</em><em>, a plot of P / Z versus cumulative gas production is carried out, from the analysis</em><em>, </em><em>the type of </em><em>drive mechanism is</em><em> water drive, it is necessary to calculate the water influx, the method used is the </em><em>Van Everdengen-Hurst</em><em> method</em><em>. </em><em>After all the required parameters are available, the calculation of the initial gas in place will be calculated, the method used is the material balance method and the straight line material balance method.</em><em> </em><em>The results of the</em><em> initial gas in place</em><em> calculation using the material balance and straight line material balance methods are </em><em>3,430 Bscf and 3,428 Bscf</em><em>. If the results of the material balance method and the straight line material balance method are compared with </em><em>available GIIP volumetric method data</em><em>, the percent difference is </em><em>1,32</em><em>% and </em><em>1,37</em><em>%. It can be said that </em><em>GIIP result using </em><em>the material balance method and the straight line material balance method</em><em> </em><em>is accurate because after being evaluated using </em><em>volumetric</em><em> method, it only has a small percentage difference.</em><em> </em><em>Then from the decline curve and Trial Error and X2 – Chisquare Test analysis, the decline curve is exponential with Di at 1</em><em>,</em><em>103 / month. After forecasting until production of wet gas is below the economic flow rate of 0</em><em>,</em><em>045 Mscf / d, it is known that the productive age is until 1<sup>st</sup> September 2021 with the values of EUR and RR respectively 2</em><em>,</em><em>309 and 0</em><em>,</em><em>014 Bscf</em><em>. </em><em>Using the results of </em><em>GIIP using</em><em> the </em><em>material balance and </em><em>straight line method, the current recovery factor </em><em>are</em><em> </em><em>67,34% and 67,37 %.</em></p>

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Fianu, John, Jebraeel Gholinezhad, and Mohamed Hassan. "Application of temperature-dependent adsorption models in material balance calculations for unconventional gas reservoirs." Heliyon 5, no. 5 (2019): e01721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01721.

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38

Gafarov, M. F., A. V. Senin, and E. A. Gafarova. "Modeling of Material and Heat Balance of Ferromanganese Blast Furnace Smelting Using Computer Environment Lazarus." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.411.

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A mathematical model of the overall material and thermal balance of the ferromanganese smelting in blast furnaces of JSC "Satka Iron Smelting Works" is presented. Completeness of chemical reactions was taken into account in calculations based on thermodynamic analysis and technological data. Data on the thermochemical properties of substances; on the thermal effects of chemical reactions; on the degree of carbon graphitization in coke; on the heats of formation of metallic and slag solutions; on the thermochemical characteristics of ferromanganese, slag and gas phase were systematized and corrected. Heat losses for a particular type of blast furnaces are taken into account. The mathematical model is implemented in the computer program environment Lazarus. Test calculations of material and heat balances of ferromanganese blast furnace smelting were carried out. The calculation results correspond to the technological data. The developed software allows you to manage quickly the production process, to predict the optimal composition of charge materials for obtaining a product of a specific composition without experimental smelting. The software is used in the "consultant" mode at the JSC "Satka Iron Smelting Works".

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39

Widiantoro, Panca Suci, Astra Agus Pramana, Putu Suarsana, and Anis N. Utami. "Integrated Reservoir Study to Optimize Gas Production of Water Drive Gas Reservoir Case Study: Lower Menggala Gas Field." INSIST 3, no. 2 (2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ins.v3i2.154.

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Production optimization in mature field water drive gas reservoir is not easy especially when water already breakthrough in producing wells. An integrated reservoir study is needed to get reliable strategy to optimize production of water drive gas reservoir. This research presents the integrated reservoir study of Lower Menggala (LM) Gas Field which is located Central Sumatera Basin, Riau Province. LM had been produced since 1997, current RF are 55%, which is quite high for water drive gas reservoir. The current gas rate production is about 1.97 MMscfd with high water production around 4250 BWPD, consequently some of wells suffered liquid loading problem This research comprises of well performance analysis, estimate OGIP, aquifer strength of the reservoir by using conventional material balance method and modern production analysis method then conduct dynamic reservoir simulation to identify the best strategy to optimize gas production. Economic analysis also be performed to guide in making decision which scenario will be selected. DST analysis on DC-01 well defined reservoir parameter, boundary and deliverability which are P*= 2520 psia, k= 229 mD, Total skin= 8, detected sealing fault with distance 175 m, and AOF 45 MMscfd. Conventional material balance method gave OGIP 22.7 BScf, aquifer strength 34 B/D/Psi, whereas modern production analysis estimated OGIP 22.35 BScf, aquifer strength 34 B/D/psi. Those two method shows good consistency with OGIP volumetric calculation with discrepancy OGIP value +/- 1%. Six (6) scenario of production optimization has been analyzed, the result shows that work over in two wells and drilling of 1 infill well (case 6) achieve gas recovery factor up to 75.2%, minimal water production and attractive economic result

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40

Krittacom, Bundit, Pipatana Amatachaya, and Ratipat Sangchot. "Energy Balance in Al-Co Open-Celled Foam of Transpiration Cooling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.41.

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Numerical model of one-dimensional steady-state on Alumina-Cordierite (Al-Co) open-celled foam using in transpiration cooling system have been conducted to investigate the local energy balance (LEB) of gas and solid phase within porous plate. Physical properties, i.e., porosity (f), pores per inch (PPI) and thickness (x), of Al-Co open-cellular porous material were 0.87, 13 and 0.103 m, respectively. Two equations of the conservative energy consisting of the gas and solid phase were analyzed. From study, it was found that heat convection (HVF) balanced with heat transfer between two phases/ energy of interaction (INT) for the gas phase case. In the solid phase, heat transfer between two phases (INT) tended to offset heat radiation (HRS). Remarkably, heat conduction of both phases (HDF and HDS) was not effected to the present cooling system. Thus, characteristic of fluid flow effecting by HVF and heat transfer governed from HRS was strongly efficient to transpiration cooling system.

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41

Shi, Jun-Tai, Jia-Yi Wu, Zheng Sun, Zhi-Hua Xiao, Cheng Liu, and Kamy Sepehrnoori. "Methods for simultaneously evaluating reserve and permeability of undersaturated coalbed methane reservoirs using production data during the dewatering stage." Petroleum Science 17, no. 4 (2020): 1067–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-019-00410-3.

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AbstractIn this work, a flowing material balance equation (FMBE) is established for undersaturated coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs, which considers immobile free gas expansion effect at the dewatering stage. Based on the established FMBE, five straight-line methods are proposed to determine the control area, initial water reserve, initial free gas reserve, initial adsorbed gas reserve, original gas in place, as well as permeability at the same time. Subsequently, the proposed FMBE methods for undersaturated CBM reservoirs are validated against a reservoir simulation software with and without considering free gas expansion. Finally, the proposed methods are applied in a field case when considering free gas expansion effect. Validation cases show that the straight-line relationships for the proposed five FMBE methods are excellent, and good agreements are obtained among the actual reserves and permeabilities and those evaluated by the proposed five FMBE methods, indicating the proposed five FMBE methods are effective and rational for CBM reservoirs. Results show that a small amount of free gas will result in a great deviation in reserve evaluation; hence, the immobile free gas expansion effect should be considered when establishing the material balance equation of undersaturated CBM reservoirs at the dewatering stage.

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42

King, G. R. "Material-Balance Techniques for Coal-Seam and Devonian Shale Gas Reservoirs With Limited Water Influx." SPE Reservoir Engineering 8, no. 01 (1993): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/20730-pa.

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Fetkovich, Michael J., Dave E. Reese, and C. H. Whitson. "Application of a General Material Balance for High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs (includes associated paper 51360)." SPE Journal 3, no. 01 (1998): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/22921-pa.

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44

Clarke, A. L., J. Imber, R. J. Davies, J. van Hunen, S. E. Daniels, and G. Yielding. "Application of material balance methods to CO2 storage capacity estimation within selected depleted gas reservoirs." Petroleum Geoscience 23, no. 3 (2017): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2016-052.

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45

Tazmeev, A. Kh, and R. N. Tazmeeva. "The material balance of process of plasma-chemical conversion of polymer wastes into synthesis gas." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 789 (January 2017): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/789/1/012058.

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46

Jiao, Yuwei, Jing Xia, Pengcheng Liu, et al. "New material balance analysis method for abnormally high-pressured gas-hydrocarbon reservoir with water influx." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 29 (2017): 18718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.190.

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47

Zhang, Miao, and Luis F. Ayala. "A density-based material balance equation for the analysis of liquid-rich natural gas systems." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 6, no. 4 (2016): 705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-015-0227-1.

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48

Sweeney, M. J., and O. A. Sites. "Electronic Gas Measurement, Inflow-Outflow Performance, Material Balance, Pipeline Modeling: An Integrated Approach to Gas Well Deliverability Analysis, Hugoton Field." SPE Production & Facilities 10, no. 04 (1995): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27936-pa.

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49

Zhang, Yuan Yuan, and Fang Qin Cheng. "The Analysis of Energy Saving in the Process of Producing Mineral Wool: a Case Study in Shanxi Province." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1271.

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Melting is the most energy consuming process in the manufacture of mineral wool. This paper dealt with evaluation of two types of energy saving measures in the process of producing mineral wool. In order to detect the energy saving measures that can also provide economic profits, the study examined the following measures: utilization of flue gas heat, thermal power supplement with coke oven gas. The analytical method used for energy saving were material balance and energy balance. It is found that the most effective energy saving measure is thermal power supplement with coke oven gas. The maximum energy saving is up to 39.3% when coke/coke oven gas is 50:1. The economic cost of saving runs to 3.017 million RMB every year.

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Dmitriev, A. N., and Yu A. Chesnokov. "Reduction Kinetics of Iron Ore Materials by Gases." Defect and Diffusion Forum 283-286 (March 2009): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.283-286.45.

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The proposed balance logic-statistical model of the blast furnace process is based on the use of material and thermal balances along with calculations of heat- and mass exchange taking into account the non-uniformity of gas and burden distribution on the radius of the furnace and influence of the basic metallurgical characteristics of iron ore raw materials and coke on the indices of blast furnace operation. As a check of the applicability of the model, calculations on the most critical parameters of the blast furnace process – the smelting of ferromanganese and iron nickel with a graphical representation of heat- and mass exchange processes, dynamics of oxides reduction on the height and radius of the blast furnace have been carried out.

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